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diff --git a/41920.txt b/41920.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 19cf5fb..0000000 --- a/41920.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14502 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Moths of the British Isles, Second -Series, by Richard South - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Moths of the British Isles, Second Series - Comprising the Families Noctuidæ to Hepialidæ - -Author: Richard South - -Release Date: January 26, 2013 [EBook #41920] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOTHS--BRITISH ISLES, 2ND SERIES *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Keith Edkins and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 1. - 1. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING. - 2, 3, 5. _ZYGAENA ACHILLEAE_. - 4, 6, 8. BRINDLED BEAUTY, VARIETY; 7. CATERPILLAR OF DO. - -THE MOTHS - -OF THE - -BRITISH ISLES - -BY - -RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. - -AUTHOR OF "THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES" EDITOR OF "THE -ENTOMOLOGIST," ETC. - -SECOND SERIES - -COMPRISING - -_THE FAMILIES NOCTUIDAE TO HEPIALIDAE_ - -WITH ACCURATELY COLOURED FIGURES OF EVERY SPECIES AND MANY VARIETIES ALSO -DRAWINGS OF EGGS, CATERPILLARS, CHRYSALIDS AND FOOD-PLANTS - -LONDON - -FREDERICK WARNE & CO. - -AND NEW YORK - -1909 - -(_All rights reserved_) - - * * * * * - -{v} - -PREFACE. - -In the present and previous series of "The Moths of the British Isles," -over 750 species have been portrayed on the plates and described in the -text--a number that includes all those insects formerly grouped under the -now obsolete term "Macro-Lepidoptera." The task of dealing with so many -species in two volumes has necessarily imposed brevity in their treatment; -but it is hoped that nothing has been omitted that could be legitimately -regarded as falling within the scope of volumes especially designed for the -votaries of Nature Study. - -To have comprised in this scheme the large contingent of our moths known as -"Micro-Lepidoptera" would have reduced further the space available for -those species which experience shows appeal to the majority of nature -students in a way that the minuter forms may not do. Even then, only a few -general remarks on each group would have been possible, with, perhaps, a -portrait or two of representative species. Such a course seemed hardly -likely to prove of practical utility. The "Small Fry," as they have been -called, exceedingly interesting though they may be to a limited number of -students, have therefore been left for separate treatment at some more -convenient season. - -Both classification and nomenclature are always under revision, and we are -probably a long way from hearing the last word concerning either. These -are, however, matters that {vi} cannot be ignored even in a popular work; -consequently I have ventured to adopt sundry changes in arrangement and in -names which, although not departing from the old style in any very large -way, still approach pretty closely to the new. - -I have again to tender my sincere thanks to Mr. Robert Adkin, F.E.S., for -kindly lending specimens of rare species and varieties for figuring; and -also to Mr. B. Adkin, Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.E.S., and Mr. A. J. Scollick, -F.E.S. I desire also to gratefully acknowledge the loan of further -beautiful coloured drawings by Mr. Alfred Sich, F.E.S. These figures have -been most accurately reproduced in black and white by Mr. Horace Knight, to -whom I am greatly indebted for his able assistance in connection with the -numerous drawings of ova, larvae, and pupae. In some cases the preserved -skin of a caterpillar had to serve as a model, and where this occurs the -fact is mentioned. A few figures of larvae have been copied from Dr. G. -Hofmann's _Die Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas_, 2nd edit., by Professor -Dr. Arnold Spuler. All such reproductions are duly noted in the text. - -Mr. Knight is also responsible for the coloured drawings for Plates 1, 13, -36, 61, 96, 98, 100, 104, 134, and 148; the figures on which, except that -of _Zygaena filipendulae ab. chrysanthemi_, are from specimens. - -"A Forester," Mr. H. Main, F.E.S., and Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S., were -good enough to furnish prints of some of their excellent photographs -depicting life-history details of moths and caterpillars in repose, as met -with in nature. - - RICHARD SOUTH. - - * * * * * {1} - -THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES. - -NOCTUIDAE. - -TRIFINAE (_continued_). - -THE HEART MOTH (_Dicycla oo_). - -A male specimen of the ordinary form of this moth is shown on Plate 2, Fig. -1. Ab. _renago_, Haworth has the space between the central shade and the -submarginal line more or less suffused with dusky or reddish grey. An -intermediate form (Fig. 2) has a transverse band of darker colour between -the second and submarginal lines of the fore wings (ab. _ferruginago_, -Hubn.). The ground colour varies from a whitish or straw-yellow to reddish -yellow (ab. _rufescens_, Tutt), and the markings are more distinct in some -specimens than in others. - -The caterpillar, which feeds from April to early June on the foliage of the -oak, is black above and brownish beneath; there are three white lines on -the back, the central one widest and more or less interrupted; the stripe -along the black-outlined reddish spiracles is yellowish-white; head, and -plate on first ring of the body, black and shining. - -The moth appears about the end of June or early July, and has been noted, -in good condition, as late as August 17. It seems to be of very local -occurrence in England, but some of {2} its known haunts nearest to London -are Bromley in Kent, Richmond Park and Norbury in Surrey. At Palmer's -Green, Middlesex, a specimen was found on an oak trunk, July 27, 1902, and -a female example came to light in West London in 1906. In 1888 it was -plentiful at sugar in the Bromley district. The New Forest in Hampshire is -a noted locality for the species, but although it may abound there in some -years, in other years it is scarce or entirely absent. It is rather more -constant in Epping, Romford, and some other of the Essex woodlands, and -occurs also in Berkshire, Huntingdonshire, Northamptonshire, -Gloucestershire, and Devon. Odd specimens have been recorded from -Tarrington, Herefordshire; St. Albans, Hertfordshire; and from Tuddenham, -Suffolk. The var. _renago_, and its modifications, has been chiefly -obtained in Essex and Huntingdonshire, but it has been found also in the -Reading district, and elsewhere. - -THE LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia pyralina_). - -There are two colour forms of this species; var. _corusca_, Esp., is rather -brighter in colour than the female specimen shown on Plate 2, Fig. 3, which -approaches more nearly the duller coloration of the type as described by -Vieweg. The latter is perhaps the least frequent in England generally, but -it occurs sparingly in Middlesex. - -The caterpillar is green, with whitish warts emitting fine hairs, and has -three lines along the back, the central one white and stripe-like; a yellow -stripe low down along the sides is edged above with black. It feeds in -April and May on elm, oak, apple, plum, etc., among the leaves of which it -hides by day, and may be dislodged therefrom by jarring the boughs. (Plate -3, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 2. - 1. HEART MOTH. - 4, 5. LESSER-SPOTTED PINION. - 2. " " VAR. RENAGO. - 6, 7. WHITE-SPOTTED PINION. - 3. LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION. - 8-11. DUN-BAR. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 3. - 1. DINGY SHEARS: _caterpillar_. - 2. LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION: _caterpillar_. - 3. WHITE-SPOTTED PINION: _caterpillar_. - -{3} The moth is out from about mid-July to mid-August. On some nights it -will come freely to sugar and on others it seems more partial to honeydew. -It is obtained most frequently perhaps in Berkshire, Middlesex, Surrey, and -Hampshire, but it is also known to occur in Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Essex, -Suffolk, Cambs., Hunts, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, -Herefordshire, and South Wales. A specimen has been taken at a gas lamp in -Chester. - -Abroad, the range extends to Japan. - -THE LESSER-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia affinis_). - -This species varies in the ground colour of the forewings from reddish -(typical) to greyish brown (var. _suffusa_, Tutt). A pale ochreous-brown -form has been named _ochrea_, Tutt. The cross markings and stigmata are -sometimes all well defined, but often the latter are hardly traceable, the -cross lines only distinct on the front margin, and the outer one frequently -is conspicuously widened. One example of each sex is shown on Plate 2, -Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female]. - -The caterpillar, which feeds on elm from April to June, is of a pale green, -inclining to whitish green above, the raised dots white; there are three -white lines on the back, the central one broader and clearer white than the -others; the lines along the area of the black spiracles are whitish; head -green and glossy, legs black, pro-legs greenish marked with reddish. It -feeds at night, and conceals itself between leaves during the day. - -The moth appears in July and August, is very partial to sugar and -"honeydew," and has been taken at light. It lurks among the foliage of -trees and bushes in the daytime, and may occasionally be dislodged -therefrom when the boughs are jarred. Although its range extends northwards -into Yorkshire, where it is local and scarce, the species seems to be -chiefly obtained in the eastern and southern counties of England. No doubt -it flourishes best where the elm (_Ulmus campestris_) is most plentiful. In -Wales it has been noted from Glamorganshire and Flint. {4} Kane states that -it is very rare in Ireland, and I fail to find any record from Scotland. - -The range abroad extends to Japan. - -THE WHITE-SPOTTED PINION (_Calymnia diffinis_). - -This pretty species is shown on Plate 2, Figs. 6 [male] and 7 [female]. Its -colour and marking are little prone to variation. Sometimes the ground -colour has less red and rather more purple in its composition, and in some -specimens the white marks on the front margin are larger than in others. - -The caterpillar is pale green, with three whitish lines along the back; the -central of these is rather yellowish, agreeing in tint with the usual -raised dots, and the outer ones are edged above with bluish green; head, -brownish, inclining to black below. It feeds at night, in April, May, and -early June, on the common elm, and rests during the day on the undersides -of the foliage or between leaves. (Plate 3, Fig. 3.) - -The moth is out in July and August, and is obtained at sugar or at light, -in almost all parts of England where its favourite tree grows freely. It -seems to be more local in the Midlands, and appears to be but little known -in the northern counties, although a specimen was taken at sugar in -Hazleden Dene, Durham, in the autumn of 1898. - -THE DUN-BAR (_Calymnia trapezina_). - -On Plate 2 will be found portraits of four specimens of this variable -species. Figs. 8 and 9 represent a male and a female of the more ordinary -forms. Specimens of the typical whitish or greyish buff colour vary in the -matter of cross lines, which are well defined in the type, but absent in -ab. _pallida_, Tutt. Some examples have a reddish central band, and in -others the band is blackish or black; the latter are referable to ab. -_badiofasciata_, {5} Teich. Ab. _ochrea_, Tutt, is of a reddish-tinged -ochreous colour with clearly defined cross lines; and ab. _rufa_, Tutt, is -red with distinct cross lines. Perhaps the rarest form of all is ab. -_nigra_, Tutt, which in ground colour is deep blackish grey, with the cross -lines faint. - -The caterpillar is green with black, glossy, raised dots, each encircled -with white; there are three whitish lines along the back, the central one -rather wider than the other two; a pale yellowish line along the area of -the black spiracles; head, green, tinged with dark brown or black about the -jaws. It feeds, from April to June, on the foliage of elm, oak, sallow, and -other trees and shrubs; also, be it noted, on other caterpillars. The -larvae hunter should therefore get to know this cannibal on sight, so that -he may exclude it from the common receptacle. - -The moth, which frequents woods and woody country generally, is out in July -and August. - -The species appears to be common throughout England and Wales, the south of -Scotland, and more or less frequent northwards up to Moray. It is widely -spread in Ireland. - -ANGLE-STRIPED SALLOW (_Cosmia paleacea_). - -From the typical pale yellowish ochre, the fore wings range in tint to a -deeper buff, inclining to orange. The transverse lines are brown, or -sometimes reddish, but are not always distinct, especially in the male. The -stigmata are not infrequently obscure, but the blackish spot of the -reniform is generally present. In some examples, chiefly of the female sex, -there is an angulated dark shade crossing the central area, and some dark -clouds or dashes on the outer area. (Plate 4, Fig. 1 [male].) - -The caterpillar is pale dingy green, dusted with whitish, and yellow -between the rings; three white lines along the back, and a double white -line along the region of the purplish-edged white spiracles; head, pale -yellow, the jaws black, and a small red {6} spot on each side above them. -(Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds, from April to June, on the foliage of -birch and aspen, and may be found in the daytime between the lower leaves. - -The moth flies in August and September, and at night will visit the sugar -patch and also heather blossom. It has but few fixed localities in England, -and these are chiefly in Nottinghamshire (Sherwood Forest), and Yorkshire -(woods near Doncaster, Huddersfield, and Sheffield). There are, however, -records of its occurrence in the south of England. Stainton obtained one at -Lewisham in 1846, and Barrett notes one at Highgate in 1870. One or two -specimens have occurred in Essex, Somersetshire, and Gloucestershire. From -its headquarters in Notts and Yorks. it seems to find its way occasionally -into some of the adjoining and other counties. Forsythe states that he bred -the moth from larvae obtained from oak at Methop, Lancs., and it has been -reared from a caterpillar taken in North Shropshire. It has occurred on -Cannock Chase, Staffs., and rarely in Worcestershire. - -From Porritt's _List of the Lepidoptera of Yorkshire_ we learn that the -occurrence of this species in Yorkshire was not noted until 1880 -(Doncaster), but it seems to have since extended its range in the county, -as in 1900 it was found in the Huddersfield district, and a few specimens -occurred near York in 1903. As stated, it has been bred at Methop, Lancs., -and, according to Barrett, it is not scarce in Cumberland. Southwards from -its Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire headquarters it has been noted, more or -less rarely, in Staffordshire, Shropshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, -and Somerset; and on the east side in Lincoln, Norfolk, Essex, and Kent. In -Scotland it appears to be not uncommon in Moray, and it is occasionally -recorded from Inverness and Perth. The range abroad extends to Amurland and -to North America. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 4. - 1. ANGLE-STRIPED SALLOW. - 2, 3. THE SUSPECTED. - 4, 5. DINGY SHEARS. - 6. THE OLIVE. - 7. DOUBLE KIDNEY. - 8. CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW. - 9. CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW, VAR. UNICOLOR. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 5. - 1, 1a. BEADED CHESTNUT: _eggs and caterpillar_. - 2. RED-LINE QUAKER: _caterpillar_. - 3, 3a. THE BRICK: _eggs and caterpillar_. - -{7} - -THE SUSPECTED (_Dyschorista suspecta_). - -Of this species (Plate 4, Figs. 2 and 3) there are two groups of -forms--plain and variegated. To the first belongs the type with -reddish-brown fore wings; a dark modification of this form is ab. -_nigrescens_, Tutt, which has the fore wings blackish red; a brighter red -form is ab. _rufa_, Tutt. Of the variegated sections three forms have been -named, but the most important of these is var. _congener_, Hubn., with the -inner and the outer marginal areas of the reddish fore wings ochreous; two -other modifications have the ground colour redder or dark purplish -inclining to blackish. - -The caterpillar, which feeds on birch and sallow in April and May, is -purplish brown above, and obscure greenish beneath; there are three lines -along the back, the central one white and distinct, the others less defined -but noticeable on the black plate on ring nearest the head; on each side of -the central line are blackish marks; head, ochreous brown, streaked with -black. - -The moth flies in July and August, and is partial to sugar and to the -flowers of heather and ragwort. Its chief British quarters appear to be in -Yorkshire, in which county it was first noted in 1841; thence it extends -into Lancashire, Cumberland, and Durham, but is local and scarce in the -latter county. Southwards it is found in the counties of Cheshire (locally -not uncommon on moors and mosses), Derby, Nottingham, Stafford, Shropshire, -Warwick, Gloucester (rarely); more locally in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and -Kent (once at West Wickham). In 1896 it occurred in numbers in the New -Forest, Hants, and I believe that a solitary specimen was secured in -Hayling Island in 1901. In Scotland it occurs up to Inverness and Aberdeen; -and Kane states that in Ireland it is doubtfully recorded from Londonderry, -but that he has seen lovely forms of the species from Killarney. It also -occurs in Co. Wicklow. The range abroad extends to Siberia, Amurland, and -Mongolia. {8} - -THE DINGY SHEARS (_Dyschorista fissipuncta_). - -In its typical form this species (Plate 4, Fig. 4) has the fore wings pale -greyish brown, but occasionally they assume a reddish tinge. Var. -_corticea_, Esp., is of the latter colour, and has the black edges of the -claviform extended to beyond the middle of the wing. In another form the -fore wings are dark grey brown (Fig. 5), leading up to var. _nigrescens_, -Tutt, with blackish fore wings and the hind wings darker than usual. -Besides the forms just mentioned, I have a bred specimen from Canterbury in -which the fore wings are of a pale whity brown, with very faint markings, -and the hind wings are almost white; it is rather below the average size, -and possibly is an abnormal aberration. This species is the _ypsilon_ of -Borkhausen, and the _upsilon_ of other authors. - -The caterpillar is brown, sometimes inclining to reddish marked with black -above, and the under surface is paler; there are three pale lines along the -back, and one low down along each side; head, pale brown freckled with -darker brown. It feeds in April and May on willows, chiefly the -narrow-leaved kind, and also, although less frequently perhaps, on poplar. -These caterpillars may often be found in the daytime under loose bark of -the willow, or lurking among grass roots or _debris_ around the trunk. -(Fig. 1 on Plate 3 is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) - -The moth is out from late June through July. It is a constant visitor to -the sugar patch, and will put in an appearance even when other species -refuse to be drawn thereto. It appears to be pretty well distributed over -England, and in the southern half at least is not uncommon, wherever there -are old-established willows. In the northern counties it seems to be much -less frequent, but it is recorded as common or plentiful in one or two -Cheshire localities, and is said to be taken by all the Newcastle {9} -collectors. In Scotland it has been noted in only a few localities. Abroad, -the range extends to Amurland. - - - -_Mesogona acetosellae_, Fabricius.--Mr. R. Adkin has a specimen of this -Central and South European species. It was taken at sugar on the evening of -October 26th, 1895, by Mr. T. Salvage, in his garden at Arlington, Sussex -(_Entomologist_, xxviii. p. 316). - -THE DOUBLE KIDNEY (_Plastenis retusa_). - -This olive-brown species, shown on Plate 4, Fig. 7, has a reddish-tinged -form--ab. _gracilis_, Haw.--but otherwise there is little to be noted in -the way of variation. The caterpillar is pale green with three whitish -lines on the back, and a narrower and more irregular whitish line low down -along the sides; head, yellowish green, or dark brown. Sometimes the body -has a yellowish tinge at each end. It feeds on the foliage of sallow and -willow, from April to June, drawing together the terminal leaves of a shoot -as a retreat. - -The moth is on the wing in July and August, and is more frequently -attracted at night to the aphis secretion known as "honeydew" than to the -sugar patch, although it does not ignore the latter altogether, and -occasionally enters the illuminated moth trap. Barrett states that he has -found it at the flowers of figwort (_Scrophularia aquatica_). Apparently a -local species, but found more or less frequently in most of the southern -and eastern counties of England, and through the Midlands to Cheshire, -Lancashire, and Yorkshire; it is, however, rarely seen in the three -last-named counties. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE OLIVE (_Plastenis subtusa_). - -This moth is shown on Plate 4, Fig. 6. It is somewhat similar in general -appearance to the last mentioned, but the {10} colour of the fore wings is -greyer; the cross lines are not parallel, and the outer margins of these -wings are less irregular. The caterpillar is greenish, with black dots, and -white lines along the back and sides; the head and plate on the first ring -of the body black. It feeds, on poplar and aspen, in April and May. By day -these caterpillars may be found spun up between two leaves or in a folded -leaf. The moth is out in July and August, but is rarely noticed in the -daytime, although at night, when it becomes active, it may be obtained, -sometimes not altogether uncommonly, at honeydew, or in much fewer numbers -at sugar or light. The best way to obtain the species is to search for the -caterpillars, which are not at all difficult to rear. Most of them, -however, prefer the higher foliage of well-grown aspen or poplar, where -they may be seen but not readily secured; but I have generally found as -many as I wanted within reach. - -The species seems to have a wide distribution throughout England, and -Scotland up to Moray, its occurrence in any locality depending on the -presence of the poplar or aspen. The range abroad extends to Eastern -Siberia. - -THE CENTRE-BARRED SALLOW (_Cirrhoedia_ (_Atethmia_) _xerampelina_). - -The typical form of this pretty species has the fore wings yellow, with a -purplish-red central band. The band, which fills up the space between the -first and second lines, is rarely carried through to the front margins of -the wing, but usually is only fragmentary above the reniform stigma, which -forms part of it; it also varies in the intensity of the purple tint. In -most British specimens the band varies as indicated above, but the general -colour of the fore wings is orange-yellow (Plate 4, Fig. 8)--ab. -_centrago_, Haw.--the hind marginal band agreeing in colour with that of -the central band. Or the fore wings may assume the colour of Fig. 9, var. -_unicolor_, Staud., but this form is rare in Britain, although it is known -to occur in the Isle of Man, and has been recorded from Ripon, Skipworth, -and York, also from Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Notts, Lincoln, and -Gloucestershire. The caterpillar is brownish, inclining to greyish above -and to greenish grey beneath, freckled with darker brown; of the three -whitish lines along the back, the central one is widest, but is only really -distinct on the middle part of each ring; the lines are margined with -black, the edging of the central one irregular, but of the others more -complete; the spiracles are whitish, and the area above them is dark -grey-brown enclosing paler spaces on each ring; head, shining grey-brown -freckled with blackish. It feeds, in April, May, and June, on ash, and -until the leaves expand it is content with the buds. After dark it may be -beaten from saplings in the hedgerow, as well as from full-grown trees. By -day it hides among moss or litter, or in the crevices of bark, and at dark -may be found crawling up the trunks of ash trees. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 6. - 1. ORANGE UPPER-WING: _caterpillar_. - 2. DOTTED CHESTNUT: _caterpillar_. - 3. PINK-BARRED SALLOW: _eggs, natural size and enlarged_. - 4, 4a. SALLOW: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 7. - 1-4. LUNAR UNDERWING. - 5, 6. RED-LINE QUAKER. - 7, 8. YELLOW-LINE QUAKER. - 9, 10. THE BRICK. - -{11} The moths are out in August and September, and in the late afternoon -may be seen, newly emerged from the chrysalis, on ash trunks, or on twigs -and herbage immediately around the tree stems. When on the wing at night it -is attracted by light, especially electric, and by sugar. Now that the -habits of the species are better known than formerly, it has been -ascertained to occur in most English counties. In Scotland it is widely -distributed up to Argyll and Perthshire; it has been recorded from several -parts of Wales, and in Ireland is found in counties Antrim, Tyrone, -Fermanagh, Down, Armagh, Louth, Westmeath, Wicklow, Sligo, Galway, -Tipperary, and Cork. - -THE LUNAR UNDERWING (_Omphaloscelis_ (_Anchocelis_) _lunosa_). - -In the general colour of the fore wings, this species, of which four -figures will be found on Plate 7, ranges from pale ochreous {12} brown to -dark blackish grey. The typical form (_lunosa_, Haworth) has the ground -colour pale, or bright, reddish (Figs. 1 and 3); the markings are well -defined, and the wing rays are sometimes pale ochreous, or whitish. Four -modifications of this form have been named; one of these has pale veins, -but the general colour is red brown (ab. _brunnea_, Tutt); in another (Fig. -2) the colour is ochreous brown, the veins pale, and the other markings -distinct (ab. _humilis_, Humph. and Westw.). Of the greyish forms, var. -_agrotoides_, Guenee, is the darkest (Fig. 4). - -The caterpillar is brownish, inclining to greenish beneath; there are three -whitish lines along the back, the outer edged below with blackish; a thin -whitish line along the sides is shaded above with blackish. It feeds on -meadow grass (_Poa annua_), and other kinds of grass, from October to May. -The moth appears in September and October, sometimes at the end of August. -It is partial to light and to sugar, and where the latter is smeared over -the foliage of trees and bushes it seems better attended by this, and other -autumnal moths, than when painted on tree-trunks in the usual manner. - -The species seems to be pretty generally distributed throughout Southern -and Western England, and in some seasons it is very common. Eastward and -through the Midlands it is perhaps less frequent; in the northern counties -it is scarce on the east, but locally common on the west. It occurs in -Wales; also in Scotland up to Perthshire. According to Kane, it is widely -distributed in Ireland, but most common on the coast. - -Abroad, it appears to be confined to France and Spain, although it has been -recorded from North-west Africa. - -THE RED-LINE QUAKER (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _lota_). - -In its typical form this species is of a leaden-grey coloration on the fore -wings, but these wings sometimes have a reddish {13} tinge (ab. _rufa_, -Tutt). In others the ground colour is blackish (ab. _suffusa_, Tutt), and a -rarer form (ab. _pallida_, Tutt) has the fore wings whitish grey with a -distinct black reniform stigma, and red submarginal line. (Plate 7, Figs. -5, 6.) - -The caterpillar is ochreous brown, sometimes tinged with reddish or -purplish brown on the sides; of three whitish lines along the back, the -central one is composed of spots, and the outer ones are not well defined, -except on the dark first and last rings; the line along the sides is -reddish. Head, glossy, pale reddish brown, marked with darker brown. It -feeds on willow and sallow, and may be found among the foliage from April -to June, and especially the topmost leaves of a twig, which it spins -together with silk to form a retreat during the day. (Plate 5, Fig. 2.) - -The moth comes freely to sugar in September and October, sometimes even -later. It may be found pretty freely also at ivy bloom, and at the flowers -of _Tritoma_. Although apparently commoner in the south, it is generally -distributed throughout England, Wales, and Scotland up to Perthshire and -Aberdeen. In Ireland it is widely distributed, but local. - -THE YELLOW-LINE QUAKER (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _macilenta_). - -The typical coloration of this species (Plate 7, Figs. 7 and 8) is pale -ochreous brown, inclining to reddish in some specimens; the lower part of -the reniform stigma black. Sometimes, the black spot is absent (ab. -_obsoleta_, Tutt). Another form has the ground colour pale yellowish brown, -and this, with the black lower portion of the reniform present, is ab. -_straminea_, Tutt, while specimens of the same tint, but minus the black -spot, are referable to ab. _obsoleta-straminea_ of the same author. - -The caterpillar is reddish brown with white dots, and three white lines on -the back; the line along the spiracles is whitish {14} with a dusky edge -above. Head, ochreous brown; plate on first ring blackish lined with white. -It feeds on beech, oak, and heather. When approaching full growth it -probably feeds on low-growing plants, and it may be found from April to -June. - -The moth flies in September and October, sometimes in November. Decaying -apples seem to have a stronger attractive influence at times than either -sugar or ivy bloom. Except that it appears to be local or scarce in the -Midlands, the species occurs, in many parts commonly, throughout England, -Wales, and Scotland to Moray. In Ireland it is generally distributed and -abundant in some localities. - -THE BRICK (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _circellaris_). - -Yellow or ochreous is the typical coloration, but the most frequent form of -this common species in Britain is ab. _ferruginea_, Hubn., which is -ochreous tinged with rust colour. Sometimes, the fore wings are more or -less suffused with blackish, and with the markings black, such specimens -are referable to _macilenta_ as figured by Hubner, Noct., Fig. 688. The -more usual form is shown on Plate 7, Figs. 9, 10. - -At the time it is freshly laid, the egg (Plate 5, Fig. 3a) is yellowish, -but changes in about a week to purplish with a more or less distinct pearly -sheen. - -The caterpillar is brown inclining to yellowish, the head is reddish, and -the plate on first ring blackish; there are three pale lines along the -back, the central one more or less interrupted by dusky V-shaped marks, the -others with an interrupted edging above; the stripe along the region of the -blackish spiracles is yellowish grey. It lives on wych-elm and ash, eating -the flowers, seeds, and leaves, but has a decided preference for the first -two. It may be beaten in May and early June, sometimes in numbers, from the -seeds (Plate 5, Fig. 3). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 8. - 1. CONFORMIST: _caterpillar_. - 2. EARLY GREY: _caterpillar_. - 3. RED SWORD-GRASS: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 9. - 1, 2. FLOUNCED RUSTIC. - 3-6. BEADED CHESTNUT. - 7-9. BROWN-SPOT PINION. - -{15} - -The moth is out from late August well on into October, and is to be found, -wherever its favourite trees are established, throughout the British Isles. - -THE FLOUNCED RUSTIC (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _helvola_). - -On Plate 9 is shown a male specimen of the typical form (Fig. 1). In ab. -_ochrea_, Tutt, the general colour of the fore wings is ochreous with a -greenish tinge, and so it differs from the type, in which the ground colour -is reddish. In another ochreous form the cross bands are of a purplish tint -(ab. _punica_, Borkhausen), and in ab. _rufina_, Hubner, the bands are also -purplish, but the ground colour is of a somewhat brighter red than in the -type. Ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, is dull reddish with indistinct cross markings, -and seems to be a modification of the almost unicolorous form of a bright -red colour, ab. _rufa_, Tutt. (Fig. 2.) - -The full-grown caterpillar feeds, in April and May, on the foliage of the -oak, the elm, and some other trees; also on sallow, hawthorn, and, -according to Barrett, on bilberry and heather. In general colour it is -brownish, often tinged with red, and more or less flecked with dark brown; -a fine whitish line along the middle of the back is only clearly traceable -on the front rings, but there is a very distinct white stripe along the -region of the black spiracles. In an earlier stage it is green with three -whitish lines on the back, and another on the sides. - -The moth is out in September and October, rather earlier in Scotland. -Though much commoner in some districts than in others, this species is -found in woodlands throughout the greater part of England, Wales, and the -mainland of Scotland. In Ireland it appears to be rare, and has only been -recorded, chiefly in single specimens, from Waterford, Wicklow, Galway, -Armagh, and Derry. {16} - -THE BEADED CHESTNUT (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _lychnidis_). - -The name of this variable species (Plate 9, Figs. 3-6), long known as -_pistacina_, is now recognised as the _lychnidis_ of Schiffermiller, so, as -the latter name has page priority over the former, it has to be adopted. -Fig. 3 on the plate represents a well-marked reddish specimen of the -typical form. A great many forms have been named, but only a few of the -more distinct of these can be referred to here. Fig. 4 shows the greyish -ochreous aberration known as _serrina_, Fab. Ab. _ferrea_, Haworth (Fig. 5) -has almost uniform reddish fore wings, and ab. _venosa_, Haworth has the -fore wings greyish brown with the veins whitish. - -When newly laid the egg (Plate 5, Fig. 1a) is yellowish, but changes to -olive-brown. The caterpillar (Plate 5, Fig. 1) is green inclining to -yellowish, freckled with greyish, and dotted with whitish; there are three -fine whitish lines along the back, and a broad white stripe along the -sides. It is found from March to June, and feeds on grasses, dandelion, -groundsel, buttercup, and a variety of low plants; it will also eat sallow. - -The moth is out from September to November, and is often abundant at sugar -and ivy bloom, and not uncommon on gas lamps or around electric lights. -Generally distributed and plentiful over the greater part of England and -Wales, but from Yorkshire northwards and through Scotland to Perthshire it -is very local, and apparently not at all frequent. In Ireland it is widely -spread and common. - -THE BROWN-SPOT PINION (_Amathes_ (_Orthosia_) _litura_). - -On Plate 9 are shown specimens from Scotland (Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female]). -The male, which has the basal area of the fore wings pale, is referable to -ab. _borealis_, Sparre-Schneider, whilst the female is more nearly typical. -In England the majority of the {17} specimens belong to ab. _rufa_, Tutt, -which is reddish in the coloration of fore wing (Fig. 7). Sometimes the -basal area in this colour form is pale also. - -The caterpillar is green, sometimes tinged with olive and freckled with -darker green; there are three dark-edged pale-green lines along the back; -the under surface is tinged with yellowish, and is separated from the green -colour of the upper surface by a whitish stripe, edged above with black; -head, brownish, with darker freckles. It occurs in April and May, when it -feeds on bramble, rose, oak, sallow, and some low-growing plants. - -The moth is found in September and October throughout England, and Scotland -up to Moray. - -THE ORANGE SALLOW (_Cirrhia_ (_Xanthia_) _citrago_). - -The ground colour of the fore wings is generally yellow, but in some -districts the specimens exhibit a tendency towards orange-red. The latter -tint is very decided in var. _aurantiago_, Tutt. There is but little -variation in marking, but the central cross line is broader in some -specimens than in others. (Plate 10, Fig. 1.) - -The caterpillar is dark olive-grey above, with white dots, and obscure -greenish beneath; of the three whitish lines along the back, the central -one is rather wider than the other two, which are edged above with black; -along the region of the spiracles the colour is whitish grey. Head, brown, -shining, and darker on the mouth; a black mark on ring of body next the -head. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on lime (_Tilia vulgaris_) in April -and May, and conceals itself between two spun-together leaves during the -daytime. In such retreats I have frequently detected them by simply -standing under the branches and looking upwards and outwards from the -trunk. When nearly full grown they more often descend the tree, and hide by -day {18} among the undergrowth, etc., at the base of the trunk, whence they -return to their feeding quarters by crawling up the tree at dusk. - -The moth is out in August and September, and although it does not seem to -care much about the collector's sugar when spread on tree trunks in the -usual way, it seems to accept it freely enough when daubed on the foliage. -The leaves of the lime are, however, generally well coated with a sweet -substance proceeding from _Aphides_, and commonly known as honeydew. This -in itself is very attractive to the moths. The species seems to be widely -distributed over England, and will perhaps be found in most districts where -limes flourish. In Wales it has occurred in Flintshire, Denbighshire, and -Carnarvon. McArthur obtained a specimen in the Isle of Lewis in 1887, and -Renton records it as found in Roxburghshire. Little is known of it from -Ireland, but it has been noted from Wicklow and Galway. - -THE BARRED SALLOW (_Ochria_ (_Xanthia_) _aurago_). - -The ground colour of the fore wings, which in the type is pale yellow, -ranges through various shades of yellow to deep orange. The basal and outer -marginal bands are pale purplish, in the type, but in the more orange forms -the bands are rather more reddish purple. In ab. _fucata_, Esper, the -purplish colour of the bands spreads over the orange central area, and in -ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, the orange invades the basal and outer marginal -regions, so that the bands are pretty well obliterated, and the fore wings -assume a more or less uniform orange coloration. The latter form is -uncommon, but a rarer one in this country is ab. _lutea_, Tutt, which has -the fore wings almost entirely orange-yellow. (Plate 10, Figs. 2 and 3, the -latter inclining to ab. _unicolor_.) - -The caterpillar is reddish brown with pale dots, and with {19} three -whitish lines along the back; a pale stripe along the sides. Head, pale -brown, shining. May be found from April to June on beech, or on maple where -this occurs around beech woods. At first it feeds on the buds, but later on -the leaves; for protection during the day it spins together two of the -leaves, and so forms a suitable resting place. Sycamore, it may be -mentioned, is acceptable to this caterpillar when reared in captivity. - -The moth is out in September and early October, and is chiefly found in the -neighbourhood of beech woods, especially those in chalky districts in -Oxford and adjoining counties, Hertfordshire, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, -Norfolk, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, and Devon. It also -occurs in the counties of Hereford, Worcester, and Cheshire; it has been -found in Yorkshire since 1890 in several localities, including Barnsley, -Doncaster, Huddersfield, and Rotherham. At least one specimen has been -recorded from Pembrokeshire, and others from Flint and Denbighshire, in -Wales. - -THE PINK-BARRED SALLOW (_Xanthia lutea_ (_flavago_)). - -In some examples of this species (Plate 10, Figs. 4, 5) the oblique band of -the fore wings is purplish, and in others red or reddish; the former are -typical, and the latter are referable to ab. _ochreago_, Borkhausen. Often -the band is incomplete, and sometimes it is only indicated by three more or -less regular series of reddish dots (ab. _togata_, Esper). I have one -example of this form from the Isle of Hoy, and another specimen from the -same locality is somewhat similar, but the spots are not so well separated, -and are purplish in colour. - -The eggs (Plate 6, Fig. 3) are yellowish when laid, but become purplish -later, and the ribs then appear whitish. - -The caterpillar when young lives on catkins of the sallow, and when these -fall it feeds on low-growing plants, but it will {20} eat the leaves of -sallow and the seeds of wych-elm. It may be found from March to June. - -The moth appears in September and October. It is widely distributed, and -often common at the sugar patch, over the whole of England, Wales, Scotland -up to Moray, and Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland, Japan, Kamtschatka, and North -America. - -THE SALLOW (_Xanthia fulvago_). - -A typical male and female of this species are shown on Plate 10, Figs. 7, -8; Fig. 6 on the same plate represents ab. _flavescens_, Esper. Sometimes -the fore wings are orange-tinged, and such examples having the typical -markings well defined are referable to ab. _aurantia_, Tutt. In _cerago_, -Hubner, the markings are fainter than in the type, and the orange-yellow -modification of this form has been named _imperfecta_, Tutt. - -The caterpillar is brown above with a tinge of red or purple, and freckled -with darker; there are three pale lines along the back, but only the -central one is distinct, and this is more or less interrupted by clusters -of darker freckles; there is a darker stripe composed of freckles on the -sides, and below this is a pale brownish stripe; head, brown, plate on the -first ring of the body blackish with pale lines upon it. It feeds when -young in sallow catkins, and later on low-growing plants, also leaves of -sallow and seeds of wych-elm. Early stages are figured on Plate 6. The moth -is out in September and early October. It is widely distributed, and -generally common, throughout England and Wales, Scotland to Moray, and -Ireland. Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -NOTE.--It may be stated here that the present species, together with -_aurago_, _lutea_, _fulvago_, _gilvago_, and _ocellaris_, are referred to -_Cosmia_, Ochs. and Treit., by Hampson (_Cat. Lep. Phal._ vi. 497). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 10. - 1. ORANGE SALLOW. - 6-8. THE SALLOW. - 2, 3. BARRED SALLOW. - 9, 10. DUSKY-LEMON SALLOW. - 4, 5. PINK-BARRED SALLOW. - 11. PALE-LEMON SALLOW. - 12. ORANGE UPPER-WING. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 11. - 1, 2. RED-HEADED CHESTNUT MOTH. - 7-10. DARK CHESTNUT. - 3-6. CHESTNUT MOTH. - 11, 12. DOTTED CHESTNUT. - -{21} - -THE DUSKY-LEMON SALLOW (_Mellinia_ (_Xanthia_) _gilvago_). - -Two examples of this species are shown on Plate 10, Figs. 9 and 10. The -purplish-brown mottling or clouding and greyish suffusion of the fore wings -is much denser in some specimens than in others. Often the suffusion is -quite absent, and the purplish brown is only seen as spots. Again, in an -almost unicolorous form the ground colour is of a pale orange tint, the -cross markings and outlines of the reniform are as in the type, and the -series of blackish points on the submarginal line, usually present in the -type, are more conspicuous, owing to absence of the other usual dark -markings; this seems to be the _palleago_ of Hubner, which has been -considered a distinct species; I think, however, that it is only a form of -_gilvago_. The earliest recorded British specimen of this form was taken at -Brighton in 1856, and it and others captured in the same district were then -thought to be examples of _M. ocellaris_, but their true identity was -established by Doubleday in 1859. Very few specimens of this form have been -reported from other parts of England, but I have recently seen one that was -taken at light in the Canterbury district, Kent, on October 3, 1907. In its -typical form this species has an extensive range in England, spreading from -Yorkshire to Surrey and Sussex. The earliest known British specimens were -captured in the neighbourhood of Doncaster over sixty years ago, but its -occurrence in Surrey seems not to have been noted until comparatively -recent times. - -The caterpillar is pinkish grey-brown, with three paler lines and a series -of purplish diamonds along the back; the sides are mottled with purplish -brown above the black spiracles, and striped with ochreous grey below them. -According to Buckler, whose description is here adapted, the four pale -raised dots circled with dark brown, placed within the dark marks on the -back of each ring, serve to distinguish this caterpillar from its {22} -allies. It feeds on the seeds of wych-elm, and may be beaten or jarred from -the branches in April and May. The moth is out in the autumn. - -THE PALE-LEMON SALLOW (_Mellinia_ (_Xanthia_) _ocellaris_). - -Although sparsely marked yellowish examples of the last species have been -mistaken for the present one, the true _M. ocellaris_ was not known to -occur in Britain until 1893, when three specimens were taken at Wimbledon -and Twickenham. In 1894 a specimen was recorded from Bognor in Sussex, and -another in West Dulwich. The following year one specimen was taken at -Richmond, Surrey, and one at Ipswich, Suffolk. Three specimens were -obtained at sugar in 1899, and five others in 1900, in a locality in North -Kent. Odd specimens have also been noted as follows:--Suffolk, Beccles -(1898), Woodbridge (1899); West Norfolk (1904 and 1906); Cambridge (1907). -The caterpillar, which is ochreous grey with black dots, feeds on poplar, -and is stated by one continental author to live in the buds and catkins -when young, and afterwards on low plants. So far, it has not been detected -in England. - -A German specimen of the moth is depicted on Plate 10, Fig. 11. From the -last species this one is easily separated by the more pointed fore wings, -by the white dot at lower end of the reniform stigma, and by the different -shaped cross lines. - -The moth has been taken at sugar or light in September and October. - -THE ORANGE UPPER-WING (_Xantholeuca_ (_Hoporina_) _croceago_). - -This species is shown in its typical form on Plate 10, Fig. 12. -Occasionally a dull reddish-brown form (ab. _latericolor_, Raynor) occurs, -of which I some years ago reared several examples, {23} from eggs laid by a -female taken at sallow in Darenth Wood, Kent. - -The caterpillar (Plate 6, Fig. 1) is pale ochreous brown, inclining to -orange, finely freckled with brown, and with brown V-marks on the back of -rings 4 to 11; the line along the middle of the back is pale yellow, and -there are two pale yellow spots on ring 11; head, pale brown, freckled with -darker brown, and sometimes rosy tinged. It feeds on oak, and may be found -in May and June. - -The moth flies in September and October, and then visits ivy bloom and -sugar at night; after hibernation it comes to sallow bloom. It has been -found during the winter between dry leaves on oak twigs in the hedgerows. -Females taken late in the spring and enclosed in a chip box will probably -deposit a good supply of eggs; caterpillars hatching from them are not -difficult to rear. - -The species does not appear to have been noticed in the eastern or northern -counties of England, but it occurs from Worcester southwards to Somerset, -Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall. From Herefordshire it spreads into Wales. -North of London it is found in Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and to the south -in Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire. - -It is represented in Japan by _sericea_, Butler, which is considered a -distinct species by some authors. - -THE RED-HEADED CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _erythrocephala_). - -The portraits of this species on Plate 11 are from Austrian specimens. Fig. -1 is typical and Fig. 2 is ab. _glabra_, Hubner. - -A specimen was captured at Marlow, Bucks, in October, 1859, by Mr. A. H. -Clarke, who presented it to the British Museum in 1903; but perhaps the -earliest-known British specimen was one taken near Brighton in 1847. -Between the {24} last-named Sussex locality and Eastbourne in one -direction, and Lewes in the other, one or more specimens of the type or of -ab. _glabra_ have occurred from time to time, but there are no records from -the county for a number of years now. The species has also been noted from -Hampshire (New Forest and Bournemouth), Somerset, Devon, Kent (Darenth), -and Hertfordshire (St. Albans). The most recent records refer to two -captures at Bournemouth in 1902. - -THE CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _vaccinii_). - -Figure 3 on Plate 11 represents this species in its typical form, which is -of a dark chestnut colour, and almost without markings. The brighter red -modification of this form has been named ab. _rufa_, Tutt; while another -assuming the blacker hue of _O. ligula_ has been described as ab. -_unicolor_, Tutt. In some of the redder forms the cross lines are dark and -conspicuous, thus approaching ab. _spadicea_, Hubner, which has distinct -black lines as seen in Fig. 6. It should be noted that the figure just -referred to is from a German specimen, as I was unable to obtain a suitable -British example of the form. Another far more frequent form of this -variable species is ab. _mixta_, Staud. (Fig. 4), in which the ground -colour is ochreous, more or less tinged with red; the more yellow-coloured -examples of this form have been separated under the name _ochrea_, Tutt. -Figure 5 shows a form that is rather less common than either of those just -adverted to; the specimen is one of a short series from Kent that I have -labelled ab. _suffusa_, Tutt; as will be noticed, the band on the outer -area is in strong contrast to the rest of the fore wings. Apart from the -above and other named forms, there is considerable aberration in the -markings, and more especially as regards the stigmata. The lower extremity -of the reniform is usually black or blackish, but it may be very faint or -entirely absent, and as a contrast {25} to this, the orbicular sometimes -has a blackish dot at its lower end. - -The caterpillar feeds, in May and June, on oak, elm, etc., and also upon -low-growing plants. It is reddish brown above, and greenish beneath, -sometimes the upper surface is tinged with green also; the back is freckled -with pale brown, and the three lines along it are faintly paler, the raised -dots are whitish; head, glossy pale brown, freckled with reddish-brown, and -lined with darker brown. - -The moth occurs at sugar, ivy bloom, etc., in the autumn and early winter, -also at sallow catkins in the spring, in probably almost all wooded -localities throughout the British Isles. - -Its range abroad extends to Japan. - -THE DARK CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Conistra_) _ligula_). - -Four examples of this species are shown on Plate 11. The typical form has a -white band on the outer area of the fore wings (Fig. 7); sometimes this -band is ochreous (ab. _subnigra_, Haworth), and a modification of this, in -which the outlines of the stigmata and the veins are pale, is var. -_ochrea_, Tutt. Ab. _polita_, Hubner (Fig. 9), has a whitish-grey -submarginal band and greyish cross lines, and ab. _spadicea_, Haworth (Fig. -10), is a dark form without any distinct markings. This species has long -been incorrectly known as _spadicea_, Hubner, which, as noted above, is a -form of _vaccinii_, L. Staudinger, probably to prevent confusion, deposed -_spadicea_, Haworth, and set up _subspadicea_ in its place. - -Fig. 8 represents a specimen from North Kent that somewhat suggests ab. -_suffusa_, Tutt, of the previous species. On comparing the outer marginal -contour of the fore wings of these closely allied species, it will be noted -that in all forms of _ligula_ the margin below the tip is always slightly -concave, thus giving {26} the wings a decidedly pointed tip, a character -which will serve to distinguish _ligula_ from _vaccinii_ in nearly every -instance. - -The caterpillar is reddish brown, freckled with paler; the three pale lines -along the back are distinctly white on the plate on ring 1, the outer lines -edged below with brownish; spiracles outlined in black, and the stripe -along them is reddish ochreous. It feeds in spring and early summer, at -first on oak, sallow, and hawthorn, and afterwards on low-growing weeds. - -The moth flies in October and November, and as it lives through the winter -is seen at sugar on any mild night, but it does not seem to turn up at the -sallow catkins in the spring. The species is rather less generally -distributed than the last, but it is not uncommon in the southern and -eastern counties, and is found throughout England to the Tyne. Recorded -from very few localities in Ireland, and apparently not noticed in -Scotland. - -THE DOTTED CHESTNUT (_Orrhodia_ (_Dasycampa_) _rubiginea_). - -A pair of typical specimens are represented on Plate 11, Figs. 11 and 12. A -form of the species occurring in Somersetshire has the fore wings reddish -brown, and the usual black dots are largely absent (ab. _unicolor_, Tutt). - -The caterpillar (Plate 6, Fig. 2) is purplish brown freckled with blackish; -there are three obscure paler lines along the back from ring 3, and a -central series of black spots; the head is black, and the fine hairs of the -body are yellowish brown. It feeds, in May and June, on apple, plum, -dandelion, etc. The fact has been noted that, if supplied with apple until -about half grown, and afterwards with dandelion, it attains full size more -quickly than when kept to one kind of food only. - -The moth appears in October and November, retires during the cold weather, -and comes forth again in the spring. When {27} reared in confinement, it -emerges from the chrysalis about a month earlier. Ivy bloom, ripe yew -berries, and also sugar attract it in the autumn, and in the spring it -visits the blossoms of sallow, damson, and sloe. There are several records -of its having been taken at light, perhaps the latest of these being that -of a specimen captured at Exeter on April 11, 1906. - -Except in Devonshire, where it is of more regular occurrence, the species -is far from common in England, but is taken in, or has been recorded from, -the counties of Dorset, Wilts, Gloucester, Hereford, Monmouth (S. Wales), -Hants and Isle of Wight, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Bucks, and Cambridge. In -Ireland it is noted from Dublin, King's County, Kerry, Wicklow, and Galway. - -It is represented in Japan by the larger ab. _fornax_, Butler. - -THE SATELLITE (_Eupsilia_ (_Scopelosoma_) _satellitia_). - -An example of each sex of this species is shown on Plate 12, together with -a less common form. Although specimens vary in the amount of red in the -colour of the fore wings, there is more striking aberration in the colour -of the lunular marks representing the reniform stigma; these are frequently -white, but may be yellow (typical), or reddish orange in either sex. The -dull brownish specimen (Fig. 3) is from Yorkshire, and appears to be -referable to var. _brunnea_, Lampa. - -The caterpillar is dark brown, with indistinct paler lines on the back; the -line along the spiracles is white or whitish, but often reduced to a series -of spots on rings 1, 2, 5, and 11. Head, ochreous-brown, darker about the -mouth. It feeds, in May and June, on the leaves of oak, beech, elm, and -other trees, also on low plants; and has a keen appetite, it is said, for -other caterpillars when the opportunity offers. - -The moth is out in September, and may be seen at ivy bloom or sugar during -that month, and also in October and November {28} if the weather is -favourable; it is early on the wing again in the spring. - -Although apparently uncommon in some few parts, the species seems to be -generally distributed and plentiful throughout England, Wales, Scotland up -to Ross (recorded from Stromma, Orkney), and Ireland. - -In Japan, a greyish form with larger spots (ab. _tripuncta_, Butler) -occurs. - -THE TAWNY PINION (_Lithophane_ (_Xylina_) _semibrunnea_). - -An example of this species is represented on Plate 12, Fig. 4. The black -streak from above the middle of the inner margin towards the hind margin -should be noted, as this character distinguishes _semibrunnea_ from dark -forms of the following species--_L. socia._ - -The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a broad creamy stripe along the -middle of the back, and two indistinct fine lines on each side; below the -black-outlined white spiracles is a yellow stripe. Head, bluish green, -freckled with darker green. It feeds on ash in May and June. - -The moth appears on the wing, and may be seen at ivy bloom and sugar, from -September to November, and is sometimes captured at sallow, after -hibernation, in March or April. - -It is on record that two specimens taken in November were kept in -confinement, and three other captives were added in February. All continued -to live until June, and two were still alive on the 23rd of that month. - -Although this species is found more or less regularly in most of the -English counties south of Worcester on the west, and Huntingdon on the -east, it is always very local, and never plentiful. It has been reported -from Carmarthenshire in South Wales; and Kane states that in Ireland it has -been taken in Galway and Kerry. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 12. - 1-3. THE SATELLITE. - 6. GREY SHOULDER-KNOT. - 4. TAWNY PINION. - 7. EARLY GREY. - 5. PALE PINION. - 8, 9. GOLDEN-ROD BRINDLE. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 13. - 1, 2. THE CONFORMIST. - 3. THE NONCONFORMIST. - 4, 5. THE CUDWEED. - -{29} - -THE PALE PINION (_Lithophane_ (_Xylina_) _socia_). - -The pale ochreous-brown insect shown on Plate 12, Fig. 5, is without the -dark, sometimes blackish suffusion on the inner area which is -characteristic of the type of this species. Var. _rufescens_, Tutt, is a -reddish form. - -The caterpillar is pale green with three white lines, the central one broad -and stripe-like; the line along the spiracles is yellow. Head, pale green, -variegated with white. (Adapted from Porritt.) - -The moth comes to ivy bloom, sugar, etc., in September and October, and -even later if the weather is mild. After hibernation it reappears as early -as February, and visits the sallows as soon as the catkins open. - -Although it seems to be absent from the eastern counties, except -Cambridge--where, however, it is scarce--this species is found in most of -the other counties mentioned for the last species. It is generally more -plentiful, especially in the west. Occasionally specimens have been taken -in Cumberland, and single examples have been recorded from the Liverpool -and Hartlepool districts. It seems to be not uncommon in South Wales, and -has been reported from Capel Curig, in Carnarvonshire. As regards Ireland, -Kane says that there are few Irish localities where this species is not -found. - -THE CONFORMIST (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _furcifera_). - -The typical form of this species has the fore wings of a pale slaty grey -colour; this, however, does not seem to occur in Britain. Our form, var. -_suffusa_, Tutt (shown on Plate 13, Figs. 1 and 2), is much darker grey -with blackish mottling, a yellowish mark at the base and a reddish cloud in -the reniform stigma; the outer area is more or less tinged with violet, and -this tint sometimes spreads over the whole of the fore wings; {30} the -inner margin is tinged with reddish orange at the base, or along the basal -half, and there are some clouds of the same colour on the black submarginal -line. This is _conformis_ of British authors. - -The caterpillar (drawn from a skin, Plate 8, Fig. 1) is olive brown, tinged -with green above, and paler brown, tinged with pink beneath; the dots are -yellowish in black circles, and there is a dark olive-brown mark on ring 1; -there are three yellow lines along the back, the central one interrupted by -darker brown freckles, clustered so as to form a series of diamond-shaped -patches, and the others are edged above with dark olive. It feeds on alder, -from April to June. - -The moth is out in September and October, and, after hibernation, in March -and April. Ivy bloom and sugar attract it in the autumn, and it has been -taken at sallow catkins as well as at sugar in the spring. - -Since 1861, when its occurrence in Wales was first announced, it has been -found more or less regularly in Glamorganshire, South Wales, or the -adjoining English county of Monmouth. The latest record is that by Mr. P. -J. Barraud, who took a male specimen at sallow bloom in the Wye Valley on -March 31, 1907. The capture of a specimen at sugar, near Brighton, -September 13, 1898, has been reported. One specimen has been recorded from -Yorks., another from Westmoreland; and in 1902, two from near Lancaster. -Wales, however, appears to be the home of this species in the British -Isles. - -THE NONCONFORMIST (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _lamda_). - -The example of this species shown on Plate 13, Fig. 3, is of the typical -form, and hails from the Continent. Of the six specimens observed in -England the majority have been recorded as _zinckenii_, Treitschke, a form -having the fore wings more variegated with white. Another form, ab. -_somniculosa_, Hering, {31} has most of the typical markings, especially on -the outer area, absent. - -The earliest occurrence of this species in Britain appears to have been -that of a specimen on the trunk of a poplar tree in the northern environs -of London, October, 1865. Then on September 30, 1866, one was detected on -the bole of a willow tree in a locality not indicated more definitely than -"near New Cross"; another specimen was taken in the same year in the -Guildford district, at sugar. On October 3, 1870, a fourth was found on the -reverse side of a tree that had been sugared, at Dartford, Kent; and a -specimen, labelled Erith, September, 1875, was in the collection of the -late Mr. Bond. Lastly, a specimen came to sugar at Copdock, Ipswich, in -late September, 1895. - -The range of this species abroad extends through Scandinavia, Belgium, -North Germany, and North Russia, to East Siberia, and Amurland. It is found -in North America, where it is known as _thaxteri_, Grote. - -THE GREY SHOULDER-KNOT (_Graptolitha_ (_Xylina_) _ornithopus_). - -The moth, of which a portrait will be found on Plate 12, Fig. 6, emerges -from the chrysalis in the autumn, and may then be found at night on ivy -bloom or at the sugar patch; and in the daytime it may frequently be seen -on tree trunks, palings, etc. After hibernation, it is again seen in the -spring, on fences, pales, etc., and visits the sallow catkins at night. -Females of this species, and other hibernating kinds, taken in the spring -generally deposit fertile eggs pretty freely; often such specimens are not -in the best condition, but one female, if she has not already parted with -most of her eggs, will as a rule deposit quite as many as the collector is -likely to need. - -The caterpillar is of a blue-green colour with whitish freckles; {32} three -broken whitish lines along the back; head, green, with a paler mark on each -cheek. It is to be found in May and early June on the leaves of oak. - -The species is widely distributed throughout England and Wales, but is more -frequently met with in the south than in the north. It is found in -Scotland, but only rarely, and the same remark applies to Ireland -generally, although the species is not uncommon in some parts of Wicklow, -Cork, and Kerry. - -Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE GOLDEN-ROD BRINDLE (_Lithomoia solidaginis_). - -On Plate 12, Fig. 8 represents a Lancashire specimen, whilst Fig. 9 is -taken from an Aberdeen example. The first, having the central area suffused -with brown, is more nearly typical, and the other varies in the direction -of ab. _virgata_, Tutt, in which form the central shade is black. Other -named forms are--ab. _cinerascens_, Staud. = _pallida_, Tutt (pale -ashy-grey, central shade almost or quite obsolete), ab. _suffusa_, Tutt -(similar to _virgata_, but the basal area also black or blackish). - -The caterpillar is brown, with a purplish or violet tinge, and freckled -with grey; an indistinct line along the middle of the back and a creamy -stripe along the sides, the latter is edged above with black; head, shining -reddish-brown, freckled with darker brown. It feeds on bilberry, bearberry -(_Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_), heather, sallow, birch, and hawthorn, and is -to be found from May to July. - -The moth is out in August and September, and in its woodland and moorland -haunts is to be seen sitting about on the dead stems of bracken, charred -twigs and stems of heather, or on birch trunks, rocks, walls, etc. When -thus resting, however, they very closely resemble twisted birch bark, -grouse droppings, and other common objects occurring in the haunts of the -species, so that its detection is not easy at first. {33} - -In England this species is found from Shropshire and Staffordshire -northwards to Cumberland; thence through Scotland to Aberdeen and -Sutherland. In Wales it has been obtained commonly near Rhos in the north. - -Abroad its range spreads to Amurland; and it occurs in North America, where -it is known as _germana_, Morrison. - -THE EARLY GREY (_Xylocampa areola_). - -A typical specimen of this widely distributed and, at least in the southern -half of England, rather common species, is shown on Plate 12, Fig. 7. A -dark form has been named ab. _suffusa_, Tutt, and one with the fore wings -of the typical grey colour, but with a pinkish flush, is ab. _rosea_, Tutt. - -The caterpillar (figured from a skin, on Plate 8, Fig. 2) is -yellowish-brown, with a fine pale central line along the back, often only -distinct on rings 1, 11, and 12, and always obscured by dark brown patches -on 7 and 8; a blackish line low down along the sides. The body tapers -towards each end, and especially so towards the small head. It lives upon -honey-suckle, and feeds on the leaves at night, during May and June, or -sometimes later. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1. - -EARLY GREY AT REST. - -(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] - -The moth appears in March and April, and, in the daytime, is often met with -at rest on posts, fences, and the trunks of trees; also upon stone walls, -but seemingly less frequently, probably owing to the moth being then less -easy to detect. At night it flies around sallow bushes and sometimes -settles on the catkins, but is always on the alert. {34} - -THE SWORD-GRASS (_Calocampa exoleta_). - -Except that the pale grey brown fore wings are more clouded with blackish -in some specimens than in others, there is little of importance to note. -Usually there are two black wedges pointing inwards from the indistinct -submarginal line, but occasionally one, or more rarely both, may be absent. -(Plate 14, Figs. 3 [male] and 4 [female].) - -The caterpillar is green, with two series of white spotted black marks, the -line below these is yellow, and that lower down on the side is bright red; -the spots between the lines are white, encircled with black. From April to -May it feeds, often in the sunshine, as well as at night, on restharrow, -thistles, stonecrop, groundsel, dock, in fact on almost all low-growing -plants, as well as the foliage of some trees. The caterpillars of this and -the next species are exceedingly pretty creatures, and are sure to attract -attention whenever met with. Dr. Chapman notes that the caterpillar will -feed on stale leaves. - -The moth emerges in the autumn, and seems to be on the wing until quite -late in the year, and is seen again as early as March, and thence on until -May. One male and two females captured at sugar, March 12 and 13, were -placed in a glass cylinder with various food plants, and a sprig of sallow -catkins, moistened occasionally with syrup, afforded nourishment for the -moths every evening. On April 13, two batches of eggs were noted on nettle, -but these were not fertile. On April 15 and 20 pairing took place; and by -May 3 over three thousand eggs had been deposited. On May 13 the two -females, being still alive, were set at liberty (Goodwin). - -Although it certainly appears to be less frequently seen in the south than -northwards, the species is known to occur pretty well all over England and -Wales. In Scotland, where it is generally commoner than in England, except -perhaps in the {35} northern counties of the latter, its range extends to -the Orkneys. - -Abroad, it is found throughout Europe (except the most northern parts); -Asia to Japan; and the Canaries. - -THE RED SWORD-GRASS (_Calocampa vetusta_). - -In this species the ground colour of the fore wings varies from whity brown -to ochreous brown with a slight reddish tinge. A greyish shade spreads from -the base along the median vein to below the reniform stigma in the paler -and more typical specimens; the inner area is dark brown, but widely broken -below the reniform by the grey suffusion. The specimens figured on Plate 14 -(Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) are from Sligo, Ireland, and are referable to -var. _brunnea_, Tutt. The inner area in this form is red-brown, or -inclining to blackish brown. - -The caterpillar is green, with three yellow lines along the back, and a -reddish orange stripe along the area of the spiracles; a series of -black-circled white dots on each side of the central line; in the form -figured (from a skin) on Plate 8, Fig. 3, the lines on the back are white, -and the spaces between them black, dotted with white; the stripe along the -reddish spiracles also white, edged above with black; head, shining light -reddish brown. It feeds, from May to July, on various low herbage, such as -dock, persicaria, knotgrass, etc., also sedges and yellow flag. - -The moth appears in September and October, and again in March and April, -but seems to have been noted at various times both earlier and later. -Mathew records that a female captured at sugar on June 11, deposited 36 -eggs during the following week. These were laid in a chip box, and the -caterpillars hatched out on June 24, fed up quickly on knotgrass, attained -full growth by July 24, and pupated about that date. {36} One moth emerged -September 29, and five others, including three cripples, later. - -This species is most frequent in Ireland and Scotland, being distributed -throughout the latter country to Orkney and Shetland. It has been noted -from almost every part of England, but does not seem to be plentiful -generally in the country. - -The distribution abroad ranges to East Siberia and to North America. - -THE MULLEIN (_Cucullia verbasci_). - -Two specimens, representing both sexes, of this species are shown on Plate -15, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. Sometimes the darker colour on the marginal -areas, especially the inner, inclines to blackish; while in some specimens -the whole of the fore wings is suffused with brownish. - -The caterpillar is white with a greenish tinge, each ring of the body is -banded with yellow, has four black spots on the back, and some black dots -and lines on the sides; the head is yellowish, dotted with black. It may be -found in June and July quite exposed on mullein (_Verbascum thapsus_, and -_V. pulverulentum_); also figwort (_Scrophularia nodosa_, and _S. -aquatica_). Barrett states that it has been noted on _Buddlaea globosa_, an -American plant sometimes grown in gardens. These caterpillars are certainly -attacked by parasitical flies, but do not seem to be quite so frequently -"stung" as those of some other species of the "Sharks." The caterpillar -figured on Plate 18, Fig. 1, was obtained at Box Hill by Mr. Norman Riley. - -The moth is out in late April and in May, and, except an occasional capture -at light, is rarely seen in the open. The caterpillars are probably -obtainable in most English and Welsh counties, especially the southern ones -of both countries, wherever there is an abundance of its food plants. -Except that McArthur found the species in the Isle of Lewis, in 1901, there -is no record from Scotland. In Ireland it has been recorded from Dublin by -Birchall; and in 1901 three moths were taken at Timoleague, Co. Cork, and -caterpillars later on were plentiful in the district. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 14. - 1, 2. RED SWORD-GRASS, _male and female_. - 3, 4. THE SWORD-GRASS, " " " - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 15. - 1, 2. THE MULLEIN MOTH. - 4, 5. THE STRIPED LYCHNIS. - 3. THE WATER BETONY. - 6. THE STARWORT. - -{37} - -THE WATER BETONY (_Cucullia scrophulariae_). - -A good deal of confusion exists both in Britain and on the Continent as to -the identity of the _Cucullia_ figured and described by Capieux in 1789, -and by most authors since that time. I have received over twenty specimens -from Austria, Germany, and other parts of Europe, sent to me as -_scrophulariae_. As I have been unable to separate the majority of these -specimens from _C. lychnitis_, and the others from _C. verbasci_, Mr. F. N. -Pierce has been good enough to examine the genitalia of six of the males, -and of these he reports four are _C. lychnitis_, and two are _C. verbasci_. - -In England we certainly have a _Cucullia_ sometimes appearing in the moth -state rather later than _C. verbasci_ and always earlier than _C. -lychnitis;_ the caterpillar producing it feeds on _Scrophularia nodosa_ in -July. It is, however, very local, and is found chiefly in North Kent, and -occasionally in the Eastern Counties. Mr. Pierce finds that the male -genitalia of a North Kent _scrophulariae_ sent to him do not differ from -these parts in _C. verbasci_, but Dr. Chapman informs me that he detects a -slight difference in one that he examined. - -It must be admitted that the identity of the North Kent and East Anglian -_Cucullia_ with the _scrophulariae_ of Capieux is very doubtful, but we -evidently shall not be greatly opposed to Continental methods if we -continue to allow April and May moths resulting from Scrophularia nodosa -caterpillars to do duty for _C. scrophulariae_. I have therefore figured as -this species a specimen that was reared, with others, in April and May, -1877, from larvae obtained in the Dartford marshes. (Plate 15, Fig. 3.) -{38} - -The caterpillar is of a whitish-grey colour; along the middle of the back -is a series of broad deep yellow triangles pointing backwards, each edged -on both sides by large confluent deep black spots, usually forming a -somewhat C-shaped marking, which encloses another yellow spot, and below is -followed by several black spots; behind all these, on each segment, is a -deep green transverse spotless band. The forms of the black markings, -composed of united spots, vary in the degree of union of these spots; each -anterior spot is confluent with the posterior one below it, but does not -unite transversely with the others; in one variety they resemble tadpole -forms united by the tails, in another these tails are as thick as the spots -and form blotched curves; and in still another they are so thick and -confluent as to include some of the side spots, thus completely edging two -sides of the yellow triangle with a blotched black border. (Adapted from -Buckler.) - -THE STRIPED LYCHNIS (_Cucullia lychnitis_). - -An example of each sex of this species is shown on Plate 15, Figs. 4 and 5. -The general colour of the fore wings is paler, and the streaks along the -front and inner margins are darker than in _C. verbasci_; and the outer -margins of the wings are less jagged. - -The caterpillar (figured on Plate 18, Fig. 2, from a photo by Mr. H. Main) -is greenish white or yellow; the rings are cross banded with yellow and -spotted with black; usually the spots are united as in the figure, -sometimes they are smaller and well separated, and occasionally all but -those low down along the sides are absent. Coupled with decrease in size -and number of the black spots, there is variation in the width of the -yellow bands. _Verbascum nigrum_ is the more usual food plant in Britain, -but it will also eat _V. lychnitis_. It feeds, in July and August, on the -flowers and unripe seed capsules in preference to the foliage. {39} - -Between sixty and seventy years ago, the late Mr. Samuel Stevens obtained -the caterpillars on mullein growing in a chalk pit at Arundel in Sussex, -and this seems to be the earliest notice of the species occurring in -Britain. It is now known also to inhabit Hampshire, Surrey, and -Oxfordshire; has been reported from Norfolk, Suffolk, and Gloucestershire. - -THE STAR-WORT (_Cucullia asteris_). - -The silvery-grey fore wings of this moth (Plate 15, Fig. 6) are broadly -suffused with reddish brown along the front margin, and more narrowly with -purplish brown inclining to blackish along the inner margin; the latter is -separated from a purplish brown blotch at the outer angle by a whitish -edged black curved mark. - -The caterpillar (figured on Plate 18, Fig. 3, from a photo by Mr. Main) is -green with a black-edged yellow stripe along the back, and another along -the white spiracles; between these stripes are two pale greenish lines; -head, green, sprinkled with blackish. In another form the body is suffused -with reddish, inclining to purplish on the back; yellow markings pretty -much as in the green form. It feeds chiefly on golden-rod (_Solidago -virgaurea_) and sea star-wort (_Aster tripolium_), showing a decided -preference for the flowers, but will eat the foliage of the plants -mentioned. In confinement it can be reared on garden asters and Michaelmas -daisy. It may be obtained on its food plants from July well into September. - -The moth emerges in June and July as a rule, sometimes in early August, but -has been known to come from the chrysalis during September up to the 23rd -of that month. The species is found often abundantly in the caterpillar -state in the seaboard counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Sussex, -Hants, and Dorset. In Surrey it has occurred at Haslemere, and in {40} the -Croydon district (?); and it has been recorded from Herefordshire and North -Lancashire. - -The range abroad extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. - -THE SHARK (_Cucullia umbratica_). - -On the fore wings of this greyish species (Plate 16, Figs. 5 [male] and 6 -[female]) there is some variation in the short black streaks on the basal -and outer areas, and in the dots around the stigma; the front margin is -sometimes brownish tinged. The hind wings of the female are always darker -than those of the male. - -The caterpillar feeds on plants of the sowthistle (_Sonchus_) kind, also on -garden lettuce and the wild species. It may be found in August and early -September, but, as it feeds only at night, it should be searched for in the -daytime on the undersides of the lower leaves. In general colour it is -ochreous inclining to greyish, with an intricate raised pattern in blackish -on the upper surface; the head is black, and there is a yellow spotted -sooty brown plate on the first ring of the body. - -The moth is to be seen in June and July, sitting on the upper parts of -palings, and other kinds of wooden fencing; also on tent pegs, etc.; but it -is not easy to detect even when its whereabouts is indicated. At night it -visits flowers of campion, sweet william, honeysuckle, etc. - -Widely distributed throughout the British Isles to the Orkneys, but -seemingly more plentiful and regular in occurrence in the south of England -than in the north. - -THE CHAMOMILE SHARK (_Cucullia chamomillae_). - -Although somewhat similar to the last species, this moth may be -distinguished by the more brownish tinge of its grey fore wings. The hind -wings are also brown-grey in both sexes, but darkest in the female. {41} - -Sometimes the central area of the fore wings is clouded with blackish from -the front to the inner margin; such specimens are referable to ab. -_chrysanthemi_, Hubn. (Plate 16, Figs. 1 typical, 2 ab.) - -The caterpillar, which may be found in the summer months, is greenish white -with zigzag olive markings, the lines on the back meeting in the middle of -each ring, where there is a small pinkish blotch; head, pale yellowish, -striped with brown on the face. It feeds on wild chamomile (_Matricaria_), -stinking mayweed (_Anthemis_), and _Pyrethrum_ (Plate 18, Fig. 1). The Rev. -Miles Moss, writing his experience of this species at Rossall, near -Fleetwood, Lancashire, notes that until half-grown the caterpillars live -exposed, and are then found lying in a half-circle on the crowns of -unexpanded flower heads. At this time they are green with dark and also -white markings. He adds that caterpillars measuring about an inch in length -when collected, were preparing for pupation a week later. - -The moth is out in April and May, and has been captured even in July. When -chrysalids are kept indoors, but not dry, the moths sometimes emerge in -March, and occasionally in the earlier months of the year. A habit more or -less general among the species of this genus is to remain in the chrysalis -state for two or more winters; the present species has been known to emerge -during March of the first, second, and third years following that in which -the caterpillars were found. - -Widely distributed over England and Wales, but apparently most frequent in -the seaboard counties. In Scotland it occurs up to Perthshire, and it is -found on various parts of the Irish coast. - -THE CUDWEED (_Cucullia gnaphalii_). - -Portraits of two specimens of this very local species, kindly lent by Mr. -R. Adkin, will be found on Plate 13, Figs. 4 and 5. {42} The general -coloration is usually silvery grey, but occasionally it inclines to -yellowish. The moth has rarely been noted by day, and only one specimen -seems to have been captured on the wing. Even caterpillars are by no means -common in their best-known localities, and of those obtained after much -labour a large proportion may frequently prove to have been the victims of -parasitic flies. - -The caterpillar is green, inclining to olive green, thickly freckled with -pale yellow atoms; a purplish-brown stripe along the middle of the back and -two faint purplish lines along the sides; a pale yellow line along the -region of the black-edged spiracles, which are set in purplish-brown -blotches. (Adapted from Buckler.) - -Its food plant is golden-rod (_Solidago_) and it feeds at night and hides -by day, low down on the stems or under the leaves: July to September. In -confinement the caterpillars will eat garden aster and Michaelmas daisy. - -The British haunts of the species are chiefly in Kent (Sevenoaks, Tunbridge -Wells, etc.), and Sussex (Tilgate Forest, etc.); but according to Barrett -it is also known from Hampshire, Surrey, and Essex. Abroad, the range -extends through Central Europe to Southern Scandinavia, Livonia, Southern -Russia, the Altai Mountains, Italy, and Armenia; but the species is nowhere -plentiful. - -It may be mentioned here that a very closely allied, and on the Continent -common, species--_C. xeranthemi_, Boisduval--might easily be mistaken for -_C. gnaphalii_. - -THE WORMWOOD (_Cucullia absinthii_). - -This moth is shown on Plate 16, Fig. 4. The fore wings are usually tinged -with purplish over the greyish ground colour; black dots on the stigmata -give to each of these marks some resemblance to the figure 8. {43} - -The caterpillar, which feeds on the flowers and seeds of wormwood -(_Artemisia absinthium_) and will eat mugwort (_A. vulgaris_), is best -found on sunny days. It is yellowish green, suffused with purplish grey on -the back of each ring; there are three pale green lines along the back, and -an ochreous grey plate on ring 1. To be found in August and early -September, but on dull days it must be sought for among the lower leaves, -or on the ground. When resting among the flowers it so closely harmonises -with them that it might easily escape detection. - -The moth is out in July. - -The species is perhaps most abundant on the South Devonshire coast, but its -range extends into Cornwall, and eastward to the Isle of Portland and the -Isle of Wight; it is not uncommon along the coasts of North Devon (Lee and -Croyde), Somerset (Minehead), and South Wales. It has also been recorded -from North Wales, and from parts of the Suffolk coast. In Ireland, a -specimen was taken in a garden at Cromlyn, Westmeath, in 1873, and more -recently two specimens of the moth, and also some caterpillars, were -obtained at Timoleague, Cork. - -_Cucullia artemisiae (abrotani)_. - -This species, of which a Continental example is represented on Plate 16, -Fig. 3, is apparently exceedingly rare in this country, and most probably -is not a native. - -In the collection of the late Dr. Mason, which was dispersed at Stevens' in -1905, there were three specimens, each of which had seemingly been included -among series of _C. absinthii_ purchased at three separate sales. A fourth -specimen, also mixed with _C. absinthii_, was in the collection of the late -Rev. H. Burney. Two other specimens have been reported from Devonshire, -where, it is said, they were found sitting on a fence. {44} - -The caterpillar feeds, in August and September, on wormwood and other kinds -of _Artemisia_. It is green with red raised spots, a white line along the -middle of the back, and a yellow stripe low down along the sides; head, -brown inclining to blackish above. The moth is out in June and July. - -THE BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING (_Anarta myrtilli_). - -In its typical form (Plate 17, Figs. 1, 2) this species has the fore wings -purplish brown or blackish brown, whilst in var. _rufescens_, Tutt, the -general colour of the fore wings is reddish inclining to crimson, and the -white markings are clearly defined. In some dark specimens the markings are -more or less obscure, and in others only the central white dot is distinct. - -The caterpillar is green, dotted and marked with white; there are three -rows of yellowish bars along the back, those forming the outer series -slightly curved. It is to be found on ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), also on -heath (_Erica_), from July to October, but it seems to be more frequently -obtained in early autumn. Occasionally it has been found in the spring. -Hawthorn has been mentioned as a food-plant (Plate 20, Fig. 1). - -The moth has been taken in each month from April to August, but it is -perhaps most plentiful from May to July. The species occurs on heath and -moorlands throughout the British Isles, but so far it has not been recorded -from the Shetlands. It flies on sunny days and is very active on the wing, -but when the sun is obscured, or towards evening, it may be found at rest -on the heather sprays, usually at their tips. - -THE SMALL DARK YELLOW UNDERWING (_Anarta cordigera_). - -The pretty moth represented on Plate 17, Fig. 7, is only found in the -British Isles, on the mountains of Scotland, chiefly in Perthshire and -Aberdeenshire. Sometimes the basal area of the fore wings is suffused with -black, and to a lesser extent the outer area also (var. _aethiops_, Hoffm. -= _suffusa_, Tutt); on the other hand, typical examples have both basal and -outer areas silvery grey, and the central area black. A form, which I have -not seen, is described as having the black central area broken by an ashy -cross band passing between the stigmata (var. _variegata_, Tutt). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 16. - 1, 2. CHAMOMILE SHARK. - 4. THE WORMWOOD. - 3. _CUCULLIA ARTEMISIAE_. - 5, 6. THE SHARK. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 17. - 1, 2. BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING. - 3, 4. SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING. - 5, 6. BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING. - 7. SMALL DARK YELLOW UNDERWING. - 8, 9. THE PEASE BLOSSOM. - 10, 11. BORDERED SALLOW. - -{45} The caterpillar is reddish brown, with three white lines along the -back, and a reddish-freckled ochreous stripe low down on the sides. -Sometimes the general colour is blackish. It feeds on bearberry -(_Arctostaphylos_) in June and July; also said to eat _Vaccinium -uliginosum_; in confinement it will thrive on _Arbutus unedo_, commonly -known as the "strawberry tree." - -The moth is out in May, when it flies in the sunshine, and in dull weather -sits about on the rocks, stones, lichen, etc. Mr. Cockayne notes that at -Rannoch he met with it from May 17 in numbers, but always in isolated spots -where bearberry was plentiful. Here the moths were either feeding on the -flowers or settled on the ground. He further remarks that this species -occurs at the comparatively low elevation of 800 to 900 feet, whereas the -next species ascends to 2000 feet. - -The distribution abroad extends to Amurland and Labrador. - -THE BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING (_Anarta melanopa_). - -This species has the ground colour of the fore wings greyish in the type -and brownish in var. _wistromi_, Lampa. Specimens with the fore wings more -or less typical, but with the normally white area of hind wings dark -greyish, are referable to ab. _rupestralis._ I remember seeing a specimen -of the last-named form in the collection of the late Mr. S. Stevens, but I -believe that it is very rare in the British Isles. In all forms there is -variation in the stigmata, and in the orbicular especially. (Plate 17, -Figs. 5 [male] and 6 [female].) {46} - -The caterpillar is of a purplish pink colour, with a black-edged -ochreous-brown line along the middle of the back, broken up by -reddish-brown triangles; the stripe along the region of the black spiracles -is yellowish white flecked with red; the sides of the body above the stripe -are flecked with reddish, and above them is a yellowish-white line and some -black marks. Head, brownish, freckled with darker. It feeds at night, in -July, on bilberry (_Vaccinium myrtillus_), cowberry (_V. vitis-idaea_), and -can also be reared on strawberry tree, sallow, knotgrass, etc. In the -daytime it must be searched for under the leaves. - -The moth is out in May and the early part of June, and is most active in -the sunshine, but flies on dull days when the weather is warm. It seems -confined to the higher level of the mountains, and its habits are similar -to those of the last species, but its range extends to the Shetland Isles. -The species was not recognised as British until about 1830, and the same -remark applies to _A. cordigera._ - -THE SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING (_Heliaca tenebrata_). - -The fore wings are a little more reddish in some specimens than in others, -and occasionally the yellow of the hind wings is much reduced in area by -the expansion of the black border, or it may be suffused with blackish. -(Plate 17, Figs. 3 and 4.) - -The caterpillar is green, with three lines along the back, the central one -dark green and the others whitish, bordered below with dark green; the -stripe low down along the sides is yellowish white, edged above with dark -green. It feeds, in June and July, on mouse-ear chickweed (_Cerastium_), -devouring the blossom and seeds, when young boring into the unripe capsule. - -The moth flies on sunny days in May and early June, and is more or less -common in grass-bordered lanes, hay meadows, etc., in most counties -throughout the southern part of England. {47} In the midland counties it -appears to be far more local, thence to Durham (its northern limit in -England) it is generally scarce. It has been recorded from Pembrokeshire -and Flintshire, in Wales. A specimen has been reported from Robroyston, -near Glasgow, in Scotland. As the species has been obtained in Kerry and -Sligo, the probability is that it occurs in other parts of Ireland. - -THE PEASE-BLOSSOM (_Chariclea delphinii_). - -The beautifully tinted moth represented by Figs. 8 and 9 on Plate 17 was -known as British to Haworth (1802), but it had been figured by Wilkes in -1773, and by Moses Harris in 1775. In 1829 Stephens remarked that there -were then but few native specimens in British cabinets, among which were -examples from the Windsor district "caught about fifteen years since, in -June." He adds, the interest and value of these, and older specimens, was -lessened by "the execrable practice of introducing Continental insects into -collections." Stainton (1857) refers to the Windsor specimens only, and -Newman (1869) ignores the species altogether. In 1902 two specimens were -presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. F. Bennett, and are now in the -National Collection of British Lepidoptera. These were obtained at Brighton -in 1876 by the donor's father, but whether captured or reared is not known. - -THE BORDERED SALLOW (_Pyrrhia umbra_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 17, Figs. 10, 11) in its typical form -are yellow inclining to orange, with the outer area more or less tinted -with purplish. In a paler form, ab. _marginata_, Fab., the fore wings are -without the orange tint, and the outer area is rather greyish brown. {48} - -The caterpillar (Plate 20, Fig. 4) is grey or greenish, speckled with -white, and with raised black dots; there are three lines along the back, -the central one white edged, broader and darker than the outer ones, which -are sometimes white; a white-edged pale yellow stripe low down along the -sides. In some examples the general colour is pinkish brown. - -It feeds on restharrow (_Ononis_) in July and August, but can be reared on -knotgrass, and has been known to thrive on the green pods of the scarlet -runner bean (_Phaseolus vulgaris_). The moth flies at dusk in June, -sometimes earlier or later. It visits the flowers of various plants, -especially those of _Silene_ and _Lychnis_; also comes to the sugar patch -and may be attracted by light. Although not generally common, it seems to -be widely distributed over England and Wales, but is most frequent in the -seaboard counties, and this is more particularly the case in the north. In -Scotland it appears to occur from Berwick northwards to Moray, and in -Ireland it has been noted from several of the littoral counties, chiefly -southern, but also from Sligo. - -The range abroad extends to the North-west Himalayas, Amurland, Corea, and -Japan; the species also occurs in North America from the Atlantic to the -Rocky Mountains. - -THE MARBLED CLOVER (_Heliothis dipsacea_). - -The ground colour of this species (Plate 19, Figs. 1, 2) ranges from -yellowish to ochreous with a greyish, or olive, tinge; the central band -including the reniform stigma is olive, or reddish brown, terminating on -the inner margin in a cloud extending towards the hind margin; submarginal -line preceded by a shade-like band similar in colour to the central one, -but often only well defined on costal and inner margins; the whitish area -of the hind wings is sometimes much reduced. The darker specimens are -typical of the species, whilst those with the paler ground colour and -brighter cross bands are referable to var. _maritima_, Grasl. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 18. - 1. MULLEIN: _caterpillar_. - 2. STRIPED LYCHNIS: _caterpillar_. - 3, 3a. STARWORT: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 4. CHAMOMILE SHARK: _chrysalis and cocoon_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 19. - 1, 2. MARBLED CLOVER. - 3. SPOTTED CLOVER. - 4, 5. BORDERED STRAW. - 6-8. SCARCE BORDERED STRAW. - 9. PALE SHOULDER. - 10. THE FOUR-SPOTTED. - -{49} The caterpillar varies in colour, green of various shades, pinkish, or -purplish brown; three lines along the back, the central one with dark -edges, and the outer ones whitish, with dark lower edge; the line low down -along the sides is often whitish; but this, and also the other white lines, -may be replaced by greenish or yellowish. It feeds on various low-growing -plants such as restharrow, scabious, toadflax, white campion, bladder -campion, clover, etc., preferring the flowers and seeds. It has been found -from July to September. Sometimes it has been reared on the pods of the -scarlet-runner bean. - -The moth, which is out in June and July, dashes about rapidly in the -daytime, and as it is partial to the flowers of the bugloss, or those of -clover, etc., it may be netted when feasting on the blossoms. It occurs in -meadows, on heaths, and on sandhills by the sea, in most of the southern -and eastern counties of England, but is only rarely seen northwards, and -has not been recorded from other parts of the British Isles. - -Distribution abroad: the whole Palaearctic region less the extreme north; -also represented in North America by _phlogophagus_, Grote and Robinson. - -THE SPOTTED CLOVER MOTH (_Heliothis scutosa_). - -The very distinct-looking moth shown on Plate 19, Fig. 3, is exceedingly -rare in Britain, only about eleven specimens being authenticated. The -earliest-known British specimen was captured in a locality near Dalston, in -Cumberland, July, 1835. The next record is of three examples near -Skinburnness, also in Cumberland. Then, in 1875, one occurred in Norfolk, -at the Cromer lighthouse, and this was followed by another in 1876. In 1877 -one was captured as it flew over clover at Weston-super-Mare. On September -19, 1878, a specimen was netted at {50} the flowers of ragwort on the shore -of Lough Swilly, near Buncrana, Ireland, and one is recorded as taken near -Aberdeen, Scotland, in July of that year. The late Dr. Mason had a specimen -said to have been taken at Attleborough, in Norfolk, June, 1880. The latest -recorded capture is that of a specimen taken by Mr. F. Capel Hanbury in a -clover field near Dartmouth, South Devon, September 4, 1900. - -The range abroad extends through Central and Southern Europe eastward to -North India, North China; and southwards to North-west Africa. It occurs -also in the Western United States of America. - -THE BORDERED STRAW (_Heliothis peltigera_). - -Two examples of this species are shown on Plate 19, Figs. 4, 5. The fore -wings are pale ochreous brown, with a more or less reddish tinge; the cross -lines are not always distinct, but there is generally a dark dot on the -costal end of the first line, and a large olive-brown spot between the -second and submarginal lines; following the submarginal line is a pale band -of variable width, but always with a black dot (sometimes double) towards -its lower end. Very pale specimens are referable to ab. _pallida_, -Cockerell. - -The caterpillar (Plate 20, Fig. 3, figured from a coloured drawing by Mr. -A. Sich) is green, with three darker green or reddish stripes along the -back; the stripe along the area of the spiracles is dark green, edged below -with white, but when the other stripes are reddish this is also marked with -that colour. Several other forms have been described, and the caterpillar -seems to be a most variable one. It feeds, from June to August, and again -in September and October, on many kinds of low-growing herbage, such as -restharrow (_Ononis_), clover (_Trifolium_), _Matricaria inodora_, etc.; -also on furze or gorse (_Ulex_), and thorn apple (_Datura_). The blossoms -and unripe {51} seeds are preferred in almost all cases, and flowers of the -garden marigold will be found useful when these caterpillars are reared in -confinement. - -From eggs deposited by a female moth taken at Deal in the evening of June -17, 1904, the caterpillars hatched out in due course, fed up on wild -convolvulus, pupated at the end of July, and the moths emerged during the -last week of August and the first week of September. In another case, moths -were developed in about forty-seven days from eggs laid in mid-July. In -1907 six caterpillars were found in South Devon during the second week in -August, and one of these attained the moth state on September 3. Previous -to 1906, which was a notable one for the species, the moth seems not to -have been observed earlier than June, but in the year mentioned several -were taken at the flowers of valerian during May, at Torquay. Caterpillars -were plentiful on restharrow in the same district during June and July, and -an example, presumably, of a second generation was captured at bramble -blossom on August 11. In the same year and on the 15th of the month just -noted, a specimen was reared from a caterpillar found on _Ononis_, July 18, -and another specimen captured, August 24, as it flew in the sunshine on a -slope of the South Downs. In Clarendon Wood, near Salisbury, Wilts, one -example was taken at sugar, September 2, 1906. The species seems to be of -fairly regular occurrence in Devonshire and Cornwall, but it has also been -observed, more or less rarely, in many other English counties, chiefly -those on the coast; in Pembrokeshire and Glamorganshire, South Wales; a few -specimens have occurred in Co. Cork, and one in Co. Wicklow, Ireland. All -that appears to be known of this species in Scotland is that one specimen -has been recorded from Markton, Ayrshire. - -Abroad, its distribution is extensive, ranging from Africa, the Canaries, -and Madeira to Central and Southern Europe, and through Asia to India. {52} - -THE SCARCE BORDERED STRAW (_Heliothis armigera_). - -This species (Plate 19, Figs. 6-8) has an almost universal distribution. It -is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia. As regards the -British Isles, it was first recorded by Mr. Edleston, who noted a specimen -taken at Salford, Lancashire, by Mr. John Thomas, in September, 1840. This -specimen, also one captured at Mickleham, Surrey, and others "taken in -various localities," are referred to in the _Entomologist's Annual_ for -1855. The following year one was reported from Exeter and one from the Isle -of Wight. The summer of 1859 was a hot one (as were the two previous -summers), and the species was recorded from the following localities: -Brighton, Bristol, Cambridge, Edmonton, Isle of Wight, Ramsgate, Torquay, -Weston-super-Mare, Worthing, and other places. Apart from the captures on -the Devonshire coast, chiefly at Torquay, where the moth seems to occur -pretty nearly every year, the records since 1859 are: 1866 (Scarborough); -1871 (Wakefield); 1876 (Hartlepool, and Kentish Coast); 1877 and 1881 -(Gloucester); 1890 (Chatham); 1895 (Tunbridge Wells); 1901 (Isle of Wight); -1902 (Chester and Harwich); 1903 (Lewes). In all cases only single -specimens. The species has been noted once in South Wales, and twice in -North Wales; several specimens were secured in 1898 near Berwick-on-Tweed, -and odd specimens have been recorded from Ireland. - -The caterpillar is variable in colour; in one form it is green with a -yellowish stripe along the sides, and in another the colour is purplish -brown. The form figured (Plate 20, Fig. 2) is pinkish brown with a -black-edged whitish line along the back, and a pinkish freckled and -brownish edged yellowish stripe along the sides; the raised dots are white -as a rule, but sometimes in the darker forms they are blackish. In some -examples of the green form the dots and lines are black. {53} - -In 1869 two specimens of the moth were reared from caterpillars imported -with tomatoes from Spain; twenty-three years later Mr. Arkle referred to -the arrival here of _H. armigera_ in the larval state with consignments of -tomatoes, from Valencia, landed at Liverpool in the months of June and -July. The late Mr. Tugwell reared larvae, from eggs deposited by a captured -female moth, on scarlet geranium; and there is a record of the finding of -caterpillars on such plants, in the autumn of 1876, in the Isle of Wight. -Specimens of the moth found at large in Britain occur in the autumn. - -In the United States of America, where it is known as the "Cotton Boll -worm," "Corn-ear worm," and "Tomato fruit worm," this caterpillar is -chiefly destructive to corn crops, as of the five generations stated to -occur during the year in the States three occur in cornfields. It also -attacks beans, tobacco, pumpkins, melons, oranges, garden flowering-plants, -and many kinds of wild plants. The British nurserymen and farmers are -perhaps to be congratulated on the fact that this moth is only an -accidental visitor and not a native. - -THE PALE SHOULDER (_Acontia_ (_Tarache_) _lucida_, var. _albicollis_). - -Only eight specimens of this species seem to have been noted in Britain, -and all these are apparently referable to the summer form, var. -_albicollis_, Fabricius. (Plate 19, Fig. 9.) Stephens, who figured it as -_solaris_, Wien Verz. (Haustellata iii., Plate 29, Fig. 3), states that the -specimen was in Marsham's collection, but that nothing farther was known -about it. He, however, mentions two other specimens "taken within the -Metropolitan area about ten years ago [that would be 1820] and four others -near Dover above six years ago." Dale fixes the date of Dover captures as -June, 1825. On August 25, 1859, a specimen was taken in a clover field at -Brighton. {54} - -The species has an extensive range abroad, being found in Southern Europe -and North-west Africa to Madeira and the Canaries; also in Central Europe, -through Western and Central Asia to North India and East Siberia. - -THE FOUR-SPOTTED (_Acontia_ (_Tarache_) _luctuosa_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 19, Fig. 10) are sometimes finely -powdered with white, but more often the outer marginal area is distinctly -flecked with white. The conspicuous central spot is usually white, but -occasionally it has a pinkish ochreous tinge; very rarely it is reduced to -a narrow streak with a short spur from its outer edge. The white band on -the hind wings is sometimes narrowed and contracted below the middle. - -The eggs are shown on Plate 23, Fig. 2. They were, when laid on June 17, -whity brown marked with reddish brown. - -The caterpillar is ochreous greyish inclining to reddish or brownish; three -dark-edged stripes along the back, a dark-brown line along the black -spiracles, with two finer wavy lines above it; lower down there is a broad -stripe of reddish brown; head marked with four lines of black dots. It -feeds, at night, during June, July, and August (later in some seasons), on -the small bindweed (_Convolvulus arvensis_), and although it will eat the -leaves when nearly full grown it prefers the flowers and seeds in its -infancy. - -The moth appears in May and June, and a second generation in August and -September. In the sunshine it is active on the wing, but in dull weather it -hides under herbage, in clover fields, chalky slopes, and rough places -where its food plant occurs. - -The female will often lay her eggs in a chip-box when she is thus secured -after capture; the caterpillars are not difficult to rear if flower buds of -the bindweed can be obtained to start them upon. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 20. - 1. BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING: _caterpillars_. - 2. SCARCE-BORDERED STRAW: _caterpillar_. - 3. BORDERED STRAW: _caterpillar_. - 4. BORDERED SALLOW: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 21. - 1, 2. PURPLE MARBLED. - 3. SMALL MARBLED. - 4. SILVER-BARRED. - 5. SILVER HOOK. - 6. _THALPOCHARES PAULA_. - 7. MARBLED WHITE-SPOT. - 8. STRAW DOT. - 9. ROSY MARBLED. - 10, 11. SMALL PURPLE BARRED. - 12. SPOTTED SULPHUR. - -{55} - -The species is especially common in the south-west of England, chiefly on -the coast, but it seems to occur in most suitable localities in nearly all -the southern counties, and its range extends to Gloucestershire on the west -and to Norfolk on the east. About seventy-five years ago Stephens used to -obtain specimens on a chalky ridge near Hertford, and recently the moth has -been found at Hitchin in North Hertfordshire. - -THE PURPLE MARBLED (_Thalpochares ostrina_). - -Two Continental specimens of this little moth are shown on Plate 21, Figs. -1 typical, 2 ab. _carthami_. An example of this species was obtained in -June, 1825, in a lane near Bideford, Devonshire, and Stephens refers to -this as the only specimen of the species that up to that time (1830) had -been noted in England. Nothing more was heard of _T. ostrina_ until 1858, -when another Devonshire specimen was taken, this time near Torquay, on June -8, and during the month several others were captured on the coast; two were -also secured in the Isle of Wight, and one in Ayrshire, Scotland. In 1865, -a specimen was recorded as taken in July a few years previously at Pembrey, -South Wales; 1880, one at Dover in September, and one near Swanage; Barrett -mentions specimens taken on the Culver Cliffs, Isle of Wight, in 1859. - -It seems unquestionable that examples of this species captured in Britain, -and also of the other two _Thalpochares_ to be presently referred to, are -immigrants, and it is quite conceivable that besides the specimens captured -here, others which have escaped detection may also have arrived with them. - -The distribution abroad is extensive, embracing South Europe, Turkey, Asia -Minor, Egypt, North-west Africa, Madeira, and the Canary Isles. It has also -been found in France and Germany, but its occurrence in the latter country -has been even less frequent than in England. {56} - -THE SMALL MARBLED (_Thalpochares parva_). - -This species, of which a foreign example is represented on Plate 21, Fig. -3, has a similar distribution to that of _T. ostrina_, only it does not -seem to occur in Madeira or the Canaries, and its eastward range extends to -Central and Southern India. - -The fore wings are pale reddish ochreous; first line, oblique, dusky, -slightly waved on lower half, bordered inwardly with brownish and outwardly -with white; second line, dusky and irregular. - -The earliest specimen noted in Britain was captured at Teignmouth, South -Devon, in July, 1844; another was said to have been captured at -Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, but it has been suggested that this specimen -might probably be referable to _T. ostrina._ Mr. E. Bankes has a specimen, -taken by himself on a salt marsh in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, June 8, -1892. This seems to be all that is definitely known of this species in -Britain, but others have been noted from the Isle of Wight and the Isle of -Man. - -_Thalpochares paula._ - -The fore wings are white, clouded with pale brownish grey beyond the almost -straight and rather oblique first line, and also beyond the angulated -second line. - -Of this species (Plate 21, Fig. 6) a specimen, now in the collection of Mr. -E. R. Bankes, was taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in June, 1872. Two -other specimens, one of which seems to have been captured by a boy who was -collecting on the south coast, were recorded in 1873; these insects were at -that time in the collection of the Rev. H. Burney, and had been caught -several years earlier. - -The range abroad extends through Europe and Asia to South Siberia. The -specimen figured is from Dresden. {57} - -THE MARBLED WHITE SPOT (_Hapalotis_ (_Erastria_) _fasciana_). - -The ground colour of the fore wings of this species (Plate 21, Fig. 7) is -brownish grey, more or less clouded and sometimes suffused with blackish; -the white patch on the outer marginal area is, in some examples, much -obscured by dark-grey markings, and in occasional specimens the only trace -of white on this part of the wing is a thin edging to the second line (ab. -_albilinea_, Haworth). - -The caterpillar is pale yellowish, with a greenish, sometimes red, tinged -line along the middle of the back, and a brown one on each side; a reddish -line under the black spiracles; head, brownish; the raised dots of the body -are dusky edged with reddish. It feeds from July to September. A reddish -form of this caterpillar has been noted. Buckler, from whose description -the above has been condensed, states that the food-plant is blue -moor-grass, or purple melic-grass (_Molinia caerulea_), and this is -confirmed by Bignell, who remarks that in Devonshire he easily finds the -caterpillars "feeding about half way up the blades" of this grass. - -The moth is out in June and July, or in forward seasons in late May. It is -partial to pine and larch trunks as a resting place during the day, and is -local and more or less frequent in most of the southern counties, from Kent -to Cornwall, through Somerset and Gloucester (extending into Oxford), to -Hereford and Worcester, on the west, and from Essex to Norfolk on the east. -A specimen was taken at light in Chester in June, 1901. - -The range abroad extends to Japan. - -THE SILVER BARRED (_Bankia_ (_Erastria_) _argentula_). - -In its typical form this species (Plate 21, Fig. 4) has the colour of the -fore wings olive brown, but occasionally it is {58} tinged with reddish in -some English, and more generally in Irish, specimens. The silvery oblique -lines, or bands, vary in width, and sometimes there is a distinct spur from -the lower outer edge of the first band. - -The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a rather darker green line along -the middle of the back, and a yellow one on each side of it. It feeds on -grasses, such as _Poa aquatica_ and _P. Pratensis_, etc., in July and early -August. - -The moth is out in June, and may be found during the day sitting about on -the herbage in its marshy haunts, or flying over the vegetation towards the -evening. - -The species is exceedingly local in Britain. In ancient times it occurred -in Norfolk, but in the present day it seems to be confined to -Cambridgeshire, in which county it was first noted rarely in Wicken fen -about thirty years ago, but in 1882 it was found plentifully in Chippenham -fen, and in that locality (which is a private one) the species still -flourishes. In Ireland it is well distributed over co. Kerry, and is -especially abundant on the bogs of Killarney. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland, where the brownish form var. -_amurula_, Staud., is found. - -THE SILVER HOOK (_Hydrelia_ (_Erastria_) _uncula_). - -The usually olive brown central area of the fore wings is sometimes reddish -tinged, and in fresh specimens the whitish front marginal streak is -distinctly rosy; the reniform stigma, which appears to be a spur of the -costal streak, is also white or rosy tinged, and sometimes encloses a -greyish mark. This stigma is the so-called "hook" to which both the English -name and the Latin specific name refer. (Plate 21, Fig. 5.) - -The caterpillar feeds in July and early August on sedges (_Carex_) and -coarse grasses. It is green, with three lines along the back, the central -one rather darker green, and the other two whitish; low down along the -sides is a broader yellowish line; the head is green with a yellowish -tinge. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 22. - 1. THE HERALD. - 2. THE DARK SPECTACLE. - 3. THE SPECTACLE. - 4. GOLDEN PLUSIA. - 5, 6. BURNISHED BRASS. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 23. - 1. CHAMOMILE SHARK: _caterpillar_. - 2. THE FOUR-SPOTTED: _eggs_. - 3. STRAW DOT: _caterpillar_. - -{59} - -The moth is out from late May to early July, sometimes later. - -This is also a marsh-loving species, and is generally plentiful in the fens -of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire; in the Southern counties it is -either very local or, owing to its small size, has escaped detection, but -has been noted as occurring in Surrey (Wisley), Kent (Deal), Hants (New -Forest), Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, and Somersetshire; also in Yorkshire -(Askham bog), and in Cumberland. The Welsh counties in which it has been -found are Pembroke, Glamorgan and Carnarvon (Abersoch). It is locally -common in Clydesdale, and has also been reported from Kirkcudbrightshire, -and Perthshire. In Ireland it abounds in the boggy parts of Kerry, and is -more or less frequent in several other parts of Ireland. Near Castle -Bellingham, co. Louth, where it is common, a second brood was observed on -Aug. 1st, 1894. - -Its range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE ROSY MARBLED (_Erastria venustula_). - -Another local species, but a frequenter of drier localities than the last -two. This delicate rosy-flushed whitish moth first became known as a native -of Britain by the capture of a few specimens in Essex. Stephens, writing in -1830, remarks, "I have hitherto seen four examples only--a pair in my own -cabinet; one of the latter taken, I believe, in Epping forest by the late -Mr. Honey, the other by the late Mr. Bentley." No other British specimens -seem to have been recorded until 1845, when the late Mr. H. Doubleday, in -July, noted several of the moths disporting themselves over, or settling -upon, bracken in Epping Forest. For many years Loughton and some other -parts of the forest remained the only known English haunts of the species, -but in 1874 it was found commonly in {60} St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex; -later still, it was discovered in the Brentwood district, Essex. It still -occurs in all these localities, but appears to be now less frequently -noticed in the original one than formerly (Plate 21, Fig. 9). - -The caterpillar feeds in July and August on the flowers of cinquefoil -(_Potentilla_), and is said to eat bramble blossoms also. Hellins describes -it as rich brown, with a row of eight dusky-red diamonds down the back, -enclosing the dorsal line of brighter red. The moth is out from the end of -May and in June; it may be put up from herbage during the day, but its -proper time of flight is in the early evening, and then only when the -weather is favourable. If cold or damp the insects will not get on the -wing. (Plate 25, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE STRAW DOT (_Rivula sericealis_). - -This pale ochreous species, an example of which is represented on Plate 21, -Fig. 8, varies in the amount of darker shading or suffusion on the outer -marginal area of the fore wing; sometimes this is grey-brown or pale -reddish brown, but often there is no shading whatever, and in such -specimens the ground colour is usually very pale. The dark brown reniform -mark is always present, but the cross lines are more often absent than -present. - -The caterpillar is green, with a darker green line along the middle of the -back, and a white stripe on each side of it, the inner edge of each of the -latter irregular; head, greenish grey, and the bristle-bearing raised dots -are shining green with a dusky cap. It feeds on _Brachypodium sylvaticum_, -but seems to accommodate itself to a diet of _Phalaris arundinacea_, and -would perhaps eat other grasses: August to May. (Plate 23, Fig. 3; after -Hofmann.) - -The moth is out all through the summer months, and {61} frequents marshes, -damp rides and borders of woods, heaths, and where there is plenty of tall -grass. - -The species is widely distributed over England and Wales, although it -appears to be rather scarce in the midlands and northwards. In Ireland it -is generally abundant, but in Scotland it has only been noted from the -south, and is there local and rare. - -The distribution abroad includes Amurland, Corea, and Japan. - -THE SMALL PURPLE BARRED (_Prothymnia viridaria_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 21, Figs. 10 [male], 11 [female]) -range in colour from olive grey to olive brown, and are frequently adorned -with two rosy-red (typical) or purplish bands (_aenea_, Haw.). In some -specimens the bands are of a dusky hue and not very distinct, whilst in -others the wings are of a uniform dingy brown tint (ab. _fusca_, Tutt). - -The caterpillar (Plate 25, Fig. 2) is velvety-green above and paler -beneath, yellowish between the rings, with a dark green slender line -bordered by paler lines along the back, and three pale lines along the -sides; below the yellowish spiracles there is a broader pale line becoming -whitish on rings 9-12; head, green mottled with brown (adapted from -Hellins). - -It is to be found in August and September on the common milkwort (_Polygala -vulgaris_). On May 31, 1906, I met with the moth in some numbers on a -marshy bit of heath in Surrey, where there was a plentiful growth of -lousewort (_Pedicularis_), but, so far as I know, no _Polygala_. All the -moths were much below the average size, the bands were mainly purple, but -in no case rosy. The moth flies in May and June, and specimens have been -captured both earlier and later. Except that it does not appear to occur in -the extreme north of Scotland, the species seems to be pretty generally -distributed over the British Isles, and is often very common in many parts. - -The eastern distribution extends to E. Siberia. {62} - -THE SPOTTED SULPHUR (_Emmelia trabealis_). - -Although this pretty black and yellow moth (Plate 21, Fig. 12) was noted by -Stephens (1830) as being occasionally captured in Battersea fields, and as -occurring near Margate, and elsewhere in Kent, it was not until 1847 that -the Breck-sand district of Norfolk, adjoining parts of Suffolk, and -Cambridge, became known as being inhabited by The Spotted Sulphur. The -vicinity of Brandon and Tuddenham is especially favoured by the species, -but it occurs in several other parts of the area. Occasionally, specimens -have been captured in various Kentish localities, and between thirty and -forty years ago single examples were taken in Hackney Marshes, Lower -Clapton (August 2), also in Wandsworth (at light, July 26). From these -facts it would appear possible that the species occasionally strays from -its haunts in the eastern counties and sometimes to a considerable -distance. Once, indeed, a specimen was found on a gas lamp at Exeter. On -the other hand, it is quite conceivable that such wanderers may have come -from abroad. - -Some specimens are of a paler yellow than others, but there is rather more -noticeable aberration in the number and intensity of the black markings. - -The caterpillar is reddish brown, with three darker lines along the back, -the central one pale edged; a pale yellow stripe runs along the region of -the spiracles, and has a fine brownish line running through it from end to -end. Another form is green with white lines. It feeds on the bindweed -(_Convolvulus arvensis_) in July, and has a second brood in September. The -moth, which rests among herbage by day, and flies towards evening, is found -in June, July, and August. - -The species is found throughout Central and Southern Europe, its range -extending to Denmark and South Sweden; eastward it occurs in Asia Minor, -Syria, and through Asia to Japan. {63} - -GONOPTERINAE. - -THE HERALD (_Scoliopteryx libatrix_). - -Haworth (1802) gave this attractive species the English name of "Furbelow -Moth," but Harris (1782) had named it Herald Moth (Plate 22, Fig. 1). - -In the majority of specimens the purplish, or grey-brown fore wings, are -more or less reddish tinged throughout, but occasionally the outer marginal -area is free of this tint; the orange red marks on the central and basal -areas are brighter in some specimens than in others. - -The caterpillar, which feeds on sallow, osier, willow, and probably poplar -(a chrysalis having been found in a curled leaf of black poplar), is a -long, rather thin, greenish creature without any distinct markings, except -that when full grown the front rings have two black spots. It may be found -reposing on the upper leaves of its foodplant, from June to August. (Plate -25, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) - -The moth may be obtained at sugar, ivy-blossom, etc., from August to -October, and it seems that the earliest to emerge are those that first take -up hibernating quarters in barns, outhouses, roofs, belfries, and under -arches. In the spring it reappears, and may be met with even in June. A -specimen was taken at sugar on July 20, 1899, but whether this is to be -regarded as a very late date or an unusually early one, I cannot say. -Generally distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, but of the -Scottish Isles only recorded from Shetland. Abroad it ranges through Europe -to North-West Africa, and through Asia to Amurland and Japan; also in -temperate North America. - -NOTE.--Stephens (1829) referred this species to the genus _Calyptra_, -Ochs., but in 1831 he adopted _Scoliopteryx_, Germar (1811). _Gonoptera_, -Latr., which has been frequently used, only dates from 1825. {64} - -QUADRIFINAE. - -THE GOLDEN PLUSIA (_Plusia moneta_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 2. - -GOLDEN PLUSIA AT REST. - -(Photo by H. Main.)] - -The British history of the grey tinged pale golden species, shown on Plate -22, Fig. 4, dates back only to 1890. In that year, on July 2, Mr. Christy, -of Watergate, Emsworth, found a specimen in his illuminated moth trap; this -was noted in the _Entomologist_ for August, 1890. From subsequent records -it appears that a specimen had been taken on the same date at a gas lamp -near Reading, by Mr. W. Holland; whilst one was captured, at a light, near -Tunbridge Wells on July 1. The earliest British specimen, however, was one -netted whilst hovering over flowers of _Delphinium_ at Dover, on June 25 of -the same year, but this was not announced until October. Since its arrival -here the species seems to have spread over England at a great rate, and it -has recently been reported from Cheshire. In some southern gardens the -caterpillars abound to such an extent that they are regarded as a plague. -On the continent it is said to feed on sunflower, artichoke, burdock, and -cucumber. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 24. - 1. SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS. - 2. GOLD SPANGLE. - 3, 4. GOLD SPOT. - 5, 6. BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN Y. - 7, 8. PLAIN GOLDEN Y. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 25. - 1. HERALD: _caterpillar_. - 2. SMALL PURPLE-BARRED: _caterpillar_. - 3. ROSY-MARBLED: _caterpillar_. - -{65} - -The caterpillar is green, dotted with white; a dark line along the back and -a white one along the sides. In the early stage it is black or sooty brown, -and hides itself among the spun together flower buds, or in a turned down -tender leaf. It feeds in May and June, occasionally found in late April, -after hibernation, and a second generation sometimes occurs in July and -August. Monkshood (_Aconitum_) and larkspur (_Delphinium_) are the usual -food plants, and it is curious to note that whilst some observers state -that larkspur alone is eaten, others say that monkshood is the only food. -The moth flies in June and July, and sometimes there is an emergence in -August and September. It visits the blossoms of various garden plants, and -is also attracted by light. - -The caterpillar, represented on Plate 27, Fig. 1, was found with others on -larkspur in Mr. Herbert Smith's garden at Wallington, Surrey. The cocoon -and chrysalis is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. Another photo by Mr. Main -shows the young caterpillar constructing its retreat. - -According to Duponchel this species occurred in Normandy, Central and -Northern Europe, as far back as 1829. A much paler form inclining to -silvery, var. _esmeralda_, Oberthur, is found in Ussuri, North China, and -other parts of East Asia. - -THE BURNISHED BRASS (_Plusia chrysitis_). - -Two forms of this metallic-looking species are represented (Plate 22); 5 is -typical and 6 shows the ab. _juncta_, Tutt. Between these are various -intermediate stages leading to the complete division of the central band. -The broken central band is a character of var. _nadeja_, Oberthur, from -Amurland and {66} Japan, but that form has also a more or less complete -series of ochreous-brown dots on the outer area. The metallic colour is -sometimes greenish in all forms. - -The caterpillar is pale green, with a darker green line along the middle of -the back, bordered on each side by an irregular white line; an oblique -white streak on the sides of each ring from 4-11; a stripe low down along -the sides is white; head, yellowish tinged. It feeds on stinging nettle, -probably on other plants, and after hibernation attains full growth about -May. In favourable seasons caterpillars also occur in July and August. The -moth is out in June, July, and August, less frequently in September, and -may be found flying along the sides of hedges and ditches, especially where -flowering weeds are plentiful, throughout the British Isles; so far, -however, it has not been recorded from the Hebrides, Orkneys, or Shetlands. - -THE SCARCE BURNISHED BRASS (_Plusia chryson_). - -The more or less square golden (sometimes green-tinged) patch on the -velvety purplish brown fore wings, distinguish this species (Plate 24, Fig. -1) from any other British _Plusia_. - -The caterpillar is green, with a darker line along the middle of the back, -and a fine white line on each side of it; there is a dark green stripe low -down along the sides, edged below with white, and oblique white lines run -from it to the central line on rings 3-11. It feeds on hemp-agrimony -(_Eupatorium cannabinum_), hibernates when small, and completes its growth -in May or early June. - -The moth is out in July and August, and is said to be occasionally seen, on -sunny days, flying about, or resting on, the flowers of the hemp-agrimony -and other plants. Night, however, is its more usual time of activity, and -it may also be found at the blossoms of the larval food plant, and at those -of honeysuckle, etc. {67} - -The species has been found, chiefly in the past in most of the southern -counties of England from Kent (Deal district) to Cornwall, also in -Gloucestershire, and in South Wales. Chippenham fen in Cambridgeshire is -the most noted locality for it in the present day, and it has been found in -Norfolk and Suffolk. There is even a record of a specimen having been -beaten out of honeysuckle near Preston, Lancs., but this happened nearly -forty years ago. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE GOLD SPANGLE (_Plusia bractea_). - -The purplish brown fore wings of this moth have a bright solid-looking -golden mark on the upper edge of a velvety, deep brown patch. This metallic -"spangle" varies a little in size and in shape, but not to any noteworthy -extent (Plate 24, Fig. 2). - -The caterpillar is bright green, dotted with white, above, and dull darker -green below; there is a fine dark green line along the middle of the back, -some indistinct and irregular white lines followed by a whitish stripe -lower down, along the sides. It seems to feed upon a variety of low-growing -plants, among which are groundsel, dandelion, white dead-nettle (_Lamium -album_), and stinging nettle, also on honeysuckle, from August to May. In a -state of nature, it hibernates when small, and becomes full grown in May or -early June, but when reared from the egg it can be induced, by keeping it -in a warm place, to continue feeding, grow up quickly, pupate, and assume -the winged state in the late autumn. Under such artificial conditions it is -said to eat lettuce and plantain. - -Normally, the moth is out in June and July, and has been met with in -August. Like all members of this group it is partial to flowers, and has -been frequently taken at those of the honeysuckle, although all sorts of -blossoms, down to the lowly _Viola cornuta_, have attraction for it. {68} - -The species is more especially a denizen of Ireland and Scotland, but it -occurs in most of the northern counties of England, and has been recorded -from Worcestershire and Herefordshire; also from Carmarthenshire in South -Wales. - -Abroad, its range extends to Central Asia; and in Amurland and Japan it is -represented by P. excelsa, Kretschmar. - -THE GOLD SPOT (_Plusia festucae_). - -In this species (Plate 24, Figs. 3 and 4) the fore wings are golden brown, -clouded with purplish brown; sometimes the purplish brown is confined -almost entirely to the broad area. Besides the large central metallic -marks, there are more or less conspicuous patches of metallic colour at the -base of the costa, on the middle of the inner margin, and towards the tips -of the wings. Usually the central spots are clearly apart, but I have one -example from Bishop Auckland, Durham, in which they are only separated one -from the other by a slender brown line. - -The caterpillar is green, with a white-edged dark-green line along the -middle of the back, and some slender yellowish lines on each side of it; a -whitish or yellow tinged stripe low down along the sides; head, tinged with -brown. - -It feeds on sedge, coarse grasses, bur-reed (_Sparganium ramosum_), and -yellow-flag (_Iris pseudacorus_); also said by Collins to eat water -plantain (_Alisma plantago_): April to June, and in some localities and -seasons, again in July and August. The black chrysalis is enclosed in a -rather long greyish cocoon, spun up on the undersides of the leaves of -sedge or reed; usually placed towards the tip of the leaf, which droops -over and so hides it. - -The moth is out in June and July, and in some years there seems to be an -emergence in August and September; this has been more particularly noted in -Cheshire, where Arkle has had moths emerge in June, July, August, and -September. A second flight has been noted in Ireland by Kane and others; -and late examples have also been recorded from Scotland. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 26. - 1, 2. SILVER Y. - 3. NI MOTH. - 4, 5. SCARCE SILVER Y. - 6, 7. MOTHER SHIPTON. - 8, 9. BURNET COMPANION. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 27. - 1, 1a, 1b. GOLDEN PLUSIA: _caterpillars and chrysalis_. - 2. DARK SPECTACLE: _caterpillar_. - -{69} Although it has been recorded from some of the southern counties, it -is most frequent in the eastern and northern parts of England, and in South -Wales. Occurs throughout Scotland up to Moray; and in Ireland it is found -in most localities, though not often common, except by the sea in Co. -Kerry, and in Connamara, Co. Galway. - -Abroad, it extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. - -THE PLAIN GOLDEN Y (_Plusia iota_). - -In typical specimens the metallic mark is V-shaped, with a dot below and a -little to one side (Plate 24, Fig. 8). In ab. _percontationis_, Treit. -(Fig. 7), these spots are united and form a Y-like mark. Sometimes the spot -is absent and the V-mark much reduced, and more rarely the V also -disappears (ab. _inscripta_, Esp.). - -The larva is yellowish green, white dotted, with a white-edged darker line -along the middle of the back; a band composed of whitish irregular lines -runs along the sides, and a thin yellow line along the area of the -spiracles. It hatches from the egg in the late summer, hibernates when -quite small, and feeds up in the spring. The food plants comprise the dead -nettles (_Lamium_), woundwort (_Stachys_), mint, stinging nettle, -honeysuckle, hawthorn, etc. There is a record of sixteen larvae which -hibernated among dead leaves of _Lamium album_, resumed feeding on February -18, spun up April 23-25, and produced moths May 27-June 4. Usually the moth -is on the wing in June and July. - -The species seems to be pretty widely distributed throughout the British -Isles to the Orkneys; it was not known to occur in the Hebrides until 1901, -when McArthur obtained it in the Isle of Lewis. {70} - -THE BEAUTIFUL GOLDEN Y (_Plusia pulchrina_). - -This species (Plate 24, Figs. 5 and 6) so closely resembles the last that -it has been considered a variety thereof; there is no question, however, -that it is quite distinct. The fore wings in both species are somewhat -similar in general tints, but the following points of difference -distinguish _pulchrina_--the darker colour is less evenly displayed, and -gives the wings a more mottled or marbled appearance; the cross lines, -especially those on the basal area, are almost invariably golden edged; the -second cross line is more acutely bent inwards above the inner margin, the -reniform has a more or less complete golden outline, and it is placed in a -dark cloud; the golden V-mark and dot below are generally thicker. As a -rule, the fringes of all the wings are more distinctly chequered, but this -feature cannot be relied on alone in separating one species from the other. -In ab. _percontatrix_, Aurivillius (= _juncta_, Tutt), the golden V and dot -are united and so form a Y-mark (Fig. 5). - -The caterpillar is green with a broad central white stripe and several -finer white lines along the back; a yellowish-tinted white stripe low down -along the sides; head shining, marked with black on each side of the mouth. -This caterpillar has the bristles rather more in evidence than they are in -the larva of _P. iota_. It feeds on various low-growing plants, such as the -dead nettles, groundsel, etc., also on honeysuckle and bilberry. - -The moth occurs in June and July, and is found more or less frequently all -over the British Isles to Orkney, but in England is more plentiful from the -Midlands northwards than in the southern counties. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE NI MOTH (_Plusia ni_). - -The present species (Plate 26, Fig. 3) bears a strong resemblance to a -small pale specimen of _P. gamma_; but, as {71} will be noted, the silvery -central Y-mark is differently formed. Here it is made up of a curve -somewhat like the letter U, and an oval or round spot, the latter very -close to and sometimes, as in the example figured, united with the former. - -The caterpillar, which feeds on cabbage and other Cruciferae, also on -lettuce, tomato, etc., is green, inclining to yellowish green and dotted -with white; three white lines along the back, and a white stripe along the -sides. It is said to be more slender in form than the caterpillar of _P. -gamma_. (Plate 28, Fig. 1.) - -The earliest British specimen was taken at flowers of red valerian in a -garden at Exeter, August, 1868. The next year a specimen occurred, also in -a garden, at Penzance. Then followed captures in Dorset, one 1885, and one -(Isle of Portland) 1888. Two caterpillars were found in the Isle of -Portland in 1894, and these produced moths in September of that year. At -least eight moths were secured at Penzance in 1894, and specimens were -subsequently reared from caterpillars found on cabbages in the gardens -around Lynwood. In May, 1896, one example of the moth was taken by Mr. -Percy Richards at Norbiton, Surrey. The last recorded capture appears to be -that by Mr. Finzi of a female specimen at Tenby, South Wales, on June 9, -1906. She deposited a few eggs in the collecting-box, and the caterpillars -that hatched from them were reared on broccoli and lettuce, and produced -moths, July 24-30. - -_Plusia ni_ ranges through south-east and southern Europe, to Asia Minor, -North Africa, and the Canaries. In the Isle of Capri it is said to be -almost as common as _P. gamma_. _Brassicae_, Riley (1870), is a well-known -_Plusia_ in America, where it is classed among noxious insects. It is -somewhat larger and browner in colour than European _ni_, but in every -other respect it seems to agree so exactly that it can hardly be considered -specifically distinct. {72} - -THE SILVER Y (_Plusia gamma_). - -This species, represented by portraits of two specimens on Plate 26, Figs. -1 and 2, varies somewhat in the ground colour of the fore wings, which -ranges from a whitish grey through various tints of grey and brown to -velvety black. The melanic form last referred to is very rare, but I caught -one example of it at Eastbourne in the late summer of 1888, and I saw, but -did not secure, another near Esher in the autumn of 1906; one taken at -Dartmoor in September, 1894, is in Mr. F. J. Hanbury's collection. - -Occasionally a purplish red tinge, often present below the silvery Y, -spreads over a larger area of the fore wings. The Y-mark is well defined as -a rule, but now and then specimens are found in which only the tail of the -Y is distinct. - -The caterpillar varies in general colour from pale green to a dark olive -green approaching black. In the white dotted paler green forms there are -several transverse whitish lines, some of them wavy, between the yellowish -spiracular line and the dark green line along the middle of the back; head, -marked with black on each cheek. It will eat almost every kind of -low-growing vegetation, either wild or cultivated, and in some years may be -found throughout the summer. Small larvae were recorded as seen at the end -of October, 1901. The blackish chrysalis is enclosed in a whitish cocoon, -often placed under leaves of thistle, burdock, etc. - -The moth is seen in the spring and early summer (most probably immigrants), -and again in the autumn, when it is generally more abundant. - -This well-known migrating species has been observed in greater or lesser -numbers over the whole of the British Isles. Its distribution abroad -embraces the Palaearctic Region, North Africa, and North America. {73} - -THE SCARCE SILVER Y (_Plusia interrogationis_). - -Portraits of two examples of this species will be found on Plate 26, Figs. -4 and 5. The metallic central marks on the fore wings vary a good deal in -size and in form, and are sometimes almost absent; these wings have the -general greyish colour more clouded or suffused with blackish in some -specimens than in others. Kane states that Irish specimens, when freshly -emerged, have a tinge of violet purple, and Tutt notes some British -specimens as beautifully tinted with rose colour (ab. _rosea_). - -The caterpillar, which feeds on heather (_Calluna_) and bilberry -(_Vaccinium_), is green inclining to blackish on the sides and underparts, -with six white lines along the back; two of which are irregular; the raised -dots are white and the bristles therefrom dark; head, green dashed with -purple, shining. (Fenn.) After hibernation it may be found without much -difficulty in May and June on its food plants, either in the daytime, or by -the aid of a lamp at night. Large numbers fall victims to parasitical -flies. (Plate 28, Fig. 2.) The white cocoons enclosing the black chrysalids -are spun up on or under the twigs of bilberry and heather. The moth is out -in July and August, and may be found on moorlands, in the north of England -from Shropshire (with Radnor) and Staffordshire on the west, and -Lincolnshire on the east, through Scotland to Sutherland, and in all -suitable localities in Ireland. - -THE DARK SPECTACLE (_Abrostola triplasia_). - -The fore wings of this moth are blackish grey inclining to purplish and -rather shining; the basal area is pale reddish brown, edged by a curved -dark chocolate brown cross line; a reddish grey band on the outer area -clouded with ground colour {74} and edged above the inner margin by a dark -chocolate brown curved line; raised scales on the central area and on the -cross lines. Two oval reddish brown marks on the front of the collar have -some resemblance to a pair of spectacles, hence the English name. (Plate -22, Fig. 2.) - -The caterpillar is green, sprinkled with white dots; on rings 4, 5, and 11 -are whitish-edged darker marks, and there is a dark line, also -whitish-edged, along the middle of the back between rings 5 and 11; a white -line on the back from ring 4 to the brownish head, and white-edged dark -oblique lines on the sides of rings 6 to 11; the line low down along the -sides is whitish with an ochreous tinge. A purplish brown form also occurs -(Plate 27, Fig. 2), in which the pale markings are ochreous tinged. It is -found from July to September on nettle and hops, the latter more -especially. The earlier caterpillars, in some years, attain the moth state -in August or early September, but the bulk of them remain in the chrysalis -state during the winter, the moth emerging in June or July of the following -year. - -The species is not uncommon in most southern English counties, but becomes -less frequent or more local northwards from the Midlands to Cumberland, -Northumberland, and South Scotland. It occurs in Wales, and is widely -spread in Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE SPECTACLE (_Abrostola tripartita_). - -This species, known also as _urticae_, Hubner, has the basal and outer -marginal areas of the fore wings whitish grey, finely mottled with darker -grey; the central area is greyish brown, mottled with darker brown. The -spectacle mark in front of the thorax is whitish grey, ringed with black, -and the raised scales on the cross lines and central area of the fore wings -are more distinct in this species (Plate 22, Fig. 3). The {75} caterpillar -is pale green, with white-edged dark-green V-shaped marks along the back, -most in evidence on rings 4-11; two slender whitish lines on each side, -only distinct on rings 1-4; a white stripe low down along the sides, edged -above with dark green and with whitish streaks from it to the white edging -of the marks on the back. Head, green, rather shining, with dusky marks on -each cheek (adapted from Fenn). It feeds in July, at night, on the common -stinging nettle, from the foliage of which it may be beaten out, or, by -searching, found on the undersides of the leaves. In some years there is a -second brood in September. - -The moth is out in June, sometimes late May, and, when there is a second -emergence, in August. Occasionally it is seen on fences, etc., but at night -it visits the blossoms of various plants, both wild and cultivated; the -flowers of spur-valerian (_Centranthus ruber_), honeysuckle, and woundwort -(_Stachys_) being especially attractive, as also they are to the Dark -Spectacle, and most of the species of _Plusia_. - -Although apparently commoner in some counties than in others, this species -ranges over the British Isles to the Orkneys. - -The distribution abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE MOTHER SHIPTON (_Euclidia mi_). - -The ancient fathers of British Entomology were sometimes happy in their -selection of names in the vernacular for those of our moths that were known -to them at the time, and the present species is a fair example of this. -Moses Harris first dubbed it the Shipton Moth, but afterwards changed the -name to the "Mask Moth." Both names refer to the peculiar shape of the -markings which adorn the fore wings and bear a more or less fanciful -resemblance to a grotesque mask, and even more closely to the profile of an -historical dame yclept {76} Shipton. This character, also supposed to be -like the letter M, hence the specific name _mi_, stands out very distinctly -in the paler specimens, but in some of the darker individuals it is -somewhat obscured. On the hind wings the spots are whitish or yellowish, -and those composing the central series are sometimes united, and form a -band. (Plate 26, Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female].) - -The egg is greenish, and the caterpillar is pale ochreous-brown, with -darker brown lines along the back and sides: head, ochreous, with brown -lines. It feeds on clover and grasses, in July, August, and September, and -the chrysalis, which is covered with a whitish powder, is enclosed in a -brownish cocoon spun up in a blade of grass. All the early stages are -figured on Plate 30. The enlarged chrysalis, Fig. 1, is from a photo by Mr. -H. Main. The moth flies in May and June, and is often common in meadows, on -railway banks, and other sloping banks and such-like places where wild -flowers abound. The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and -South Scotland; also Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE BURNET COMPANION (_Euclidia glyphica_). - -The ground colour of the fore wings is purplish brown, sometimes becoming -greyish on the outer area; the space between the dark brown or blackish -cross bands is sometimes filled up with the darker colour. Some specimens -are much greyer than others, and all the examples in a series from the Lake -district that I have seen were distinctly grey, with very dark bands. The -yellow on the hind wings sometimes inclines to orange, and sometimes it is -so pale as to be almost whitish; there is also variation in the amount of -black marking and shading on these wings. (Plate 26, Figs. 8 [male], 9 -[female].) - -The caterpillar is somewhat similar to that of the last species; it feeds -on clovers and trefoils in July and August, but so far does not seem to -have been noted to eat grasses. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 28. - 1. THE NI MOTH: _caterpillar_. - 2. SCARCE SILVER Y: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 29. - 1. LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE. - 2. THE ALCHYMIST. - 3. CLIFDEN NONPAREIL. - -{77} The moth is on the wing at the end of May and in June, and inhabits -similar kinds of places to those mentioned for the last species, often in -company with it, and also with the Burnet moths. Widely distributed over -the greater part of the British Isles; common in some southern localities. -Its distribution abroad extends to Amurland, and in Japan it is represented -by the larger and paler form _consors_, Butler. - - - -_Leucanitis_ (_Ophiusa_) _stolida_, Fab.--An example of this species, which -is a native of Africa and South Europe, was captured by Mr. J. Jager in the -neighbourhood of Dartmouth, S. Devon. It was in fine condition, and came to -sugar on September 23, 1903. - -THE LUNAR DOUBLE STRIPE (_Pseudophia lunaris_). - -The portrait of this species on Plate 29, Fig. 1, is taken from a Spanish -example. Exceedingly few British specimens have been recorded. The earliest -seems to be the following: "Among my cabinet specimens there is one example -of _Ophiodes lunaris_, captured at the Lowestoft Light in 1832. I conclude -this is a great rarity, having seen many cabinets without it.--E. Chawner." -_Entom._ vi. p. 147 (1872-73). Presumably this is the same specimen as that -mentioned by Stainton (1857), Newman (1869), and later authors, as taken in -Hants by Captain Chawner. In 1860 one example was obtained at sugar at West -Wickham; and in 1864 Bouchard caught two specimens at Killarney. On June -17, 1873, one came to sugar in Abbots Wood, Sussex; one at Brighton in -June, 1874, and another in Sussex, May, 1875. One specimen came to light in -Norfolk, May, 1878; and one to sugar at Folkestone, May, 1892. In June, -1901, a specimen was secured in Delamere Forest, Cheshire, also at sugar. -Dr. B. White's record of a capture at Perth makes a total of eleven -specimens. {78} - -The caterpillar is ochreous brown, sprinkled and lined with reddish brown; -a stripe low down along the sides is reddish orange. It feeds, in July and -August, on the leaves of oak and poplar, but it has not been found in our -Isles. - -THE ALCHYMIST (_Catephia alchymista_). - -This moth seems to have been known as a British species to Haworth, but he, -and subsequently Stephens (1830), referred it to _Noctua leucomelas_, Linn. -At all events, Stephen's description of the specimen in Haworth's cabinet -bearing this name applies exactly to _C. alchymista_. In the _Ent. Ann._ -for 1860 there is a figure of a specimen that was taken at sugar in the -Isle of Wight, September, 1868. Seven years later, one was captured in an -oak wood near Horsham, Sussex (June 4), and another found on the trunk of -an oak tree near Colchester (June 9). In 1882, a specimen was taken at -sugar in a wood near Dover (June), and on June 24, 1888, one came to sugar -at St. Leonards, Sussex. In the last-named year, two other specimens, said -to have been taken in the Isle of Wight, July, 1867, were recorded. - -Fig. 2, Plate 29, represents a specimen from Dalmatia. - -THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (_Catocala fraxini_). - -This handsome species (Plate 29, Fig. 3) seems to have been known to quite -the earliest writers on, and delineators of, British moths, and a specimen -in the Dale collection, now in the Hope Museum, Oxford, was obtained in -Dorset in 1740. Stephens (1830) mentions captures in the years 1821, 1827, -and 1828. Since that time the occurrence of the species in the British -Isles, chiefly in single specimens, may be tabulated as follows: -England--London, 1842, 1870, 1872. Kent, 1889, {79} 1893, 1895, 1900. -Sussex, 1838, 1869, 1889, 1895. Isle of Wight, 1866, 1900. North Devon, -1895. Somerset, 1850. Shropshire, 1872. Suffolk, 1868, 1872, 1901, 1905. -Norfolk, 1846, 1872, 1894, 1900. Lincoln, 1872. Yorkshire, five specimens -in all, the most recent in 1896. Lancashire, six specimens, latest 1868. -Cheshire, four specimens, latest 1868. Scotland--1876 (Berwick); 1896 -(Aberdeen and Orkney); 1898 (Roxburghshire). Ireland--1845, 1896. - -It may be noted that during a period of seven years--1866 to 1872 -inclusive--1867 and 1871 were the only years in which a specimen was not -recorded from some part of England. - -The caterpillar is pale ochreous, tinged with greenish and freckled with -brown; head, pinkish, inclining to purplish above. It feeds on poplar in -May, June, and July. From eggs (obtained from abroad) the caterpillars -hatched April 27 till May 9, pupated between June 17 and 27, and the moths -emerged July 20 to August 4. - -The range abroad extends through Central Europe to Scandinavia, and -eastward to Amurland. - -_Catocala electa._ - -Only two specimens of this moth are known to have occurred in Britain. One -of these was taken at Shoreham, near Brighton, Sussex, September 24, 1875, -and the other at Corfe Castle, Dorsetshire, September 12, 1892. The -specimen shown on Plate 31, Fig. 1, is from Saxony. - -In a general way this species is not unlike (_C. nupta_), but the fore -wings are smoother looking, of a softer grey coloration, and the black -cross lines are more irregular; the black markings on the crimson hind -wings are similar, but the inner edge of the marginal border is more even. - -This Central European species ranges to Amurland and Corea, and is -represented in Japan by a larger form, _zalmunna_, Butler. {80} - -THE RED UNDERWING (_Catocala nupta_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 3. - -RED UNDERWING AT REST. - -Photo by H. Main.] - -Both sexes of this species are shown on Plate 31, Figs. 2 and 3. The fore -wings are darker in some specimens than in others, and very rarely, in -connection with a change in the hind wings from red to brownish, there has -been a purplish tinge over all the wings. Specimens with the hind wings of -a brown tint have only so far been noted in the environs of London. In 1892 -one was taken at Mitcham (warm brown), another at Wandsworth, 1895, a third -at Chingford, 1896 (dusky black-brown), and a fourth at Brondesbury in -1897. At a meeting of the South London Entomological and Natural History -Society, held on January 10, 1889, a coloured sketch of a specimen with -blue hind wings, taken at Colchester, was exhibited (ab. _caerulescens_, -Cockerell). Sometimes the hind wings are a dingy red, or they may incline -to an orange tint; the central black band usually terminates just beyond -the middle, but there is often a detached blackish cloud on the inner -margin; and I have two specimens in which the band unites with this cloud. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 30. - MOTHER SHIPTON: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, caterpillar, and - chrysalis, natural size and enlarged_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 31. - 1. _CATOCALA ELECTA_. - 2, 3. RED UNDERWING. - -{81} The eggs which are deposited on bark of poplar trees, as Fig. 2a on -Plate 33, are deep purplish with a whitish bloom, and inclining to -yellowish on the top. The caterpillar (Plate 33, Fig. 2) is whitish-grey -clouded and mottled with darker brown; the head is rather paler grey, -marked with black. It feeds at night on willow and poplar, and, although -rather difficult to detect, may be found in the chinks of the bark from -April to July. The pupa is brownish, thickly powdered with bluish-white, -and is enclosed in a strong, coarse, cocoon, spun up between leaves. - -The moth is out in August and September, sometimes later, and in -confinement has emerged in July. It is more abundant in some years than in -others, and is fond of sitting on walls, pales, etc.; occasionally quite -large numbers have been observed at rest on telegraph poles by the -roadside, only one on a pole, as a rule, but sometimes in twos and threes. -Mr. W. J. Lucas, when at Oxford in August, 1900, counted six on one post, -and five on each of two other posts. - -The species is found in suitable localities, that is, where poplars and -willows grow, throughout the south and east of England. The only clear -record from Ireland is that of a worn specimen at sugar, September 16, -1906, at Passage West, co. Cork; but Kane mentions two others. - -Represented in North India by var. _unicuba_, Walker, and in Amurland by -var. _obscurata_, Oberthur. {82} - -THE DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala sponsa_). - -The fore wings of this species vary in general colour from ashy grey to an -almost olive brown; the dark clouding is much in evidence in some -specimens, but absent in others; the white or yellow marks in the vicinity -of the white outlined reniform are noticeable features. Hind wings, -crimson, more or less tinged with purple; the upper half of the central -black band is acutely angled on its outer edge, and bluntly so on its inner -edge, thence curved to the inner margin. (Plate 32, Fig. 1.) - -The caterpillar is greyish-brown with a greenish tinge, and dusted with -black; paler on the fourth ring and between rings 7 and 8, and 10 and 11; -the hump on ring 8 has an ochreous tip; raised spots, red, bearing black -bristles; head, pale brown, (Fenn.) It feeds on oak in May and June. - -The chrysalis is reddish, dusted with purplish grey, enclosed in a rather -open silken cocoon between leaves. (Plate 33, Fig. 1 larva, 1a pupa.) The -moth is out in July and August. Its chief home is the New Forest, Hants, -where it abounds, in some years, and in others is so scarce that few -specimens can be found. It has been taken occasionally in one or other of -the southern English counties adjoining Hants, and has been noted in -Oxfordshire and Suffolk; but such occurrences seem to be exceptional. - -THE LIGHT CRIMSON UNDERWING (_Catocala promissa_). - -Generally smaller, and the fore wings are usually greyer, than the last -species; the first black cross line is inwardly shaded with blackish; on -the hind wings the central black band is straighter, and the upper half, -although sometimes slightly expanded, is not angled; in some examples the -band does not quite reach the inner margin, and such specimens have been -referred to ab. _mneste_, Hubner. (Plate 32, Fig. 2.) {83} - -The caterpillar is of a greenish-tinged greyish coloration, freckled with -darker grey, and with yellowish brown patches on rings 4, 8, and 9. It -feeds, at night, on oak, boring into the buds at first, but afterwards -attacking the foliage: May and June. The moth occurs in oak woods in July -and August, but it does not seem to be met with anywhere in England so -frequently as in the New Forest, Hampshire. Even in that favourite locality -it is seen but rarely in some seasons. It is, or has been, found in several -other southern and eastern counties, but, as a rule, only in a casual way. - -THE BLACKNECK (_Toxocampa pastinum_). - -In some examples of this species (Plate 32, Fig. 3) the ground colour of -the fore wings, usually pale grey sprinkled with brown, is inclined to -whitish, and but little powdered with brown, except the outer fourth, upon -which there is generally some brown shading. The reniform stigma varies in -shape; in some specimens it is lunular, and in others triangular, with the -apex directed inwards; the orbicular, represented by a black dot, is -occasionally absent; the cross lines are usually traceable, but the central -shade is not often distinct. - -The caterpillar is rather long, and tapers slightly from the middle towards -each end. In colour it is greyish, inclining to ochreous on the back, and -dusted with black; there are three reddish lines along the back, the outer -ones edged below with white; the spiracles are black, and the line along -their area is white. It feeds at night on the tufted vetch (_Vicia -cracca_), and after hibernation attains full growth about May, when it -pupates in a cocoon among leaves on the plant, or on the ground. The moth -comes out in June and July, and in its haunts, which are the borders of -woods or the clearings therein, it flutters about at early dusk, when it -can be easily netted. Unlike the species next referred to, it does not seem -to have any great partiality {84} for flowers, but it has been taken at -sugar, and the females are found at night upon the food plant. It is known -to occur in Berkshire and most of the southern counties from Kent to Devon, -and eastward from Essex to Norfolk, Cambs., and Hunts.; has also been -recorded from Yorks., Hereford, and South Wales. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE SCARCE BLACKNECK (_Toxocampa craccae_). - -This species (Plate 32, Fig. 4) is similar to the last, but the wings are -rather less ample, the tint is slightly more brownish, and the veins are -paler, especially on the outer area. Distinguishing features are the -heavier and deeper black collar, and four blackish dots on the front edge -of the fore wings. Var. _plumbea_, Bankes, the usual form in Cornwall, is -darker than the type, having the fore wings bluish-grey mixed with -chocolate, instead of pale ash-grey mixed with light walnut brown; hind -wings brownish grey, instead of pale greyish brown. The caterpillar, which -in shape is similar to that of the last species, is ochreous brown, with -darker brown lines along the back and sides. It feeds at night on the wood -vetch (_Vicia sylvatica_), but is said to eat other kinds of vetch in -confinement. It may be found resting on stems of the food plant by day, or, -when feeding at night, by the aid of a lantern, but it quickly falls off -when disturbed. The moth flies at dusk in July and August, and has a strong -liking for the flowers of the wood-sage, but visits golden-red and other -flowers also, and will sometimes turn up at the sugar patch. It is not -uncommon in some parts of the rocky coast of North Devon, as near Lynmouth, -where it was first met with by the late Rev. E. Horton in 1861. It has -since been found commonly on the Cornish coast. From what I know of its -habits, I should say that the species would be found all along the North -Devon and Cornish coasts, wherever the food plant occurs; but it does not -seem to inhabit in any other part of Britain. Abroad, its range extends to -East Siberia and Amurland. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 32. - 1. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING. - 2. LIGHT CRIMSON UNDERWING. - 3. THE BLACK NECK. - 4. SCARCE BLACK NECK. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 33. - 1, 1a. DARK CRIMSON UNDERWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 2, 2a. RED UNDERWING: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. - -{85} - -HYPENINAE. - -THE BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP (_Laspeyria flexula_). - -Some specimens are browner and others greyer than that shown on Plate 36, -Fig. 1; the pale even lines are generally edged with reddish brown, and the -notch under the tip of the wing is margined with the same colour. - -The caterpillar has the first and second pairs of prolegs very short, and -below the brown-ringed spiracles there is a projecting ridge, fringed with -a row of fleshy greenish-white filaments, some of which are forked. -Bluish-green, sometimes tinged with ochreous; raised dots, black at the -tips, on a base of whitish green; along the middle of the back is a series -of darker green spear-points, and beyond this on each side a pale line, -edged above by a fine wavy black line, and below by a darker green line; -the eighth and eleventh rings of the body darker than the others. (Abridged -from description by Buckler.) It feeds on lichens growing upon larch, -spruce, hawthorn, sloe, fruit trees, etc., from September to May. The moth -is out in June, July, and August, and may be beaten from the branches of -trees, and from hedges, but the flushing of a specimen in this way is -always a more or less casual event. It has been taken on several occasions -at street lamps, and also in illuminated moth traps. - -In England the species seems to be widely distributed over the southern -counties to Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire; and in the east to Norfolk. It -has also been recorded from Derbyshire (one), and Yorkshire (two). - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. {86} - -THE WAVED BLACK (_Parascotia fuliginaria_). - -In the shape of its wings and general appearance the dingy insect -represented on Plate 36, Fig. 2, would seem to belong to the Geometridae -rather than to the present group, and, indeed, has been mistaken for a dark -form of _Ematurga atomaria_. However, the long, projecting palpi are -evidence of its being a member of this sub-family. - -The caterpillar, which is moderately stout, and tapers slightly towards -each end, has only twelve feet. Ground colour, sooty black, with -orange-coloured raised dots, from which arise long recurved hairs. The late -Mr. W. H. Tugwell (from whose description of the larva that given above has -been adapted), in 1884, was shown caterpillars upon a black sooty-looking -fungus (determined by Dr. M. C. Cooke as an effused _Muscedine_), growing -in masses on rotten wood in an old wooden building in Bermondsey, near the -river. He afterwards reared the moths. - -The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, but it is not full grown -until May or June, when it spins a fairly compact cocoon of greyish silk, -which is coated with particles of decayed wood and dried fungus. - -The moth is out in June and July, and most of the known British specimens -have been captured in London, or reared from caterpillars found therein. -Stephens (1831) mentions three or four examples taken during the previous -thirty years, and gives as localities--Blackfriars bridge, and Little -Chelsea; Stainton (1859) adds, Fleet Street. Other specimens have been -taken in the City in 1855, 1859, 1862, 1870, 1879, and 1881. One occurred -at Clapham in 1864, and one has been reported from Crome in Worcestershire. -More recent records are--one specimen flying around a sugared post at -Walthamstow, July 29, 1901; eight, chiefly at light, at Camberley, 1904-5; -and lastly, a specimen at St. Katharine's Docks, July, 1906. {87} - -THE FAN-FOOT (_Zanclognatha tarsipennalis_). - -This species is shown in both sexes on Plate 35, Figs. 1 [male], 2 -[female]; it is the _Pyralis tentaculalis_ of Haworth, and also that -author's _tarsicrinatus_, and the _tarsicrinalis_ of Stephens. The general -colour is brownish, sometimes inclining to ochreous, and occasionally with -a greyish cast. The submarginal line starts from the front edge, before the -tip, of the fore wing. - -The caterpillar is greyish brown, darker freckled, and dotted with black, -downy; three broken darker lines along the back, the central one broad and -inclining to black, and lower down along the sides is a series of blackish -streaks; head, darker. It feeds in July and August, and hibernates when -nearly or quite full grown. Among various foods that have been mentioned -for it are raspberry, ivy, and knotgrass. Some years ago I had some moths -emerge in the autumn; these resulted from caterpillars that I had reared -from the egg on blackberry, and I remember that they showed a decided -preference for the withered leaves left in the cage for them to pupate -among. (Plate 34, Fig. 2.) - -The moth is out in June and July, but individuals of a second generation -seldom occur in the open. Although it occurs in woods, it is far more -frequent in lanes and hedgerows. Common and generally distributed, from -Worcester southwards, and to the east and west; northwards its range -extends to Yorkshire, but it is local and uncommon. - -In Scotland it is not scarce in some parts of Ayrshire, and has been -recorded from Kircudbrightshire. Kane mentions it as fairly common in -Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. {88} - -THE SMALL FAN-FOOT (_Zanclognatha grisealis_). - -This species (Plate 35, Fig. 3) is somewhat similar to the last in colour, -but it is smaller, and the submarginal line is rather curved, and runs to -the tip of the fore wing. The caterpillar is obscurely greyish, with a -pinkish tinge; three darker lines along the back, the central one broadest, -but not distinct on the first three rings; head, brown, freckled with -darker brown, plate of first ring of the body, blackish brown. It feeds on -oak, and may be beaten from the foliage in August and September. Buckler -states that this species passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and this -has been confirmed by Plum. (Plate 34, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.) - -The moths emerge in June and July, and may frequently be dislodged from -trees, hedges, and undergrowth in the daytime. Pretty generally distributed -over the southern half of England, plentiful in many parts, and widely -spread over the northern half of the country. It is not scarce in some -parts of Wales, but seems to be uncommon in Scotland, and has been recorded -from the south only. In Ireland it has a wide range, but does not appear to -be noted as common in any locality. - -THE OLIVE CRESCENT (_Zanclognatha_ (_Sophronia_) _emortualis_). - -The species depicted on Plate 36, Fig. 8, from a continental specimen, is -exceedingly rare in England, in fact, apart from the specimens mentioned by -early authors, only three authentic British examples appear to be known. -These are--one captured at Brighton, Sussex, in June, 1858; one in June, -1859, in Epping Forest, Essex; and one taken at sugar by the Rev. B. H. -Binks, of Stonor, Henley-on-Thames, in July of the year last mentioned. - -Stephens (1834), who gives a very unsatisfactory description {89} of the -species, refers to two specimens, of which one was in his collection, from -Devonshire. Wood's figure (768) of _emortualis_, in the Westwood edition of -the _Index Entomologicus_, does not represent this species, but is far more -like _Herminia derivalis_, Hubner. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. - -THE LESSER BELLE (_Madopa salicalis_). - -A portrait of this uncommon British moth will be found on Plate 35, Fig. 4. -The greyish fore wings are crossed by three paler edged reddish-brown -lines, the outer one running to the tip of the wing, and the inner one is -sometimes faint or absent. - -The caterpillar is said to feed in July and August on sallow and aspen, and -is described by Hofmann as having only fourteen feet; green, inclining to -greyish, in colour, with black spiracles, and the ring divisions yellowish. -(Plate 39, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) - -The moth is out in May and June, and in its few known localities in England -it is found in moist woods, hiding among grass and varied undergrowth. - -Stephens (1834) wrote, "A very rare and local insect: I have specimens -taken many years since in the neighbourhood of Bexley, in which vicinity I -believe my friend Mr. Newman has captured it within these few years; it has -also been found at Charlton." Since that time other localities in Kent have -been mentioned, among which were Darenth Wood and West Wickham; the species -was also noted from Birch wood, Surrey. A specimen was found in a gas lamp -at Dulwich in 1858 by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett, and one was taken in -Shooter's Hill wood, Kent, in June, 1859. - -Between 1862 and 1868 specimens were obtained at Haslemere, Surrey, and -near Sevenoaks, Kent. According to Barrett {90} it occurred at Petersfield, -on the borders of Sussex and Hampshire, in 1877. - -It has also been recorded from Dunham, Cheshire. - -Abroad, its distribution extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. - -THE DOTTED FAN-FOOT (_Herminia cribrumalis_ (_cribralis_)). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 35, Fig. 5) are whitish tinged with -brown, inclining to purplish on the outer margins; beyond the blackish -central dot there are two series of blackish dots crossing the wings, but -these are not always distinct. - -The caterpillar, which feeds on various marsh grasses, _Carex_, _Luzula_, -etc., hatches from the egg in late summer, hibernates when about -half-grown, and feeds up in the spring. It is pale greyish brown with fine -yellowish freckles; there are three lines along the back; the central one -dark, finely edged on each side with pale greyish, the outer ones pale; the -usual dots are dusky and the spiracles are black. - -The moth may be found in June and July in fens and marshes, where it hides -among the herbage in the daytime, but is easily seen and netted when it -takes wing at dusk, or sits on the sedges, etc., before or after flight. - -It is most frequent in the fens of Cambridge and Norfolk, (Stalham), but -occurs also in Suffolk; Essex (Shoeburyness); Kent (Deal); Surrey (recorded -from marshes near Redhill, Dorking and Guildford); Sussex; Hants (bogs near -Lyndhurst), and, according to Barrett, Somerset. - -THE CLAY FAN-FOOT (_Herminia derivalis_). - -This local species has the wings pretty much of the same shape as those of -_S. emortualis_, and has been mistaken for that species; but the colour is -ochreous-brown, and the cross lines {91} are dark brown. Its favourite -haunts appear to be woods in Kent and Sussex, and in the last-named county -it is perhaps most frequently met with in Abbots wood, Guestling, and -Lewes. It has also been recorded from Essex (Colchester). (Plate 35, Fig. -6.) - -The caterpillar feeds on dead oak leaves, chiefly those that have fallen to -the ground. After hibernation it becomes full grown about June, and is then -brown with a downy appearance; there are three faintly darker lines along -the back, and the usual dots are dusky. (Plate 34, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) -The moth is out in June and July, and in the daytime may be put up from its -lurking place among herbage in wood clearings, or netted as it flies in the -gloaming. It is also attracted by sugar and light. - -The species has been erroneously recorded from Chester and Barmouth (North -Wales); and Mr. Carr informs me that he is not quite sure that a specimen -he recorded from Dawlish, South Devon, was correctly identified. In the -catalogue of Malvern Lepidoptera _H. derivalis_ is stated to be rather -common in that district, but the occurrence of the species in the Midlands -requires confirmation. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. - -THE COMMON FAN-FOOT (_Pechipogon barbalis_). - -The fore wings of the species shown on Plate 35, Fig. 7, are greyish brown, -crossed by three darker lines, the outer one almost parallel with the hind -margin, and edged with whitish. - -The caterpillar feeds on the dead leaves of oak and birch, and has almost -attained full growth when it retires for the winter. In the spring it has -been known to eat birch catkins. The general colour is reddish ochreous, -with diamond-shaped markings, forming a series along the back and two -series along each side. {92} - -The moth, which is out from late May until early July, frequents the more -open parts of woods, and in the daytime may be induced to show itself by -tapping the lower branches of trees or brushing the bushes and undergrowth -as we pass along. - -The species is widely distributed over England, from Staffordshire -southwards, but it is apparently most frequently met with in some of the -woods of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. - -The distribution abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE BEAUTIFUL SNOUT (_Bomolocha fontis_). - -The portraits of this species on Plate 35 show each sex in its most usual -form: Fig. 8 representing the male, and Fig. 9 the female. The outer and -inner areas of the fore wings are generally ashy grey, more or less -brownish tinged, in the male; and the same parts are whitish in the female. -Although some examples of the male have the outer and inner areas whitish, -as in the female, they can be distinguished by their darker hind wings and -the blackish central crescent thereon. A form of the female in which the -large central patch of the fore wings is reddish brown has been named -_rufescens_, Tutt; there may be males also of this form, but I have not -seen any. In both sexes, the brown patch extends nearer to the inner margin -in some specimens than in others, and not infrequently there is a spur from -the lower edge of the patch to this margin. - -The caterpillar is green, with darker green lines, one along the middle of -the back, and two along each side; the usual raised dots are green or -brownish, and each emits a fine hair; the head is green and rather glossy. -It feeds on bilberry (_Vaccinium myrtillus_) in August and September. -(Plate 37, Fig. 1; after Hofmann.) The moth, which is out in June and July, -hides by day among heather, bilberry, etc., especially where these plants -overhang the edges of banks or trenches. It may be found locally in most of -the southern counties of England from Kent to Cornwall; also in Berks, -Stafford, and Leicester. It has been recorded from Suffolk, Worcester, -Cheshire (one at electric light, Chester, July, 1900), and North Wales. In -Ireland it is widely distributed, and is not uncommon in Co. Kerry. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 34. - 1. SMALL FANFOOT: _caterpillar_. - 2. FANFOOT: _caterpillar_. - 3. CLAY FAN-FOOT: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 35. - 1, 2. FAN-FOOT. - 3. SMALL FAN-FOOT. - 4. LESSER BELLE. - 5. DOTTED FAN-FOOT. - 6. CLAY FAN-FOOT. - 7. COMMON FAN-FOOT. - 8, 9. BEAUTIFUL SNOUT. - 10. THE SNOUT. - 11, 12. BUTTONED SNOUT. - -{93} - -THE SNOUT (_Hypena proboscidalis_). - -This species (Plate 35, Fig. 10) is more generally distributed and common -than any other of the group. Wherever nettles grow in quantity there we may -expect to find this moth in its season, that is, in June and July. In -favourable years there is sometimes a second flight, on a small scale, in -the autumn; this was the case in 1905. - -The caterpillar is green, with raised dots, from each of which a brownish -hair arises; the line along the middle of the back is dark, and those along -the sides are yellowish; the head is ochreous brown. It feeds on nettles in -May and June. (Plate 37, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) - -In Amurland, and some other parts of eastern Asia, the species is -represented by the brown-sprinkled yellowish form, var. _deleta_, -Staudinger. - -THE BLOXWORTH SNOUT (_Hypena obsitalis_). - -The fore wings of this species are brown, crossed by a number of darker -lines and a thicker angulated line beyond the middle; the latter is -outwardly edged with pale brown, chiefly towards the costa; some white dots -on the veins represent the submarginal line, and below the tips of the -wings there are some black streaks. - -One example of this form of the species, which is a variable one, was taken -by the Rev. O. Pickard, Cambridge, in {94} September, 1884. He found it -sitting on a door-jamb in his garden at Bloxworth, Dorset. - -The specimen shown on Plate 36, Fig. 9, hails from Mogador. - -Abroad, the range of the species includes southern Europe, Asia Minor, -Egypt, North-West Africa, Madeira, and the Canaries. - -THE BUTTONED SNOUT (_Hypena rostralis_). - -Two forms of this species are shown on Plate 35. The typical one is -represented by Fig. 12, and Fig. 11 shows ab. _palpalis_, Tutt (?), Fabr. -and Stephens. The front margin of the fore wings is often streaked with a -pale colour, and in ab. _radiatalis_, Hubner (134), which is otherwise -similar to the last-named form, this is pale or ochreous brown. A uniform -pale greyish form has been named ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, and one almost -entirely ochreous or greyish-ochreous, ab. _ochrea_, Tutt. - -The caterpillar is green, with blackish dots; a darker line along the -middle of the back, and white lines along the sides; head, yellowish green -dotted with black. It feeds on hop (_Humulus lupulus_) in June and early -July, and in the daytime may be found on the undersides of the leaves. -(Plate 37, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The moth is out in August and September, -and after hibernation reappears in the spring, and may be met with until -June. It may be obtained at sugar, or at ivy bloom. Given the food plant, -the species will probably be found in most of the counties of England from -Worcester southwards, but its occurrence northwards appears to have been -very rarely noted. - -The range abroad extends to East Siberia. - -THE WHITE-LINE SNOUT (_Hypenodes taenialis_ (_albistrigalis_)). - -This species, and also the two immediately following, are so small in size, -and so obscure in appearance, that they are {95} probably more often -neglected than secured when met with. The moth under consideration, and of -which the sexes are figured on Plate 36 (Figs. 3 [male] and 4 [female]) has -brownish fore wings which are crossed by two rather irregular blackish -lines, sometimes hardly traceable on the front margin; the outer line is -edged externally with whitish, and the space between the lines is often -somewhat darker; the black central mark is more or less X-shaped. - -The caterpillar does not seem to have been noted in this country, and it is -not well known on the continent. It is said to feed on the flowers, chiefly -the withering ones, of heather and thyme, in August and September. - -The moth is out in July and early August, sometimes in September. Its -haunts are the edges of woods, hillsides, and sloping banks, where there is -plenty of bushes and herbage to hide in. From such retreats it may be -disturbed, but is more easily obtained at sugar, or honey dew, and -sometimes at ivy bloom. It is widely distributed over the southern half of -England; occurs in South Wales, and has been recorded from Cheshire and -Yorks. - -Abroad, the species is found in Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria, -Armenia, and the Canaries; also recorded from south Sweden and Corea. - -THE PINION-STREAKED SNOUT (_Hypenodes costaestrigalis_). - -Although somewhat similar in the general colour of the forewings, this -species (Plate 36) may be distinguished from the preceding by the whitish -dash from the tips of the wings and the black streak running inwards from -it; this black streak is to be seen clearly in Fig. 6 [male], but owing to -the darker ground colour is less distinct in Fig. 7 [female]. - -The caterpillar is shining purplish-brown, inclining to yellowish-brown -below, with three pale brownish lines along {96} the back, the central one -rather broad, and that on each side is edged below with dusky. What the -food may be in a natural state has not been ascertained, but the -caterpillars have been reared from the egg on a diet of thyme flowers, -supplemented by the bodies of a few brothers or sisters. July and August. - -The moth has been noted in June (end), July, August, September, and -October; but whether there are two generations or only one in the year is -not definitely known; the assumption is that there are two. - -This species is partial to moist localities, and its favourite haunts are -fens, mosses, or marshy heaths, and the outskirts of damp woods. It ranges -over the greater part of England, and is found in Wales (Pembrokeshire). In -Scotland it has been noted from Roxburghshire, and is locally common in -Clydesdale. It is known to occur in Cork, Kerry, and Sligo, and probably is -to be found in other parts of Ireland. - -THE MARSH OBLIQUE-BARRED (_Tholomiges turfosalis_). - -The species shown on Plate 36, Fig. 5, is much smaller than either of the -last two. The narrow fore wings are whitish-ochreous, more or less thickly -sprinkled with brown; the first of the three dark cross lines is often -indistinct, the second is bent under the black central dot, and the third -runs obliquely to the tip of the wing; the last two are each outwardly -edged with whitish. - -Nothing seems to be known of the early stages. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 36. - 1. BEAUTIFUL HOOK-TIP. - 2. WAVED BLACK. - 3, 4. WHITE-LINE SNOUT. - 5. MARSH OBLIQUE BARRED. - 6, 7. PINION-STREAKED SNOUT. - 8. OLIVE CRESCENT. - 9. BLOXWORTH SNOUT. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 37. - 1. BEAUTIFUL SNOUT: _caterpillar_. - 2. BUTTONED SNOUT: _caterpillar_. - 3. THE SNOUT: _caterpillar_. - -{97} This species was first made known as an inhabitant of the British -Isles by Doubleday, who described it as _Hypenodes humidalis_, in 1850, -from specimens taken in Ireland by Weaver in 1848. In 1850 it was found -plentifully on one of the Cheshire moors; and Harrison, in _The Zoologist_ -for 1851, writes: "From the middle of July up to the 8th of August, it -might be seen any fine evening, between the hours of six and eight, flying -on most of our swamps [Keswick] in plenty." He goes on to state that the -moths were so common that he boxed forty in less than an hour, and could -have secured as many dozens. At the present day the species is to be found -on boggy heaths and moors in Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset, and from Somerset -through Gloucestershire into Berkshire, and thence northwards through -Warwick and Staffordshire to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Cumberland. Barrett -mentions Perthshire as a Scottish locality, and Kane states that it is -common at Killarney in Ireland. When this species and its allies receive -more of the collector's attention they may probably be found in many -localities from which there are no records at present. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -BREPHIDAE. - -By some systematists this small group of moths is treated as a subfamily of -the Geometridae. _Brephos_, however, which is typical of the family, does -not seem to have any close affinities with the Noctuidae or with the -Geometers, and is therefore better considered as apart from both those -families. Meyrick includes _Brephos_ with _Aplasta_, _Erannis_, and -_Baptria_, in his family Monocteniadae. - -Only five species are known to inhabit the Palaearctic Region, and two of -these occur in Britain. - -THE ORANGE UNDERWING (_Brephos parthenias_). - -The white markings of the fore wings vary a good deal in size; in some -specimens, chiefly males, they are very small and confined to the front -margin; in others, mainly females, they are much enlarged, and the central -one is continued as a band across the wings. On the orange hind wings the -blackish {98} central band is usually more or less complete, but sometimes -it is nearly or quite absent above the blackish triangular patch on the -inner margin. Occasionally, there is a yellow blotch at the anal angle, and -frequently another on the costal area. Still more rarely the whole ground -colour is yellow. (Figured on Plate 38, Figs. 1 [male] and 2 [female].) The -caterpillar is green, with six white lines along the back, and white -stripes along the sides. When young it feeds on the catkins of birch, and -afterwards on the foliage. April to early June. (Plate 39, Fig. 1.) - -The moth is out in March and April, and on sunny days the males may be seen -flying, generally pretty high up, on the lee side of the birch trees -growing on heaths; also in open spaces in or around birch woods. The -females rest on the twigs, as also do the males when the sun is obscured. -Both sexes have been found sitting on the ground in sunny glades. - -The species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern counties, -common in many parts; but its range extends through England to Durham, and -it has been recorded from Wales. Although it does not seem to have been -noted in Scotland south of Kincardineshire, it occurs on the east to Moray. -Westmeath is the only Irish locality that has so far been mentioned. - -Its distribution abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland. - -THE LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING (_Brephos notha_). - -Very similar to the last species, but rather smaller in size, and the fore -wings are much less variegated. The antennae of the male of this species -are bipectinated, whilst those of _parthenias_ are finely serrated. (Plate -38, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female].) - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 38. - 1, 2. ORANGE UNDERWING. - 3. THE REST HARROW. - 4, 5. LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING. - 6-8. GRASS EMERALD. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 39. - 1. ORANGE UNDERWING: _caterpillar_. - 2, 2a. LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 3. LESSER BELLE: _caterpillar_. - -{99} The caterpillar feeds in May and June on aspen, eating the foliage and -hiding between two leaves drawn together. The head is greenish or -greenish-brown, with three conspicuous black spots. Body, green, -olive-green, or reddish; line along middle of the back darker green edged -with white; two thin white lines on each side, and a whitish stripe along -the spiracles. When mature it burrows into decayed bark or wood (virgin -cork in confinement), and before changing to a reddish-brown chrysalis, it -spins a thin covering of silk and woody particles over the mouth of the -chamber. The caterpillar and the chrysalis are shown on Plate 39, Figs. 2 -and 2a. Although the bulk of the moths emerge the following April, some -have been known to remain until the following or even the third year. The -males fly about aspen, but only in the sunshine; in other respects its -habits are pretty much those of the last species. - -The distribution of the species in England seems confined to two areas: a -western one represented by Worcester, Gloucester, with Monmouth, Wales, -Wilts, and Dorset; and an eastern one by Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, -Essex, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. In Scotland only recorded from -Moray. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -GEOMETRIDAE. - -Caterpillars of this family of moths, with very few exceptions, have only -two pairs of claspers or prolegs; when there are more than four claspers, -the extra ones are only rudimentary and therefore useless. In moving from -place to place the caterpillar stretches out to its full length, first to -one side and then to the other, as though measuring the distance. When a -hold is secured with the true legs the body is arched and the claspers are -brought up almost to the point held by the true legs; the latter are then -thrust forward and the measuring business proceeds as before. Some kinds -perform the looping manoeuvre very deliberately, but others at a quick -rate. In common parlance among British entomologists the caterpillars are -called {100} "geometers" or "loopers," but to our American confreres they -are known as "measuring-worms" or "span-worms." - -Most of the caterpillars feed openly on the foliage of trees, shrubs, or -low-growing herbs, and the majority remain upon their respective plants -during the day. - -A large proportion of the moths may be obtained in the daytime, either by -beating or otherwise disturbing the foliage or herbage among which they -hide; several kinds rest on tree trunks, palings, rocks, walls, etc., where -they are sometimes conspicuous, but more frequently not easy to distinguish -from their surroundings. On the whole, members of this family are more -available to the day collector than are those of the Noctuidae. Although -several species occasionally visit the sugar patch, such species are, as a -rule, obtained more readily and in larger numbers by other methods. -Brilliant light has a great attraction for many of the moths, some are more -often captured at gas or electric lamps than in any other way, and among -these are the migratory species. - -Staudinger divides the family into the following subfamilies:-- - - Geometrinae (= Geometridae, Meyrick). - Acidaliinae (= Sterrhidae, Meyrick). - Larentiinae (= Hydriomenidae, Meyrick). - Orthostixinae (not represented in Britain). - Boarmiinae (= Selidosemidae, Meyrick). - -Except as regards the Larentiinae, I have largely adhered to Staudinger's -arrangement of genera in each of the above subfamilies. - -The typical genus of Larentiinae would be _Larentia_, Treit, to which -something over two hundred species are referred by Staudinger, among which -are upwards of sixty that occur in the British Isles. Following some of the -later generic changes, I find that none of our species are left in -_Larentia_, but a few fall into _Hydriomena_, Hubner, and therefore -Hydriomeninae has been adopted for this subfamily. {101} - -GEOMETRINAE. - -THE REST HARROW (_Aplasta ononaria_). - -This greyish-brown moth has two darker, sometimes reddish, cross lines on -the fore wings, and one such line on the hind wings. It is presumably only -to be regarded as an accidental visitor to England. The first record was of -a specimen captured in the Warren at Folkestone in July, 1866, and since -that year others were obtained in the same locality, but apparently not -more than about half a dozen altogether. None seems to have been recorded -for over thirty-five years. The specimen, whose portrait is shown on Plate -38, Fig. 3, was obtained from Dresden. - -Abroad, the range includes Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, -and Armenia. - -THE GRASS EMERALD (_Pseudoterpna pruinata_). - -When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, the species represented by Figs. 6 -to 8 on Plate 38 is of a beautiful blue-green colour, but in course of time -a greyish shade creeps over the wings. The dark cross lines vary in -intensity; in some specimens well defined and blackish, in others very -faint, and hardly discernible; occasionally, the space between the lines on -the fore wings is dark shaded; the whitish submarginal line is not always -present. This species is the _cythisaria_ of Schiffermiller, and the -_cytisaria_ of other authors. - -The caterpillar (figured on Plate 41, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by -Mr. A. Sich) is green, with three lines along the back, the central one -dark green, the others whitish; a pinkish stripe low down along the sides, -the points on the head and the first and last rings of the body are often -pink also. It feeds on pettywhin (_Genista anglica_), also on broom -(_Cytisus scoparius_) {102} and gorse (_Ulex_); in captivity it seems to -thrive on laburnum. Most frequently obtained in the springtime after -hibernation. - -The moth is to be found in June and July on moorlands and commons pretty -well throughout the British Isles, but it seems not to have been noted -north of Perthshire, in Scotland. - -Odd specimens have been known to occur in late August or early September, -but this is quite exceptional. - -THE LARGE EMERALD (_Geometra papilionaria_). - -This charming green species (Plate 40, Figs. 1 and 4) varies in tint and in -the distinctness of the whitish wavy cross lines. In some examples, one or -other of the lines is absent, and far more rarely there is but little trace -of any of these markings. Occasionally, the discal mark is preceded by a -whitish wedge-shaped spot on the fore wings (ab. _cuneata_, Burrows). - -When newly laid the eggs are whitish, but soon change to greenish yellow, -and finally to pinkish. - -The caterpillar hatches in late summer, and feeds on birch, hazel, and -beech, until the leaves begin to fall in the autumn; it then constructs a -carpet of silk on a twig, and near a bud, upon which it takes up its -position for the winter. When thus seen, its reddish brown colour, -variegated more or less with green, assimilates so closely with its -surroundings that the creature is not easy to detect. In the spring, when -it awakens, the green colour increases in extent as the buds open and the -leaves unfold; when they are fully expanded, the caterpillar sits among the -foliage towards the tip of a twig, and is then almost entirely green, the -reddish brown only showing on the head, slightly on the warts, and more -distinctly on the hinder parts which are in touch with the twig. The -chrysalis, enclosed in a flimsy silken web among the dead leaves, usually -on the ground, is of a delicate green colour, dotted with buff on the back, -and shaded with buff on the wing cases. The early stages are figured on -Plate 42. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 40. - 1, 4. LARGE EMERALD. - 2, 3. SMALL EMERALD. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 41. - 1. GRASS EMERALD: _caterpillar_. - 2. BLOTCHED EMERALD: _caterpillar_. - 3. COMMON EMERALD: _caterpillar_. - -{103} The moth is out in June and July, and may occasionally be beaten out -of a hedge or bush, but is most frequently obtained late at night, when it -is active on the wing, and is attracted by a brilliant light. - -The species occurs in woods, on heaths and moors, and in fens, throughout -the British Isles, except the most northern parts of Scotland and the -isles. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE SMALL EMERALD (_Geometra vernaria_). - -This species (Plate 40, Figs. 2 and 3) is smaller than the last mentioned, -the green colour is of a softer tint, and the lines crossing the wings, two -on the fore wings and one on the hind wings, are whitish, and not waved. - -The caterpillar hatches from the egg in August, and after hibernation is to -be found in May and June on Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard (_Clematis -vitalba_). It is then green, with white dots arranged in lines along the -back and sides; the head is deep reddish brown, and this, and also the -first and last rings of the body, have raised points. Transformation to the -greenish chrysalis is effected among the leaves, drawn together with silk. -(Plate 44, Figs. 3 and 3a.) - -The moth flies in the evening in July and August, and in the daytime may be -disturbed, by the application of the beating stick, from its retreats in -hedges, etc., where the food plant flourishes. Found in most of the -southern and eastern counties of England, most frequently on the chalk; its -range extends to Worcestershire. Except that it has been recorded as a -doubtful inhabitant of Ireland, the species does not appear to occur -elsewhere in the British Isles. The distribution abroad extends to -Amurland. {104} - -THE BLOTCHED EMERALD (_Euchloris_ (_Comibaena_) _pustulata_). - -When quite fresh, this moth (Plate 43, Fig. 1) is exceedingly pretty; the -pale blotches vary a little in size, as also do the reddish marks upon -them. - -The caterpillar adorns itself with particles of its food as soon as it -leaves the egg in July; after hibernation it uses the scales or husks of -the oak buds for the same purpose. When stripped of its trappings it is -found to be reddish brown in colour, with three slightly darker lines along -the back; hooded bristles arising from raised brownish spots afford means -for the attachment of the masquerading outfit, each moiety of which is -covered with silk on one side before being placed in the required position. -When beating oaks for larvae in May and June, the contents of the umbrella -or beating tray should not be too hastily thrown away, but allowed to -remain therein for awhile, and closely watched for any movement among the -litter. The spectacle of a cluster of oak bracts suddenly becoming active -will certainly arouse curiosity, and on examination the cause of the -commotion will frequently be found to be the caterpillar of this species. -(Plate 41, Fig. 2; after Auld.) - -The moth is out in June and July, and flies at dusk in and around oak -woods. In the daytime it may be jarred from its perch in oak trees, and -once I found a specimen on a fence in the Esher district. It has been known -to visit light, and examples of a September emergence have been recorded. - -As a British species it only inhabits England, and it has been noted from -Staffordshire and Leicester, but seems to be rare in the midland counties -generally. It is more frequently found in the southern and eastern -counties. - -Abroad, the range extends through Central Europe to Southern Sweden, S. -Russia, N. Asia Minor, and Andalusia. {105} - -THE ESSEX EMERALD (_Euchloris smaragdaria_). - -In some examples of this species (Plate 43, Figs. 2, 3) the green colour is -brighter than in others, and very occasionally it is tinged with bluish; -typically, there are white cross lines on the fore wings, but the inner one -is not infrequently absent, and more rarely both are missing. The white -central spot is very rarely absent, and the edges of the fore wings are -yellowish. - -The caterpillar feeds on the sea wormwood (_Artemisia maritima_), and -adorns itself with fragments of its food plant in much the same manner as -that of the species last referred to. Although obtained in the autumn in -some numbers from its food plant, it seems to have been rarely met with in -the spring after hibernation. It is, therefore, advisable to collect the -caterpillars about September, and transfer them to plants of the garden -_Artemisia abrotanum_, locally known as "Southernwood," "Old man," or -"Lad's love," or, where available, wormwood (_A. absinthium_) will suit it -admirably. Upon either of these plants the larvae will hibernate, feed up -in the spring, and become full grown about May. The early stages are -figured on Plate 42, larva and pupa from photos by Mr. H. Main. - -The moth is out in June and early July, but it is rarely seen in the open, -although over sixty years ago a few specimens were put up from among grass -and netted at St. Osyth; in later years an example or two have been taken -at Sheerness in Kent. Possibly, others may also have been captured in one -or other of the insect's haunts, but records are silent on the matter. -Barrett mentions a specimen emerging in September, and the Rev. C. R. N. -Burrows notes that part of a brood of caterpillars reared from eggs, and -fed on _A. absinthium_, attained the moth state during the autumn. So far -as concerns {106} the British Isles it seems to be almost exclusively an -inhabitant of the salterns, or sea marshes of Essex. - -Abroad, the species occurs inland, and is not confined to the coast; its -range extends eastwards to Siberia and Amurland. - -THE SMALL GRASS EMERALD (_Nemoria viridata_). - -This species, represented on Plate 43, Figs. 5 and 6, is readily -distinguished by its small size and the well-defined white cross line on -each wing. In most examples there is a more or less distinct whitish inner -line on the fore wings. Ab. _mathewi_, Bankes, has all the wings dusted -with orange scales, more especially on the outer marginal areas. A few -examples of this form were reared in 1905, with a number of normal -specimens, from eggs laid by a female captured in South Devonshire. - -The caterpillar (figured from a skin on Plate 44, Fig. 1) is green, -roughened with whitish points; a dusky line along the middle of the back, -marked on the front and end rings, also between the rings, with purplish -red. Head, and first ring of the body, notched, the points reddish; last -ring of the body pointed. When at rest on a twig it assumes a rigid -posture, and the legs are tightly drawn together. It feeds on heather, -sallow, and birch, but the general experience appears to be that in -captivity it thrives best on a diet of hawthorn, and is especially partial -to the young shoots. It may be obtained in July and August, and the moth -comes out in the following May or June. In 1905, Mr. A. J. Scollick reared -some caterpillars from eggs laid June 2nd, and hatched June 16th; all duly -pupated, and a moth came up on December 20th of that year. Four others -appeared in January and February, 1906. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 42. - 1, 1a, 1b, 1c. LARGE EMERALD: _egg, caterpillars and chrysalis_. - 2, 2a. ESSEX EMERALD: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 43. - 1. BLOTCHED EMERALD. - 2, 3. ESSEX EMERALD. - 4, 7. LITTLE EMERALD. - 5, 6. SMALL GRASS EMERALD. - 8, 9. COMMON EMERALD. - -{107} The Rev. F. E. Lowe states that in Guernsey the species occurs -exclusively among furze on cliffs by the sea, and chiefly where the plant -is cut down from time to time. In Britain it inhabits heaths and mosses, -but is very local. It is found in the English counties of Hants (New -Forest, etc.), Dorset (Poole Heath, etc.), Devon (Woodbury, Exeter -district, etc.), Norfolk (Horning), Worcester (Malvern district, rare); -also at Methop, Witherslack, and other localities in Westmoreland and -Cumberland. Only doubtfully recorded from Scotland and Ireland. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, and China. - -THE LITTLE EMERALD (_Iodis lactearia_). - -The green tint in this species (Plate 43, Figs. 4 and 7) is even more -unstable than in others of the group. When quite fresh the wings can often -only be described as whitish with a delicate green tinge, but even when the -greatest care is taken to preserve it, the colour is apt to fade. - -The caterpillar (Plate 44, Fig. 2, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich) -is long and thin, with two points on the edge of the first ring, and one on -the last ring, of a bright green colour, paler between the rings; the spots -along the back are reddish, as also is the whitish-fronted deeply notched -head. It feeds on the leaves of various trees and bushes, such as birch, -oak, hawthorn, sallow, etc. It may be obtained by beating or searching from -August to September. - -The moth is out in May and June, in some seasons later, and may be beaten -out of hedges, as well as from trees in woods. Generally distributed, and -often common, throughout England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland it is -locally common in Clydesdale, and occurs in other southern parts of that -country. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, Corea, China, and Japan. - -THE COMMON EMERALD (_Hemithea strigata_). - -When freshly emerged from the chrysalis, this species (Plate 43, Figs. 8 -and 9) is darkish green, but it soon fades to a greyish {108} tint. Easily -distinguished by its shape, and by the chequered fringes. It is the -_aestivaria_ of Hubner, and _thymiaria_ of Guenee. The long, thin, green -caterpillar is ornamented with reddish brown, the V-shaped marks on rings 5 -to 8 are sometimes whitish; head, deeply notched, brown; the first ring of -the body is also notched. It hatches from the egg in August, when it is -said to feed on mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), and other low plants; after -hibernation it feeds on the foliage of oak, birch, hawthorn, rose, etc., -and attains full growth in May or June. In late June and in July the moth -may be put up from the undergrowth in woods, or from bushes in -well-timbered hedgerows bordering lanes and fields. Specimens so obtained -are poor in colour as a rule, and it is well, therefore, to rear the -species from the caterpillar. (Plate 41, Fig. 3; after Hofmann.) This -remark applies to all "Emeralds." - -The species is often common in the south and east of England, and along the -western side, including Wales, up to Cheshire and Lancashire, but it -becomes local in Worcestershire and northwards. There are few records of it -from Yorkshire, and its occurrence in Durham, Northumberland, and Scotland -is doubtful. In Ireland it appears to be widely distributed, but scarce. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. - - - -[_Thalera fimbrialis_. A specimen of this Central European species -(identified by the late Mr. C. G. Barrett) was taken on August 7, 1902, by -Mr. C. Capper, from a blade of grass growing on a slope under Beachy Head, -Sussex. The species is somewhat similar in appearance to _H. strigata_, but -is larger; the hind wings are notched above the angle on the outer margin; -the fringes of all the wings are chequered with red, and the antennae of -the male are bipectinated.] {109} - -ACIDALIINAE. - -PURPLE-BORDERED GOLD (_Hyria muricata_). - -Two forms of this pretty little species (known also as _auroraria_) are -shown on Plate 45. Fig. 1 represents the more usual form, but between this -and the almost entirely purple variety (Fig. 4), which occurs chiefly in -the north, there are various modifications. Then again, especially in the -south of England, there is a tendency to become entirely yellow, the -purple, inclining to crimson in such specimens, being confined to the front -margin and cross lines on the fore wings, and a narrow band on the outer -margin of all the wings. - -The caterpillar is pale brownish, inclining to ochreous at each end, marked -with irregular blackish lines on the back, and dots and streaks on the -sides. Its natural food plant seems to be unknown, but when reared from the -egg the caterpillar will eat knotgrass, and sometimes a few will feed up -and attain the moth state the same year. August to May. - -The moth occurs in late June and in July, and frequents fens, boggy heaths, -and mosses. Although odd specimens may, occasionally, be flushed during the -day, the collector will need to be up early in the morning if he would see -this species on the wing, as it seems to fly most freely about sunrise. The -New Forest in Hampshire is a noted district for it, as also are Ranworth, -Horning, etc., in Norfolk, and Witherslack in Westmoreland. In Ireland, it -is found in counties Galway, Kerry, and Mayo. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, China, Corea, and Japan. - -WEAVER'S WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _contiguaria_). - -The earliest known British specimen of this species (Plate 45, Figs. 2 and -5) was taken in North Wales by Weaver, in 1855, {110} and was figured and -described in _The Entomologist's Annual_ for 1856 as _Dosithea eburnata_, -Wocke. About seven years later Greening captured a female specimen, and he -subsequently reared the insect, when it became known as "Greening's Pug." -Still later, about 1875, the English name was changed to "Capper's -Acidalia." - -Fortunately, the species seems not difficult to rear from the egg, -otherwise specimens in collections would be not only very limited in -number, but frequently very indifferent in condition. - -In colour the moth is whity brown, more or less dusted or clouded with dark -grey; except in the darker forms, three irregular black lines on the fore -wings, and two on the hind wings, are clearly seen. It flies at dusk in -June and July, and sits by day on lichen-covered rocks. - -The caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with irregular dark brown lines. It -feeds on ling (_Calluna_) and crowberry (_Empetrum_) from September to May; -but when eggs are obtained, the caterpillar hatching from them may be kept -on chickweed, knotgrass, etc., and the moth be reared the same year. - -Mr. R. Tait records the finding of ten caterpillars on navelwort -(_Cotyledon_) growing among heather in a very sheltered corner among rocks -in North Wales, at Easter, 1906. He also notes that moths reared in -captivity pair readily. - -The British localities, all in North Wales, are Aber, Bangor, Barmouth, -Bettws-y-coed, Conway, Dolgelly, Lanfairfechan, and Penmaenmawr. - -THE LEAST CARPET (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _rusticata_). - -The whitish fore wings of this species (Plate 45, Figs. 3 and 6) are -crossed by a blackish central band, and there is a blackish patch at the -base of the wings, with an extension along the front margin, almost or -quite to the central band; the hind wings have a central dot, and three or -four dark grey wavy lines, the space between the first and second darkened, -and appearing to be a continuation of the fore wing band. The thick set, -pale ochreous-brown, or grey-brown, caterpillar (Plate 48, Fig. 1, drawn -from a skin) has three more or less distinct pale lines along the back, and -a series of darker diamonds along the central area; head, brown. In the -open, its food probably consists of decaying or withered leaves, but when -treated in captivity it will eat and thrive upon growing knotgrass, -groundsel, dandelion, etc. August to May. Mr. Mera mentions that some -caterpillars he reared on dandelion produced moths that were larger in size -than most captured specimens. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 44. - 1. SMALL GRASS EMERALD: _caterpillar_. - 2. LITTLE EMERALD: _caterpillar_. - 3, 3a. SMALL EMERALD: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 45. - 1, 4. PURPLE BORDERED GOLD. - 2, 5. WEAVER'S WAVE. - 3, 6. LEAST CARPET. - 7, 10. RUSTY WAVE. - 8, 11, 14. SMALL DUSTY WAVE. - 9, 12. DOTTED BORDER WAVE. - 13. SILKY WAVE. - 15, 18. DWARF CREAM WAVE. - 16. ISLE OF WIGHT WAVE. - 17. SATIN WAVE. - -{111} The moth is out in July, and specimens have been bred in September -from eggs laid in July of the same year. To obtain this species, a journey -will have to be made to one or other of its special haunts in Kent, lying -between Greenhithe and Sheerness. Other localities from which it has been -recorded are Kingsdown, Dover, Folkestone (Kent); Brighton, Lewes, West -Horsham (Sussex); Isle of Portland (Dorset); Rame Head, Torquay (Devon); -and single specimens have been reported from Stowmarket and Felixstowe -(Suffolk). - -THE RUSTY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _herbariata_). - -In _The Entomologists Annual_ for 1856, two species of _Acidalia_ were -brought forward as new to the British list. One of these has been referred -to under _A. contiguaria_, the other was the present species, which at the -time was wrongly referred to _circuitaria_, Hubner. The specimens depicted -on Plate 45, Figs. 7 and 10, are of continental origin. - -Although other specimens were then known to exist in at least two British -collections, the first recorded example was that mentioned above. This was -captured in Bloomsbury Street, {112} London. In June, 1868, three or four -examples were found in a herbalist's shop in Holborn; one occurred on a -shop window in Oxford Street in 1873; one example was taken from a -door-post in Cannon Street, July 21, 1879; and two others have been noted -from the same street, but dates were not given. The latest record, that of -a specimen on July 21, 1898, in a shop in Southampton Row, Bloomsbury, -closes the list; it then appears that all the British specimens known to us -have been taken in London. - -The eggs are laid on dry or withered plants, upon which the long brownish -or greenish caterpillars feed throughout the autumn, winter, and following -spring. They pupate towards mid-May, and the moths appear in June and July. -According to Guenee, caterpillars seem to have been found only in herb or -drug stores, and the moths occur in gardens and houses in July and August. - -THE SMALL DUSTY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _virgularia_). - -In most parts of the southern half of England this species, of which three -specimens are shown on Plate 45, Figs. 8, 11, 14, is more or less common, -and is often to be seen on garden walls, pales, and other kinds of fences. -Although apparently infrequent in the Midlands, it has been recorded as -common at Rugely in Staffordshire; in several parts of Cheshire it is not -uncommon, and its distribution is known to extend to Northumberland. -Possibly the species is more widely spread over England than the records -show it to be. In Wales, it has been found in the North; in Scotland, it -occurs locally from Berwick to Aberdeen; and it is doubtfully recorded from -Ireland. The long, thin caterpillar is ochreous-brown, with a pale stripe -on each side. It feeds on the leaves of various low plants, and seems, at -times, to like its food best when withered. Some {113} that I reared from -eggs deposited in September, 1904, fed for a time on fresh dandelion, but -on the approach of winter they apparently ceased feeding, and were allowed -to remain in the box with the food last supplied. In March it was found -that they had been, and were then, eating the old provender. Some fresh -dandelion was added, but this was not touched until all the old had been -consumed. The same thing was repeated until the caterpillars were nearly -full grown, when the fresh food was eaten as well as the stale. The moths -resulting from them emerged during the last week in April, 1905, and were -all well above the average size, and considerably larger than the female -parent. One example is represented by Fig. 11 on the plate. - -There are certainly two generations of the moth during the year; in some -years possibly more. - -DOTTED BORDER WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _straminata_). - -In its ordinary form this moth (Plate 45, Figs. 9, 12) is greyish white, -sometimes with a tinge of brown, especially on the fore wings; the darker -cross lines are slightly wavy; each wing has a central black dot, and there -is a more or less distinct series of black dots on their outer margins. Ab. -_circellata_, Guenee (Plate 61, Fig. 3), has the first and second lines of -the fore wings strongly defined and deep brown, and the first is united -with the central shade above the inner margin; the corresponding lines on -the hind wings are also deep brown. This form, which occurs on the -Lancashire and Cheshire mosses, and is known as the Obscure Wave, has been -considered a distinct species, but it is connected with typical -_straminata_ by intermediate aberrations which occur together with -_circellata_ and the ordinary form on the same ground. Similar intergrades -also occur in the New Forest, Hampshire, the Dover district of Kent, and -probably elsewhere. {114} - -The rough-looking, long and slender caterpillar is pale greyish, with a -black-edged pale line along the middle of the back, the black edging -interrupted on rings 4-9; on each side of the central line, and lower down -along the sides, are other black streaks; head, notched on the crown, and -marked with brown. - -Some eggs laid August 8th, hatched on September 1st; the infant -caterpillars were long and thread-like, the colour was black, and there was -a whitish stripe low down along the sides. They would not feed on knotgrass -and other plants offered to them, and I failed to rear them. Moths have, -however, been bred, as a second generation, in the autumn from caterpillars -reared from the egg, on bramble and knotgrass. - -The moth occurs in July and August on bush-sprinkled heaths, or heathy -ground, where it may be disturbed from the herbage in the daytime, or -netted as it flies in the evening. South of England from Kent to Dorset; -also in Berkshire, Cheshire (one specimen, Whitegate Heath, 1901, one ab. -_circellata_ in Delamere Forest, July, 1903); Yorkshire (Thorne Moor, and -rather plentiful on Skipton Common in 1900 and subsequent years; ab. -_circellata_ also occurred). - -THE DWARF CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _interjectaria_). - -This moth (Plate 45, Figs. 15, 18) is said to be referable to -_fuscovenosa_, Goeze, and as this is an earlier name than _interjectaria_, -Guenee, it may have to be adopted. For many years it was known in England -as _osseata_, and was described by Haworth, Stephens, and others, under -this name. It is also the _dilutaria_ of some authors, but not of Hubner. -Hubner's dilutaria is considered by some writers to be the _holosericata_ -of Duponchel, and therefore an earlier name for the species generally known -by the latter name. {115} - -The present species, to which Haworth gave the English name here used, is -whitish straw-coloured, and silky in appearance; the wings have a central -black dot and four or five dusky cross lines, some of which are more -distinct than others; the front edge of the fore wings is tinged with -reddish brown, in which is often a dark dot at the ends of the first and -central lines; a series of linear blackish dots at the base of the fringes, -most distinct on the fore wings. - -The somewhat stumpy caterpillar is dull smoky brown, marbled and variegated -with ochreous, the darker colour most in evidence in front, and the -ochreous behind; an ochreous line along the middle of the back, and one -along the region of the spiracles; white spots on rings 5-7. (Adapted from -Porritt.) It feeds from August to April on dandelion and other low-growing -plants, and especially on the withered leaves. The moth occurs among weeds -growing on banks, and hedgerows, and the outskirts of woods, in greater or -lesser plenty throughout the South of England; but it becomes local, and -more or less rare in the north of the country. In Scotland it is said to be -uncommon in Clydesdale, but has not been noted from Ireland, or from Wales. - -ISLE OF WIGHT WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _humiliata_). - -This species (Plate 45, Fig. 16) is the _osseata_ of Fabricius, but not of -Haworth and other British authors. It is very similar in general appearance -to the species last considered, but the wings are somewhat less ample, and -rather yellower in tint. It is most readily recognised, however, by the -distinctly reddish stripe on the front edge of the fore wings. Previous to -1891, when specimens were obtained by Mr. A. J. Hodges in the Isle of -Wight, the species was not certainly known to be an inhabitant of the -British Isles, although it seems to have been represented in many -collections. The {116} insect is still found by those who know where to -look for it on the sea cliffs of its island home, but so far as appears to -be known at present, it does not occur in any other part of Britain. For -this reason, it does not seem desirable to indicate the exact locality more -definitely; but it may be added that the moth flies in July. - -SILKY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _holosericata_). - -Somewhat similar to A. _interjectaria_, but tinged with pale brown, and -even more glossy; the front edge of the fore wings is of the general -coloration, and the only markings on the wings are darker cross lines, the -third on the fore wings, and the second on the hind wings, being the most -distinct. (Plate 45, Fig. 13.) - -The rough and rather stumpy caterpillar tapers towards the small notched -head; general colour dusky reddish-brown, a pale line along the middle of -the back, finely edged with black. It feeds from August to May on rock rose -(_Helianthemum_), eating the withered and even mouldy leaves. Will eat -knotgrass, and, no doubt, dandelion also. - -Here, again, we have an ancient name brought forward to supplant that which -the species has borne for years, and by which it is well known to -entomologists. As I am not quite certain that Hubner's (Fig. 100) -_dilataria_ does represent this species, Duponchel's name is here retained. - -As a British insect, it has only been known since 1851, when the capture of -a specimen in the neighbourhood of Bristol was recorded in _The Zoologist_. -Subsequently it transpired that the scene of capture was Durdham Down, -Gloucestershire, and here it has been found annually, and in some plenty, -among the bushes and low vegetation covering the ground in that rugged -locality. Specimens have also been noted from Berkshire (Newbury), Bucks -(Chalfont St. Peter), Dorset (Halstock), {117} and Norfolk (Thetford). -Possibly there are other localities in England, more especially in the -west, where this species may be awaiting discovery. - -THE SATIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _subsericeata_). - -The wings of this species (Plate 45, Fig. 17) are glossy whitish, with a -faint greyish, or sometimes yellow greyish, tinge; the cross lines are -grey, oblique and straight on the fore wings, but the outer two on the hind -wings are curved or bent. - -Var. _mancuniata_, Knaggs, a local form found in Lancashire and Yorkshire, -is rather more tinged with yellowish, the lines being distinct, and some -more or less distinct dusky dots on the outer margin of the fore wings. - -A blackish form, with white fringes, has been recorded from North Cornwall, -where the species, in its usual form, has been noted as abundant. - -The rough-looking caterpillar is pale greyish, inclining to reddish above; -three black lines along the back, the central one slender, and the outer -ones widening out towards each end. It feeds on knotgrass, dandelion, -chickweed, and other kinds of weeds, and will eat plum. Hatching in August, -it hibernates, as a rule, and attains full growth in the following spring; -but sometimes caterpillars feed up quickly, and produce moths the same -year. - -The moth, which is out in June and July, is partial to heathy ground, but -not confined to heaths, as it has been met with in lanes bordered by -pasture fields. Widely distributed throughout England and Wales, rare in -Scotland, where it has only been recorded from the Solway. In Ireland it -has been found commonly at Howth, near Dublin; and in the counties Cork and -Waterford. {118} - -PORTLAND RIBBON WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _degeneraria_) - -This reddish-banded species (Plate 46, Fig. 1) is, so far as we know, only -found, in Britain, in the Isle of Portland, Dorset, where it was first -noted on June 24th, 1831. It will be seen that apart from its different -colour, the bands in this moth are placed nearer the base of the wings than -in _A. aversata_; on the fore wings the band is limited by the first and -central lines, but sometimes it encroaches on the basal area; on the hind -wings, it occupies more or less of the basal area, from the first line -inwards; the front edge of the fore wings is also reddish. - -The caterpillar is ridged along the sides of the roughened body, and tapers -towards the slightly notched, blackish marked head; the general colour is -reddish-ochreous, darker on the back of the middle rings, along which are -three interrupted pale greyish ochreous lines, and dark V-shaped marks. The -natural food plant is not known, but it may be reared from the egg on -bramble, traveller's joy (_Clematis_), and, of course, knotgrass and -dandelion, both of these plants being generally acceptable to larvae of the -Acidaliinae, as well as to those of many other species of Geometridae. - -The moth is out in June and July in the open, but has been bred as early as -June 2. Some of the caterpillars from eggs laid in June will feed up -quickly, and produce moths in September; from these, other eggs may be -obtained, the caterpillars from which will feed for a time and then -hibernate; as also do the slow-growing individuals of the earlier hatching. - -Abroad, this seems to be a Mediterranean species, ranging eastward through -Asia Minor to parts of Central Asia; and northwards to Austro-Hungary, -Castile, France, and West Central Germany. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 46. - 1. PORTLAND RIBBON WAVE. - 2. PLAIN WAVE. - 3-6. RIBAND WAVE. - 7-10. SMALL FAN-FOOTED WAVE. - 9, 12. SINGLE-DOTTED WAVE. - 8, 11. TREBLE BROWN-SPOT. - 13, 14. LACE BORDER. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 47. - 1, 1a. SINGLE-DOTTED WAVE: _eggs and caterpillar_. - 2. RIBAND WAVE: _caterpillar_. - 3, 3a. PLAIN WAVE: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. - -{119} - -THE PLAIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _inornata_). - -Somewhat similar to the last in appearance, but without reddish bands, and -front edging to the fore wings; the second or outer line of the fore wings -is generally distinct, but the others, especially the central, are often -obscure. This species, one example of which is shown on Plate 46, Fig. 2, -may be distinguished from the plain form of _A. aversata_ by its generally -smaller size and more silky appearance; the cross lines are less distinct, -and the outer one of the fore wings is not indented below the front margin. -The eggs (Plate 47, Fig. 3a) are laid in strings of from 6-20; at least -this is so in captivity. Like the eggs of other species in this genus that -I have seen, they are at first whitish bone colour, changing to reddish. -They were laid in July, and most of the caterpillars that hatched from them -attained the moth state in September; about one-third hibernated, but died -off during the winter. - -The much-wrinkled and rough-looking caterpillar is pale reddish brown, -varying to greyish; the back with V-shaped marks, and a light coloured spot -on rings 5 and 6. It feeds, from August to June, on dandelion, dock, and -other weeds, also on sallow, bramble, heather, etc. - -The moth is out in July, earlier or later in some seasons; it affects woods -in which there is plenty of heather or bilberry, and may often be seen -resting on tree trunks, especially those of the pine. It is on the wing in -the evening, and is said to visit the sugar patch, as well as flowers -growing in its haunts. Widely distributed over England and Scotland to -Moray, but does not appear to have been noted in Wales. Reported from -Kingstown, Killarney, and Londonderry in Ireland. {120} - -THE RIBAND WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _aversata_). - -There are two distinct colour forms, one is greyish white (ab. _spoliata_, -Staudinger), and the other decidedly ochreous; the former is sometimes -tinged with ochreous, and sometimes heavily sprinkled with dark grey. In -the type form of _aversata_, the general colour is greyish white, and the -space between the central and outer lines of the fore wings, and that -enclosed by the first and central of the hind wings, is more or less -entirely filled up with dark grey inclining to blackish; occasionally the -dark colour spreads beyond the outer line, and covers a large portion of -the outer area. These bands also occur in the ochreous and intermediate -colour forms. A specimen, bred in June by Mr. W. G. Sheldon, from a -caterpillar found on a fence at West Wickham in May, had the wings and -abdomen black, but the head, thorax, anal tuft, and fringes of the wings -were normal. (Plate 46, Figs. 3-6.) - -The caterpillar (Plate 47, Fig. 2; from coloured drawing by Mr. Sich) is -much wrinkled, rather thickened behind, and tapers gradually towards the -small, black-flecked head; the general colour is brownish, merging into -ochreous on the hinder rings; a darker brown shade along the back, -interrupted on the middle rings by V-shaped marks, encloses a slender -whitish line, and there is a whitish spot on ring eight; a wavy pale -ochreous line low down along the sides. (Adapted from Fenn.) It feeds on -dandelion, dock, primrose, bedstraw, knotgrass, and many other low-growing -plants; after hibernation, from April to May, it will thrive on the young -growth of sallow, birch, hawthorn, etc. It will sometimes feed up and reach -the moth state in August or September. - -The moth flies in June and July, and is generally distributed; but in -Scotland does not seem to have been observed north of Moray. {121} - -SMALL FAN-FOOTED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _bisetata_). - -One form (Plate 46, Fig. 10) has whitish wings, with a deep, dark-grey -border on the outer area of all the wings; this border is traversed by a -whitish, wavy line (ab. _fimbriolata_, Stephens). Another form (Plate 46, -Fig. 7) is more or less typical, and in this it will be noted that the -marginal borders are much paler, and are broken up into bandlets. Between -these two forms there are modifications, and sometimes a greyish shade -spreads over all the wings. - -The caterpillar is long and slender, with a somewhat flattened appearance, -and gradually tapered towards the notched head; the general colour of the -roughened body is greyish brown, the middle ring divisions, and V-shaped -marks on the back, are blackish or dark brown; there is also a double -dark-brown line along the back, not always distinct. It feeds, from August -to May, on a variety of low-growing plants, and is partial to withered -leaves, especially those of bramble and dandelion. The moth is out in June -and July, and is often common, and pretty generally distributed throughout -our islands, except that it seems not to have been noted north of Moray, in -Scotland. - -Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia and Amurland. - -THE SINGLE DOTTED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _dimidiata_). - -The most noticeable feature in this whity brown moth (Plate 47, Figs. 9 and -12), sometimes known as _scutulata_, are the larger dots at the costal end -of the dotted cross lines, and the blackish or dark-brown chain-like mark -on the lower part of the outer marginal area of the fore wings; the latter -is sometimes obscured in a cloud of its own colour. {122} - -Eggs (Plate 47, Fig. 1a), laid in a batch on a dried leaf of dandelion, -were whitish at first, but turned reddish later. - -The elongated and somewhat flattened caterpillar (figured on Plate 47, Fig. -1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. Sich) is ochreous, with brown lines on -the back, the central one double, and interrupted on the middle rings, upon -which are oblique pale-brown dashes. It feeds, from September to April, on -beaked parsley (_Anthriscus sylvestris_), burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella_), -etc., and may be reared on withered leaves of dandelion and other weeds. -The moth is out in June and July, and in northern localities in August. -Generally distributed, and often common. - -TREBLE BROWN SPOT (_Acidalia_ (_Ptychopoda_) _trigeminata_). - -This species (Plate 46, Figs. 8, 11) is similar to the last, but generally -rather larger and somewhat paler; the front edge of the fore wings is -marked with blackish or dark purplish grey, and there is a band of the same -colour on the outer marginal area; the inner edge of this band is formed by -the second line, and the outer edge is wavy, interrupted above the middle, -and sometimes below also. - -The rough and rather flattened caterpillar tapers towards the head; in -colour it is dusky brown. The markings comprise interrupted black lines and -V-shaped blackish marks on the back. Buckler states that this caterpillar -may be distinguished from those of its nearest allies by having a rather -long, dingy ochreous bristle from each of the raised dots; these bristles, -which are of the same thickness throughout, curve forwards on all rings to -the ninth, and on the other three backwards. It feeds, from September to -April, on various low-growing plants, ivy, birch, etc. If kept warm, it is -said that whole broods will attain the moth state in July or August; this -may happen sometimes, but in my experience only a few individuals have -obliged in this way. The moth is another inhabitant of the hedgerow and the -bushy wood-border, where it may be disturbed in the daytime during late May -and June. It flies in the evening, and will visit light, and occasionally -the sugar patch. Always a local species, but not uncommon in its special -haunts in Kent, Surrey, Wiltshire, Essex, and Suffolk; it is also found -more or less frequently in Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, -Herefordshire and Worcestershire. In Scotland, it is reported as scarce in -Renfrew; and Kane notes that it does not occur in Ireland. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 48. - 1. LEAST CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 2, 2a, 2b. SMALL BLOOD-VEIN: _egg enlarged, caterpillar and chrysalis_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 49. - 1, 2. CREAM WAVE. - 3, 4. LESSER CREAM WAVE. - 5-7. MULLEIN WAVE. - 9. LEWES WAVE. - 8. SUB-ANGLED WAVE. - 10. ROSY WAVE. - 11, 12. SMALL BLOOD-VEIN. - -{123} - -THE LACE BORDER (_Acidalia_ (_Craspedia_) _ornata_). - -The conspicuously marked white moth depicted on Plate 46, Figs. 13 and 14, -is unlikely to escape the notice of the collector who visits rough fields -and hillsides in some of the chalk districts of Southern England, -especially in the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. Usually there are -two generations of the moth during the year; one is on the wing in May and -June, and the other flies in August and September. - -The caterpillar is of long and slender build, the head is notched, and the -skin of the body is roughened. In colour it is ochreous brown above and -greyish beneath; there are three lines along the back, the central one -pale, except towards the head, edged with dusky, the others dark brown. On -each ring, from four to eight, are two dark V-shaped marks; low down along -the sides there is a dusky edged and mottled, pale ochreous stripe. It -feeds, from October to May, and in July and August, on thyme, marjoram, and -may be reared on garden mint. Abroad, the species ranges over Central and -Southern Europe, and through Asia to Amurland. - -NOTE.--According to Prout (_Entom._ xxxix. 267), this species is the type -of the genus _Scopula_, Schrank. {124} - -THE CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _remutaria_). - -This species (Plate 49, Figs. 1, 2) has the wings white or ochreous white, -becoming rather smoky grey on the front edge of the fore wings, and -sometimes this tinge spreads all over the wings. In well-marked specimens -there are two dark, wavy, cross-lines, a dusky central shade, and a dusky -shade-like stripe along the outer area beyond the second line; the first -line of the fore wings is often placed close to the central shade, and -sometimes it is merged in it. Not infrequently the lines are barely -traceable, but almost as often the wings appear to have a pair of lines -only, and these distinctly darker than usual. - -The caterpillar is rough, long and slender; grey-brown with irregular -darker marks, a pale line along the middle of the back, and a dark cross on -the back of ring ten. The notched head is pale brown with a black V-mark. -It feeds, from July to September, on bedstraw (_Galium_), woodruff -(_Asperula_), dock, sallow, etc. - -The moth is out in May and June, and often is plentiful in woods throughout -the greater part of England and Wales; in Yorkshire and northwards through -Scotland up to Moray it is rather local. In Ireland it has been found in -Wicklow and Louth, but more commonly in the south and west. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE LESSER CREAM WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _immutata_). - -White, more or less tinged with ochreous or ochreous grey in the male, is -the general colour of this moth; the wings are crossed by several ochreous -lines, the third line of the fore wings and the second line of the hind -wings rather wavy. All the wings with central black dots, most distinct on -the hind pair, occasionally absent from fore wings. (Plate 49, Figs. 3 -[male], 4 [female].) {125} - -The long caterpillar is pale greyish-brown, with three dusky lines on the -back; the black spiracles are set in a pale stripe, and below this is a -dusky line; head small and round (Barrett). August to May. The natural food -appears to be _Valeriana officinalis_, and _Spiraea_, but it has been -reared from the egg on groundsel, knotgrass, etc., also hawthorn, and moths -obtained the same year, about September. - -In the open the moth is to be found in fens, bogs, and marshy places in -fields and woods, during June and July. It is not uncommon, in suitable -spots, in most of the southern and eastern counties of England. In the -west, including Wales, and through the Midlands, it is local to Yorkshire, -but is widely distributed in the south of the latter county; it occurs, -rarely, in Durham. In Scotland it has only been definitely noted from -Arran. Widely distributed, and common, in many parts of Ireland. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. - -THE MULLEIN WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _marginepunctata_). - -This species exhibits more variation than is usual in this group. -Typically, the moth is greyish white, but in some specimens the grey is -most in evidence, and in others the white. A practically black form, with -white fringes, has been noted from North Cornwall, and at Eastbourne and -Portland many of the specimens have a clear, bone-coloured ground, with -fine but very distinct cross-markings; these seem to be referable to ab. -_pastoraria_, Joannis. The cross lines in both dark and light forms are -sometimes very indistinct, but occasionally the first and second of the -fore wings are united, and so form an irregular dusky band; the greyish -clouding on the outer marginal area is also variable. Three {126} specimens -are shown on Plate 49; two from Eastbourne, Figs. 5 [female], 6 [male], and -one from Essex, Fig. 7 [female]. - -The long caterpillar is very pale slaty-olive, with three paler lines along -the back, the central one edged on each side with olive, darkest on the -last three rings; spiracles black, and under surface of the body pale slate -blue (adapted from Porritt). It feeds on various low-growing plants, among -which, yarrow, mugwort, chickweed, cinquefoil, and knotgrass have been -mentioned; also, it is said, on sallow. There are certainly two broods in -the south, one feeding up in the summer, and the other hatching in -September, and after hibernation attaining full growth in May or June. -Moths of the first generation are on the wing in June and July, and of the -second in August and September. Although sometimes found inland, the -species is more especially attached to the coast, and is found in nearly -all the seaboard counties of England, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it -occurs in Wigtownshire, and very dark specimens have been obtained on rocks -in dry pastures at Ardrossan; June to end of July. - -THE LEWES WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _immorata_). - -Although the late Mr. S. Stevens exhibited a British specimen of this -species, as a curious variety of _Strenia clathrata_, at a meeting of the -Entomological Society of London in 1868, it was not until the year 1887, -when Mr. C. H. Morris captured two specimens in Sussex, that the insect -became recognized as a native. It is probable that the earlier example, -taken some years before it was shown at the meeting referred to, may have -come from the same locality in the Lewes district where the later specimens -were captured. Anyway, the species has, so far, not been recorded from any -other part of our islands, but it continues to be found in its original -haunts, described as "some heathy ground," up to the present day. (Plate -49, Fig. 9.) {127} - -The long, slender, and roughened caterpillar is pale greyish brown; the -central line along the back is greyish-white, each side edged on the hinder -half with brown, having at the beginning of each ring after the third a -black dot on either side; side stripes dark brown, inclining to black -above; a slender brown line below the black spiracles. (Adapted from -Barrett.) It feeds from August to May on ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), -marjoram, thyme, knotgrass, etc. - -From eggs laid on July 1 and 2 caterpillars hatched on July 17 and 18. -These were placed on leaves of ribwort plantain (_Plantago lanceolata_), -and as soon as large enough transferred to a potted plant, and kept out of -doors. Two of the caterpillars grew up quickly, and on August 24 were taken -indoors, where they spun up for pupation, one on August 28, and the other -on September 1. A female moth emerged September 14 from the first chrysalis -(F. C. Woodbridge, 1906). - -The range abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland. - -THE SUB-ANGLED WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _strigilaria_). - -This species is greyish white, sometimes brownish-tinged; dusky cross -markings, of which the oblique shade following the central black dot of the -fore wings, and that before the central black dot of the hind wings, are -usually most distinct, forming a narrow band across both pairs of wings; -the outer margin of the hind wings is angled. - -The long, slender caterpillar has a roughened appearance; the colour is -greenish grey, and the markings comprise a dull green line along the middle -of the back, spotted with black on each side; the grey head is variegated -with very pale brown. (Adapted from Porritt.) - -This species (Plate 49, Fig. 8) was known to Haworth, who gave it the -English name which it bears to-day. Stephens, {128} writing of it in 1831, -states that it was very rare, and that specimens in his collection were -from a lane near Darenth, in Kent. With one exception (Hastings, Sussex, -1876), the only present known locality in the British Isles for the species -is the Warren, near Folkestone, Kent, where it was discovered in 1859. Here -it occurred more or less freely for several years, then it became scarce, -and finally, about 1890, seemed to be practically extinct. In 1906, -however, Mr. G. H. Conquest netted a female specimen in the Warren on July -24, and as she laid a few eggs, it may be presumed that others had been -deposited before capture. From the eggs obtained by Mr. Conquest, nine -moths were reared in July, 1907. The caterpillars thrived on traveller's -joy (_Clematis vitalba_), which is probably the natural food; but they will -also eat dandelion, knotgrass, etc., and like the withered leaves. By -keeping in a warm place, it is possible to get moths out the same year, -but, as a rule, the caterpillars prefer to hibernate. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland, China, Corea, and Japan. - -THE ROSY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _emutaria_). - -Figure 10, Plate 49, shows an example of this species, which also has -angled hind wings. In coloration it is whiter and more silky than the last, -and when fresh is delicately tinged with pink; the first and second lines -are dotted or represented by dots, and the greyish central shade is -obliquely inclined in the direction of the tips of the wings. In the -marshes on the Essex and Kentish coasts the species is generally rather -more rosy (ab. _subroseata_, Haworth), but this form occurs occasionally in -the New Forest also. The long, slender caterpillar is whitish ochreous, -inclining to pinkish; on the back of each ring is a broad grey shade -enclosing a white spot, and a faint grey line on each side. Spiracles, -black, with black spots below them on {129} rings four to eight; -undersurface bluish-grey with a central white stripe. (Adapted from Fenn.) -When reared from the egg, the caterpillar will feed on knotgrass, -chickweed, birdsfoot trefoil, etc. The moths sometimes appear in August or -September, but the more usual habit of the larva is to hibernate when small -and complete growth in the following spring. - -The moth, which is out in July and early August, conceals itself by day -among the vegetation growing in its somewhat restricted haunts. These are -chiefly the marshes on the east coast, and similar spots in Kent and -Sussex; also the bogs of Hampshire and Dorset, but especially those between -Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst in the former county. It is not readily put up -during the day, but towards evening it becomes active on the wing, and -after its flight may be found sitting about upon the herbage. - -Abroad, it seems to be pretty much confined to Southern Europe and -North-west Africa. - -THE SMALL BLOOD-VEIN (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _imitaria_). - -All the wings of this pale reddish-brown species are angulated (Plate 49, -Figs. 11 and 12). A conspicuous character is the reddish or purplish-red -stripe crossing both the wings, and to which its English name no doubt -refers. It varies somewhat in the amount of reddish in the general -coloration, also in the tint and the width of the prominent oblique cross -stripe. - -The early stages are shown on Plate 48, Figs. 2-2b. The eggs, when laid on -June 18 and 19, were whitish-green, but soon turned pinkish, inclining to -coral red. The caterpillars hatched July 3 to 6, and were reared on a diet -of privet leaves--a food that I have always found they preferred to any -other that has been offered to them, and upon which I have found them in -the open. They are exceedingly easy to rear, and if, as sometimes happens, -they refuse to feed up and get through to the moth state in {130} September -of the same year, they do not die off during the winter or early spring, as -do so many larvae of other hibernating species. Enclosed in a suitable -receptacle, such as a roomy glass cylinder, with some twigs of privet -plugged in a bottle of water, the caterpillars may be left in any odd -corner until spring, when fresh twigs should be introduced from time to -time. Other food plants are dock, groundsel, dandelion, knotgrass, -bedstraw, etc. In colour the caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with three -darker brown lines on the back, the central one broken on the front rings, -and the others edged above with whitish; the spiracles are black, and the -stripe along the side pale drab. - -The moth affects hedgerows, banks, bushy places on rough sloping ground, -and sandhills by the sea. It flies in the evening, and may be met with in -July and August, sometimes in September, in most English and Welsh -counties, and in the south of Ireland. It is local and somewhat rare in -Northern England, and seems not to occur in Scotland. - -TAWNY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Leptomeris_) _rubiginata_). - -This attractive little moth (Plate 50, Figs. 1, 2), known also as -_rubricata_ Fab., varies in colour from ochreous brown with a purplish or -reddish tinge, to purplish brown or crimson; the first line of the fore -wings is curved, and the second is parallel with the central shade. -Sometimes the space between the last two lines and between the first and -second lines of the hind wings is paler than the general colour. A dusky -brown form has been recorded from boggy heaths in Norfolk. - -The roughish caterpillar, which gradually tapers to the notched head, is -greyish inclining to yellowish or greenish; three blackish lines on the -back, the central one widened on the middle rings, and the others only -distinct on the front rings; a black-edged pale line above the black -spiracles, and a dusky stripe below them (Barrett). It feeds from August to -May on clover, trefoil, {131} knotgrass, etc. Sometimes as a second -generation in June and July. - -According to Stephens, who figured this species in 1831, a specimen was -taken, near Dover, somewhere about 1825; he also refers to Yorkshire -specimens, one of which he had in his collection. Since that time the -species has been obtained in Lancashire (Ashton-on-Mersey), and it was -noted, not uncommon from the first to third week in July, 1875, on low -heathery ground at Winch Bridge, Upper Teesdale, Durham. Casual specimens -have also been recorded from Folkestone, Kent; Hastings, Sussex, and South -Devon. The last concerns a specimen taken in the Newton Abbot district in -1902. What may be termed the British home of the species is, however, the -Breck sand district in the eastern counties, where, since 1860, it has been -found in greater or lesser plenty, in June, each year up to the present -time. The best known localities are Tuddenham, Brandon, Thetford, and Bury -St. Edmunds. It sits among the vegetation in fields or the borders thereof, -and also on heaths. Occasionally, it indulges in flight in the afternoon, -but it is more often put up as the collector approaches its place of -retreat. At night it is usually active, and light has a strong attraction -for it. - -Abroad, its range extends to Amurland and Corea. - -THE SMOKY WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Pylarge_) _fumata_). - -The sexes of this greyish-white moth are figured on Plate 50, Figs. 4 -[male], 5 [female]. It will be seen that the female is smaller than the -male. The caterpillar is very slender, and finely wrinkled; pale ochreous -brown, with three pale lines along the back, each of which is shaded on -both sides with brown. Beneath the ridge, low down along the sides, is a -dark stripe, and the under surface is pale. It feeds on bilberry, sallow -and heather, and will eat knotgrass, chickweed, and dandelion. Hatching in -August, it {132} hibernates when nearly mature, but it resumes feeding in -the spring. The moth is out in June and July, and frequents moors and -mosses. Plentiful in Scotland and in the north of England, its range -extends through Wales and the west of England to Devonshire, where it -occurs on Exmoor and is common in some parts of that extensive area. In -Ireland, recorded by Birchall as widely distributed; Kane notes it from -counties Kerry, Waterford, and Galway. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -BRIGHT WAVE (_Acidalia_ (_Sterrha_) _ochrata_). - -At one time this ochreous brown species (Plate 50, Fig. 3) was an -inhabitant of the Essex coast, and was found commonly at Southend among -other places. Deal and other parts of the Kentish coast are more frequently -mentioned in connection with later records of the species. In the present -day it is far less plentiful at Deal than formerly, but it is still to be -found there. Specimens have been taken in the Isle of Wight, and one has -been noted from Suffolk (Aldeburgh). - -The pale ochreous brown or greyish ochreous caterpillar has three broken -greyish lines on the back; it tapers towards the small head, and the skin -of the body is closely wrinkled. It feeds from August to May, or a little -later, on the flowers of hawk's-beard (_Crepis_), dandelion, coltsfoot, -golden rod, etc., and in confinement it seems to accept most kinds of -flowers that are offered, even when widely different. Thus, Mr. Conquest, -in 1907, had some caterpillars which hatched during the first week in -August from eggs laid on July 25; these were at first supplied with -flowering sprays of yellow bedstraw (_Galium verum_), and later on with the -flowers of golden rod (_Solidago_). Instead of hibernating, which is no -doubt the normal habit in the species, some larvae reared from the egg in -confinement and subjected to fostering warmth will grow very quickly and -produce moths the same year. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 50. - 1, 2. TAWNY WAVE. - 3. BRIGHT WAVE. - 4, 5. SMOKY WAVE. - 6. _ACIDALIA PEROCHRARIA_. - 7, 8. SMALL SCALLOP. - 9, 10. BLOOD-VEIN. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 51. - 1, 1a, 1b. DINGY MOCHA: _eggs, caterpillars and chrysalis_. - 2. MOCHA: _caterpillar_. - -{133} This species has been referred to the genus _Sterrha_, Hubner, but -authorities are not agreed as to the validity of this. - -_Acidalia perochraria._ - -The species last referred to as _A. ochrata_ was formerly known in Britain -as _pallidaria_, and was figured by Curtis in 1831 under that name. -Afterwards the name was changed to _perochraria_, and later still the -correct name was found for it. - -How far there may have been confusion of the two species in the records of -the present one, I have no means of ascertaining, but probably all but two -should properly refer to _ochrata_. The only two known British specimens of -_perochraria_ therefore appear to have been captured in the Redhill -district of Surrey, one in 1865 and one in 1869. As will be seen on -reference to Plate 50, where a portrait of a Continental specimen will be -found (Fig. 6), the general colour is much brighter than that of _ochrata_. -It will be noted, also, that there are four darker cross lines on the fore -wings, and three on the hind wings. The antennae, too, of the male are -toothed, and therefore differ from these organs in _ochrata_. - -THE SMALL SCALLOP (_Ania emarginata_). - -As will be noted on turning to Plate 50, Figs. 7, 8, the male of this pale -ochreous brown species is generally rather larger than the female, and the -more ample wings are less acutely angled in outline; the latter sex is also -more clouded with reddish brown. - -The caterpillar is variable in colour; one form is of a dusky ochreous -colour with a pale line along the middle of the back, edged on each side -with a darker tint, and most conspicuously {134} so on the hinder rings; -the back is also dotted with black, and has some dark V- or X-shaped marks -upon it; the body tapers to the notched dark-brown head. It feeds on -bedstraw (_Galium_), convolvulus, etc., and, like others of its tribe, has -a taste for withered leaves. August to May or June, according to the -season. In confinement it has been induced by warmth to feed up quickly, -and appear as a moth the same year. Only a short time is passed in the -chrysalis stage. July is perhaps the best month for the moth, but it may be -seen at any time from late June to early August. Its haunts are fens, -marshes, and moist woodlands, etc., and although it is more frequent in the -south, it is widely spread throughout England, but in the north it is rare, -and its occurrence more or less casual. - -In Wales it has been recorded from Glamorganshire and Flintshire; but it is -apparently unknown in Scotland and Ireland. - -THE BLOOD-VEIN (_Timandra amata_). - -The stripe across the wings of this pretty species (Plate 50, Figs. 9 and -10), extending from the apex of the fore wings to near the middle of the -inner margin of the hind wings, is normally pinkish red, but it may be of a -more crimson or purplish hue; it also varies in width. The fringes are -usually pinkish red, and occasionally the margins of the wings are tinged -with the same colour. The whitish-ochreous ground colour is normally finely -powdered with grey, but sometimes so thickly that a greyish tinge is -imparted to the wings. Barrett mentions a specimen with pale smoky brown -wings, and, excepting that the tips of the fringes are tinged with pink, -the usual markings are absent. In another example, "the space between the -central and second lines is filled up with purple brown." - -The caterpillar is brownish grey, with three whitish lines on the back, the -central one intersecting a series of four dark {135} lozenges. It feeds on -various low-growing plants, such as persicaria, orach, sorrel, etc., but -dock seems to be the most frequently selected pabulum. July to May, -sometimes feeding up and appearing as a second generation of the moth in -August. - -Weedy ditches, hedge banks, or moist waste places, are the favourite -resorts of the moth; and when one example is flushed from its lurking -place, others are almost certain to be hiding in the immediate vicinity. - -Widely distributed throughout England, but most common in the south; found -also in North and South Wales; and sparingly in Scotland to Aberdeenshire, -also recorded from Arran. Apparently rare in Ireland, as it is only noted -from Kerry and Galway. - -FALSE MOCHA (_Ephyra porata_). - -The wings are pale ochreous brown, finely flecked with purplish grey, and -more or less tinged with reddish; the cross lines are indicated by blackish -dots, the central shade is greyish inclining to reddish, and the rings -enclosing white dots are blackish or dark brown, but sometimes indistinct -on the fore wings; occasionally there are some purplish grey clouds on the -outer marginal area, and this is more frequent in examples of a second -generation. Sometimes the wings are entirely suffused with dull reddish -brown, and all the markings, except the white dot on the hind wings, are -obscured. (Plate 53, Figs. 7 and 8.) - -The caterpillar is pale pinkish ochreous, with inconspicuous wavy white -lines, and brownish dots, on the back; dark oblique marks on the sides; the -head is pencilled with darker brown. It feeds on oak and birch in June and -July, and individuals of a second brood sometimes occur in September or -October. - -The moth is out in May and June, and rests in the daytime {136} among the -foliage of trees and bushes in or around woods. Like others of the genus, -it is attracted by light, and is said to visit the sugar patch. Specimens -of a second generation sometimes appear in August and September, but, I -believe, more frequently in the breeding cage than in the open. Although it -has been recorded from several of the northern counties from Staffordshire -to Cumberland, this is more especially an inhabitant of the south and west -of England, and of Wales. In Scotland, it is known to occur singly and -rarely in Clydesdale and Arran, and has been found in Perthshire. - -NOTE.--This species, and the other five here included in _Ephyra_, have -been referred to _Zonosoma_, Lederer, and more recently to _Cyclophora_, -Stephens. - -MAIDEN'S BLUSH (_Ephyra punctaria_). - -In a general way, this moth (Plate 53, Figs. 10-12) is not unlike the last -mentioned. Apart, however, from the absence of ringed dots on all the -wings, the central line is more prominent. Certain vagaries occur in -connection with this line, which is generally reddish, or purplish brown. -Occasionally, it may be visible on the fore wings, but absent on the hind -wings; or it may change its course about mid-way, and turn inwards to the -base of the fore wing. I have a specimen from Surrey in which this line is -double the normal width, and dark purplish in colour. Examples of the -second generation have brownish clouds on the outer margin (Fig. 12). - -The caterpillar is pale reddish-ochreous or bright green; a black line -along the middle of the back, and a brownish one along the sides; a black -horse-shoe mark, edged below with yellow, on the back of rings four to -nine. - -It feeds, in June and July, on oak, but may be reared on birch; also found -in September as a second brood. {137} - -The moth is out in May and June, and specimens of a second generation are -often not uncommon in August. It occurs in woodlands throughout England, -but is most plentiful in the south. In Scotland, it appears to be local in -Clydesdale, but is found thence up to Moray. In Ireland, only recorded from -Galway (two specimens). - -CLAY TRIPLE-LINES (_Ephyra linearia_). - -This species (Plate 53, Fig. 13) varies in the general colour from -yellowish to pale reddish ochreous; the cross lines are also variable, -often the first is missing (Plate 53, Fig. 14), and not infrequently the -dark central line is the only visible marking, but very exceptionally the -central line is very little, if at all, more distinct than the normal first -and second. The ringed white dots are rarely very conspicuous, and are -often quite absent. - -The caterpillar is pale brownish, with a brown-edged yellowish line along -the middle of the back, and some yellow-edged dark-brown streaks on the -sides. In another form, the head is brown and the body green. - -It feeds in June, July, and again in September, on beech. The moth is out -in May and June, and again in August and September. Beech woods are its -favourite haunts, and it seldom strays far from them. It is generally -common in the south, and its range apparently extends to Northumberland; -but it is local and infrequent in the north. Three specimens have been -recorded from Co. Galway, and one from Co. Cork, in Ireland. - -NOTE.--Nearly fifty years ago, at Brighton, a single specimen was reared -from one of eight larvae that hatched from the same number of eggs -deposited by a female _E. linearia_ that had paired with a male _E. -orbicularia_. This hybrid has been named _brightoni_, Tutt. {138} - -THE MOCHA (_Ephyra annulata_). - -Normally, the wings of this species (Plate 53, Figs. 6, 9) are yellowish -white, inclining to ochreous yellow with the blackish central shade near to -and sometimes united with the blackish irregular and outwardly toothed -second cross line on both fore and hind wings; the rings are deep brown or -blackish. There is variation in the width and intensity of the central -shade, and the rings sometimes are absent on the fore wings (ab. -_obsoleta_, Riding), and occasionally all the wings are devoid of the -annular mark (ab. _biobsoleta_, Riding). Examples of a second generation -reared in captivity are rather deeper coloured, and have a sprinkling of -black scales, chiefly on the fore wings. - -The caterpillar (Plate 51, Fig. 2, after Hofmann) is dark green, yellow -between the rings; there are three yellow lines along the back, the outer -ones waved; head reddish brown, paler marked. (Adapted from Porritt.) There -is also a pale ochreous brown form. - -It feeds on maple in June, and as a second generation in August and -September. It may be reared on sycamore. The moth frequents lanes, woods, -and thickets, especially those in which maple is plentiful; it flies at -dusk, and in the daytime may be beaten from hedgerows in which the food -plant grows. It has also been found among hornbeam. The species is most -frequent from Kent to Hampshire, but widely distributed over England up to -Worcester and Herefordshire, and eastward to Norfolk, occurring also in -Northampton and Yorkshire. - -The colour and ornamentation of this charming little insect seem to have -struck Haworth, who named the species in the vernacular, as bearing some -resemblance to the Mocha stone from Arabia, a kind of transparent agate in -which are seen brownish moss-like markings. {139} - -DINGY MOCHA (_Ephyra orbicularia_). - -The wings are greyish, thickly striped with darker grey; the markings -similar to those of the next species, but the rings are nearly always -reddish or purplish, and the central line is wavy. (Plate 53, Figs. 4 and -5.) - -The egg (which, together with the caterpillar and chrysalis, is figured on -Plate 51) is at first bone-coloured; later, pink dots and patches appear. - -The caterpillar is bright green with three lines along the back, the -central one edged on each side with dark green and the others wavy; the -sides are blotched with pink or pale purple, or sometimes whitish and -unmarked; head slightly notched on the crown, pale brown, marked with -darker; fore legs tipped with pink. (Porritt, abridged.) In another form of -the green coloration, the sides are pinkish with dark-brown oblique -stripes; in a third the general colour is pale brown. The first brood of -caterpillars feeds in June on sallow and alder, and a second in August and -September. - -The moth appears in May and June, and again in July and August; sometimes a -third brood has been reared in captivity. It is less frequently met with -than the other species of _Ephyra_, even in its most favourite haunts, such -as the New Forest, in Hampshire. Other localities for it are Abbots Wood, -St. Leonards and Tilgate Forests, and elsewhere in Sussex; Redstone, -Haslemere, and the Croydon districts, in Surrey; and in some Kentish woods. -It has also been taken rarely in Dorset, Devon (Tiverton), S. Wales, and -Suffolk (Lowestoft). - -BIRCH MOCHA (_Ephyra pendularia_). - -The general colour of this species (Plate 53, Figs. 1, 2) is whitish, more -or less powdered or suffused with grey; all the {140} wings have two -blackish dotted cross lines and a greyish, sometimes reddish, central -shade; not infrequently there is an interrupted grey or dark greyish band -on the outer marginal area, and this margin itself is always dotted with -black; the rings enclosing white dots on all the wings are usually black, -but sometimes reddish. In some specimens having a reddish central shade, -the general colour, especially of the fore wings, is delicately tinged with -reddish. Var. _subroseata_, Woodforde (Fig. 3), a form of this species -occurring in N. Staffs. is slaty grey, with the space between the inner and -outer cross lines of fore wings rosy pink or reddish. - -The caterpillar is of a green colour with slender yellowish lines along the -back and sides; between the rings the colour inclines to yellowish, and the -head, legs, and prolegs are reddish brown. In another form the general -colour is greyish, inclining to reddish, and the lines paler grey. It feeds -on birch in June and July, and again in August and September. It is said to -eat alder and oak. The chrysalis, which is similar in shape to that of the -last species (Plate 51), is pale greyish-ochreous marked with dark brown. - -The moth, which appears in May and June, and in some seasons in August, -frequents woodlands and heaths where birch flourishes. Although fairly -plentiful in most of the southern English counties, it appears to be rare -in Dorset and Devon, and more or less so in the eastern counties. It is -very local in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire, but not uncommon at Strensall -in the latter county; and although it has been recorded from Cumberland, it -seems to be absent from Lancashire and Cheshire. Doubtfully reported from -North Northumberland, but found in Wells Wood, Roxburghshire, and appears -to be widely distributed in Scotland, although generally scarce in that -country. In Ireland it is local, but not uncommon sometimes. - -The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 52. - 1. MALLOW: _caterpillar_. - 2. SHADED BROAD-BAR: _caterpillar_. - 3. CHALK CARPET: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 53. - 1, 2, 3. BIRCH MOCHA. - 4, 5. DINGY MOCHA. - 6, 9. THE MOCHA. - 7, 8. FALSE MOCHA. - 10-12. MAIDEN'S BLUSH. - 13, 14. CLAY TRIPLE-LINES. - -{141} - -HYDRIOMENINAE. - -THE VESTAL (_Sterrha sacraria_). - -The fore wings are pale yellow inclining to ochreous, and the front edge is -more or less tinged with the same colour as that of the oblique stripe from -the tips of the wings to the middle of the inner margin. In the type, this -stripe is purplish-brown, but in ab. _labda_, Cramer, it is crimson, and in -ab. _atrifasciaria_, Stefan, it is blackish. In ab. _sanguinaria_, Esper, -the ground colour is pinkish. The hind wings are always white. (Plate 54, -Figs. 1 and 2.) - -From 1857, in which year the first specimen recorded as British was -captured in September at Plymouth, to 1874, one or more examples of this -interesting migrant seem to have occurred during the autumns of most years, -in some part of the British Isles, but chiefly in the South of England. The -years in which it was apparently unrecorded were 1860, 1861, 1870, 1872, -and 1873. Since 1874 there have been very few records. In 1879 a male -specimen was taken at Chingford, Essex, August 17th, and a female (ova -obtained) on September 1st; a specimen occurred at Christchurch, Hants, -October, 1893; a male was obtained in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, -September, 1895, and one was secured at Timoleague, Co. Cork, in August, -1898; one was accounted for at Malvern, Worcestershire, in August, 1901; a -female in fine condition was captured, as it flew in the sunshine over a -Cambridgeshire meadow, in the autumn of 1906. Mr. H. M. Edelsten obtained a -male specimen in South Devon, on September 12, 1908. The largest number of -specimens appears to have been recorded in 1867, when nearly thirty were -secured, and of these four were taken in May in the Isle of Wight, where -also two females were captured on {142} August 14th and 16th, and one -specimen on September 3rd. Six or seven occurred during August in -Lancashire, and three in Perthshire, also in August. - -The long caterpillar is variable, but is usually some shade of green above, -inclining to whitish beneath, and yellowish between the rings; the lines -along the back are paler green, reddish, and olive green. It feeds on -low-growing plants, such as knotgrass and dock, and has been reared from -the egg in August and September. If eggs were obtained in May it would be -possible to raise two generations of moths, or, perhaps, even three, during -the year. - -The species is an inhabitant of Southern Europe and North Africa, and its -range extends to India, Madeira, and the Canaries. In Central Europe, -including the British Isles, its occurrence is always a more or less casual -event. - -NOTE.--It is possibly incorrect to assign this species to _Sterrha_, -Hubner, which is adopted by some authors for the Acidaliid _ochraria_. -There is, however, considerable doubt among authorities about accepting the -Hubnerian genus, but Herrich-Schaffer's genus _Sterrha_ appears to be valid -and is here employed. If it has to give way, _Pseudosterrha_, Warren, or -_Rhodometra_, Meyrick, may have to be used. - - - -_Lythria purpuraria_ has long been reported as a British species, but there -does not appear to be any very convincing record of its capture in the -British Isles. It is widely distributed in Europe, and generally common. As -it is a sun-loving insect, it could hardly escape detection if it occurred -in any part of our isles. A note by Mr. V. R. Perkins, in _The Zoologist_ -for 1861, p. 7449, should, however, not be overlooked. This refers to the -capture, on June 18th, of two male specimens that were disturbed from -broom, "not far from the city of Perth, by Mr. D. P. Morrison." {143} - -LEAD BELLE (_Ortholitha plumbaria_). - -Two ordinary examples of this species are shown on Plate 54, Figs. 4, 5. -The ground colour is greyish, ranging in one direction to whitish, and in -the other to brownish; on the fore wings there are three cross lines, -usually reddish-brown in colour, but sometimes dark brown inclining to -blackish; the first of these lines is always slender and sometimes very -indistinct; the second is often shaded on its outer edge, and the third on -its inner edge, with brownish; occasionally the space between the second -and third is more or less dusky, especially on the lower half; sometimes -these two lines approach each other very closely on the inner margin; the -short oblique streak from the tip of the wing to the wavy submarginal line, -and also the blackish central dot, are far more distinct in some specimens -than in others. - -The long stick-like caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, often striped with -darker brown or blackish. It feeds on furze (_Ulex_) and broom (_Cytisus_), -from August to April. The moth is out in May and June, earlier or later -according to the season, and is to be found almost everywhere that its food -plants flourish. - -THE MALLOW (_Ortholitha cervinata_). - -The fore wings of this species are normally ochreous brown, inclining to -reddish, but sometimes the general colour is of a light chocolate tint, and -in such specimens the slender white lines edging the dark markings, and the -white wavy submarginal line, are more distinct; the central band-like -marking occasionally tapers towards the inner margin. (Plate 54, Figs. 6, -7.) - -The long caterpillar (figured from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich, Plate -52, Fig. 1) is of a greenish colour, inclining {144} to yellowish between -the rings; there are indications of darker lines on the middle of the back -and along the sides; the usual dots are whitish and the spiracles black; in -some specimens the central line on the back is pinkish. It hatches from the -egg in March or April, and feeds until June on mallow (_Malva sylvestris_); -will also eat hollyhock. - -The moth appears in September and October, and is sometimes seen in -November. It hides under the mallow, and other plants around, and is not -much inclined to move during the day, but it becomes active in the evening, -and then flies pretty briskly. The occurrence of this species in any -locality will, of course, largely depend upon the presence of the food -plant, but it seems to be widely distributed throughout the greater part of -the British Isles. It is, however, most frequent in the southern half of -England. - -SHADED BROAD-BAR (_Ortholitha limitata_). - -To the earliest British entomologists this species (Plate 54, Figs. 8 and -9) was known by the English name given to it by Moses Harris, which is here -revived. Haworth's popular name for the insect is the "Small Mallow," but -this seems less suitable. - -The fore wings are usually ochreous brown in colour, with a darker brown -band, the inner area of which is often paler. The ground colour, however, -varies considerably, in some examples tending to whity brown, and in others -to a smoky hue. The whitish hind wings are generally more or less dusky -clouded, chiefly from the base of the wing to the dark brown or blackish -cross shade; but sometimes these wings are entirely blackish, with just a -trace of a pale cross stripe. - -The caterpillar is greyish, with a pinkish tinge and black dots; there are -three lines along the back, the central one slaty blue, and the others -ochreous, shaded on each side with pale brown; a pinkish irregular ridge -runs low down along the sides. It feeds on clover, vetch, grass, etc., from -September to June. (Plate 52, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 54. - 1, 2. THE VESTAL. - 3, 10. OBLIQUE-STRIPED. - 4, 5. LEAD BELLE. - 6, 7. MALLOW. - 8, 9. SHADED BROAD-BAR. - 11, 12. CHALK CARPET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 55. - 1, 2. DRAB LOOPER. - 3. GREY CARPET. - 4, 5. CHIMNEY SWEEPER. - 6-8. TREBLE-BAR. - 9, 10. MANCHESTER TREBLE-BAR. - -{145} The moth is out in July and August, and is often common in fields and -grassy places, generally throughout the greater part of the British Isles. -In ancient times it was dubbed the "Aurelian's Plague." The range abroad -extends to Amurland. - - - -_Ortholitha moeniata._--Except that one specimen was said to have been -taken near Baron Wood, Carlisle, some years prior to 1855; and another, in -1866, near York; there is no evidence that this species is an inhabitant of -the British Isles. - -CHALK CARPET (_Ortholitha bipunctaria_). - -In this species (Plate 54, Figs. 11 and 12) the ground colour of the fore -wings is white (inclining to bluish-white in some specimens), more or less -stippled and scored with greyish brown; the cross band is darker grey -brown, and there are two black dots placed :-wise (sometimes united) in the -paler central space of the band. Hind wings, smoky grey, with a darker -shade across the middle, and a pale one parallel with the outer margin. In -some rare instances, the ground colour of the fore wings is entirely white, -and the band exceedingly dark; but specimens with the general colour, -slaty-black and the band and basal patch grey, are extremely rare; Barrett -mentions one such example, from Box Hill, Surrey, in Mr. R. Adkin's -collection. - -The caterpillar is whity brown, more or less tinged with pink, dotted with -black, and lined with grey along the back, the sides, and the under -surface. It feeds, at night, on clover and trefoils, from September to -June. (Plate 52, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and -August, and in suitable localities, such as chalk downs, lime-stone hills, -etc., is generally plentiful {146} throughout England and South Wales. It -does not appear to have been noted in Ireland, or in Scotland, except that -it has been recorded from the Isle of Arran. - -OBLIQUE STRIPED (_Mesotype virgata_). - -The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 54, Figs. 3 [male], 10 -[female]. The fore wings are greyish, inclining to whitish or to brownish, -with two white-edged oblique bands, which in the lighter coloured specimens -are broad and show up conspicuously, but in the darker are narrower and -much less distinct. - -The caterpillar is brownish, but varies in tint, in some cases inclining to -pink; there are three lines along the back, the central one dark green or -brown, and the others more or less yellowish; a blackish or dark grey line -low down along the sides. It feeds on yellow bedstraw (_Galium verum_), and -may be reared on other kinds of _Galium._ There are two broods, one in May -and June, and the other in August and September. - -The moth, which frequents sand-hills and shelving banks by the seaside, is -found resting upon its food plant or other vegetation around, in May and -June, and again in July and August. - -The species has a wide distribution, and occurs in suitable localities -around the coasts of England (except the north-east), and on the west coast -of Wales. It also inhabits the Breck sand district of Norfolk and Suffolk, -and has been found on chalk downs and hills in the south of England, and in -Cambridgeshire and Berkshire. In Ireland, it has been recorded from the -counties of Down and Kerry. - -Abroad, its distribution spreads to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. - -DRAB LOOPER (_Minoa murinata_). - -The grey brown or ochreous brown wings of this delicate, but unattractive -little moth (Plate 55, Figs. 1 and 2), are silky in {147} texture. After it -has flown for a time, the wings become paler, and lose most of their sheen. - -The thick-set, roughish caterpillar is reddish brown, dotted with pale -ochreous; there is a slender white line along the middle of the back, and -black oblique streaks on the sides; a blackish wavy line along the area of -the spiracles is bordered below with yellowish. It feeds on wood spurge -(_Euphorbia amygdaloides_) and also, I have reason to believe, on petty -spurge (_E. peplus_), a rather common weed in some gardens, from July to -September. In forward seasons the moth, which flies in the sunshine, has -been noted in late April, but May and June are the best months for it. In -the New Forest, and elsewhere, it has occurred in August. On one occasion I -remember that, in a garden at Brockenhurst, several specimens were taken in -the autumn, and it was supposed that they resulted from eggs laid by a -damaged female that had been captured in the woods and turned out into said -garden. It has been taken at gas lamps, at Dorking among other places. - -The species has been recorded from Pembrokeshire, Glamorganshire, and -Monmouth, in South Wales; and it appears to be found in most of the -counties of England southwards from Worcester, Hereford, Gloucester, -Oxford, and Bucks. Except that it has been doubtfully recorded from -Stowmarket, Suffolk, it does not seem to be found in the eastern counties; -and I cannot find that it has been noted from Devon or Cornwall. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -CHIMNEY-SWEEPER (_Odezia atrata_). - -This white-tipped but otherwise plain black moth (Plate 55, Figs. 4 [male], -5 [female]) is very constant, and except that specimens after having been -on the wing for a day or two become sooty brown, there is nothing much to -note. It is the fringe at the tip of the {148} fore wings rather than the -tip itself that is white, and this sometimes extends for a short distance -along the fringe of the outer margin. Haworth's English name for this -insect (his _chaerophyllata_) was "The Looping Chimney Sweeper" in -reference to its caterpillar, and to distinguish it from his "Chimney -Sweeper," "Chimney Sweeper's Boy," and other oddities in the vernacular -among the Psychids. - -The caterpillar, which feeds in the spring on flowers of the earth-nut -(_Conopodium denudatum_, or _Bunium flexuosum_), is green, and paler on the -sides than on the back; there are three darker green lines along the back, -the central one merging into reddish on the last ring, and the others -narrowly edged on each side with white; a whitish stripe runs below the red -spiracles. - -The moth is a sun lover, and flits about flowers growing among or near its -food plant, in June and July. - -The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, Ireland, and -Scotland, but it does not appear to have been noted north of Moray in the -last-named country. It is always very local, frequents moist fields, -borders of woods, and even waysides. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE GREY CARPET (_Lithostege griseata_). - -The more or less greyish moth, shown on Plate 55, Fig. 3, varies in tint, -some specimens being decidedly more grey than others. At the apex of the -fore wings is a short blackish dash, and from this a curved dusky line may -be traced to the inner margin. The female has the wings rather shorter than -those of the male. - -The slender, dark-lined, greenish caterpillar feeds on the seed pods of -flixweed (_Sisymbrium_), and treacle mustard (_Erysimum_), in July and -August. When reared in captivity it will thrive on other kinds of -Cruciferae. {149} - -The moth is out in June, sometimes late May; it is exceedingly local in -Britain, and only occurs in the Breck district, where it was first met with -about fifty years ago. Tuddenham, in Suffolk, is a noted locality, as also -is Thetford, in Norfolk. - -THE TREBLE-BAR (_Anaitis plagiata_). - -This is a greyish white species, of which specimens of both generations are -shown on Plate 55, Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female] (1st generation), Fig. 8 -[male] (2nd generation). The chief variation is in the cross central bars -of the fore wings, which are sometimes much widened, and occasionally -joined from the middle to the inner margin; or the space between these two -bars is more or less filled up with dark grey. On the other hand, the bars -are sometimes very faint, but such aberrations are perhaps most frequent in -the second generation, which consists of smaller specimens. - -The long caterpillar is brown, inclining to reddish or to greenish, with -several darker and paler lines on the back and a yellowish line low down -along the sides. It feeds on St. John's wort (_Hypericum_) in June and -July; the caterpillars, hatching in the autumn, are not mature until the -following April. - -Usually there are two generations of the moth, the first appearing in May -and June, and the second in August and September. The species is pretty -generally distributed over the British Isles, extending to the Hebrides and -the Orkneys; and will probably be found in all localities where its food -plant occurs freely. It affects cliffs and sandhills by the sea, rough -places on chalk slopes, and sometimes the moths fly up in numbers as we -walk over the herbage in such spots. - -The range abroad extends to Western India and Japan. {150} - -MANCHESTER TREBLE-BAR (_Carsia paludata_). - -In general character this species somewhat resembles that last considered. -It is, however, much smaller, and there are reddish clouds on the outer -marginal area. - -This reddish shading is more or less absent in the type, which is otherwise -less variegated than var. _imbutata_, the form to which our British -specimens are almost entirely referable. (Plate 55, Figs. 9 and 10.) - -The caterpillar is of somewhat stoutish build, and reddish brown in colour; -three darker lines along the back, and yellow stripe low down along the -sides, the latter edged above with black on the front three rings, and -blotched with pinkish on the middle rings; the head is rather paler than -the body, and the dots on the latter are yellow. It feeds on cowberry -(_Vaccinium vitis-idaea_) and cranberry (_V. oxycoccos_), and seems to have -a preference for the flowers of these plants: April to June. - -The moth is out in July and August among the _Vaccinium_ in its swampy -haunts on the heaths and moors of the north of England, and Scotland, even -to the Shetlands. McArthur took a specimen in the Isle of Lewis in 1901. It -also occurs in Ireland. In England it does not seem to have been noted -south of Staffordshire. - -The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. - -THE STREAK (_Chesias spartiata_). - -The most striking features of this shining brownish coloured species are -the oval-shaped marks on the disk of the fore wings, and the long whitish -streak running to the tips of the wings. (Plate 57, Figs. 3 [male], 4 -[female].) - -The long caterpillar (Plate 56, Fig. 2) is deep green, with a darker line -along the middle of the back, and whitish lines along the sides and the -under surface; the spiracles are reddish, encircled with black, and the -head is flecked with brown. It feeds in the spring on broom (_Cytisus -scoparius_). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 56. - 1, 1a. BROOM-TIP: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 2, 2a. STREAK: _egg (enlarged) and caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 57. - 1, 2. THE BROOM-TIP. - 3, 4. THE STREAK. - 5, 6. BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED. - 7, 8. EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED. - 9, 10. THE SERAPHIM. - -{151} The moth is out in September and October, and secretes itself during -the day, but may be found at night flying about the broom bushes for a -short time, and later on it sits upon the twigs. It occurs in almost every -part of the British Isles where the food plant of the caterpillar is well -established. - -BROOM-TIP (_Chesias rufata_). - -A noticeable character in this glossy, greyish moth (Plate 57, Figs. 1 -[male], 2 [female]) is the black mark on the upper part of the second cross -line of the fore wings (which probably suggested the English name "Chevron" -given to the species by Donovan); following the mark is a reddish or -ochreous flush, extending to the tips of the wings. - -The long, green caterpillar inclines to bluish above, and to paler green -beneath; a darker line along the middle of the back, then a slender whitish -line edged with darker green, and between this and the white spiracular -line there is another slender whitish line. It feeds, in August and -September, on broom; when full grown it enters the earth, and there turns -to a reddish brown chrysalis, the wing cases of which are greenish. I am -indebted to Mr. A. J. Scollick for the caterpillar and chrysalis figured on -Plate 56, Figs. 1, 1a. - -The moth emerges the following year, from May to July, but its time of -appearance is uncertain, and it may come up in early spring or not until -early autumn. Sometimes it will remain in the chrysalis for two winters. - -In England the species occurs in the counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, -Berks, Hants, Devon, Somerset, Hereford, Worcester, Stafford, Leicester, -Cheshire (rare in the last five), Cumberland and Yorkshire (recorded once -from each county), {152} Norfolk, Suffolk; also Glamorgan, and other parts -of South Wales. In Scotland it is found in the south, but is more frequent -from Perthshire to Moray. Probably occurs in other British localities where -there is plenty of broom. - -THE BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _polycommata_). - -The general colour of the species represented on Plate 57, Figs. 5 [male], -6 [female], is greyish, inclining to ochreous or to whitish; but -occasionally it is clouded with dark greyish on the basal area, and there -is a broad band of the same colour on the outer marginal area; in such -specimens the central band becomes less conspicuous. - -The caterpillar (Plate 59, Fig. 2) feeds in May and June, on privet, at -first on the leaf buds, and afterwards on the expanded leaves. It will also -eat ash and honeysuckle. In colour it is rather deep green, with three fine -lines along the back, the central one darker than the ground colour, and -the others whitish and irregular; a whitish stripe low down along the -sides; two points on the last ring of the body. The chrysalis (Plate 59, -Fig. 2a), which is enclosed in an oval earthen cocoon, is dark yellowish -brown, inclining to blackish on the wing cases. - -The moth may be found at night, in March and April, sitting on the privet -hedge, and may then be easily boxed, as it seems very disinclined to fly at -that time, but earlier in the evening it flits along the hedgerows, and is -equally easy to net. When resting, however, one is able to select just the -finest specimens. - -The species appears to be very local in Britain, but it occurs in the -Brighton, Lewes, and Emsworth districts of Sussex; Hants, Wilts -(Salisbury), Somerset, Devon (Sidmouth), Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, -Worcestershire (Malvern), {153} North Lancashire, Cumberland, Northampton, -Berks, Essex, and Kent. In Scotland it has been reported from Clydesdale -and Arran, but has not been noted from Ireland. - -THE EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _carpinata_). - -The whitish fore wings of this species are tinged with grey or greenish -grey, the cross lines and bands vary in intensity, and, as a rule, are more -distinct and complete in the female than in the male. A form of not -infrequent occurrence in Scotland (ab. _fasciata_, Prout) has blackish -bands, which show up in strong contrast with the general whitish colour of -the wings. The ordinary form is represented on Plate 57, Fig. 7 [male], and -Fig. 8 on the same plate shows the named variety referred to. - -The caterpillar is green, with rather darker lines along the back, and a -yellow stripe low down along the sides; the two points on the last ring are -also yellow. It feeds, in June and July, on honeysuckle, sallow, birch, and -alder. The moth is out in April and May, and seems to be more or less -common in woodlands throughout the greater part of the British Isles. In -Scotland it appears to be most plentiful from Perthshire northwards to -Sutherlandshire, but it has not been reported from the Orkneys, Shetlands, -or Hebrides. (Early stages are shown on Plate 59, Figs. 3-3b.) - -The boles of trees are favourite resting places, and upon them, and also -upon gate-posts, etc., the moth is often met with in the daytime. - -Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia. - -YELLOW-BARRED BRINDLE (_Lobophora_ (_Trichopteryx_) _viretata_). - -The general colour of the fore wings is olive green, varying from pale to -dark, the wavy cross lines are blackish, dotted {154} with black, and -sometimes there are whitish lines between them; those on the central area -are often united by a blackish cloud, and so form a band, and not -infrequently the basal area is also blackish marked. (Plate 58, Figs. 3 and -4.) The ground colour is very apt to fade if the insect is exposed to -moisture of any kind, as, for instance, when pinned in a damp collecting -box, but I have one bred specimen of a reddish ochreous colour, and I am -assured that it was of this tint when it emerged from the chrysalis. An old -English name was "The Brindle-barred Yellow." - -The thick-set caterpillar is green, more or less tinged with pinkish; three -interrupted pink lines on the back, the central one sometimes inclining to -purple, and broken up into spots; the head is brown, sometimes marked with -purplish, and there are two tiny points on the last ring of the body. It -varies in the green tint and also in marking. It feeds on flowers and -leaves of holly, ivy, dogwood, privet, etc., in June and July, and in some -sheltered southern localities again in September and October. - -The moth is out in May and early June, and where a second generation is -developed, in August and early September. It sits in the daytime on -tree-trunks, but more especially those with smooth bark; the stems of holly -are a favourite resting place, but at Box Hill I have occasionally seen a -specimen on the trunk of a beech tree. Barrett states that it also rests on -the trunks of fir trees, and that it is then very easily seen. Night is its -time of activity, and it is then attracted by light. - -The species seems to be widely distributed, but locally and not generally -common, throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; it has only been recorded -from Rosemount, Ayr, and one or two other localities in the south of -Scotland. - -The range abroad extends to Western India, Amurland, and Japan. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 58. - 1, 2. SMALL SERAPHIM. - 3, 4. YELLOW-BARRED BRINDLE. - 5-7. NORTHERN WINTER MOTH. - 8-10. THE WINTER MOTH. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 59. - 1. NORTHERN WINTER-MOTH: _eggs_. - 2, 2a. BARRED TOOTH-STRIPED: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 3, 3a, 3b. EARLY TOOTH-STRIPED: _eggs and caterpillar_. - -{155} - -THE SERAPHIM (_Lobophora halterata_). - -Fore wings whitish, with two greyish bands on the basal area; first and -second lines greyish, variable in width, and sometimes only represented by -marks on the front or inner margins; there is a black central dot, and the -outer area beyond the submarginal line is clouded with dark grey, -especially on the upper half. Sometimes the wings are so thickly stippled -with the darker colour that they appear to be greyish, with interrupted and -indistinct whitish cross lines. A rather frequent form has the fore wings -tinged with ochreous, and of this tint is ab. _zonata_, Thnbg., which has -the basal bands and outer marginal border blackish, the central area being -without cross lines. (Plate 57, Figs. 9 [male] and 10 [female].) - -The caterpillar is green, darker below and between the rings; the most -distinct markings are two yellow lines along the back; head, notched; body -wrinkled, and with two points on the last ring. It feeds on aspen, and -other kinds of poplar, in June and July. - -The moth appears in May, and continues out well into June, especially in -its northern localities. It rests on the trunks of poplar trees, or on the -stems of bushes around, and is sometimes easily alarmed, and flies off on -the collector's approach, whilst at other times it sits quietly, and may be -easily boxed. At dusk it may be seen flying around the poplars. - -Widely distributed in the southern half of England, and only found where -poplars, chiefly aspens, are well established. From Worcester its range -extends northwards to Staffordshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, and -Cheshire; and it has been recorded from Yorkshire and Cumberland; also from -Glamorganshire, South Wales. In Scotland it seems not to have been noted in -the south, but is found more or less frequently from Perthshire to -Sutherlandshire. Rare in Ireland. - -Abroad, its range extends to Amurland and Japan. {156} - -THE SMALL SERAPHIM (_Lobophora_ (_Mysticoptera_) _sexalisata_). - -This is a much smaller species than the last. The fore wings are whitish, -with brownish-grey, or blackish-grey, cross lines and bands; the central -most distinct towards the front margin, where it encloses a black dot; hind -wings greyish, with black central dot. (Plate 58, Figs. 1 and 2.) - -The green, much wrinkled caterpillar has three whitish lines or stripes -along the back, and in some examples there is a white line low down along -the sides; the head, which inclines to yellowish, is notched, and there are -two pinkish points on the last ring of the body. It feeds on sallow in -August and September. - -The moth is to be found in May and June, and, in some years, again in July -and August. It inhabits woods and hedgerows where sallow is plentiful, but, -perhaps, is obtained more freely in fens. Occasionally it may be beaten -from the hedges, but it is active on the wing just before the close of day, -and then disports itself over and about the sallow bushes. It occurs in -suitable localities in most of the eastern and southern counties of -England, and has been reported from some of the northern ones, and from -Glamorganshire, in South Wales. Kane states that it has been found in the -north, south, east, and west of Ireland, but is always local and scarce. - -NOTE.--Prout considers this species to be the _sexalata_ of Retzius (1783). - -WINTER MOTH (_Cheimatobia brumata_). - -In orchards and gardens wherein are fruit trees one may have noticed that -the trunks of the trees have broad bands around them. If these bands are -examined, they will be seen {157} to be covered with a sticky compound, -which has been put there for the purpose of trapping the almost wingless -females of the Winter Moth, as they crawl up the tree after emergence from -the chrysalis. In spite of such devices, and other precautionary measures -taken to safeguard the trees from attack, the foliage of apple, pear, etc., -will not be quite free from the caterpillars of this species in their -season. - -The male has greyish brown fore wings, which are crossed by rather darker -lines, and a dark, more or less distinct, central band (ab. _hyemata_, -Huene). The ground colour is very much darker in some specimens than in -others, and examples of a sooty brown colour are not infrequent; Barrett -mentions an almost buff-coloured specimen. In the female, the tiny affairs -representing wings are brownish, with indications of a darker band towards -the outer margin of the front pair. - -A small, purplish brown form, reared in January, 1882, from caterpillars -found in Cumberland, feeding on sweet gale (_Myrica gale_), was described -as a new species under the name _myricaria_, Cooke (_Entom._, xv. 57). This -has been referred by Staudinger to _C. boreata_, as a form of that species, -but it is probably an aberration of _C. brumata._ - -The caterpillar is green, with a stripe of darker green along the back; on -each side of this are two white lines, and along the black spiracles is a -pale yellowish line; head, green, sometimes marked with blackish. It feeds -on the foliage of trees and bushes, and sometimes abounds in April and May. - -The moth appears during the winter months, and has been noted as early as -October and as late as February. (Plate 58, Figs. 8-10.) - -Generally distributed throughout the British Isles. - -NORTHERN WINTER MOTH (_Cheimatobia boreata_). - -This species is generally larger than the last-mentioned. The fore wings -are marked somewhat as in that species, {158} but they are paler in colour -and more glossy; hind wings whitish and glossy. In the female, the wings -are useless for flying, but still they are larger than those of _brumata_. -The front pair have a blackish band. (Plate 58, Figs. 6 and 7 [male], 5 -[female]; ova. Plate 59, Fig. 1.) - -The caterpillar is greenish, with a greyish stripe along the back, another -edged above with yellow along the black spiracles, and a greyish line -between the stripes; the head is black. It feeds, in May and June, on -birch, and the moth does not appear until October or November. - -At one time considered to be a purely northern species: the earliest known -British specimens, four in number, having been captured at Petty Pool, -Delamere, Cheshire, on October 31, 1848. It is now known, however, to have -a wide distribution in the south of England. Northwards, its range extends -throughout England and Scotland up to Moray. It is found in South Wales; -also in Galway, Monaghan, and Connemara, in Ireland. - -THE TISSUE (_Triphosa dubitata_). - -The fore wings of this glossy species (Plate 60, Figs. 1, 2) are pale -brown, tinged more or less strongly with rosy or purplish; there are -numerous darker and paler cross lines, the most distinct and constant being -the blackish basal, and the two forming the edges of the central band; the -latter are marked with black; the submarginal line is whitish, wavy, and -sometimes broken up into dots. The species varies considerably in tint, -some specimens inclining to pale greyish brown, others to smoky brown. Hind -wings, whitish grey, with several darker grey cross lines; in dark -specimens these wings are smoky grey. Ab. _cinereata_, Stephens, is a small -pale greyish form, almost without rosy tinge and with fewer cross lines. - -The caterpillar (Plate 62, Fig. 1) is yellowish green with {159} darker -green stripes and lines. In another form there are four pale yellowish -lines along the back and a yellow stripe low down along the sides. It feeds -on buckthorn (_Rhamnus_), the leaves of which it fastens together with -silk, and so forms a retreat. It will also eat sloe and bird-cherry -(_Prunus padus_). - -The moth is out in August and through the autumn, when it sometimes visits -the flowers of ivy, ragwort, etc.; after hibernation it is again seen, -perhaps even more frequently, in April and May, and is then occasionally -found at sallow catkins. The species seems to have been noted from nearly -all the English counties, but becomes rare from Yorkshire northwards. In -Wales, and in Ireland, it is apparently widely distributed, but in Scotland -it seems confined to southern localities, and is only rarely met with. - -Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland, China, and Japan. - -THE SCARCE TISSUE (_Eucosmia_ (_Calocalpe_) _certata_). - -This species is very similar to the last, but the wings are not glossy, -only reddish on the outer margin, and the black marked lines edging the -central band of the fore wings are less irregular, the inner ones usually -being much straighter. On the under side of the hind wings of the male is a -fold enclosing hairs; this is on the inner margin, just above the anal -angle. (Plate 60, Fig. 3 [female].) - -The thickset caterpillar (Plate 62, Fig. 3, after Hofmann) is greyish -inclining to greenish; four white lines along the back, the central pair -enclosing a dark line, the others are bordered below with dark greyish; the -black spiracles are set in yellowish blotches, and the plates on first and -last rings are brown; head, reddish-brown, glossy (adapted from Fenn). It -feeds on the barberry (_Berberis vulgaris_) and the holly-leaved barberry -(_B. aquifolium_) grown in gardens, in June and July. The moth {160} is out -in May and June, but in favourable seasons has appeared in late April. When -on the wing at night it is freely attracted by light, but otherwise not -often noticed. The species has occurred in many of the English counties -from Devon to Durham, but it seems to be only common in the eastern -counties, and most frequent perhaps in Suffolk. It has been recorded from -South Wales, but is seemingly absent from Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -THE SCALLOP SHELL (_Eucosmia undulata_). - -Wings pale greyish, sometimes ochreous tinted, and crossed by numerous -dark-grey wavy lines inclining to blackish on the front margin of the fore -wings; the waves of the central pair of lines on the fore wings often meet -and so form a series of rings; sometimes the space between the eighth and -twelfth lines is of a dusky hue, and occasionally it is distinctly darker -and band-like; the outer margin of all the wings is brownish and traversed -by a wavy white line. The male has tufts of blackish hair in a fold on the -inner margin of the hind wing, this is noticeable on the upper side, but is -best seen from the under side. (Plate 60, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female].) - -The somewhat dumpy caterpillar is reddish-brown with four yellowish lines -along the back; a greyish stripe along the sides, and a creamy stripe along -the black spiracles; head, pale brown and glossy. It feeds on sallow, -aspen, and bilberry, and may be found from August throughout the autumn in -spun-together leaves at the tips of the shoots. (Plate 62, Fig. 2.) - -The moth is out in June and July, and occurs in woods where there is a good -growth of bilberry, or in marshy spots where sallow bushes abound. - -In England the species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern -counties; its range extends through the Midlands to Cheshire, Lancs., and -Westmorland, rarely in Lincoln and Yorks., and once recorded in Durham; it -occurs in Wales and in Scotland, but only in the more southern part of each -country. It is not plentiful in Ireland, but widely distributed. The range -abroad includes Amurland. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 60. - 1, 2. THE TISSUE. - 3. SCARCE TISSUE. - 4, 5. THE SCALLOP SHELL. - 6. THE BROWN SCALLOP. - 7, 8. THE DARK UMBER. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 61. - 1. NETTED CARPET. - 2. SPECKLED YELLOW, VAR. - 3. DOTTED BORDER WAVE (AB. _CIRCELLATA_). - 4. GARDEN CARPET (AB. _COSTOVATA_). - 5, 6. YELLOW SHELL, ABERRANT FORMS. - 7. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE (AB. _NIGROFULVATA_). - 8, 9. BROKEN-BARRED CARPET, SCOTTISH FORM. - -{161} - -THE BROWN SCALLOP (_Scotosia vetulata_). - -The male is always smaller than the female, and is noticeable for its long -body with tuft of hairs at the extremity. The wings in both sexes are dingy -brown, or greyish brown, and the usual lines on fore wings are blackish, -the space between first and second often dusky. (Plate 60, Fig. 6.) - -The caterpillar is short and stout, and in form very like that of the -winter moth; the back and a central dorsal stripe are black, the latter -bordered with white, the sides are yellow; the spiracular line is black, -broken, and unconnected; the spiracles are black; the head is black, and -the edge of the first ring of the body is yellow. (Crewe.) It feeds, in May -and June, on purging buckthorn (_Rhamnus catharticus_), and is to be found -between two or more leaves, which it spins together as a hiding place. - -In June and July the moth may sometimes be obtained by beating bushes of -buckthorn, or the herbage below and around; this plan works best when -operated just before dusk. As a British insect it is only found in England, -and is most frequent in the southern and eastern counties, but widely -distributed in the west to Worcester, and has been found in Lancashire, -Westmorland, and Yorks. In the last-named county, caterpillars were -obtained freely at Askham Bogs in 1900. - -When Stephens wrote of this insect in 1831 he noted its occurrence "in a -lane near Fulham." Even so recently as 1906 I obtained specimens on the -Putney side of Wimbledon Common. - -The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia. {162} - -THE DARK UMBER (_Scotosia rhamnata_). - -The blackish oblique band on the fore wings of this ochreous brown species -(Plate 60, Fig. 7 [male], 8 [female]) is sometimes indicated only by the -blackish lines, the space between them being hardly darker than the general -colour. Sometimes all the wings are suffused with blackish brown, and in -such specimens the only distinct marking is the whitish submarginal line. - -The caterpillar is green, with three lines along the back, the central one -dark green, and the others yellow; the hind wings are marked with purple, -and a stripe of the same colour runs along under the spiracles. In another -form the general colour is greyish with a reddish-brown stripe along the -back, and series of spots of the same colour along the sides. It may be -found in May and June, concealed between leaves that it has fastened -together to form a retreat. - -The moth flies in late June and in July, and may be disturbed in the -daytime from buckthorn bushes. It is widely distributed, and often common -in the South of England, but is rare in the north; and has also been -recorded from South Wales. - -NOTE.--This species has been referred to _transversata_, Hufnagel, and as -this is an earlier name it may have to be adopted. According to Prout, both -this and the preceding species should be placed in the genus _Philereme_, -Hubner. - -SMALL PHOENIX (_Eustroma silaceata_). - -In its typical form (Plate 63, Fig. 3) the blackish band of the fore wings -is entire, but in ab. _insulata_, Haworth (Fig. 4), this band is -interrupted by two whitish lines along the median veins, and so divided -into three or four portions, the smaller section placed between the lines; -occasionally, the dividing lines assume stripe-like proportions, and the -main portions are consequently smaller in size and further from each other, -but one "island" still remains. In another form, the lower outer corner is -distinctly separate from the costal portion; thus the band is broken into -four parts. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 62. - 1. THE TISSUE: _caterpillar_. - 2. SCALLOP SHELL: _caterpillar_. - 3. SCARCE TISSUE: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 63. - 1, 2. THE PHOENIX. - 3, 4. SMALL PHOENIX. - 5-7. THE CHEVRON. - 8-10. NORTHERN SPINACH. - -{163} The long caterpillar is green, with a reddish-brown stripe along the -back; this is broken up into spots, except on the first three rings; there -are some reddish-brown spots on the sides. It feeds on various kinds of -willow herb (_Epilobium_), and enchanter's nightshade (_Circaea lutetiana_) -in July, and sometimes in August and September. - -The moth should be looked for in beech and other woods amongst the food -plants, from which, and the surrounding herbage, it is readily evicted. It -flies at twilight, and later on, when it has been known to visit the sugar -patch; it is also attracted by light. It is out in May and June, and -specimens of a second generation sometimes occur in the South. The species -occurs locally throughout England, probably Wales, and in Scotland up to -Ross. In Ireland, it is widely distributed and locally common in the North, -but apparently not noted in the South. - -NETTED CARPET (_Lygris reticulata_). - -The white veins and white lines passing through the blackish blotches at -the base and on the front margin of the fore wings, give these wings a -curious netted appearance; the hind wings are smoky grey, with two white -lines which appear to be continuations of the white second line and -sub-marginal of the fore wings. (Plate 61, Fig. 1.) - -The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish, and more or less tinged -with pinkish, especially on the sides; three lines on the back, the central -one reddish, the others whitish; a central line along the pinkish -spiracles. It feeds at night on yellow balsam (_Impatiens -noli-me-tangere_), preferring the flowers, {164} seeds, and young foliage, -and rests by day on the undersides of the leaves: September and October. -(Plate 64, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) - -The moth is out in July and August, and, of course, will only be found in -localities where the balsam flourishes; these are very limited, and in -Britain are confined to Westmorland and the northern border of Lancashire, -and North Wales. The species was first introduced as British in 1861, when -the late Henry Doubleday recorded the capture of three specimens in August, -1856, on the border of one of the lakes in Westmorland, by his friend the -late Thomas H. Allis. It seems that other specimens had been taken at the -same time, but these passed into collections as the "second brood of -_silacearia_." The caterpillar is said to have been found in North Wales, -but has been more frequently obtained in the English Lake District. - -The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea, and Japan; -but in the three last-named countries it is chiefly represented by var. -_aerosa_, Butt., a large form. - -THE PHOENIX (_Lygris prunata_). - -The English name here retained was given to this species (Plate 63, Figs. 1 -[male], 2 [female]) by Harris, in 1775, but in 1782 he changed it to -"Clouded Carpet." - -In ground colour the fore wings are pale brown, more or less clouded with -darker brown, or with reddish-brown; the basal patch, central band, and -blotch on outer margin below the tip of the wing, are all chocolate brown -clouded with blackish and edged with white. Hind wings, whitish, suffused -with smoky grey, except on front area; three dusky whitish-edged wavy -lines, inclining to blackish on the inner margin. The egg (Plate 67, Fig. -3) is yellowish when laid, and then changes to purplish with a whitish -bloom. - -The caterpillar is green, varying to brownish; along the {165} middle of -the back is a series of purplish-edged, brown-centred, whitish, triangular -markings; the third ring is swollen, and has a black collar. It feeds at -night on the foliage of red and black currant, also on gooseberry, and may -be found in April and May, earlier or later according to season, sitting by -day upon the bushes. - -The moth flies in July and August, and occurs in gardens, but is said to be -partial to sloe bushes and hedges. It is always more or less local, -although it is distributed over the greater part of the British Isles. - -This species occurs in the Northern United States of America. - -THE CHEVRON (_Lygris testata_). - -The fore wings of this rather variable species (Plate 63, Figs. 5-7) are -yellowish or reddish grey, with a darker basal patch and central band; a -reddish blotch below the tip of the wing is edged with white, and the -central band is also outwardly edged with white. Hind wings, whitish, with -two lines, and dusky hind marginal border, the latter sometimes inclining -to reddish. Occasionally, the fore wings are entirely pale ochreous, and -the basal patch and the central band only very slightly darker, but the -limiting lines are reddish, and the patch under the tip of the wing is -bright orange red. Var. _insulicola_, Staud., from the isles of Scotland, -has the fore wings rather narrower, and suffused with purplish brown or -deep violet grey; the hind wings are smoky grey. The female is usually -smaller than the male, and often more yellow in colour. - -Eggs, whitish brown, mottled with darker. The early stages are shown on -Plate 67, Figs. 2-2b. - -The long caterpillar is pale yellowish brown, with three lines along the -back, the central one dark brown, and most distinct at each end; the others -are white, irregularly shaded above {166} with reddish; another white line -along the region of the spiracles. It feeds, in May or June (earlier or -later in some seasons), on sallow and birch. The moth is out in July and -August, and frequents heaths and bogs more especially, but is also found in -or around woods, and I have captured male specimens as they flew along -hedgerows bordering fields, at dusk, in Middlesex. The female is rarely -seen on the wing. - -The species, which ranges through Central and Northern Europe to the Ural -and Altai, is generally distributed throughout the British Isles; it is -found also in the Atlantic States of America. - -NORTHERN SPINACH (_Lygris populata_). - -The fore wings are yellow, with a reddish or purplish-brown basal patch, -central band, and small patch on outer margin below tip of the wing, the -central band more or less clouded or mottled with yellow. Hind wings, -whitish, tinged with yellow. The female is usually smaller, the colour -generally paler, and the markings frequently only represented by cross -lines. Specimens from the Isle of Arran have the ground colour of fore -wings more or less dappled with brown of the same tint as that of the -central band and other markings; the hind wings are tinged with a smoky -hue. In other parts of Scotland the brown colour becomes more and more -general, until the fore wings are uniformly brown, and the hind wings -dusky. On the mountains in the north nearly black specimens occur, and -these seem to be referable to ab. _musauaria_, Freyer. (Plate 63, Figs. -8-10.) - -The long caterpillar is variable in general colour, brown, mottled with -greyish, pale grey, reddish brown, or yellowish green; all have darker or -whitish lines along the back, and whitish or pinkish triangles or X-marks. -It feeds, in May and June (earlier in some localities, and later in -others), on bilberry, crowberry, and sallow; it may also be reared on -willow. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 64. - 1. DARK UMBER: _caterpillar_. - 2. NETTED CARPET: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 65. - 1, 2. THE SPINACH. - 3-5. BARRED STRAW. - 6, 7. BARRED YELLOW. - 8-10. BROKEN-BARRED CARPET. - -{167} - -The moth is out in July and August, and may be found on the leaves and -among the sprays of _Vaccinium myrtillus_ growing in woodlands (especially -the more ancient), bogs, and moorlands. - -The species is widely spread, and generally abundant in suitable districts, -over the greater part of the British Isles; but it seems to be more or less -casual in England south of the Midlands, although its range runs through -Gloucestershire and Somerset into Devon. In the last-named county it -sometimes swarms at Martinhoe, on the edge of Exmoor. - -The distribution abroad includes Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Labrador, and -North America. - -THE SPINACH (_Lygris associata_). - -The fore wings are pale ochreous, more or less clouded with darker; three -brownish cross lines. Hind wings, paler, with indication of cross lines on -the inner margin. Fringes of all the wings chequered with brown, most -distinct on the fore wings. (Plate 65, Figs. 1, 2.) - -The long caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish; three lines along -the back, the central one dark green and the others whitish; there is also -a whitish line low down along the sides. It feeds at night, in May and -June, on currant (_Ribes rubrum_ and _R. nigrum_), and may be found on the -underside of a leaf in the daytime. (Figured on Plate 67, Fig. 1, from a -coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) - -During July and August the moth flies in the evening, and after dark it -often comes to any bright illumination. It is essentially a garden insect, -and where currant bushes are there also spinach is often grown; hence it -was probably connected with the vegetable rather than the fruit when -Haworth named it _spinachiata_. The species seems to be found more or less -frequently in suitable spots through England. In Wales it has {168} been -recorded from Glamorganshire, and from Rhyl, Flintshire; in Scotland, -Renton states that it is common in Roxburgh gardens; and it is also noted -from Paisley. It has been doubtfully recorded from Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -BARRED STRAW (_Cidaria pyraliata_). - -In certain respects this species (Plate 65, Figs. 3-5) is not unlike that -last referred to. The fore wings are yellowish straw-colour, the cross -lines are brownish, but the central two are closer together, especially on -the inner margin, than they are in _associata_, and are straightly oblique -from the angle, or elbow, below the front margin; there is often a line of -brownish dots between the second line and the outer margin, and the fringes -are brown, not chequered. Occasionally there are darker clouds on the -second line, at the angle, and such clouds sometimes appear in the central -space. Not infrequently the markings are very faint. Staudinger and others -refer this species to _dotata_, L., but there seems to be some doubt in the -matter. - -The caterpillar feeds, in April and May, on the common cleavers or -goose-grass (_Galium aparine_) of our hedgerows, etc., but it also eats _G. -mollugo_ and other kinds of bedstraw. It is to be found low down on the -stems. - -The moth may be disturbed from the herbage along hedges and ditches in -lanes, and the borders of woods, but it seems most partial to the former. - -The species is generally distributed, and often plentiful, in the southern -half of England; but although widely spread in the northern half, it is -only common locally. It occurs in Wales, both North and South; is common in -Roxburghshire and Clydesdale, and is said to be found on the Aberdeenshire -coast and in West Ross. In Ireland it is widely distributed, {169} and -sometimes abundant; but more frequent on the coast than inland. - -The distribution abroad includes Eastern Siberia and Amurland. - -BARRED YELLOW (_Cidaria fulvata_). - -This very pretty, and most distinct, little species (Plate 65, Figs. 6, 7) -does not vary very greatly; there is certainly some modification in the -general colour, and in that of the markings, but in both it is only a -matter of tint. - -The caterpillar is somewhat wrinkled, and in colour is green, with three -greyish lines along the back, the central one double; the ring divisions -are yellow, and there is a yellow line low-down along the sides. It feeds -at night, in May and June, on the leaves of wild rose, and does not object -to the garden kinds. (Plate 69, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.) - -The moth is out in June and July. It hides by day under leaves in hedges, -and although not often induced to get on the wing at that time, the male -commences its evening flight at an early hour. It is generally a common -species in England and Wales; it occurs here and there through Scotland, up -to the Orkneys; and although somewhat local, it is common enough, where -found, in Ireland. - -BROKEN-BARRED CARPET (_Cidaria corylata_). - -The fore wings have an olive-brown basal patch and central band, both are -edged with white, wavy lines, and the band is contracted below the middle. -(Plate 65, Fig. 9), and often broken at this point (Fig. 10); the inner -marginal portion sometimes very small; the space between the basal patch -and central band is pale brown, and so also is the outer marginal area; but -there are dark clouds and white marks beyond the {170} white wavy -submarginal line. Variable in tint and in marking, the variety generally -known as _albocrenata_, Curtis (Plate 65, Fig. 8), is perhaps most frequent -in Perthshire and Sutherland. Two other examples of the Scottish form, -which Staudinger has named _effusaria_, are depicted on Plate 61, Figs. 8, -9. - -The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish; three stripes on the -back, the central one reddish brown and broad, but only distinct at each -end, the other paler green; spiracles, white, placed in a reddish-brown -stripe, which is sometimes broken up. It feeds on sloe, birch, oak, and the -foliage of other trees, and may be found from July to September, and even -later. - -The moth is out in May and June, and is to be beaten from hedges, or may be -found at rest on tree-trunks, palings, etc. - -Generally distributed, but not extending to the Scottish Isles. - -Abroad, the range spreads to Amurland and Japan. - -COMMON MARBLED CARPET (_Cidaria truncata_). - -Six examples of this very variable species are shown on Plate 66, and these -have been selected to illustrate the more important forms. There are a -number of modifications of each of the forms, and several of these have -been named. Fig. 1 of our plate represents the typical form, and this is -Haworth's _centumnotata_ (Common Marbled Carpet); Fig. 2 is ab. -_commanotata_ of Haworth (Yellow Marbled Carpet); Fig. 3 is ab. -_perfuscata_, Haworth (The Brown Marbled Carpet), and Fig. 4 is a -modification of the same form. A specimen from Arran is shown in Fig. 5; -this example agrees fairly well with that figured in Wood's _Index_ as -_concinnata_ from Arran. In his description of the form, Stephens does not -mention fulvous bands in his type. Fig. 6 shows a specimen from Stornoway, -Isle of Lewis, which appears to be a modification of the typical form of -_truncata_, but it has some of the character of _concinnata_. The latter, -it may be mentioned, is considered by Mr. L. B. Prout to be a distinct -species, and as the genitalia have been found, on examination by Mr. -Pierce, to differ from these organs in _truncata_ and _immanata_, there -seems to be reason to accept it as such. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 66. - 1-6. COMMON MARBLED CARPET. - 7-12. DARK MARBLED CARPET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 67. - 1. SPINACH: _caterpillar_. - 2, 2a, 2b. CHEVRON: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 3. PHOENIX: _eggs_. - -{171} The caterpillar is long, slender, and wrinkled, especially on the -sides; the ground colour is green, inclining to yellowish; three lines -along the back, the central one dark green, and the others yellowish; -sometimes a rosy stripe, or a series of dashes along the sides; the points -on the last ring are green, or rosy. It feeds, in the autumn and again in -the spring after hibernation, on sallow, birch, hawthorn, bilberry, wild -strawberry, etc. It will also eat rose, but as the specimens resulting from -caterpillars reared on rose are frequently small, such food is probably -unsuitable; garden strawberry, on the other hand, is an excellent pabulum. -A photograph of the caterpillar by Mr. H. Main is shown on Plate 69, Fig. -1. There is a second brood in late June and in July. The first generation -of the moth is out in May and June, and the second emerges in the autumn; -specimens, possibly of a third generation, have been seen in December in -favourable localities. - -The species, which frequents woods and hedgerows, and is pretty generally -common, is to be found almost everywhere throughout the British Isles. It -has not, however, been noted from Shetland. - -The distribution abroad extends to Amurland, China, and Japan. - -DARK MARBLED CARPET (_Cidaria immanata_). - -This is another exceedingly variable species (Plate 66), and here again six -examples have been chosen to illustrate something of the range of -aberration. Figs. 7 and 8 are of the {172} typical form, and Figs. 9 and 10 -show the form _marmorata_, Haworth (Marbled Carpet); while Figs. 11 and 12 -represent specimens from Shetland, and are referable to the island race -known as _pythonissata_, Milliere; neither of the specimens figured, -however, quite agrees with the type of this form, but Fig. 12 does so -fairly well. In some specimens the general colour of the fore wings is -tawny or rust-colour, or they are strongly suffused with that tint (ab. -_ferruginea_, Prout). I have such examples in my series of specimens from -Lewes and the Shetlands. Ab. _thingvallata_, Staud., from Iceland, has the -fore wings white, with black basal patch and central band, and I have seen -at least one example from Yorkshire that closely approached this variety. - -The caterpillar is not very unlike that of the last species, but it is -rounder in appearance, the general green colour is paler, and the points on -the last ring are blunt. It feeds from April to June on sallow, birch, -bilberry, and wild strawberry. (Plate 69, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) The moths -are out in July and August, and may be found resting on tree-trunks, rocks, -or stone walls; at night, when it is active on the wing, it is said to be -often seen in numbers on the flowers of the rush, and this habit has been -noted more particularly in Scotland. - -The species affects woods and moors, and appears to be found more or less -commonly throughout the British Isles. - -MARSH CARPET (_Cidaria sagittata_). - -The fore wings of this very distinct species are brown, with white-edged -black bands at base and across the central area, the latter with a strong -projection on its outer edge, almost reaching a white spot on the outer -margin; sub-marginal line whitish, often only traceable on the front edge. -The central band is always narrowed below the middle, sometimes divided, -{173} and occasionally this part of the band is finely cut off from both -upper and lower portions. (Plate 68, Figs. 7, 8.) - -The caterpillar is yellowish green, merging into pinkish on the sides; the -pink is edged below with black, and this is followed by a dark olive -stripe; rings 1-3 and 10-12 are wrinkled, whilst all the others are ridged -across the back and along the sides. It feeds, in August and September, on -the unripe seeds of meadow-rue (_Thalictrum flavum_), also on _T. minus_, -and, according to Barrett, on old withered leaves of columbine. - -The moth is out in July, occasionally at the end of June, and occurs -locally in "Fenland." - -Doubleday introduced it as British in the _Zoologist_ for 1848. He there -states, "A single example of this pretty species was obtained last season -near Peterborough, but I believe it was not in very good condition. A -splendid female was sent to me from the same neighbourhood this week (July -15, 1848)." - -In 1853 and 1854 the species was discovered in the fens of Huntingdonshire -and Cambridgeshire. Later it was found to inhabit the fens of Norfolk and -Suffolk. It is still obtained in the Cambridge fens from Bottisham to -Chatteris. Outside "Fenland" it has been recorded from Worcestershire -(Bewdley Forest) and Warwickshire (Rugby). - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -RED-GREEN CARPET (_Cidaria siterata_). - -The general colour of the fore wings of this species (Plate 68, Figs. 1-4) -is greyish green, with more or less of rosy suffusion; the basal patch and -central band are darker green, and the latter is outwardly edged with -whitish below the front margin, and towards the inner margin. The female -has rather more ample wings, and is generally of a darker hue, but in both -sexes the basal patch and central band are blackish; the hind {174} wings -are dark greyish brown, inclining to blackish in some females, and there is -a blackish central dot and two or three curved lines. - -The long caterpillar is yellowish green, with an interrupted red line along -the middle of the back; two green points on last ring are usually -pink-tipped. It feeds on oak, birch, ash, sloe, apple, etc., in July and -August. - -The moth occurs in woodlands, but is not easily disturbed in the daytime -from its lurking-place in bush or tree. In the autumn it may be found at -ivy-bloom, and in the spring, after hibernation, has been taken at sallow. - -The species appears to be widely distributed over England and Wales, -Scotland up to Moray, and Ireland. - -AUTUMN GREEN CARPET (_Cidaria miata_). - -Somewhat similar to the last, but the general colour of the fore wings is -paler, inclining to whitish, and the basal patch and central band are pale -green tinged with greyish; there is no rosy suffusion, but the wavy -sub-marginal line is distinctly white. The hind wings are greyish white, -with black discal dot, and dark-grey curved lines. (Plate 68, Figs. 5, 6.) - -The caterpillar is pale green, inclining to yellowish, especially between -the rings, and with a more or less distinct dark-green line along the -middle of the back; the points on the last ring are pinkish brown, and -there is a line of the same colour along the centre of the under surface of -the body. - -It feeds on alder, birch, oak, sallow, etc., and may be beaten out from -June to August. - -The moth is out in September and October, when it may be obtained at -ivy-bloom, and in the following spring, after hibernation, it visits sallow -catkins. - -The range in the British Isles agrees pretty closely with that of the last -species, but in Scotland it extends to the Hebrides and to the Orkneys. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 68. - 1-4. RED-GREEN CARPET. - 5, 6. AUTUMN GREEN CARPET. - 7, 8. MARSH CARPET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 69. - 1. COMMON MARBLED CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 2. DARK MARBLED CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 3. BARRED YELLOW: _caterpillar_. - -{175} - -NOTE.--According to Prout, _sagittata_ is not a _Cidaria_, as its larva is -of a very different form; and _siterata_ and _miata_ are referred to -_Chloroclysta_, Hubner. - -GREY PINE CARPET (_Thera variata_). - -In its typical form, the fore wings of this species are greyish, and from -this the colour ranges through various tints of greyish brown to smoky -brown or blackish; sometimes these wings are shades of ochreous brown. The -usual markings are a basal patch, more or less clearly defined, and a -central band, and these may be either brown or blackish; the band varies in -width, is not infrequently narrowed or contracted below the middle, -occasionally broken at this point, and more rarely only represented by a -small angular spot near the front margin. - -Four examples are shown on Plate 70, and of these 1 and 2 represent our -ordinary form _obeliscata_, Hubner (Shaded Broad Bar, of Newman). Fig. 6 is -a blackish banded specimen of the _obeliscata_ form, and Fig. 3 is the -almost entirely blackish form _obliterata_, White (_scotica_, Staud.), -which is not uncommon in the Paisley district, and other parts of Scotland, -and also occurs in a modified form in some pine-woods in the South of -England. - -The long caterpillar (Plate 71, Fig. 1), which feeds on the needles of -Scots pine in April and May, also in July, and sometimes in September, is -bright green, with three whitish lines along the back, the central one -broad, and a yellowish line low down along the sides; the green roundish -head is lined with white. - -The moth is generally common in pine-woods throughout the greater part of -the British Isles. The May-June flight is the most abundant, but there is -occasionally a good sprinkling of moths in the autumn. - -Abroad, the area of distribution includes Eastern Siberia, Corea, China, -and Japan. {176} - -CHESTNUT-COLOURED CARPET (_Thera cognata_). - -This is a generally smaller species than that last referred to, and it is -more glossy in appearance. The fore wings are brown, sometimes grey-brown, -more or less tinged with reddish, and the basal patch and central band are -darker; these markings are usually white-edged, and there is a wavy whitish -submarginal line. Hind wings whitish, tinged with smoky grey. Specimens -from the Hebrides are strongly purplish; and Kane states that some he -reared from Sligo caterpillars are more richly coloured than any that he -has seen from Scotland. (Plate 70, Figs. 9 [male] 12 [female].) - -The bright green caterpillar is stouter than that of the last species. It -is of a bluish hue along the back, and marked with three lines, the central -one greenish and the others whitish and broad; there are sometimes reddish -markings low down on the sides, just edging the broad white spiracular -line. It feeds in May and June, earlier or later in some seasons, on -juniper; it turns to a dark-green chrysalis in a frail cocoon spun up among -the litter under the juniper bushes. - -The moth is to be found in July and August among juniper growing in the -hilly and maritime haunts of the species in North England, Wales, Scotland, -and Ireland. - -This species, long known as _simulata_, Hubner, has been referred to -_cognata_, Thunberg, and as this is an earlier name it will have to be -used. - -PINE CARPET (_Thera firmata_). - -The pale reddish-grey fore wings have a rather darker central band and -round-edged basal patch, but the latter is often indistinct, and the band, -which is always deeply indented about the middle of its inner edge, is -sometimes not well defined. The hind wings are whitish, tinged more or less -with greyish or pale brownish, but always paler than in any form of _T. -variata_, with which it is often confused. (Plate 70, Figs. 10, 11.) - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 70. - 1, 2, 3, 6. GREY PINE CARPET. - 4, 5, 7, 8. JUNIPER CARPET. - 9, 12. CHESTNUT-COLOURED CARPET. - 10, 11. PINE CARPET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 71. - 1. GREY PINE CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 2. PINE CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 3. WELCH WAVE: _caterpillar_. - -{177} The caterpillar is bluish-green above, and green beneath; three lines -along the back, the central one a darker tone of the ground colour, the -others whitish; head reddish, marked with brown on each cheek. It feeds in -April and May (June in Scotland) on Scots pine; Barrett states that there -is a second brood in August. (Plate 71, Fig. 2.) - -The moth is out in September and October, and may be disturbed from the -pine boughs, or occasionally seen resting on the trunks, but it is more -frequently met with at night when it flies naturally, and has been known to -visit the sugar patch. Barrett, who considered this species to be double -brooded, gives June and July for the first flight of moths. Certain it is -that moths have been reared even as late as October from Spring -caterpillars. As adverted to, the pale reddish forms of _T. variata_ are -sometimes confused with _T. firmata_, but in addition to other differences -indicated above, it may be noted that in the male of the latter the -antennae are bipectinated except towards the tips. Most of the pine woods -throughout England seem to produce this delicate insect more or less -frequently; the same remark applies to Wales. In Scotland it is found up to -Aberdeen, and also in the Hebrides. The only localities mentioned by Kane -for Ireland are in counties Westmeath, Dublin, and Fermanagh. - -JUNIPER CARPET (_Thera juniperata_). - -On Plate 70, Figs. 4 and 5 represent the sexes of the typical form of this -species, the small and rather more strongly marked Scottish form is shown -by Figs. 7 and 8. In these small forms a noticeable character is the -brownish band on the fore wings, between the central band and the outer -margin; this band is {178} only indicated by a dusky greyish shade in the -larger form. Most of the examples of the small form from the Isle of Hoy -have also a dark central line on the hind wings. The central band of the -fore wings is often broken below the middle, in both forms. - -The caterpillar is yellowish green, inclining to a black tinge on the back, -along which are three lines, the central one dark green, and the others -yellow and rather broad; a whitish stripe low down along the sides is -sometimes marked with yellow and red, and there is a red thread above it; -head, pink tinged; two points on last ring of the body. It feeds in July -and August, on juniper. The moth is out in October and November, and may be -found plentifully flying at night about the juniper bushes. - -Berkshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex appear to be the only English counties -in which it is established, and it is probably most plentiful in the last -named. It has, however, been recorded from Suffolk, Lancashire, York, and -Durham; also from Carnarvonshire in North Wales. It is more widely spread -throughout Scotland, including the Orkneys and Shetlands, where the moths -fly in July. Only doubtfully reported from Ireland. - -WATER CARPET (_Lampropteryx suffumata_). - -The fore wings are whitish, more or less clouded with brownish, with dark -brown, inclining to blackish, basal patch and central band. The variation -tends in two opposite directions; in the one the general colour is so -clouded and suffused with blackish-brown, that the entire fore wings become -almost entirely of that colour (ab. _piceata_, Stephens), N. England and -Scotland; the other extreme is ab. _porrittii_, Robson, in which the -central band and basal patch are black, and the white ground colour is -almost free of brown clouding; the last named occurs at Dover {179} in -Kent, and Huddersfield, Yorks. On Plate 72, Fig. 1 shows the typical form, -Fig. 3 ab. _piceata_, and 2 ab. _porrittii_. The caterpillar varies from -greyish, with pinkish or greenish tinge, to ochreous brown; the upper -surface is rather darker than the under, and there is a series of dark -V-shaped marks and arrow-heads on the back of rings 4-8; there is a whitish -central stripe on 1-3, and a dark one on 9-12; head, brownish, marked with -black. It feeds on goose-grass (_Galium aparine_), and other kinds of -bedstraw, in May and early June. It seems to thrive best, however, on the -goose-grass. (Plate 74, Fig. 1, after Hofmann.) - -The moth may be found in weedy lanes and along hedgerows, pretty well -throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Moray, and Ireland. It cannot, -however, be said to occur in all suitable places, as although it may be -found in some plenty in one lane or hedgerow in a district, it may be quite -absent in similar spots just around. Wherever it is noted one year it may -be almost certainly obtained there in subsequent years. April and May are -the months in which it is usually seen, but it has been taken in June in -late seasons, and occasionally in July. - -LARGE TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _quadrifasciaria_). - -The ground colour of the fore wings of this species is most often of a pale -reddish brown, but sometimes it inclines to grey brown; the outwardly -angled central band is often black, but more frequently perhaps the middle -area is pretty much of the ground colour or greyish, with a black dot in -the upper portion, and limited by two black lines which approach, or join, -in the lower half. A dusky basal blotch is not always present, but it is -sometimes well in evidence, as also is a dusky shade before the whitish -submarginal line; frequently there are two blackish {180} or brownish dots -on the upper part of this line, and a third dot above them, but nearer the -outer margin. (Plate 72, Figs. 4, 5.) - -The caterpillar is pale yellowish brown, finely freckled with grey, and -with greyish V-shaped marks on the back; three greyish lines along the -back, the central one broken, and the others most distinct at each end. It -feeds on bedstraw (_Galium_) and other plants, such as primrose, groundsel, -etc., from August to April. The moth is out in June and July, and should be -looked for on tree-trunks growing around the borders of woods or in lanes -near by. It may also be beaten out of hedgerows in the vicinity of woods. - -A very local species and only found with us in the southern half of -England. Its chief haunts appear to be in the counties of Kent, Surrey, -Hants, Essex, Suffolk, Cambridge, and Norfolk (the Breck sand district); -thence its range extends through Hertford, Buckingham, and Berkshire to -Gloucester, where, however, it is scarce, as it is also in Lincoln. Abroad, -the range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Corea and Japan. - -RED CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _munitata_). - -The typical form (Plate 72, Fig. 6) has pale greyish fore wings, and these -are crossed by a black-edged purplish central band. In var. _hethlandica_, -Prout (Fig. 7), the ground colour is ochreous and the band is reddish; this -form is frequent in the Shetlands. - -The caterpillar is yellowish green, with greyish clouds around white dots, -tinged with pink between the rings; three lines along the back, the central -one grey inclining to blackish, broken on three of the hinder rings, and -edged with whitish; the others are double, wavy, brownish, a whitish stripe -bordered above with grey along the area of the spiracles; head, ochreous, -dotted with dark brown (adapted from Fenn). It feeds on lady's mantle -(_Alchemilla_), chickweed, groundsel, etc., from September to May. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 72. - 1-3. WATER CARPET. - 4, 5. LARGE TWIN-SPOT CARPET. - 6, 7. RED CARPET. - 8-12. RED TWIN-SPOT CARPET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 73. - 1. BEECH-GREEN CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 2. STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 3. MOTTLED GREY: _caterpillar_. - -{181} The moth is out in July and August, and in England is only found in -the mountain districts of Yorkshire and the more northern centres. It has -been reported from the high-lying district on the border of Cheshire, -between Macclesfield and Buxton (Day), and from Llantrissant, -Glamorganshire, S. Wales (Evan John). Generally distributed through -Scotland and the Isles. Widely spread, but local, and not always common, in -Ireland. - -Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland and North America. - -DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _unidentaria_). - -Portraits of three examples of this species will be found on Plate 75, -Figs. 1-3. The ground colour of the fore wings is whitish tinged with pale -ochreous or greyish; the central band is blackish with darker wavy lines -running through it near the edges, and not infrequently the middle area is -greyish, either on the upper half, or throughout from front to inner -margins; a narrow patch at the base of the wings is of the same colour as -the central band, and is followed by a reddish-brown streak; as a rule, -there is an irregular reddish-brown line, commencing in a cloud on the -front margin, and sometimes stripe-like, beyond the pale edging of the -central band; in ab. _coarctata_, Prout, the central band is much narrowed; -the two black dots on upper part of the outer margin, generally well in -evidence, are occasionally united, but sometimes they are very tiny. The -hind wings are whitish, more or less sprinkled with dusky scales, chiefly -on the basal two thirds, and crossed by dark-grey wavy lines. - -Sometimes the central band and the basal patch of the fore {182} wings are -dull reddish-brown, inclining to purplish. This form which has been -referred to _corculata_, Hufnagel, is pretty generally distributed abroad, -but is apparently only of local occurrence in the British Isles. - -The caterpillar is very similar to that of the next species, it feeds on -the same kinds of plants, and during the same months of the year. (Plate -74, Fig. 2.) The first generation of moths is on the wing in May and June, -and the second in August. - -The species is widely distributed in England and Wales, often plentiful in -some districts in the southern half of the former country, scarce and more -local northwards from Yorkshire. Widely spread in Roxburghshire and -Clydesdale in Scotland, but less frequent than _ferrugata_; this also seems -to be the case in Ireland. The range abroad extends to North America. - -NOTE.--It is to be regretted that the names by which this and the following -species have been known for many years may have to be changed. It has been -claimed that the reddish-banded form of _unidentaria_, Haworth, is -identical with _ferrugata_ as figured by Clerck, _Icones_, Plate XI. Fig. -14, and is also referable to _corculata_, Hufnagel, both earlier names. If -the red form referred to is adopted as the _ferrugata_ of Clerck, then that -name will supersede _unidentaria_, Haworth, and the species now known as -_ferrugata_, Clerck, will become _spadicearia_. Authorities, however, are -not agreed upon this point, so the question still remains open. - -RED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _ferrugata_). - -Five examples of this variable species are shown on Plate 72, Figs. 8-12. -The ground colour of the fore wings is usually greyish, more or less -ochreous tinted, but sometimes inclining to whitish; the basal patch and -the central band are reddish brown, the latter usually entire in southern -specimens, but {183} frequently broken up (ab. _spadicearia_, Borkhausen), -especially in northern examples. A bright, ochreous form, with the central -band much streaked, occurring in Scotland, has been referred to ab. -_salicaria_, Haworth. Occasionally the central band is dark purplish. The -hind wings are whitish, more or less suffused with smoky grey, and lined -with the same; the outer margin is bordered with smoky grey. - -The caterpillar is ochreous brown, mottled with greyish, and marked with -pale diamonds and black spots on the back of the middle rings; there are -wavy lines along the sides. It feeds in June and July, and also in -September and October, on various low plants: knotgrass, dandelion, -bedstraw, garden marigold, and ground ivy (_Nepeta_) being especially -useful in captivity. The moth is usually double-brooded, at least in the -southern half of England, the first flight occurring in May and June, and -the second in July and August. - -The species is generally distributed, and often common, over the greater -part of England and Wales, but somewhat local north of the Midlands and -through Scotland to Aberdeen; widely spread in Ireland. - -FLAME CARPET (_Coremia_ (_Ochyria_) _designata_). - -The ground colour of this rather common woodland species (Plate 75, Figs. -4-6) is pale grey, varying to whitish, or sometimes faintly brownish -tinged. The purple band on the fore wings is always broadly edged in front -with black, but the black outer edging is irregular, and sometimes only -distinct towards the front margin of the wings; it varies in width, and in -tint, being, in some specimens, faint purplish grey. - -The caterpillar is ochreous, inclining to greyish on the back, which is -marked with whitish lines on the front rings, and with ochreous diamonds -and black dots on the other rings; there is also a row of black spots low -down along the sides; head, {184} brownish, freckled with black. It feeds, -in June and July, probably, in a wild state, on some kind of "cress," -growing in the moister parts of woods; in confinement, it will eat cabbage, -horseradish, and wallflower, among other kinds of Cruciferae. There is a -second brood in August and September. (Plate 74, Fig. 3, after Hofmann.) - -The moth is out in May and June, and again in August. It is fond of resting -on tree-trunks in woods, especially where the ground is moist, but it may -also be beaten out of hedges and bushes. It is most plentiful in the -southern half of England, but is spread over the greater part of the -British Isles, including the Orkneys. - -Abroad, its range extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Japan, and North -America. - -THE BEECH-GREEN CARPET (_Amoebe olivata_). - -The species, depicted on Plate 75, Figs. 9, 10, when quite fresh has the -fore wings greenish, and the central band more or less tinged with brown, -in some specimens with blackish; the inner edge of the band is not so -clearly defined as the outer, the latter being followed by a narrow whitish -wavy band; a series of black dots edged with white represent the -submarginal line. Hind wrings, smoky grey, with a pale band beyond the -middle, and a pale line nearer the outer margin. - -The roughened caterpillar (Plate 73, Fig. 1) is ochreous brown, mottled -with darker brown, and lined with grey; the raised dots are black, each -with a short bristle. It feeds at night on bedstraw (_Galium_), in the -spring to May, after hibernation. - -The moth is out, as a rule, in July and August, but sometimes much earlier. -I reared specimens during the last week in May, 1907, from caterpillars -sent from Torquay by Mr. Walker. It {185} lurks among the vegetation -growing on banks, and the hedgerows of lanes, etc. - -In the south of England the species chiefly affects the coasts of Dorset, -Devon, and Cornwall; but it occurs locally in and around beech woods of -Kent, and is more frequent in those of Berks, Oxford, and Bucks. From -Somerset it spreads through the western counties, including part of Wales, -to Lancashire. It is, however, most common among the hills and rills from -Yorkshire northwards. In Scotland it is local in Roxburgh, widely -distributed, and sometimes abundant in Clydesdale and throughout the -Highlands to Sutherland. It has also been noted from Arran. Local in -Ireland, but apparently abundant in some parts. - -GREEN CARPET (_Amoebe viridaria_). - -This species (Plate 75, Figs. 7, 8), also, has green fore wings, with a -rather deeper green central band and basal patch. The former is limited by -white lines marked with black, conspicuously so on the front and inner -margins; there are also black marks on the front edge of the basal patch, -and at the tips of the wings. The green colour quickly fades to a yellowish -or sandy tint. - -The wrinkled caterpillar is olive brown, with bristle-bearing black dots; -the back has a dark central line, and is adorned with reddish V-shaped -marks except on the end rings. It feeds in the spring, after hibernation, -on bedstraw (_Galium_), but it is said to eat sorrel, dead-nettle -(_Lamium_), etc. - -The moth is out in June, earlier in the south, and later in the north. It -hides among herbage during the day, and may occasionally be seen resting on -tree-trunks, etc., then feeding just before dark about hedges, and on -commons and heaths. Specimens have been noted in some years in September. - -Except that it has not been detected in the Shetlands, the species seems to -be found in all parts of the British Isles. {186} - -STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Malenydris salicata_). - -Portraits of a male and a female of this species will be found on Plate 75, -Figs. 11 [male] and 12 [female]. The fore wings are greyish white, crossed -by several darker grey wavy lines; the central band is rather darker, and -in some specimens there is also a darker basal patch. In an almost -unicolorous form the fore wings are wholly suffused with darker; Kane, who -states that such specimens occur with the paler form in Ireland, refers the -aberration to _unicolorata_, Gregson. - -The caterpillar is brownish, with three whitish lines along the back, and a -pinkish line low down along the sides. It feeds, at night, on bedstraw -(_Galium_), in September and October, but may be found on the plants in the -daytime. (Plate 73, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) - -The moth is out in May and June, and in some localities again in August and -September. It is fond of sitting on rocks, and also on tree-trunks. - -Except that it has been found, not infrequently, on Dartmoor and Exmoor, in -Devon, and has also been once noted from Dorset, the species in England is -chiefly an inhabitant of the northern counties. It occurs in Wales, but -almost exclusively in the north. In Scotland it appears to be widely -distributed throughout; and in Ireland it occurs locally in all four -provinces. - -MOTTLED GREY (_Malenydris multistrigaria_). - -The fore wings in the typical form of this species are grey, with a slight -brownish tinge; basal patch, central band, and shade before the whitish -submarginal line, sometimes darker. (Plate 77, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].) -In some specimens the central band is very much darker (ab. _virgata_, -Tutt); and in some parts of {187} south-west Yorkshire a blackish form (ab. -_nubilata_, Tutt) is not uncommon. (Plate 77, Fig. 3.) - -The caterpillar is ochreous grey, with three brownish lines along the back, -and two other lines on each side, the upper one yellowish, wavy, and edged -above with dusky. It feeds on bedstraw (_Galium_) in May and June. (Plate -73, Fig. 3.) - -The moth is out in March and April, and keeps pretty much to the shelter -afforded by its food plant or other herbage around in its favourite haunts, -which are damp woodlands, heaths, and mosses. Occasionally, however, it may -be seen on the lower parts of fences, tree-trunks, rocks, etc. About dusk -it may be found sitting on grass and other vegetation, and at such times is -not much disposed to fly away from the collector. - -Pretty generally distributed throughout the British Isles, including the -Orkneys. - -TWIN-SPOT CARPET (_Malenydris didymata_). - -The fore wings in the male are pale greyish, more or less tinged with -ochreous brown, and crossed by a dark grey, inclining to blackish, central -band; the base of the wings is often banded with dark grey, as also is the -outer marginal area; on the latter, above the middle, are twin black spots, -and there is a black spot or streak above nearer the tip of the wing. The -female is smaller, paler, often whitish, and sometimes pale ochreous; the -latter form is prevalent in the Shetlands; the central band is the only -distinct cross marking in this sex. On the moorlands in the north of -England a blackish form of the male occurs (ab. _nigra_, Prout), and this -is very similar to ab. _nubilata_ of the previous species; ab. -_ochroleucata_, Aurivillius, is uniformly greyish brown, with a white -submarginal line, and I have a specimen near this from Durham. - -The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish on the back, {188} and to -pinkish on the sides; three lines along the side, the central one dark -green, and the others whitish. It feeds on primrose, red campion (_Lychnis -diurna_), bilberry, etc., as well as on the flowers of coarse grasses; in -North Devon I found it in profusion at night, on the blossoms of a -wood-rush (_Luzula_), growing in a sheltered wood near the sea. April and -May, later perhaps in the north. (Plate 77, Figs. 4-6 [male], 7-9 -[female].) - -The moth is out in July and August, and is common in almost every part of -the British Isles. - -NOVEMBER MOTH (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _dilutata_). - -The more usual forms of this common autumnal species are those represented -by Figs. 1 and 2, Plate 78. Fig. 3 is a small example of the pale form, ab. -_christyi_, Prout, which, in many respects, is very similar to _autumnata_, -Guenee, a form of the next species. Fig. 4 is a female approaching ab. -_obscurata_, Staud., and Fig. 5 shows the uniformly blackish ab. _melana_, -Prout. In some pale-coloured specimens the only conspicuous marking is a -broad central band which is almost black in colour (ab. _latifasciata_, -Prout). - -The eggs (Plate 76, Fig. 1a) were yellowish when laid, but soon changed to -crimson red. - -The caterpillar is green, inclining to whitish below, often marked, more or -less distinctly, with purplish red, as a central line, or series of spots, -along the back, and sometimes as bands on the ring division. It feeds on -the foliage of trees, such as elm, oak, birch, etc., also on fallow, -hawthorn, sloe, apple, plum, and other fruit trees. April to June. (Plate -76, Fig. 1.) - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 74. - 1. WATER CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 2. DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 3. FLAME CARPET: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 75. - 1-3. DARK-BARRED TWIN-SPOT CARPET. - 4-6. FLAME CARPET. - 7, 8. GREEN CARPET. - 9, 10. BEECH-GREEN CARPET. - 11, 12. STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET. - -{189} The moth is out in October and November in the South, but earlier in -the North. It is an inhabitant of woodlands, and may be disturbed from -bushes, trees, and sometimes may be seen on the trunks of the latter, and -on fences. At night it flies lazily and will occasionally visit ivy then, -and even sugar, but is more frequently attracted by light. - -The species is pretty generally common throughout England and Wales, -Scotland up to Moray, and Ireland. - -THE AUTUMNAL MOTH (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _autumnata_). - -Three examples of this species are shown on Plate 78. Figs. 6 [male] and 7 -[female] represent the typical form except that the male should be rather -more silvery white in the ground colour of the fore wings, and the cross -bands more distinctly separated. Fig. 8, also a female, is very close to -ab. _sandbergi_, Lampa, in the character of the central cross bands of the -fore wings. Ab. _gueneata_, Prout (_autumnata_, Guenee, not Borkhausen), is -a form with the typical coloration, but with fainter cross bands. - -The caterpillar is somewhat similar to that of the last species, but there -is a yellowish tint in the general green coloration, and it is rarely -marked with reddish. It is found chiefly on birch, alder, fir, and larch, -but will eat hawthorn, and probably the foliage of other shrubs and trees. -May and June. - -The moth is out in September and October, sometimes later. It may be -dislodged from trees in the daytime, but it seems to be rarely noticed at -rest on the trunks. - -The species is so often confused with that previously mentioned that its -distribution in our islands has not, so far, been clearly ascertained. -However, it certainly occurs in the following northern counties of -England--Lancashire (Liverpool district); Cheshire (Delamere Forest); -Yorkshire (Cleveland district); North Durham (Birch woods); Cumberland -(Carlisle). In Scotland it is found in Clydesdale, Perthshire, where it was -first noted by Weaver in 1851, Kincardineshire, Aberdeen, and probably -further north; in Ireland at Belfast and Enniskillen. Prout notes that he -has seen a specimen from Swansea in South Wales. {190} - -SMALL AUTUMNAL CARPET (_Oporabia_ (_Epirrita_) _filigrammaria_). - -This is most probably a small moorland form of _O. autumnata_, but it -rarely assumes the silvery white typical coloration of that species. A male -specimen and two examples of the female are depicted on Plate 77, Figs. 10 -[male], 11, and 12 [female]. - -The caterpillar, which feeds in the spring on bilberry and heather, is -green, with yellow lines, a line of darker green between the two central -yellow lines along the back; head, green, inclining to brown above. - -The moth appears in August and early September, and may be found on the -moors, resting on rocks, stones, and even on the ground, as well as on the -stems of its food plants. - -As a British species it was first recorded by Weaver, who obtained it in -the Isle of Arran in 1841; but Edleston, writing in 1842, states that he -had taken specimens off stone walls near Staley Bridge, in the Manchester -district, "every year for the last three years." It appears to be peculiar -to the British Isles and is found in suitable localities from North -Staffs., through Cheshire, Lancs., Yorks., and northwards over England and -Scotland to the Hebrides and the Orkneys. In Ireland it is known to occur -in Antrim, Derry, Mayo, Galway, and Limerick. - -THE WELSH WAVE (_Venusia cambrica_). - -This moth, of which two portraits are given on Plate 78, Figs. 9 [male], 10 -[female], is known also by the English name of "Cambric Wave." It was not -ascertained to be an inhabitant of Britain until 1839, when it was figured -and described by Curtis from specimens obtained in Cardiganshire in Wales. -{191} - -In its typical form the fore wings are white, inclining to greyish, with a -number of brownish or dark-grey cross lines; two pairs on the central area -are marked with black. Sometimes the wings are greatly suffused with smoky -grey, and this tint in examples from the Sheffield and Rotherham districts -of Yorkshire assumes a much darker hue, so that all the markings are -obscured, but the veins are blacker. - -The caterpillar is green, marked with some irregular reddish blotches; a -yellowish line along the back. It feeds in August, earlier or later in some -seasons, on mountain ash (_Pyrus aucuparia_), and the moth, which rests by -day on tree-trunks, is out in July and early August. The haunts of the -species are chiefly in hilly localities of the northern counties of -England, but it has also been reported from Gloucestershire (Cotswolds), -Somersetshire (Weston-super-Mare), and Devon (Dulverton). In Wales it -occurs in Merionethshire, as well as in Cardiganshire; and in Scotland it -spreads from Roxburghshire, where it is locally common among mountain ash, -through Clydesdale to Inverness. It is widely distributed in Ireland. The -range abroad extends to Japan and North America. - -GREY MOUNTAIN CARPET (_Entephria caesiata_) - -The typical greyish form, with blackish wavy cross lines and dark central -band, is shown on Plate 80, Fig. 1 [male] and 2 [female]. Figure 3 -represents a specimen from Shetland in which the band is sooty black (ab. -_annosata_, Zetterstedt = _nigristriaria_, Gregson). The interesting -blackish suffused form from the Isle of Arran (Fig. 4) leads up to a still -blacker variety, occurring in the same isle, and also in the Shetlands, in -which the whole of the fore wings is nearly as dark as the central band of -Fig. 3, and the hind wings are also much darkened; such specimens are -referable to ab. _glaciata_, Germar. Ab. _prospicuata_, Prout = _gelata_, -Staud., is a form with the fore wings whitish, and the {192} base and the -central band thereof blackish; some Shetland specimens closely approach -this pretty variety. - -The caterpillar is green, with a brownish line along the middle of the -back, and a series of pinkish or purplish-red oblique streaks which nearly -meet at the central line and so form V-shaped marks; a whitish or yellowish -stripe low down along the sides, sometimes edged above with reddish. In -some examples the general colour is reddish brown. It feeds in April and -May, after hibernation, on bilberry, ling, and heath in a wild state, but -may be reared on knot-grass or sallow. - -The moth is out from June until early August, and may be found resting, -often in numbers, on rocks and stone walls in mountain and moorland -districts, from Herefordshire, northwards through England, North Wales, and -over the whole of Scotland, including the isles, and Ireland. Kane states -that in the latter country melanic forms, such as those from Yorks, etc., -are nowhere met with. - -YELLOW-RINGED CARPET (_Entephria flavicinctata_). - -The general colour of the fore wings of British specimens of this species -(var. _obscurata_, Staud.) is slaty grey; the basal, central, and outer -marginal cross bands are thickly sprinkled with yellowish-brown, and it is -this feature that at once separates this species (Plate 80, Figs. 5, 6) -from that last referred to. - -The bristly caterpillar is green, chocolate, or red brown, but always of a -dull shade; on the back is a series of black V-shaped marks, and a central -dark, slender line; the front part of each V-mark filled up with pink or -lilac, forming a triangle, the apex of which is yellow; a yellowish stripe -low down along the side (adapted from Fenn). It feeds in the spring till -April, after hibernation, on saxifrage (_Saxifraga aizoides_, _S. -hypnoides_, etc), and also on stonecrop (_Sedum_), and is most partial to -the flowers of these plants. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 76. - 1, 1a. NOVEMBER MOTH: _eggs and caterpillar_. - 2, 2a. BEAUTIFUL CARPET: _caterpillars and chrysalis_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 77. - 1-4. MOTTLED GREY. - 5-8. TWIN-SPOT CARPET. - 9-12. SMALL AUTUMNAL CARPET. - -{193} - -The moth flies throughout the summer, possibly in two generations, as, when -reared in confinement, moths appear in May, and from eggs obtained from -these, caterpillars feed in June and July, and attain the perfect state in -August. Like the last species, its chief resting-places are the rocks, in -its favourite haunts, in gorges among the hills and moorlands. It has been -recorded from few parts of northern England, but one specimen is said to -have been taken in Dovedale, Derbyshire. In Lancashire it has been noted as -scarce about Clougha; and in Yorkshire one example was taken on Malham Moor -in August, 1876, and one at Hutton Buscel Moor, near Scarborough, July 16, -1891. It is more plentiful in Scotland; in Clydesdale it is local, but not -uncommon, the localities mentioned being Lochgoilhead, and watercourses -above Ardentinny; more frequent in Perthshire, thence to Sutherland, and it -occurs also in the Hebrides and the Orkneys. In Ireland, it is found in Co. -Antrim; and Mr. Thomas Greer informs me that it is common at Murlough Bay, -Fair Head. - -SILVER-GROUND CARPET (_Xanthorhoe montanata_). - -Figs. 7 and 8 on Plate 80 represent the most usual form of this species, -which is variable in the amount of clouding on the fore wings and in the -intensity of the cross marking. In some specimens, chiefly from southern -localities, the fore wings are almost clear white, and the central band is -broadly blackish (Fig. 9). Shetland specimens, on the other hand, are much -clouded or suffused with ochreous brown, and the central band is greyish -brown (ab. _shetlandica_, Weir (Fig. 10)). Then there is variation in the -central band, which is often entire, but more frequently broken up by -bandlets; or it may be considerably narrowed, especially from the middle to -the inner margin, and not altogether rarely it is completely severed below -the middle, and the lower part almost or quite absent. A specimen with all -{194} the wings smoky leaden-grey, and the central bar of the fore wings -pale grey-brown, was taken near Longfleet in Wiltshire, in the summer of -1881. - -The caterpillar is wrinkled, with a ridge along the sides; in colour it is -pale brown, inclining to purplish with blackish dots; three lines along the -back, the central one dark greyish, the others paler and broader; below the -latter the sides are greyish tinted with a lower edging of pale yellowish -brown. It feeds at night on bedstraw, and various low-growing herbage, -including grass. August to April. - -The moth is out in June and July, sometimes earlier in the south. It is -generally distributed, and, as a rule, common, in woodlands, lanes, etc., -throughout the British Isles. - -GARDEN CARPET (_Xanthorhoe fluctuata_). - -Of this common frequenter of our gardens four examples are depicted on -Plate 80. Figs. 11 and 13 are the more frequent forms, but specimens with -the central band complete, as in Fig. 12, are not uncommon. Chiefly, but by -no means exclusively, in Southern localities, some examples have the ground -colour almost pure white; often the wings are more or less suffused with -dark grey (ab. _neapolisata_, Milliere), and this is especially the case in -Scotland, where, in Aberdeenshire and in Shetland, a blackish form, ab. -_thules_, Prout, occurs. Fig. 14 represents a specimen of this form from -Aberdeen. Somewhat rarely, the central band is only indicated by a small -spot on the front area of the wing (ab. _costovata_, Haworth), and more -often the band is much narrowed or otherwise modified in the direction of -that aberration. Fig. 4, Plate 61, shows an extreme example of this form. -Specimens vary in size from rather under one inch to one inch and a half in -expanse. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 78. - 1-5. NOVEMBER MOTH. - 6-8. AUTUMNAL MOTH. - 9, 10. WELSH WAVE. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 79. - 1, 1a. ARGENT AND SABLE: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and - caterpillar_. - 2, 2a, 2b. WOOD CARPET: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 3. GALIUM CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 4. COMMON CARPET: _chrysalis_. - -{195} - -[Illustration: FIG. 4. - -GARDEN CARPET AT REST. - -(Photo by H. Main.)] - -The caterpillar varies in colour from dark grey through yellowish green to -obscure green, but the underside is always paler; on the back there is a -series of pale blotches, and some black spots on the middle rings; the head -is rather paler than the general colour, and marked with black. It feeds, -at night, on cabbage, horseradish, wallflower, white arabis, and many other -kinds of Cruciferae; and it is said to eat the foliage of gooseberry and -currant. June--October. - -There are certainly two broods, and possibly more, as the moths occur in -greater or lesser numbers throughout the year, from late April to October, -but it seems to be most plentiful in May and June, and in August and -September. - -Generally distributed over the British Isles. It is also an inhabitant of -North America. - -THE GALIUM CARPET (_Xanthorhoe galiata_). - -The more usual forms of this species are represented on Plate 81, Figs. 1, -2. Fig. 3 is the portrait of a form occurring in Yorkshire, Sussex, and -probably elsewhere, in which the central band is blackish and -solid-looking; this seems to be referable to _unilobata_, Haworth. Besides -varying in tint of ground colour, and in the amount of freckling or -mottling, there is modification in the width of the central band. - -The caterpillar is brown, dotted with black, and striped with blackish -brown on the back, and with pale brown on the sides; the head is light -brown, sprinkled with black, and marked with {196} a dark V. It feeds on -bedstraw in late June and July, and there is a second brood in August and -September. The figure of the caterpillar on Plate 79, Fig. 3, is from a -coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich. - -The moth is out in June, sometimes later in the north and earlier in the -south, where it occurs as a second generation in August. It is chiefly -found in chalk and limestone districts, and may be easily put up from the -herbage among which it secretes itself during the day. In the seaboard -counties of England, from Kent to Cornwall, it is especially common on the -coast, but is also to be met with in suitable inland localities in these -counties, and also in Surrey, Middlesex, Herts, Bucks., and Oxford. It is -always rare on the eastern side, but on the west, including Wales, it is -more or less frequent from Somerset and Wilts. to Westmorland. Not uncommon -in Yorkshire, principally in the West Riding, and an odd specimen has been -recorded from Durham. Somewhat rare in Scotland, but it has been noted in -Berwick, Wigtown, Arran, Clydesdale, and Perthshire. In Ireland it is -local, although often plentiful on the coast. - -Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia. - -WOOD CARPET (_Xanthorhoe (Epirrhoe) rivata_). - -The broad, clear white borders of both edges of the dark central band of -the fore wings, coupled with the clearer white of the hind wings, and the -generally larger size of the moth, should distinguish this species from its -very close ally, _X. sociata_; but it must be added that some forms of the -latter species approach the present one exceedingly close. (Plate 81, Figs. -4, 5.) - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 80. - 1-4. GREY MOUNTAIN CARPET. - 5, 6. YELLOW-RINGED CARPET. - 7-10. SILVER-GROUND CARPET. - 11-14. GARDEN CARPET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 81. - 1-3. GALIUM CARPET. - 4, 5. WOOD CARPET. - 6-9. COMMON CARPET. - 10-12. SMALL ARGENT AND SABLE. - -{197} The caterpillar is brown or olive-brown, dotted and freckled with -white; three lines on the back, the central one black, the others whitish, -not seen on rings 5-8, which have dark V-shaped marks enclosing white ones; -sometimes there is a V-mark instead of lines on ring 4; head, large, pale -brown sprinkled with blackish, and marked with a blackish V, the apex of -which appears to meet the central line of the body. It feeds, at night, in -July and August, on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_, and _G. verum_), but will -thrive very well on cleavers or goose-grass (_G. aparine_). The chrysalis, -which is enclosed in a cocoon of silk coated with earth, is reddish brown, -thorax and wing-cases paler, shining. A coloured drawing of the -caterpillar, kindly lent, with others, for this volume, by Mr. A. Sich, has -been used for the figures on Plate 79, Figs. 2, 2a; but the description of -the caterpillar, and also of the chrysalis (Fig. 2b), are from material -that Mr. Pope, of Exeter, was good enough to furnish. In captivity a second -brood may be reared in August. - -The moth is out in July and early August, and although local, is not -uncommon in bushy places on downs, etc., also in lanes, in chalk districts, -in most of the southern and eastern counties. In the north of England it is -far more local and uncommon, but is known to occur in Cheshire, Yorkshire, -and Cumberland, and has been recorded from Durham. It is found in Wales, -and in Scotland has been noted as very local in Roxburghshire and rare in -Clydesdale and Arran. Kane states that in Ireland it is "very rare and -local." - -COMMON CARPET (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Epirrhoe_) _sociata_). - -The white ground colour of this species is nearly always obscured, to a -greater or lesser extent, by greyish markings and suffusions on the basal -area; the outer margin is broadly bordered with dark grey, and the white -band between this and the dark-grey central band is intersected throughout -its length by a grey line. As shown on Plate 81, Figs. 6, 7, the central -band varies in width; it is often contracted below the middle, sometimes -completely severed at this point, and in ab. _degenerata_, {198} Haworth, -both portions are much reduced in width. Figs. 8 and 9 represent two -specimens from the Isle of Lewis; these brownish-grey examples are var. -_obscurata_, South. There are intermediate modifications leading up to a -form in which the whole of the central third of the fore wings is whitish, -with the usual cross lines dingy grey, and some tiny clouds of the same -colour around the black discal spot. - -The caterpillar is very like that of the last species referred to, but it -is rather smaller in size and rougher in appearance. There is variation in -the general colour, from pale fawn through greenish-brown, to dull or -bright green, and sometimes the markings are tinged with reddish (Hellins). - -It feeds on bedstraw, in June and July, and a second brood occurs in -September. The figure of the brownish, inclining to reddish, chrysalis -(Plate 79, Fig. 4), is from a photo by Mr. H. Main, and is twice the -natural size. - -The moth is out in May and June, and, in the South especially, again in -August and September. It is generally distributed over the British Islands, -but so far has not been noted from the Shetlands. - -The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. - -According to Prout, the earliest name for this species is _alternata_ -(Muller). - -SMALL ARGENT AND SABLE (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Epirrhoe_) _tristata_). - -On Plate 81 are shown three examples of this variable species. Fig. 10 -represents the typical form from N. Devon. Fig. 11 is a black-marked -specimen from Yorkshire, and Fig. 12 depicts a smoky-brown marked specimen -from Clydesdale, in which the ground colour has a brownish tinge. All these -have the central band more or less entire, but this character may be -broader or narrower, and is sometimes divided into two parts, and these -reduced to very small proportions; the white projections into {199} the -outer marginal border of all the wings is not infrequently enlarged, in -some cases so much so that the borders are separated into two parts, and -also reduced in width. - -The caterpillar is grey brown, ochreous brown between the rings and on the -underside; a dark line along the back, and a dark-edged, pale line on each -side; a black dot on each ring at the junction of the dark upper and pale -lower areas; head, grey-brown, with blackish freckles. It feeds, in July -and August, on bedstraw, preferring the heath kind (_Galium saxatile_), but -will eat the large hedge kind (_G. mollugo_). - -The moth is out in June, or from late May, and in some parts specimens are -seen in August. Its haunts are moors and upland heaths, and its British -distribution extends from Dartmoor and Exmoor, in Devon, through Western -England and Wales to Westmorland. It appears to be very local in Somerset, -Gloucester, Hereford, Shropshire, and Cheshire; from Staffordshire and -Derbyshire northwards, and through Scotland, it becomes more plentiful; and -has been recorded from the Shetlands. In Ireland it is local, but common -where it occurs. - -SHARP-ANGLED CARPET (_Xanthorhoe_ (_Euphyia_) _unangulata_). - -This species (Plate 82, Figs. 1, 2) may be recognized by the distinctly -angled outer edge of the blackish central band, which is thrown into strong -relief by the usually broad white stripe following it. Wilkes, who figured -the moth in 1742, called it the "White Stripe." By some authors the species -is referred to _amniculata_, Hubner. - -The caterpillar is pale whity brown, with a slightly darker but indistinct -line along the centre of the back, and a black spot on the middle rings; a -pale line on the sides is edged with dark grey; head, brown, marked with -black. It feeds, in July and early August, on chickweed (_Stellaria -media_). - -The moth, which is partial to hedges and easily disturbed {200} therefrom, -is out in June and July, and even later in some seasons. The earliest -hatched caterpillars reared in confinement sometimes attain the moth state -in August of the same year. Although certainly local, the species has a -wide distribution in the southern half of England, and is not uncommon in -some localities. Its range extends into Wales, and also northwards to -Cumberland and Westmorland, but it is generally very much scarcer in the -north than in the south. In Ireland it is known to occur locally in -counties Antrim, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Waterford, Kerry, and Galway, but, as a -rule, only sparingly. - -Abroad, the distribution includes North Amurland and North America. - -CLOAKED CARPET (_Euphyia picata_). - -An older English name for this species (Plate 82, Figs. 4, 5) is "The Short -Cloak Carpet," Harris (1782), but that given to it by Haworth is here -adopted. It is also the _biangulata_ of Haworth, Stephens, and others. - -As will be observed on referring to the figures, the outer edge of the -blackish central band of the fore wings is twice angled just above the -middle; the basal area and the outer marginal border are dark greyish -brown, more or less tinged with olive; the whitish ground colour only shows -distinctly as a strip immediately beyond the central band, and from this an -irregular streak runs to the tips of the wings; some white wavy cross-lines -through the outer border are often obscure. - -The stoutish caterpillar is yellowish brown, or sometimes reddish brown; -there is a series of blackish or dark-brown spots along the back, and a -stripe of dusky freckles along each side; lower down are two slender wavy -lines enclosing a dusky stripe; head, yellowish-brown mottled with darker -brown. It feeds, at night, on chickweed and other kinds of _Stellaria_, in -{201} August and September. One of the mouse-ear chickweeds (_Cerastium -glomeratum_) has also been mentioned as a food plant, and for rearing the -caterpillars this would perhaps be useful, as common chickweed, unless in a -growing state, is difficult to keep in a suitable condition for larval -requirements. - -The moth, which is partial to a hedgerow as a hiding-place, is out in June -and July, and may be sometimes reared as a second generation in September. - -The species is somewhat local, but it is not scarce in many parts of -England; its range does not appear to extend northwards beyond -Worcestershire on the western side, although it has been recorded from -North Wales; on the eastern side it is found up to Norfolk. - -THE ARGENT AND SABLE (_Eulype hastata_). - -About one hundred and sixty years ago Wilkes figured this species as "The -Mottled Beauty," but Harris in 1778 gave it its present English name. On -Plate 82 are shown two examples of the typical form (Figs. 7, 8), also two -specimens of the small form (Figs. 10, 11), var. _subhastata_, Nolcken (= -_hastulata_, Hubner); the latter form in Britain occurs chiefly in -Sutherlandshire and the Isle of Lewis. As regards variation there is, in -the small form, a tendency to an increase of black; whilst in the typical -form there is a considerable reduction of the black marking--so much so -occasionally that of the central black band only a few dots remain around -the discal spot, and perhaps a speck or two below it, and a dot or two on -the inner margin (ab. _demolita_, Prout). - -The rather stumpy caterpillar is dark olive-green, inclining to blackish, -and somewhat shiny; the skin along the sides puckered and marked with -ochreous; a black line along the middle of the back; head, black and -glossy. It feeds, in July and August, later in the north, on birch, -_Vaccinium_, chiefly {202} _uliginosum_, and sweet gale (_Myrica_). It -spins together the leaves at the tips of the twigs, and so forms a -cocoon-like habitation. The moth is out in May and June, and even July in -the north. It flies in the afternoon sunshine around and over birch trees, -and occasionally alights on the leaves. It has been taken in Kent, and more -frequently in Essex and Suffolk, but it is more plentiful in Oxfordshire -and Berkshire, and from Surrey to Dorsetshire and Wiltshire; also in -Herefordshire and Worcestershire, and on high ground in North Wales, -Staffordshire, and Derbyshire; its range extending through Cheshire and -Lancashire to Cumberland and Northumberland, but only odd specimens have -been reported from the last-named county and from Durham. The egg and the -caterpillar are shown on Plate 79, Figs. 1 and 1a. - -It is widely distributed, and often common in places, throughout Scotland. -In Ireland it is local, but has occurred plentifully in some of its haunts -in that country; Kane states that var. _subhastata_ has not been noted. - -The range abroad spreads to Amurland, China, Iceland, Labrador, and North -America. - -BEAUTIFUL CARPET (_Mesoleuca albicillata_). - -The English name of this species (Plate 82, Fig. 13) is exceedingly -appropriate; few of our native moths exhibit such a pleasing combination of -colour and marking. It varies but very little in a general way, but a -specimen taken in York some years ago has the fore wings dark leaden grey -instead of creamy white (ab. _suffusa_, Carrington), and very rarely the -ground colour inclines to yellow. - -The stoutish caterpillar (Plate 76, Fig. 2) is green with reddish marks -along the back; a white line low down along the sides is edged below with -purplish red on the first three rings; the last ring, and the claspers, -tinged with purplish red. It feeds {203} at night on bramble and raspberry, -in August and September, occasionally earlier or later. In the daytime it -rests on the underside of a leaf. When full grown it forms a cocoon just -under the surface of the soil, or among rubbish (in the cage), and therein -changes to a dark reddish-brown chrysalis (Plate 76, Fig. 2a). - -The moth is out in June, sometimes in late May, and occasionally there -seems to be a few individuals about in August. The species is a denizen of -the woodlands, and is generally to be found in the more open parts of woods -where its food plants are well established. It is widely distributed over -England and Wales, but most frequent in the south of the former country. In -Scotland, it is local in Roxburghshire and Wigtownshire; and it occurs in -many parts of Ireland. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE PURPLE BAR (_Mesoleuca ocellata_). - -The whitish fore wings of this species (Plate 82, Fig. 12) are often tinged -with pale ochreous brown on the lower two-thirds of the outer marginal -area, and this tint sometimes invades the central portion of the -bluish-black central band. Rarely the ground colour is almost entirely -white, and the central band is very slender (ab. _coarctata_, Prout), and -perhaps rather more frequently the band is completely severed below the -middle. - -The caterpillar, which feeds at night on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_ and _G. -verum_), is pale ochreous brown, or pale pinkish brown, netted with darker -brown; on the back are a reddish ochreous central line, and some reddish -edged pale V-marks: June and July, and sometimes again in the autumn. - -The moth is out in June and early July, occasionally in late May in some -southern localities. Individuals of a second emergence sometimes appear in -August and September. It {204} rests by day on tree-trunks or in hedges, -and flies at night. Widely distributed over the British Isles, but, except -perhaps in the highlands of Scotland, not very common. - -BLUE-BORDERED CARPET (_Mesoleuca bicolorata_). - -The more usual form of this pretty little species is shown on Plate 82, -Figs. 3 and 6. In the type the central band is only represented by a spot -on the front margin of the fore wings; in ab._parvula_, Retz = -_rubiginata_, Hubner, there is also a portion of the band showing on the -inner margin. Ab. _plumbata_, Curtis, from Scotland has the central band -entire and the ground colour inclining to creamy white. In ab. _fumosa_, -Prout, the usual white parts of the wing are smoky or dark lead colour -(Fig. 9). Barrett mentions a form with all the wings smoothly smoky black; -markings of the fore wings olive brown, margined with slender stripes of -smoky white. - -The long, thin, caterpillar is green, with a darker stripe along the back, -and a yellowish green stripe on each side; two points on the last ring. It -feeds on alder, birch, sloe, and crab; also in orchards and gardens on plum -and apple: April to June. - -The moth is out in July and August. It appears to occur most freely in -districts where alder is plentiful, but it is not uncommon in country -lanes, especially where these are rather moist. It is one of the earliest -Geometrid moths to get on the wing, as it is generally active well before -dark. Decidedly more common in some districts than in others, but it may be -said to be generally distributed. - -The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia, Amurland, and Japan, but the -ab._fumosa_ is only known from Britain. - -PRETTY CHALK CARPET (_Melanthia procellata_). - -From almost any well-grown hedgerow, in which traveller's joy, or old-man's -beard (_Clematis vitalba_) is plentiful, throughout the southern counties -of England, this species (Plate 82, Fig. 14) may be disturbed by the -beating stick. It is generally to be met with in July and early August, but -may be obtained in forward seasons, or in sheltered localities, at the end -of June. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 82. - 1, 2. SHARP-ANGLED CARPET. - 3, 6, 9. BLUE-BORDERED CARPET. - 4, 5. CLOAKED CARPET. - 7, 8, 10, 11. ARGENT AND SABLE. - 12. PURPLE BAR. - 13. BEAUTIFUL CARPET. - 14. PRETTY CHALK CARPET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 83. - 1, 2. RIVULET. - 3, 6. SMALL RIVULET. - 4, 5. BARRED RIVULET. - 9, 12. HEATH RIVULET. - 10, 11, 13, 14. GRASS RIVULET. - 7, 8. PRETTY PINION. - -{205} On the fore wings the dark, slender and wavy cross lines are more -distinct in some specimens than in others, and occasionally the blackish -blotch on the front margin is traversed by a white line, sometimes by two -lines. - -The caterpillar is pale ochreous brown, with three darker brown lines along -the back, the central one slender, spotted with black on the middle rings; -usual dots, black, encircled with white; head, marked with a reddish brown -triangle. It feeds on _Clematis_ in August and September. - -Distribution of the species abroad extends to Amurland, and in Japan, -Corea, and China it is represented by the darker _inquinata_, Butler. - -THE RIVULET (_Perizoma affinitata_). - -The whitish band crossing the brownish fore wings is generally fairly wide, -sometimes broad, but occasionally it is very narrow; the reduction in width -is mainly the result of brownish suffusion of the outer half of the band, -leaving the inner half white. Kane mentions a smoky form from Co. Derry, in -which the band is absent, and refers this to ab. _unicolorata_, Gregson. In -a specimen from Sligo in my series, the band is tinged with brownish -throughout. The hind wings are usually smoky brown, with a paler central -band, but in some specimens, referable to ab. _turbaria_, Stephens, the -basal two-thirds are whitish. The moths also vary in size (Plate 83, Figs. -1 and 2). - -The caterpillar is pinkish-ochreous inclining to brown; three pinkish lines -along the back, and a similar line along the blackish spiracles; a dark -plate on the first and last rings. It feeds in the capsules, on the seeds, -of red campion (_Lychnis_ {206} _dioica_), and will eat those of the white -_L. vespertina_: July to September. When eggs can be obtained early, it is -possible to rear moths from them in August of the same year. - -The moth is out in June and July, in some southern districts in late May. - -As it conceals itself during the day among its food plant, or other -vegetation around, it may be put up therefrom by gently stirring the -herbage; but it flies freely about sundown, and is then easily netted. - -The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland, up to -Moray. In Ireland it is local and not plentiful, and the same is the case -in the North of England. - -SMALL RIVULET (_Perizoma alchemillata_). - -This species (Plate 83, Figs. 3 and 6) is exceedingly close to the last -mentioned, but in a general way it is to be distinguished by its -greyish-brown coloration. A stippled whitish stripe before the central -band, usually only faintly indicated in _affinitata_, is fairly distinct as -a rule. Although the outer edge of the central band is rather more -irregular, the middle tooth is not so prominent as in _affinitata_. - -The rather plump caterpillar is purplish above and yellowish green below; -three yellow lines on the back, the central one broad; the spiracles are -black, and a little above them is another yellow line; head, black and -glossy, and there are black shining plates on the first and last rings of -the body, that on the first ring divided by the yellow central line -(adapted from Porritt). It feeds, in August and September, in the seed -capsules of hemp nettle (_Galeopsis tetrahit_), sometimes on the rarer _G. -ladanum_, and is said to eat woundwort (_Stachys_) occasionally. - -The moth is out in June and July, and, as in the case of the last species, -may be stirred up from among its food plant or the surrounding vegetation, -in lanes, and around wood borders. The species is widely distributed over -the British Isles, except that it seems not to have been noticed in -Scotland, north of Moray, although it occurs in the Hebrides. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 84. - 1. GRASS RIVULET: _caterpillar_. - 2. WAVED CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 3, 3a. YELLOW SHELL: _eggs and caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 85. - 1, 2. SANDY CARPET. - 3. BARRED CARPET. - 4-9. YELLOW SHELL. - -{207} - -SANDY CARPET (_Perizoma flavofasciata_). - -The pale ochreous-brown, or sandy, markings on the white fore wings of this -species readily distinguish it from either of its allies. Variable in size, -and also in the brownish tint of the markings; the central band is usually -contracted below the middle, and not infrequently it is completely severed -at this point. It is the _decolorata_ of Hubner, and although more -generally known by that name, the earlier _flavofasciata_, Thunberg, will -have to be adopted for this species. (Plate 85, Figs. 1 [male], 2 -[female].) - -The stoutish caterpillar is pale reddish ochreous with browner lines; head, -brown and shining, plate on first and last rings of the body brown. It -feeds on the flower buds, and on the immature seeds, of the red campion -(_Lychnis dioica_), and the white campion (_L. vespertina_), but is more -partial to the first named; in Ireland it is said to feed on bladder -campion (_Silene inflata_). - -In July and August, or even later, the moth may be beaten out of hedgerows, -sandy banks, and borders of woods, and sometimes disturbed from patches of -the campion growing in thickets; in such places it is on the wing about -sundown. - -Although local to some extent, it appears to be common enough in most of -the counties of England and Wales. In Scotland, it is more or less -generally common in Roxburghshire and Clydesdale, and is said to have been -an inhabitant of Perthshire (Moncrieffe Hill). It appears to be very local -in Ireland, but is recorded from Antrim, Derry, and Kerry, and noted as -common at Larne in the first-named county. {208} - -GRASS RIVULET (_Perizoma albulata_). - -Although some English specimens approach the larger and whiter typical -form, the species as it occurs in the British Isles is generally greyer, -var. _griseata_, Staudinger; two examples of this form are shown on Plate -83, Figs. 10 and 11. In the Shetland Isles, the species assumes a darker -coloration, and is either well marked on the fore wings, as in Fig. 14, or -almost plain, as in Fig. 13 (ab. _thules_, Weir), which is an extreme -aberration of the form _subfasciaria_, Boheman. In other examples of a deep -leaden grey, or brown tint, the central area is no darker than the rest of -the wing. In the Isle of Lewis a white form with faint markings is -prevalent, and this leads up to a clear white aberration devoid of -markings, ab. _niveata_, Stephens, = _hebudium_, Weir. - -The wrinkled caterpillar, which feeds, in July and August, on the seeds of -the yellow rattle (_Rhinanthus crista-galli_), and lives in the capsule, is -whitish, inclining to greenish, dotted with black, and striped with dark -green on the back and sides; head, black and glossy; plates and first and -last rings of the body dusky. (Plate 84, Fig. 1.) - -The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later. It occurs chiefly in dry -meadows where the yellow rattle flourishes, and is to be seen on the wing, -often in large numbers, in the late afternoon about sundown. Generally -abundant in suitable places, throughout the British Isles. - -THE BARRED RIVULET (_Perizoma bifasciata_). - -Haworth described two forms of this species, and a specimen of each is -shown on our Plate 83. Fig. 4 represents _bifasciata_ (_bifaciata_, the -Double-barred Rivulet), and Fig. 5 depicts {209} _unifasciata_ (the -Single-barred Rivulet). The chief difference appears to be that in the type -(_bifasciata_) the "rivulets" are white and distinct, thus bringing out a -dark band between the central one and the base of the wing. - -The stoutish caterpillar is pale brown, inclining to ochreous on the back, -along which are three lines, the central one greyish, and the others -whitish shaded with greyish; a whitish stripe low down along the sides; the -usual dots are black, and the spiracles are black, margined with ochreous -(adapted from Fenn). In September and October it feeds in the seed capsules -of _Bartsia odontites_, and is often plentiful; Mr. G. F. Mathew records -obtaining nearly five hundred from three small bundles of the food plant -gathered in the Harwich district. - -The moth is out in July and August, but is not often seen in the daytime, -and is not taken very frequently, even when flying at night, but it comes -to light, and visits flowers. - -From chrysalids obtained from caterpillars reared in 1900, Mr. Robert Adkin -bred ten moths in 1901, eleven in 1902, two in 1903, five in 1904, and two -in 1905. - -The species is widely distributed over England, Wales, and the south of -Scotland, but it is most frequent in the south of England. Not much is -known of it in Ireland, but it has been noted from counties Dublin, Louth, -and Derry. - -HEATH RIVULET (_Perizoma minorata_). - -The British form of this species (Plate 83, Figs. 9, 12) is rather smaller -and darker than typical _minorata_, Treitschke, and as Stephens has figured -and described it as _ericetata_, this name should be adopted for our native -race. - -The white fore wings have a greyish basal patch and three bands of the same -colour; the outer one is traversed by a more or less distinct wavy whitish -line; the band nearest the basal patch is sometimes very faint; more rarely -the markings are {210} absent from the central area of the wings (ab. -_monticola_, Staud.), and a specimen approaching this form has been taken -in Perthshire. - -The caterpillar is pale green with a dark-green edged ochreous brown stripe -along the middle of the back, and green stripes on each side; the usual -dots are black, and the plates on first and last rings are brown, as also -is the head. It feeds, in September, on the seeds of eyebright (_Euphrasia -officinalis_). - -The moth is out in July and August, and is found very locally, flying in -the late afternoon among its food plant, on the moorlands and -pasture-grounds of Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Westmorland; and -has been reported from Hawkshead, in Lancashire. In Scotland, it is common -in suitable parts of Roxburghshire and several localities in Clydesdale; -thence widely spread to the Orkneys. Only noted from the Mourne Mountains -in the north-east of Ireland, but probably to be found in other parts of -that country. - -PRETTY PINION (_Perizoma blandiata_). - -This species (Plate 83, Figs. 7, 8) is also known as _adaequata_, -Borkhausen, the name under which it is catalogued by Staudinger. As a rule -the central band on the whitish fore wings is only represented by a round, -or sometimes triangular, blackish spot on the front margin, a smaller -blackish mark on the inner margin, and some dusky clouding between these -two portions. In specimens from the Hebrides the band is more or less -complete, and in some of them it is very much narrowed, especially towards -the inner margin (ab. _coarctata_, Prout). - -The caterpillar is green, with three crimson lines, the outer ones bent -inwards to the central one on the middle of each ring; two lines above and -one below the yellowish spiracular line are pink; head green, tinged and -freckled with pink. It {211} feeds in September on the flowers and seeds of -the eyebright (_Euphrasia officinalis_). - -The moth is out from late May to July, and its habits are similar to those -of the last species. In Scotland it appears to be commoner than in other -parts of the British Isles, its range extending from Clydesdale to the -Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetland; but it has been recorded from Cumberland, -and once from Durham. In Wales it has been taken at Dolgelly, in -Merionethshire. Prout states that in 1902 he secured two specimens near Cwm -Bychan, and that the species has since been captured regularly in the -locality. It is widely distributed throughout Kerry and Galway, and also -recorded from Cork and Derry, in Ireland. - -THE BARRED CARPET (_Perizoma taeniata_). - -This species is shown on Plate 85, Fig. 3. There are two forms of the -central band of the fore wings, which in the type as figured by Stephens is -broad, but is narrow in ab. _arctaria_, Herrich-Schaeffer = -_angustifasciata_, Staud. The colour of the bands may be greyer or browner -than in the specimen figured, and the ochreous general colour of the fore -wings is more tinged with brown in some specimens than in others. - -The rather bristly caterpillar is light brown with a pinkish tinge; the -back is marked with browner diamonds and some black dots, and there is a -yellow stripe along the sides. It feeds on moss (Hodgkinson, _Entom._ -xxviii. 241) growing in damp places, hibernates when quite small, and -reappears about April, when it seems to prefer the fruit of the moss, but -will also thrive on chickweed. The moths appear from the end of June, and -may be found, but in wasted condition, up to early September. - -The species is extremely local, and in its secluded haunts may be found on -the trunks of holly and yew trees, or it may {212} be disturbed from the -branches of such trees, or from hedgerows, etc. - -In Britain the species seems to have been first noted in Castle Eden Dene, -Durham (1825), and subsequently in Cumberland (Flimby, near Maryport), -Westmorland, Lancashire (Arnside and Silverdale), Yorkshire (Scarborough), -Derbyshire (Dovedale), Arthog in North Wales, and Tintern in Monmouthshire. -The only English locality for it south of Monmouth is Watersmeet, near -Lynton, in North Devon. In Scotland, it has been noted from Rannoch and -Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, and from Dalmallin, in Argyllshire. It has a -wide distribution in Ireland, and is common in some parts of that country, -as at Killarney, Co. Kerry, and Rockwood, in Sligo. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland; it is represented in Japan by -_fulvida_, Butler, and in North America by _basaliata_, Walker. - -YELLOW SHELL (_Camptogramma bilineata_). - -This very common and generally distributed species is subject to a good -deal of variation in the tint of ground colour, and also in the greater or -lesser amount of black marking. On Plate 85 six specimens are shown; Figs. -4, 5 represent the more frequent form in most localities, but in many -districts ab. _infuscata_, Gumppenberg (Fig. 6), is hardly less common; in -some specimens the central band is entirely blackish, and occasionally the -middle area of the band is partly or wholly whitish. Sometimes the wings -are uniformly yellow without markings, but such aberrations are scarce, or -have not been noted often. A small form occurring in the Hebrides and the -Shetlands, var. _atlantica_, Staud., has the wings generally darkened; -Figs. 7-9 depict three specimens from the Isle of Lewis. Portraits of two -very local Irish forms will be found on Plate 61; one is ab. _hibernica_, -Prout (Fig. 5), and the other approaches the dark ab. _isolata_, Kane (Fig. -6). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 86. - 1-6. JULY HIGHFLYER. - 7-10. MAY HIGHFLYER. - 11, 12. RUDDY HIGHFLYER. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 87. - 1. JULY HIGHFLYER: _eggs and caterpillars_. - 2. MAY HIGHFLYER: _caterpillar_. - -{213} The eggs, which are laid loosely, are yellowish or pale straw colour -(Plate 84, Fig. 3a). Caterpillar, stoutish, green inclining to yellowish; -three lines on the back, the central one dark green, and the others -yellowish, as also are the ring divisions; a pale wavy line low down along -the sides. In some examples the general colour is pale greyish-brown, -inclining to reddish brown. It feeds on grass, dock, chickweed, and various -low-growing plants, from August to May, and is often abundant in hay -meadows (Fig. 3, Plate 84, is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich). The -moth occurs throughout the summer, and is very plentiful (often a pest) in -almost every hedgerow and most bushy places. - -JULY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena furcata_). - -Some idea of the variable character of this species (_sordidata_, Fab., and -_elutata_, Hubner) may be formed from the selection of half a dozen -examples shown on Plate 86. The typical form has the fore wings greyish, -with dark bands as in Fig. 1, and a modification without the dark bands -seems to be ab. _cinereata_, Prout. In the form _sordidata_, Fabricius, the -general colour of the fore wings is greenish, and the bands are dark; ab. -_obliterata_, Prout, is of the same colour, but the bands are absent. Ab. -_fusco-undata_, Donovan, has the general colour reddish, with dark bands; -without dark bands it becomes _testaceata_, Prout. Blackish or sooty forms -are referable to _infuscata_, Staud. (Fig. 4). Frequently in the green -forms, and less often in the reddish, there is a broad whitish central -stripe, and a narrow one on the basal area; in the green form again the -basal and central areas are occasionally crossed by red bands, and this is -one of the prettiest forms of the species and, so far as I know, occurs -only in the large sallow-feeding race; {214} it possibly represents ab. -_fusco-undata_, which is most frequent in the smaller moorland race. - -The egg (Plate 87, Fig. 1b) when figured, February 8, 1908, was whitish as -regards the shell, but the interior was dark greenish. In April the -caterpillar appeared to be formed, but it did not leave the shell until -early in May. - -The full-grown caterpillar (Plate 87, Figs. 1, 1a) is brownish, inclining -to blackish; whitish between the rings, white lines along the back and -sides, and tinged with red along the spiracular region. It feeds, in May -and June, on sallow, willow, poplar, hazel, bilberry, and heather. The moth -is out in July and August, but I have seen the small bilberry-feeding form -(Plate 86, Figs. 5, 6) on a corner of Exmoor, North Devon, in great -profusion in late June, whilst in the same district the sallow-feeding, -larger form appeared about a fortnight later, at which time specimens among -bilberry were not numerous, and rather shabby in appearance. - -Except perhaps in the Shetlands, this species is to be found in all parts -of the British Isles. It is very common in hedgerows, and around the -margins of woods; the smaller race frequents woods where bilberry is -established, and also occurs on mountains and moors. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, China, Japan, and also to North -America. - -MAY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena impluviata_). - -The typical and commoner form of this species is shown on Plate 86, Figs. 7 -and 8. The ground colour, usually pale green, is sometimes almost white, -but more frequently it is tinged with greyish brown, thus leading up to the -blackish ab. _infuscata_, Prout (Figs. 9, 10). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 88. - 1. ROYAL MANTLE. - 2-4. SHOULDER-STRIPE. - 5, 6. BARBERRY CARPET. - 7, 8. THE STREAMER. - 9, 10. THE FLAME. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 89. - 1, 1a. SHOULDER-STRIPE: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 2, 2a. STREAMER: _eggs and caterpillars_. - -{215} The caterpillar is brownish grey, or purplish grey, dotted with black -and dappled with dark brown; of the three lines along the back, the central -one is black and swells out on the middle of each ring, the others are -pale; a clear stripe of the ground colour below the black spiracles, and a -slender line above them. The general colour is sometimes pale pinky brown -or ochreous. It feeds on alder throughout the summer and autumn, and may be -found in its domicile of spun-together dry leaves even in November, and -sometimes later. Occasionally, a few caterpillars will feed up quickly, and -attain the moth state in July or August, but the bulk do not become -chrysalids until later in the year, and the moths emerge therefrom in May -and early June. (Plate 87, Fig. 2.) - -The species seems to occur, more or less freely, wherever there are alders -throughout the greater part of the British Isles. - -Abroad, the range extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. - -RUDDY HIGHFLYER (_Hydriomena ruberata_). - -This species is most readily distinguished from the last by the short -oblique black streak on the tips of the rather narrower fore wings; there -are also black streaks between the veins and below the tips of the wings, -as in the last species, but they are generally shorter and often hardly -traceable. - -The ground colour ranges from pale grey (sometimes with a green tinge), -through brownish grey to reddish brown; usually central and outer marginal -bands of a darker shade are present, but these characters may be very -indistinct or entirely lost in the general coloration. (Plate 86, Figs. 11 -and 12.) - -The caterpillar is pale brown, dappled with grey; three dark greyish lines -along the back; spiracles and the usual dots black, the latter with fine -hairs; head, reddish brown, plates on first and last rings of the body -light brown. It feeds, at night, during the summer and autumn, on sallow -and willow, spinning together the leaves at the top of a twig to form a -retreat during the day. {216} - -The moth is found in hedges, woods, and on heaths, in May and June; it may -be occasionally beaten out of sallow bushes, but flies in the early -evening, and is then more readily obtained. The species is widely -distributed, but not generally common, in England and Wales, and in -Scotland to Perthshire and probably further north, as it is found in -Orkney, where specimens are numerous but rather small in size, and the -caterpillars, according to McArthur, feed on heather as well as on sallow. -Decidedly uncommon in Ireland, but it has been met with, in most instances -singly, in Armagh, Tyrone, Westmeath, Kerry, Galway, and Sligo. - -ROYAL MANTLE (_Anticlea cucullata_). - -This species (Plate 88, Fig. 1) is also known as _sinuata_, Hubner. The -white fore wings have a blackish patch at the base and a blackish mark on -the front margins beyond the middle; the former is separated into two parts -by a pale reddish-brown band, and there is a reddish band, most distinct on -the front area, beyond the black mark; in some specimens these bands are -greyish. - -The caterpillar is green, sometimes inclining to yellowish, with two black -or purplish stripes, enclosing a broader pale yellow one, along the back; -head, green, freckled with black. It feeds on the flowers of bedstraw -(_Galium mollugo_, and _G. verum_), in July and August, or later in some -seasons. - -The moth is out in late June and in July, and occasionally may be disturbed -from its food plant or the surrounding herbage. About dusk it is on the -wing, and later is attracted by light. It seems to occur in most of the -English counties from Kent to Cornwall; also in Berks., Oxon., Herts, and -the eastern counties. Always local, and except in the east, where it is -found in the Breck-sand area, most frequent in chalky localities. Barrett -notes a specimen from Knowle, Warwickshire, and there are at {217} least -two records from Scotland (Perthshire). In Ireland, Mr. W. F. de V. Kane -took one example from a wall in co. Clare, and another has been recorded -from Galway. - -The range of the species abroad extends to Siberia and Amurland; and it is -represented in Corea and Japan by _A. yokohamae_, Butler. - -THE SHOULDER STRIPE (_Anticlea badiata_). - -The ground colour of the fore wings is pale ochreous brown, inclining to -whitish; there are three dark-edged black cross-lines, the first of them -sharply bent below the front margin, the second is rather oblique, and the -third is wavy and often not clearly defined towards the inner margin; the -outer marginal area is broadly bordered with pale reddish brown or dark -purplish brown, there is a black streak from the more or less indistinct, -whitish submarginal line to the tips of the wings, and a white mark about -the middle of the line; the ground colour is most in evidence on the -central area of the wings, but even here it is frequently reduced to a -slender band, or occasionally only a patch near the front margin of the -wing. (Plate 88, Figs. 2-4.) - -The caterpillar (Plate 89, Fig. 1) is green, inclining to yellow between -the rings; the spiracles are black, and there is sometimes a pinkish brown -or purplish stripe along their area. Varies in general colour, and also in -marking. It feeds, at night, on wild rose, and may be beaten from the -bushes from May to July. When full grown it forms an oval cocoon in the -earth, and therein changes to a chrysalis (Plate 89, Fig. 1a), which is -dark reddish brown, inclining to blackish on the thorax, wing-cases, and -the front edges of the body rings. - -The moth appears in March and April, and may be obtained from almost any -hedgerow, where wild rose is plentiful, throughout the British Isles, -except that it seems not to extend north of Moray in Scotland. {218} - -BARBERRY CARPET (_Anticlea berberata_). - -The fore wings are greyish or whitish, tinged with grey; there are two -dark-edged black lines on the basal half, and a black line beyond the -middle of the wings; the latter has a conspicuous tooth in its upper half, -but the lower wavy half is indistinct; there is a black streak in the tip -of the wing. (Plate 88, Figs. 5, 6.) - -The stout and roughened caterpillar is brown, with indistinct darker -stripes along the back; the head is brown, checkered with darker brown. It -feeds, in June and July, on barberry (_Berberis vulgaris_); there is a -second brood in late August and September. - -The moth is out in May and early June, and again in August. Although it -certainly has been noted from other parts of England, the species seems at -present to be confined to the eastern counties. Barrett gives Somerset -also. - -THE FLAME (_Anticlea rubidata_). - -The markings on the reddish fore wings of this species (Plate 88, Figs. 9 -and 10) are somewhat similar to those of the last mentioned, but there is -no black streak in the tips of the wings, and the upper part of the outer -black line is not toothed. The lower central area is often greyish, and the -reddish ground colour is sometimes obscured. - -The caterpillar is pale brown, sometimes greyish or greenish tinged, with -obscure darker diamond-shaped marks on the back; a black central line, -indistinct on the middle rings; under side striped and lined with pale and -dark brown; head, with a black V-shaped mark. It feeds, in July and early -August, on bedstraw (_Galium mollugo_ and _G. verum_), and will eat -cleavers or goosegrass (_G. aparine_) in confinement. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 90. - 1. BLOMER'S RIVULET: _caterpillar_. - 2. SMALL WHITE WAVE: _caterpillar_. - 3. HAWORTH'S PUG: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 91. - 1, 3. DINGY SHELL. - 2, 4. SMALL YELLOW WAVE. - 5, 6. SMALL WHITE WAVE. - 7, 9. WAVED CARPET. - 8, 10. BLOMER'S RIVULET. - -{219} - -The moth flies in June and July, and in the daytime may be readily -disturbed from hedges in localities on the chalk in the southern half of -England and Wales, especially in the seaboard counties from Kent to -Cornwall. It has been recorded from Derbyshire and Yorkshire, and once from -the Isle of Arran (_Entom._ xv. 250). - -THE STREAMER (_Anticlea nigrofasciaria_). - -The two examples of this species depicted on Plate 88 show the ordinary -form with the central area of the fore wings greyish brown (Fig. 7, Essex), -and a New Forest specimen in which the central area is whitish (Fig. 8). - -The long caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish between the rings; a -purplish, or reddish-brown, stripe along the back is broken up into spots -on the middle rings. It feeds on the flowers and leaves of wild rose, and -can be found or beaten out in May and June. (Plate 89, Figs. 2, larva, 2a, -ova.) - -The moth is out in April and early May, and is often seen at rest on -palings, etc., but it occurs chiefly in hedgerows, along which it flies at -dusk. - -This species (also known as _derivata_, Borkhausen) is pretty well -distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland up to Sutherlandshire. In -Ireland it seems to be local. - -DINGY SHELL (_Euchoeca obliterata_). - -This pale ochreous brown species (Plate 91) is in the male (Fig. 1) more or -less sprinkled and shaded with darker brown, and the three brown cross -lines are consequently often obscure, and rarely as distinct as in the -female (Fig. 3). - -The green caterpillar has a yellow line running down the middle of a black -stripe along the back, and this stripe is {220} bordered on each side with -yellow, and broken up by the yellow ring divisions; head, with a black spot -on each side. It feeds, in July and August, on alder. - -The moth is out in June and early July, and will be found in almost every -locality in England where the alder flourishes, most plentifully, perhaps, -on the eastern and western sides. It has been recorded from North and South -Wales, but it does not seem to have been noted from Ireland or Scotland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -SMALL WHITE WAVE (_Asthena candidata_). - -The delicately lined white moth shown on Plate 91, Figs. 5 [male] and 6 -[female], is chiefly a woodland species. It is generally common in the -south of England, occurs more or less frequently throughout the northern -half, and is widely distributed in Wales. In Scotland, it is said to be -locally common in Clydesdale, and to be found in Arran and in Perthshire. -It is plentiful at Dromoland, co. Clare, Ireland, not uncommon in parts of -Galway, and once recorded from Wicklow. - -The caterpillar is found, in July and August, on birch, hazel, and wild -rose. In general colour it is green, inclining to bluish at each end, and -tinged with yellowish along the ridge on the sides; the back is marked with -crimson. (Plate 90, Fig. 2, after Hofmann.) - -The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes July, and individuals of a -second generation occasionally appear in August or September. - -SMALL YELLOW WAVE (_Asthena luteata_). - -This pretty little species (Plate 91, Figs. 2 and 4) has the pale yellowish -wings marked with ochreous brown lines, which vary in thickness, and a dash -of the same colour on the fore wings, from the central pair of lines to the -middle of the outer margin. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 92. - 1. GREY PUG: _egg and caterpillar_. - 2. LIME SPECK PUG: _caterpillars_. - 3. COMMON PUG: _caterpillar_. - 4. NETTED PUG: _caterpillar_. - 5. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG: _caterpillar_. - 6. CURRANT PUG: _caterpillar_. - 7. BORDERED PUG: _chrysalids_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 93. - 1, 4. LIME SPECK PUG. - 2, 5, 8, 11. NETTED PUG. - 7, 10. FOXGLOVE PUG. - 3, 6. TOADFLAX PUG. - 9. MARBLED PUG. - 12. DWARF PUG. - -{221} The caterpillar, which feeds in August and September, on maple, and -in the northern counties on alder, is green, inclining to whitish between -the rings. - -The moth is out in June and early July, sometimes from mid May in warm -localities. It is widely distributed over England and Wales, and in the -southern counties of England it occurs in hedges wherever the maple grows, -but in the midlands and northwards it is chiefly found among alder. In -Scotland it is local and rare in Clydesdale, and is known to occur in -Perthshire. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. - -WAVED CARPET (_Asthena testaceata_). - -The typical, greyish-dusted, white form is depicted on Plate 91, Figs. 7 -[male] and 9 [female]. Mr. E. R. Bankes states (_Entom._, xl. 33) that in -one restricted area in mid-Kent this species varies in the direction of -melanism, and he describes two forms as under: ab. _intermedia_ has the -usual coloration, but the wings are thickly dusted with dusky brown, -chiefly along the front edge of the fore wings, and the cross lines are -more distinct than in the type. In ab. _goodwini_ all the wings have the -whitish ground colour largely obscured by dusky brown powdering. - -The rather spindle-shaped caterpillar is purplish brown, inclining to -greenish on the sides and below at each end; on the back of the middle -rings are whitish V-marks, and the last three rings incline to purplish red -above (adapted from Fenn). It feeds on the young leaves of alder, birch, -and sallow, in July and August. The moth is out in June, and hides by day -among the bushes, but may be seen occasionally {222} on tree-trunks. Its -haunts are in damp woods and plantations, and it occurs in most of the -English and Welsh counties, although it is rarely common, except in the -south of England. In Ireland it has been noted as scarce in counties -Wicklow, Kerry, Galway, and Sligo. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -BLOMER'S RIVULET (_Asthena blomeri_). - -The earliest British specimens of this species (Plate 91, Figs. 8 [male] -and 10 [female]) were taken in Castle Eden Dean, Durham, and among the -first to detect these was Captain Blomer, after whom Curtis named the -species in 1832. It is still found in that locality, but is also known to -occur in Cumberland, Lancs., Yorks., Derby, Staffs., Merionethshire, -Worcester, Hereford, Glamorgan, Gloucester, Somerset, Devon, Wilts., -Oxford, and Bucks. - -The slender caterpillar is yellowish green, generally marked with -pinkish-brown on the back, but most or all such markings may be absent. It -feeds, on wych elm (_Ulmus montana_) (Plate 90, Fig. 1), in August and -September. The moth is out in June and July, earlier or later in some -seasons. As a rule, it sits on the trunks of beech trees, but I have seen -it on the stems of cherry and fir, though hardly ever on wych-elm. -Occasionally, newly emerged specimens have been noted on the leaves of -dog's mercury (_Mercurialis perennis_). - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -LIME-SPECK PUG (_Eupithecia oblongata_). - -The characteristic features of this white, or greyish white, species (Plate -93, Figs. 1 and 4) is the bluish grey blotch on the front margin, in the -lower end of which is the black discal {223} spot. Occasionally, the blotch -is much reduced in size, but it is usually large, and sometimes there are -indications of a dusky stripe from it to the inner margin. - -When freshly laid, the egg is whitish, but changes to pale orange. The -caterpillar (Plate 92, Figs. 2, 2a) is greenish, with more or less -connected reddish marks on the back, or green inclining to yellowish, or -bluish, without markings. It feeds through the summer on flowers of -ragwort, knapweed, scabious, yarrow, golden rod, etc. - -The moth, which is often common in gardens, is out from May to August, and -specimens of a second brood occur in September and October. - -It is widely distributed over the British Islands, but in Scotland it does -not, apparently, extend north of Perthshire. - -FOXGLOVE PUG (_Eupithecia pulchellata_). - -The fore wings are pale ochreous brown with a dusky basal patch limited by -a black line; a greyish central band inclining to blackish near the costa, -and clouded with ochreous below the middle; the black-and-white edges are -wavy; a reddish stripe across the wing before the central band, and a -similar, but more irregular, one beyond the band. The hind wings are -whitish grey, with several dark-grey bands (Plate 93, Figs. 7 [male], 10 -[female]). - -In var. _hebudium_, Sheldon, from the Hebrides, the usual reddish stripes -are replaced by narrower dark-brown ones; the space left by the reduction -in width is white, giving the insect a decidedly grey appearance. - -The caterpillar lives in the flowers of the foxglove (_Digitalis purpurea_) -and feeds therein upon the stamens and the immature seeds. It enters by -boring through the side walls, and then secures the longer lobe of the -blossom to the shorter upper one with a few silken threads. Tenanted -flowers have {224} a rather faded look and are easily detected. July is the -best month, but the caterpillar may be found earlier as well as later. - -The moth is out in May and June, and is found in almost every part of the -British Isles where the foxglove is common. - -TOADFLAX PUG (_Eupithecia linariata_). - -Very similar to the last species, but generally smaller, neater and more -glossy looking. The central band of the fore wing is blacker, without -ochreous clouding below the middle, and the edges are not wavy. The hind -wings are darker, and the only distinct band is a whitish one beyond the -middle (Plate 93, Figs. 3, 6). - -The caterpillar is yellowish green, with a series of dull olive or rust -coloured spots or bars along the back, bordered on each side by a dusky -olive line; in some examples the markings are absent (Crewe). It feeds in -the flowers of yellow toadflax (_Linaria vulgaris_), and may be reared on -flowers of the snapdragon (_Antirrhinum_). It is hardly necessary to -examine each blossom separately to find the caterpillar, except, perhaps, -to make sure when doubtful about the quarry being there. Probably, a -handful of the flower sprays gathered in August or September in any -locality in the southern half of England where the food plant abounds would -furnish moths in the following May or June. The _Linaria_ should be secured -on a dry day for choice, but when brought home it need not be put in water; -just throw it into an airy breeding cage, and hopefully await emergence of -the perfect insects in due course. Sometimes caterpillars attain the moth -state the same year. - -The range of the species in England extends to Durham, but it seems to be -rather uncommon from the Midlands northwards. It is found in Wales, and has -been recorded once from Scotland (Inverurie), and once from Ireland -(Dublin). {225} - -MARBLED PUG (_Eupithecia irriguata_). - -The fore wings are whitish and rather shining, the discal spot is black and -very distinct, but the dark grey-brown markings, which are only well -defined on the front and outer marginal areas, vary in intensity (Plate 93, -Fig. 9). - -The long, slender and roughened caterpillar is dull yellowish green; three -lines along the back, the central one reddish and expanded on the middle -rings, the others yellowish; head, reddish. It feeds on oak, in late May -and in June. The moth is out in April and May, and is sometimes found on -fences or palings in the neighbourhood of oak woods, but may be jarred from -the oak boughs, on the undersides of which it usually sits. - -The New Forest in Hants is, perhaps, the best British locality for the -species, but it has been found in Dorset (Glanville's Wootton), Devon -(Exeter district, Tiverton, etc.), Sussex (Abbots Wood, St. Leonard's -Forest, etc.), Wilts. (Savernake Forest); also oak woods in Surrey, Berks., -Gloucester, Hereford and Glamorgan. On the eastern side it occurs in -Suffolk (Bury and Needham), and Norfolk. - -DWARF PUG (_Eupithecia pusillata_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 93, Fig. 12) are pale greyish white, -discal spot black, cross lines irregular dark grey inclining to brownish, -usually most distinct on the front margin. - -The long, slender caterpillar is orange-red or dull ochreous green; three -dusky olive lines along the back, the central one often only distinct on -the front rings; a yellow line low down along the sides. It feeds, in June -and early July, on spruce (_Picea excelsa_). The moth is out in May and -June, and rests by day among the branches of the spruce. {226} - -The species is very local, but is found in Kent (West Wickham, etc.), -Surrey (Mickleham district), Hants (New Forest), Devon (Exeter district, -Plymouth), Wilts. (Watlington district), and Suffolk. - -OCHREOUS PUG (_Eupithecia indigata_). - -Captured specimens of this pale greyish-ochreous-brown species nearly -always have a washed-out appearance, and even freshly emerged examples are -unattractive. In some specimens, cross lines are more or less traceable on -the fore wings; in others four or five tiny dusky dots will be noted on the -front edge; as a rule, the only clearly defined character is the black -discal spot (Plate 96, Fig. 1). - -The long caterpillar is greenish-yellow or yellowish-red; three lines on -the back, the central one brownish, but often only distinct on the front -rings; the others, and also one low down along the sides, yellowish; head, -reddish (adapted from Crewe). It feeds, in June and July, on pine and -larch, or may be reared on juniper. - -The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes there seems to be another -emergence in the latter part of the summer. It frequents pine-woods, where -it rests upon the trunks and branches of the trees. - -Generally distributed over the whole of England; has been found in South -Wales, and occurs in Perthshire, in Scotland. In Ireland, it has been noted -from Tyrone, Derry, and Galway. - -PINION-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia insigniata_). - -The greyish white fore wings have a blackish basal line, and three slender -double lines between this and the outer margin; three blotches on the front -margin of the wings, the middle one blackish, the others brown with dashes -of the same colour below; discal spot, black and streak-like (Plate 96, -Fig. 2). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 94. - 1. PLAIN PUG: _caterpillars_. - 2. DARK SPINACH: _caterpillars_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 95. - 1. PIMPINEL PUG. - 4. THYME PUG. - 7. BLEACHED PUG. - 3, 6, 10. WORMWOOD PUG. - 9. CURRANT PUG. - 2, 12. LING PUG. - 5. CAMPANULA PUG. - 8, 11. JASIONE PUG. - -{227} The long, slightly roughened caterpillar is green, inclining to -yellowish, especially between the rings; reddish marks on the back -connected by a slender line of the same colour; head, green, flecked with -reddish. It feeds, on apple, eating flowers and leaves, in May and June. -Also said to eat hawthorn and sloe. The moth is out in April and May, but -it is rarely met with in the open. If, however, one is lucky enough to -capture a female, and fertile eggs are obtained, moths should hardly fail -to result. From these the stock might go on increasing year by year for -quite a long period. Ten specimens presented to the National Collection of -British Lepidoptera in 1904, by the late Mrs. Hutchinson, were bred in -April of the previous year, and were the direct descendants of a female -captured in 1874, at Grantsfield, Herefordshire. - -Other counties in England from which the species has been recorded -are--Worcester (Birchwood), Gloucester, Somerset, Wilts., Hants (Hayling -Island), Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Berks., Bucks., Huntingdon, Cambridge (once -bred from mixed larvae beaten from hawthorn on the "Gogs"), Suffolk (beaten -from hawthorn at Brandon, Tuddenham, etc.), and Norfolk. - -As _insigniata_, Hubner, is claimed to be at least two years older than -_consignata_, Borkhausen, the former name will have to be adopted for this -species. - -NETTED PUG (_Eupithecia venosata_). - -This moth has also been named by the old authors "the Pretty Widow Moth." -On Plate 93 are shown four examples; the typical form (Fig. 2), in which -the fore wings are pale greyish, with black cross lines, two of which are -edged with whitish; var. _fumosae_, Gregson = _nubilata_, Bohatsch (Fig. -5)--the Shetland race--is brownish grey, with the markings obscure; Fig. 8 -{228} represents a variegated modification of the last form, for which the -name _bandanae_ was proposed by Gregson; Fig. 11 depicts another specimen, -which in its light-brown colour closely approaches the Orkney form var. -_ochracae_, Gregson = _orcadensis_, Prout. - -Specimens from North Devon have a rather darker tone of the typical -coloration, and those from North Wales and from Ireland incline to -brownish. - -The rather stumpy caterpillar is greyish brown above, and pale greenish or -yellowish below; three darker brown lines along the back; head, blackish. -It is found from late June to early August, in the seed capsules of -catchfly (_Silene inflate_, _S. maritima_, etc.). Plate 92, Fig. 4, from a -coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich. - -The moth is out in May and June, and is widely distributed over the British -Isles. - -PIMPINEL PUG (_Eupithecia pimpinellata_). - -A portrait of this species, which, as a British insect, was first noted in -Suffolk nearly sixty years ago, will be found on Plate 95, Fig. 1. The fore -wings are pale brownish, except on the front edge, which is greyish; the -black discal spot is distinct and rather long; the median vein and its -branches are dotted with black, and most of the cross lines are only -distinct on the front margin, where they are blackish; the rather wavy -whitish submarginal line is sometimes marked with blackish. In some -specimens the costal half of the fore wings is greyish, and the other -portion only tinged with pale brownish. - -The long caterpillar is green, with three purplish lines along the back, -the central one wider and more distinct than the others; the head is -purple. Sometimes purple, with two lines of a deeper shade on each side of -the back (Crewe). It feeds, in the autumn, on flowers of burnet-saxifrage -(_Pimpinella_). {229} The moth is out in June and July, and in the late -afternoon is occasionally put up from among its food plant or the herbage -around, but such specimens are rarely worth keeping, unless of the female -sex, when eggs may be obtained. - -The species has a wide distribution in England, especially in the southern -half; it occurs in Wales, and also in Ireland, but not in Scotland. - -THYME PUG (_Eupithecia distinctaria_). - -This delicately marked species, better known, perhaps, as _constrictata_, -Guenee (Plate 95, Fig. 4), has the fore wings whitish grey, with three -slender blackish curved cross lines, and some less distinct greyish ones; -the outer margin is slightly darker, and traversed by a wavy whitish line; -discal spot black and conspicuous. - -I have not seen specimens from the Hebrides, but, according to Barrett, -these have a more decided grey tint. - -The rather long, wrinkled caterpillar is dark green, inclining to yellowish -between the rings, with a broad purplish red line along the back. It feeds -on the flowers of wild thyme (_Thymus serpyllum_), in August and September. - -The moth is out in June and July, and inhabits dry places where there is an -abundant growth of wild thyme. It is easily alarmed, and quickly rises on -the wing from its hiding-place among the herbage. - -The species is, or has been, found in most of the southern counties of -England, from Sussex to Cornwall, on the western side from Somerset to -Westmorland, including North Wales and the Isle of Man; also recorded from -Buckinghamshire, Yorkshire (Richmond), and Northumberland. In Scotland it -occurs chiefly on the west to Ross, and in the Hebrides; in Ireland it is -widely spread, but most frequently met with on the coast. {230} - -BLEACHED PUG (_Eupithecia expallidata_). - -The ample wings light brown in colour, with large black discal spot, and -smaller black marks on the front edge of the fore wings, distinguish this -species (Plate 95, Fig. 7) from its closest British allies. - -The caterpillar feeds, in September and October, on flowers of golden rod -(_Solidago virgaurea_), but it will thrive on those of michaelmas daisy, -and probably the asters of the garden. It varies in ground colour, but this -is usually some shade of green, and there are brownish spots and lines on -the back. - -The moth is out from late June until August, and may be put up from among -golden rod during the day, or netted as it flies about the plant in the -gloaming. - -It is rather local, but occurs in most of the southern counties of England, -from Kent to Devonshire, and westward from Somerset to Hereford and South -Wales; also recorded from North Lancashire. Rare in Scotland, and only -noted from Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. Reported from a few localities on -the coast in Ireland. - -CURRANT PUG (_Eupithecia assimilata_). - -This species (Plate 95, Fig. 9) is similar in marking to that next -mentioned, but the wings are shorter and rounder; the fore wings are a -trifle redder in tint, and the white mark at the termination of the -submarginal line is usually more conspicuous. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 96. - 1. OCHREOUS PUG. - 2. PINION-SPOTTED PUG. - 3, 4. EDINBURGH PUG. - 5-8. SATYR PUG. - 9. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG, VAR. _ANGELICATA_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 97. - 1. WHITE-SPOTTED PUG. - 2, 5. BORDERED PUG. - 3. LARCH PUG. - 4, 7. COMMON PUG. - 6. GREY PUG. - 8, 11. TAWNY SPECKLED PUG. - 9. PLAIN PUG. - 10. GOLDEN-ROD PUG. - 12. SCARCE PUG. - 13. TRIPLE-SPOTTED PUG. - 14. SHADED PUG. - -{231} The rather slender caterpillar, figured on Plate 92, Fig. 6, from a -coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich, is yellowish green, inclining to yellow -between the rings; three darker green lines on the back, the central one -most distinct, the others rather broad and not well defined; sometimes the -central line is tinged with brown, as also is the front edge of each ring. -It feeds on currant and hop, and is said to eat the leaves of gooseberry -also. The first brood is in June and July, and the second in the autumn. -The moth is out in May and June and in August. It frequents gardens, and -hides among the foliage, or occasionally sits on walls or palings; from -hedges where the wild hop grows freely it may be beaten out in the daytime, -but it flies in the twilight, sometimes in numbers, around the hop bines. - -Widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland up to Ross; in Ireland -it has been noted from Tyrone, Dublin, Cork, Galway, and Sligo. - -WORMWOOD PUG (_Eupithecia absinthiata_). - -The fore wings are reddish or purplish brown; cross lines indistinct, but -represented on the front edge by black marks; discal dot black, submarginal -line whitish interrupted, often indistinct, except above the inner margin -(Plate 95, Figs. 3, 6, 10). The short, stout, and roughened caterpillar -varies in colour, and may be yellowish green, deep rose colour, or dirty -reddish brown; a series of lozenge-shaped reddish spots on the back, faint -towards each end (often absent in green forms); oblique yellow stripes on -the sides form borders to the marks on the back (adapted from Crewe). It -feeds, in the autumn, on the flowers of ragwort, golden rod, aster, yarrow, -hemp agrimony, etc. The moth is out in June and July. - -The species is generally common in the south of England, and is widely -distributed over the rest of that country, Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland -its range extends to Moray. - -Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland. - -LING PUG (_Eupithecia goossensiata_). - -The fore wings are rather narrower and more pointed at the tips than those -of the last species; the ground colour of the fore wings is of a paler -reddish brown, and frequently tinged {232} with greyish; the hind wings are -usually greyish-brown (Plate 95, Figs. 2, 12). The caterpillar, which feeds -in August and September on the flowers of heath (_Erica_), and ling -(_Calluna_), is pinkish with dusky marks on the back, most distinct on the -middle rings; a yellowish line low down along the side has dusky marks upon -it; head, dusky olive, marked with white (adapted from Crewe). - -It may be mentioned here, that _knautiata_, Gregson, which was described as -a distinct species, is by some authorities considered to be a form of this -species, whilst others refer it to _absinthiata_. The caterpillar is -stouter than that of _goossensiata_, varies in colour from whitish to -green, and even purplish-brown, but not to pinkish; it feeds on the flowers -and seeds of _Knautia arvensis_. The moth is out in June and July, and -occurs on heaths and moors throughout England, Wales, and Ireland. In -Scotland, it is obtained freely in some parts of the south, and its range -extends to the Orkneys. - -This species is the minutata of Guenee and other authors, but this name, -being a synonym of _absinthiata_, will have to be discarded in favour of -_goossensiata_, Mabille (1869). - -CAMPANULA PUG (_Eupithecia denotata_). - -The faint reddish tinged pale-brown fore wings distinguish this species -(Plate 95, Fig. 5). The blackish marks on the front edge are minute, the -cross lines are usually indistinct and often absent; the discal spot, -however, is black and conspicuous, and the whitish submarginal line is very -wavy. In general colour, the caterpillar is pale brownish; lines and marks -on the back, dark brown or blackish. It feeds on the seeds of the -nettle-leaved bell-flower (_Campanula trachelium_), and may be reared on -the flowers of the various kinds of _Campanula_ grown in gardens: August -and early September. {233} The moth is out in July, but is rarely seen in a -state of nature. Caterpillars, however, are not uncommon, where the food -plant is plentiful, in several of the English counties from Worcestershire -southwards to Kent and Cornwall; also in Norfolk. - -This species is the _campanulata_ of most British authors. - -JASIONE PUG (_Eupithecia jasioneata_). - -Except that the ground colour inclines to dark greyish brown, and the cross -markings are rather more in evidence, this species is somewhat similar to -that last mentioned, pale specimens especially (Plate 95, Figs. 8, 11). The -caterpillar feeds in the seed heads of sheep's bit (_Jasione montana_), is -very like that of _denotata_ (_campanulata_), and occurs in the same -months. Possibly this insect, which is regarded as purely British, may -eventually be reduced to varietal rank. As pointed out by Mr. Prout, it is -in its paler form not easily separable from _atraria_, Herrich-Schaeffer, a -mountain form of _denotata_, Hubner. Whether species or variety, it is -equally interesting to the student of British Lepidoptera from the fact -that, up to the year 1878, it seems to have been unknown to entomologists. -From its close allies, it stands out more distinctly than do _absinthiata_ -and _goossensiata_ from each other, and the latter can hardly escape a -similar fate if _jasioneata_ is degraded. - -The moth is out in May and June, but it is very rarely seen at large, -though caterpillars are found locally in Devon and Somerset, England; at -Barmouth, in Merionethshire, North Wales; and in Cork and Kerry, Ireland. -Possibly, it awaits discovery in several other parts of the British Isles, -and almost certainly in the west of England. In ascertaining new localities -for the species, the best method of investigation would be to search for -the caterpillars. {234} - -WHITE-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia albipunctata_). - -This greyish brown species (Plate 97, Fig. 1) will be recognised by the -white spot at the lower end of the whitish submarginal line on the fore -wings; not infrequently there is a second white spot placed on the line -about the middle, and sometimes a third near the front margin; the hind -wings have a white dot at the anal angle, and, occasionally, a second is -placed a little beyond. Ab. _angelicata_, Barrett, occurring with the type -in the north of England, is blackish with the discal spot and the veins -showing blacker, but without white spots. (Plate 96, Fig. 9.) The -caterpillar is pale lemon yellow, or yellowish green; three brown lines -along the back, the central one with brown marks upon it; some brownish -marks on the sides. Variable in general colour, and the markings sometimes -absent. It feeds on the flowers of angelica (_Angelica sylvestris_), -hogweed (_Heracleum sphondylium_), and other Umbelliferae. It has also been -reared on a diet of elder leaves: August, September, or even later. Our -figure (Plate 92, Fig. 5) is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich. The -moth emerges in May and June, sometimes earlier in confinement, and then a -second generation has resulted in July. - -Widely distributed in England, in many localities the caterpillars are not -uncommon, although the moth may never be seen at large. Also occurs in -South Wales, in Scotland to Aberdeenshire; and in Ireland it has been found -in Sligo and Cork. - -COMMON PUG (_Eupithecia vulgata_). - -This pug varies in colour from pale grey brown through reddish brown to -blackish. In some of the lighter coloured specimens, the darker cross lines -and the whitish submarginal lines are all well defined; more frequently, -perhaps, most of the markings are indistinct or absent, but the small black -discal dot and a white spot above the outer angle of the fore wing remain -fairly clear. (Plate 97, Figs. 4, 7, ab. _subfuscata_, Haw.) The -caterpillar (Plate 92, Fig. 3) is brownish, inclining to reddish, dotted -with white; a series of dirty green marks along the back, and a pale yellow -wavy line low down along the sides. It feeds on the leaves of sallow, -hawthorn, bramble, bilberry, ragwort, golden-rod and various other plants. -There are at least two broods in the year, one in June and July, and the -other in the autumn. The moth flies in May and June, and again in August, -and is often common, almost everywhere, over the greater part of the -British Isles. - -The range abroad extends to Eastern Siberia and Amurland. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 98. - 1. LEAD-COLOURED PUG. - 2. HAWORTH'S PUG. - 3. VALERIAN PUG. - 4. MARSH PUG. - 5. SLENDER PUG. - 6. MAPLE PUG. - 7. ANGLE-BARRED PUG. - 8. ASH PUG. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 99. - 1, 2. NARROW-WINGED PUG. - 3. BRINDLED PUG. - 4. MOTTLED PUG. - 5. OAK-TREE PUG. - 6, 7. JUNIPER PUG. - 8-10. DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG. - 11, 12. CLOAKED PUG. - -{235} - -GOLDEN-ROD PUG (_Eupithecia virgaureata_). - -The fore wings of this obscurely marked species (Plate 97, Fig. 10) are -pale greyish brown inclining to ochreous; the discal spot is black, the -veins are marked with dark brown and white, and the whitish submarginal -line terminates in a white spot above the inner angle. - -The caterpillar varies in colour from grey brown or purplish grey to -reddish brown; a series of blackish triangular spots on the back, and -yellowish oblique stripes on the sides. It feeds on the flowers of the -golden-rod (_Solidago virgaurea_), in the autumn; also on ragwort -(_Senecio_). The moth is out in May and early June, but in captivity there -is apparently a second emergence in July and early August. The caterpillars -from which these smaller and rather darker specimens result, hatch from the -egg in May and feed on the flowers of beaked parsley (_Anthriscus -sylvestris_). - -Widely distributed in England, Wales and Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to north-east Siberia; and the species has been -recorded from Japan. {236} - -TRIPLE-SPOTTED PUG (_Eupithecia trisignaria_). - -The most noticeable markings on the rather shiny, pale-brown fore wings of -this species (Plate 97, Fig. 13) are the black discal spot and two blackish -clouds above it on the front margin. - -The stoutish caterpillar is green, with three darker green lines along the -back, and a wavy yellowish line low down along the sides; head, black. It -feeds, in the autumn, on flowers and seeds of angelica and cow-parsnip, but -the former is its chief food. - -June and July are the months for the moth, but it is rarely met with in the -open. The only English counties in which the species has been noted are -Surrey, Sussex, Dorset and Devon in the south; from Herefordshire in the -west its range extends through Worcester, Warwick, Leicester, and Derby to -Lancashire and York. In Scotland, Renton records it as common at Hawick, in -Roxburghshire; and it was recorded from Argyllshire in 1902. Hardly known -in Ireland. - -LARCH PUG (_Eupithecia lariciata_). - -This species (Plate 97, Fig. 3) is very like that next referred to, but the -fore wings are rather longer, the ground colour is whiter, and the -dark-grey or blackish cross lines are rather more angled and slanting; the -hind wings are paler, and especially so on the front margins. - -The long caterpillar is bright green, with a darker green line along the -back, merging into reddish on the last ring; sometimes reddish ochreous -with the line along the back brownish. It feeds, in June and July, on -larch, and will also eat spruce. - -The moth is out in May and early June, and may be jarred from larch trees, -or sometimes be found at rest on their stems. {237} - -As a British species, it was first met with in Surrey, in 1862, then it was -noted in Sussex, and shortly afterwards in Yorkshire. At the present time, -it will probably be found in any locality where larch is plentiful. - -GREY PUG (_Eupithecia castigata_). - -Although, as the English name suggests, this insect is greyish, there is -always a tinge of ochreous in the composition of its general colour (Plate -97, Fig. 6). Not infrequently the ground colour is decidedly brownish in -tint. The markings vary in clearness, but are most distinct in the paler -forms. A blackish form occurs in the north of England, and in the -Clydesdale district of Scotland, and was formerly known as the "Paisley -Pug." - -The longish caterpillar (Plate 92, Fig. 1) is pale or dusky olive, varying -to reddish brown, with a series of darker marks on the back. It feeds, from -August to October, on the foliage of almost any plant. - -The moth is out in May and June, and occasionally a few specimens emerge in -the autumn. Generally distributed over the British Isles, but apparently -not noted in the Orkneys and Shetlands. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. - -PLAIN PUG (_Eupithecia subnotata_). - -The fore wings of this species are pale ochreous brown, inclining to pale -reddish on the outer marginal area; the most distinct markings are a pale -cross band beyond the black discal dot, and a pale winding submarginal -line. The hind wings are smoky grey, with whitish wavy cross lines, the -most distinct being the outer (Plate 97, Fig. 9). The stoutish and somewhat -{238} stumpy caterpillar is green, or pale yellowish brown, with three -darker lines and marks on the back; a yellowish line low down on the sides. -It feeds on flowers and seeds of orache (_Atriplex_), and goosefoot -(_Chenopodium_): August and September. Figured on Plate 94, Figs. 1, 1a, -from coloured drawings by Mr. A. Sich. In July, the moth may be disturbed -from its food plant or adjacent herbage, or it may be seen resting on -palings or fences. It flies at night, and will come to light. - -Not uncommon in many places in the southern half of England, and found in -the rest of the country, chiefly on the coast, to Hartlepool in Durham, -also in Wales. Once recorded from south Scotland, and only noted from the -coast near Dublin, in Ireland. - -SCARCE PUG (_Eupithecia extensaria_). - -The conspicuously marked insect represented on Plate 97, Fig. 12, is, so -far, only known to occur, in Britain, on the coasts of Norfolk and -Yorkshire. It was first discovered in the latter county more than thirty -years ago; about twelve years later it was found on the Norfolk coast, and -caterpillars were also obtained from the sea wormwood (_Artemisia -maritima_) in the autumn. - -The long caterpillar, which feeds on the flowers and foliage of its food -plant, is green, with three lines along the back, the central one dusky and -the others whitish; a white stripe low down along the sides is edged below -with rosy brown. It will thrive on the cultivated southernwood or "lad's -love" (_Artemisia abrotanum_). - -The moth is out in June and July, and may be found in its haunts among the -sea wormwood, not only on the coast of Norfolk, but quite possibly, here -and there, in suitable places on the east coast from Essex to the Humber. -Caterpillars may be obtained in August and September. [Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 100. - 1. V. PUG. - 2-6. GREEN PUG, _and vars_. - 7, 8. BILBERRY PUG. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 101. - 1. MAGPIE: _caterpillars and chrysalis_. - 2. CLOUDED MAGPIE: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillars_. - -{239} - -EDINBURGH PUG (_Eupithecia helveticaria_). - -The two examples of this species on Plate 96, Figs. 3, 4, are from the -Pentland Hills, Scotland, and are referable to _anglicata_, Milliere. In -this form, which is smaller than the type, the fore wings are grey brown, -more or less tinged with reddish, and sometimes inclining to purplish; the -whitish edged dark cross lines, especially the basal first and second, are -usually distinct, and the veins are often marked with black and white. Ab. -_arceuthata_, Freyer, a paler grey form, occurs in Buckinghamshire, and has -also been reported from Surrey. The specimens from the latter county, at -least those from the Dorking district, were subsequently referred to _E. -satyrata_. - -The stoutish and rather rough caterpillar is green, with three lines along -the back, the central one dark green, and the others white; a broad -yellowish stripe low down along the sides. It feeds on juniper, in June and -July, and sometimes again in September and October. The moth is out in -April, May, and June, and a second brood may appear in August and -September. The species seems to occur among juniper, in Scotland, from -Roxburghshire to Sutherland. It is local in North Lancashire, has been -reported from near Llandudno, North Wales, and, as adverted to above, -occurs in Bucks. - -SATYR PUG (_Eupithecia satyrata_). - -Four specimens are depicted on Plate 96. Fig. 5 represents the typical pale -brownish grey form, in which the cross lines are indistinct, and the veins -are marked with white and dusky. Fig. 6 shows the rather browner, moorland -ab. _callunaria_, Doubleday, and Figs. 7 and 8 depict two forms of the -Shetland race, known as var. _curzoni_, Gregson. A much rarer form than -{240} any of the above is the pale brownish ab. _pernotata_, Guenee -(_cauchyata_, Meyrick). - -The caterpillar is greenish with a series of purplish-brown edged, dusky -green, Y-shaped marks along the back; above the yellow spiracular line is a -row of slanting purplish blotches; sometimes the general colour is paler, -and the markings on the back and sides rosy; occasionally, the whole of the -back is rosy (adapted from Crewe). It feeds on the flowers of knapweed -(_Centaurea nigra_), scabious, hawkweed (_Hieracium_), heath, sallow, etc., -etc.: August and September. - -The moth is out in May and June, and is found in woodlands, and on heaths -and moors. It is widely distributed over the British Isles. - -BORDERED PUG (_Eupithecia succenturiata_). - -The fore wings are white, clouded and suffused with dark grey on all the -margins. The greyish clouding sometimes covers the whole area of the wings, -except a very limited space under the black discal spot (ab. _disparata_, -Hubner). Plate 97, Figs. 2, a specimen from Lancs., 5, one from Surrey. - -The caterpillar is reddish brown, paler in some specimens than in others; a -series of blackish spear-head marks along the back, connected by a blackish -line, and a dusky line on each side; a whitish line along the spiracles. It -feeds, in September and October, on mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), tansy -(_Tanacetum vulgare_), and yarrow (_Achillea_). It may be reared on garden -Chrysanthemum. Chrysalis, dark buff, inclining to brown; wing cases olive -green; figure 7 on Plate 92 is from a photo by Mr. Main, and is enlarged to -twice the natural size. - -The moth is out in July and early August; it is not readily put up from its -hiding-place among herbage, but at night, when on the wing, it will come to -light. {241} - -The species is most frequent, perhaps, on the coast, but it is widely -distributed over England and Wales. Rare in Ireland, and only noted from -counties Armagh, Louth, and Dublin; Kane states that he met with it in some -numbers on Lambay Island. Once reported from Ayrshire, Scotland. - -The Surrey specimen (Fig. 5) appears to be referable to _exalbidata_, -Staudinger, a form occurring chiefly in Asia, but occasionally found in -Germany and elsewhere in Europe. - -TAWNY SPECKLED PUG (_Eupithecia subfulvata_). - -Two forms of this species are shown on Plate 97. Fig. 8 represents the -reddish typical form, and Fig. 11 (from Lancs. coast) the dark ab. -_oxydata_, Treitschke. Between these two extremes, there are various -intermediate forms, showing more or less distinct cross lines. - -The caterpillar is reddish brown, with a chain of oval, olive-brown spots -along the back; there are also two brownish interrupted lines; the -spiracular line is white. Sometimes the general colour is ochreous brown, -or grey brown. It feeds, in September and October, on yarrow, and will -thrive on tansy, and the flowers of garden chrysanthemum. - -The chrysalis of this species is said to differ from that of _E. -succenturiata_ in being of a rich red colour, inclining to buff on the wing -cases. - -In July and August, the moth may sometimes be seen resting on fences, but -it is more frequently hidden away among herbage. At night it will visit -flowers, especially those of the ragwort. - -The species is widely distributed over England and Wales, and in Scotland -up to Moray. In Ireland, it is found on the coast from Louth to Cork. - -By some entomologists, _subfulvata_, Haworth, and its variety, _oxydata_, -are set down as forms of the preceding species. {242} - -SHADED PUG (_Eupithecia scabiosata_). - -The grey, or greyish-brown lined, whitish species shown on Plate 97, Fig. -14, has been known by three names in Britain. It was named and described by -Stephens, in 1831, as _piperata_ (The Speckled Pug), from a specimen, or -specimens, taken at Riddlesdown, near Croydon, Surrey; later, it was -supposed to be the _subumbrata_, of the _Vienna Catalogue_ (1776), and -certainly of Guenee. The name given to it by Borkhausen, in 1794, appears -to be the correct one, and is here adopted. - -Crewe describes the caterpillar as yellowish green, with three dark lines -on the back, the outer one not clearly defined; a yellow line on each side -of the head, and of the last ring of the body. - -It feeds on flowers of one of the hawkbits (_Leontodon hispidus_), and -hawk's-beard (_Crepis taraxacifolia_), etc., from July to September. In -June and early July, the moth may be started up from the herbage, as the -collector walks over rough ground inland, or more frequently on the coast. -It also occurs in fens, marshy places in woods, etc. - -The species occurs in Bucks., Berks., Surrey, and in the seaboard counties -from Norfolk in the east to Gloucestershire in the west, also in South -Wales; in the north it is found in Lancashire, Yorkshire, Durham, and -Northumberland. It is not common in Scotland, but has been reported from -various parts, extending from Wigtown to Argyll and Aberdeen. In Ireland it -is also a coast insect, from Donegal to Cork. - -HAWORTH'S PUG (_Eupithecia haworthiata_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 98. Fig. 2) are pale greyish, with -dark cross lines, and still darker narrow bands; hind wings, similar, but -markings less distinct. Resembles {243} the last species in size, but the -wings are somewhat rounder, darker, and not so silky in appearance; the -body, near the thorax, is ochreous brown. Also known as _isogrammaria_, -Herrich-Schaeffer, but _haworthiata_, Doubleday, is stated by Prout to be -the older name. - -In July and August the caterpillar (Plate 90, Fig. 3) may be found in the -flower-buds of the traveller's joy or old man's beard (_Clematis vitalba_). -It is green, with a bluish or pinkish tinge, and there are generally three -darker stripes along the back, but these are sometimes absent; occasionally -the ground colour is yellowish. - -The moth is out in June and July, and may be seen flying about clematis in -the sunshine, but such specimens are not often worth taking. It is easily -reared from caterpillars, which will thrive on flowers of garden -_Clematis_, and may be obtained by the score, either by beating, or by -searching for discoloured or black-specked flower buds of the traveller's -joy. - -The species is most frequent in the south of England, but it occurs in all -the eastern, some of the midland, and also in the northern counties to -Lancashire and Yorkshire; in the last-named county, Porritt states that the -caterpillars were found in profusion on _Clematis_ near Wadworth, -Doncaster, in 1901, It inhabits South Wales and Ireland. - -Abroad, the species ranges to Amurland and China. - -VALERIAN PUG (_Eupithecia valerianata_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 98, Fig. 3) are brownish grey, with -indistinct darker cross lines, and a wavy whitish submarginal line; the -latter is sometimes not clear, except towards the inner angle. - -Caterpillar, rather short, bright green, with three darker green lines -along the back; a whitish line low down along the sides, and the -ring-divisions are yellow. It feeds, in July {244} and August, on flowers -and seeds of all-heal, or cat's valerian (_Valeriana officinalis_). - -The moth is out in May and June; its haunts are in fens, marshes, and damp -spots affected by its food plant, but, as a rule, is only found in the -caterpillar state. A local, but widely distributed species in England; -occurs also in Wales and in Ireland. - -LEAD-COLOURED PUG (_Eupithecia plumbeolata_). - -The small, obscurely marked species, represented on Plate 98, Fig. 1, has -the fore wings whitish grey, sometimes assuming a yellowish tinge; a number -of rather wavy, darker cross lines, and a more or less clearly defined pale -band beyond the middle; discal spot always tiny and rarely distinct. - -The stumpy caterpillar is yellowish green, with three purplish-red lines -along the back, the central one swollen on each ring, and the others -irregular; sometimes the back is suffused with purplish-red. It feeds on -the flowers of cow-wheat (_Melampyrum_) in July and August. - -The moth is out in May and June, and is readily induced to fly out from -among cow-wheat, or the other herbage around. It may be found in most of -the English counties, wherever its food plant abounds; in South Wales; in -Scotland to Argyll and Aberdeen, and in Ireland from Cork to Donegal. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -MARSH PUG (_Eupithecia pygmaeata_). - -This species (Plate 98, Fig. 4) may be distinguished from _haworthiata_, -which it approaches in size and general appearance, by its more pointed -fore wings and the white dot at the inner angle of these wings. {245} - -The long, thin caterpillar is yellowish green; a pale olive line along the -middle of the back, connecting a series of urn-shaped blotches of the same -colour; two pale olive, irregular lines on each side. It feeds, in June and -July, on flowers of stitchwort (_Stellaria holostea_). - -The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later; examples of a second -brood have been obtained in August and September. It flies in the -afternoon, but only when the sun shines, and where the food plant grows -freely. - -The species occurs in all the eastern counties of England, in Bucks., and -in the northern counties to Cumberland and Northumberland. In Wales it has -been recorded from Colwyn, Denbighshire; in Scotland it is widely spread to -Perthshire; it is local and scarce in Ireland. - -SLENDER PUG (_Eupithecia tenuiata_). - -The fore wings are rather rounded; grey, more or less tinged with brownish, -and with ochreous or reddish brown along the front edge; the latter with -dusky clouds upon it; the cross lines are dark grey brown and fairly -distinct, and the discal spot is black (Plate 98, Fig. 5). A large grey -form from Moray, in Scotland, has been named _cinerae_, Gregson. - -Caterpillar, rather stumpy, and dingy yellowish green in colour, the sides -and middle of the back rosy; a series of dusky spots, edged by black lines -or short streaks, along the back; and a row of pinkish oblique stripes on -the sides. It feeds, in the spring, in sallow catkins, and the moths may -often be bred in numbers, in June and July, from those catkins which fall -most readily from the bushes when we go "a sallowing." Moths frequently -rest on the stems, and where there is a clump of well-grown sallows, a good -series may be obtained. - -The species is partial to fens and marshy places, and is found in such -situations over the greater part of the British Isles. {246} - -MAPLE PUG (_Eupithecia inturbata_). - -The fore wings are greyish brown, with many darker cross lines; the outer -margin is darker and traversed by a pale line; discal dot, dark grey and -not very distinct (Plate 98, Fig. 6). This species was long known as -_subciliata_, Guenee, but is now referred to _inturbata_, Hubner. - -In May and June the caterpillars may be beaten from maple, which is -apparently the only food plant, and of which they have a decided preference -for the flowers. When full grown the larva is yellowish green with a -purplish stripe along the back, and whitish lines along the sides. - -The moth may be jarred from the branches of the maple in July and August; -it is occasionally seen resting on fences, etc. It seems to be found in -England and Wales, in most places where there is a mature growth of maple. - -THE ANGLE-BARRED PUG (_Eupithecia innotata_). - -The greyish-brown fore wings of this species (Plate 98, Fig. 7) are crossed -by darker oblique lines, which are angled on the front margin; the -submarginal line is white and irregular, especially at each end. - -Caterpillar, ochreous grey, inclining to pinkish, marked on the back with -white-edged, purplish- or reddish-brown blotches, and on the sides with -reddish or purple spots; a whitish line low down along the sides. It feeds -on the flowers of wormwood and mugwort (_Artemisia_), from August to -October. - -The moth, which is uncommon and very local in England, is out in July. It -occurs in Devonshire (Exeter district), Kent (Wye), Essex (Shoeburyness), -Lincolnshire (Skegness, etc.), Worcestershire (Malvern), Lancashire and -Cheshire (coast sand-hills, Macclesfield, etc.), and Durham (Hartlepool). -{247} - -ASH PUG (_Eupithecia fraxinata_). - -Very similar to the last mentioned, but smaller, and the markings are less -distinct (Plate 98, Fig. 8). - -The caterpillar is variable, but generally some shade of green, -occasionally purplish red; lines on the sides yellowish, and sometimes -there are dusky purplish marks on the back. It feeds, in August and -September, on ash, and is said to eat _Artemisia_, _Laurustinus_, and the -flowers of scabious. The moth is out in late June and July, and sometimes a -second generation appears in the autumn. - -This species, which by some entomologists is considered to be a form of _E. -innotata_, is widely distributed over England, south Scotland, and Ireland. -_Tamarisciata_, Freyer, is also considered by some authorities to be a form -of _E. innotata_. - -Some moths reared from larvae obtained, in 1905, from Tamarisk, in -Cornwall, have been referred to _tamarisciata_. - -NARROW-WINGED PUG (_Eupithecia nanata_). - -The rather variable species represented on Plate 99, Figs. 1 and 2, will -easily be recognised by its long pointed fore wings, which in colour are -whitish grey, darkened by brownish cross-stripes; a whitish spot before the -small, black discal dot. - -The long, thin, caterpillar, which feeds on ling or heather in the autumn, -is whitish with a greenish tinge: the sides are marked with red, and there -are some reddish spots on the back. - -On almost all heather-clad ground throughout the British Isles, this pretty -little moth will be found, more or less commonly, during the months of May -and early June, and sometimes there is a second flight in July and August. -{248} - -BRINDLED PUG (_Eupithecia abbreviata_). - -The ochreous grey fore wings of this species (Plate 99, Fig. 3) are crossed -by dark, bent lines, and marked with black on the veins; the central area -is sometimes whitish, and generally paler than the ground colour. - -Caterpillar, slender, ochreous brown in colour, with browner lines and -redder V-shaped marks on the back. It feeds on oak, in June and July. The -moth is not uncommon in oak woods, in April and May, and may be beaten from -the boughs in the daytime, and not infrequently found resting on the -trunks. Generally distributed, but in Scotland not noted north of -Perthshire. - -OAK-TREE PUG (_Eupithecia dodoneata_). - -This species (Plate 99, Fig. 5) differs from the last in being smaller, -paler in colour, more distinctly marked, and with a rather larger and more -conspicuous discal spot. - -The caterpillar feeds, in June and July, on young leaves of oak, the -flowers of the evergreen oak (_Quercus ilex_), and hawthorn. It is orange, -or ochreous red, with blackish marks connected by a line of the same colour -along the back, and yellowish stripes and lines on the sides. - -The moth is out in May and early June, and occurs in some of the woods in -most of the southern counties of England, and on the west to -Worcestershire. It has been recorded from Yorks. and Cumberland; from -Glamorganshire, South Wales; and from counties Armagh, Dublin, Wicklow, and -Sligo, in Ireland. - -MOTTLED PUG (_Eupithecia exiguata_). - -In some respects this species (Plate 99, Fig. 4) is not unlike _E. -abbreviata_, but the general colour of the fore wings is pale grey -inclining to brownish; a good character is the blackish {249} band before -the submarginal line, which is interrupted by patches of the ground colour, -one above, and the other below, the middle; the submarginal line is whitish -towards the inner margin. - -Caterpillar, long and thin; dark green; a series of yellow dotted reddish -marks on the back, and a yellow-edged reddish line low down along the -sides. It feeds, in the autumn, on hawthorn, sloe, currant, sallow, ash, -etc. - -The moth is out in May and June, and is sometimes seen at rest on the stems -and branches of trees, fences, etc., and may be beaten out of hedgerows. - -Widely distributed throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Perthshire, and -Ireland. - -JUNIPER PUG (_Eupithecia sobrinata_). - -Two specimens are shown on Plate 99: Fig. 6 represents a more or less -typical example from the Surrey downs, and Fig. 7 a pale form from Forres -in Scotland. The species varies in tint of ground colour, and in the -strength of marking, in all its localities; but in Scotland there is a -greater tendency to pale forms than in England. Mr. H. McArthur, during the -present year, obtained an extensive and most variable series from heather, -at Aviemore, in Inverness. A pale-brownish tinged white pug found in Kent -and the Isle of Wight, at one time referred to _E. ultimaria_, Boisduval, -and afterwards known as _stevensata_, Webb, is really, according to Prout, -_anglicata_, Herrich-Schaeffer. Whether this is a form of the present -species or specifically distinct is still left in doubt, but personally I -believe it to be a variety. - -The dark-green, sometimes reddish marked, caterpillars may be beaten from -juniper bushes, from April to early June. The moth is out from late July to -early October, and may be found {250} in nearly all parts of the British -Isles where the food plant occurs, and occasionally in localities from -which juniper appears to be absent. - -DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG (_Gymnoscelis_ (_Eupithecia_) _pumilata_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 5. - -DOUBLE-STRIPED PUG, AT REST. - -(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] - -This species varies a good deal in the tint of the ground colour and the -cross markings. Three forms are depicted on Plate 99: Fig. 8 is a typical -male, and Fig. 9 shows a female with distinct red bands (ab. -_rufifasciata_, Haworth); both specimens are from Surrey. The greyish -example without red markings (Fig. 10) is from Ireland, and approaches ab. -_tempestivata_, Zeller, in form. - -The caterpillar ranges in colour from yellowish-green to reddish; on the -back there is a dark-green or blackish line, and often a series of marks of -the same colour; the lines on the sides are yellowish. It feeds chiefly in -or on the flowers of furze, broom, holly, clematis, hawthorn, etc., from -May to September. There are certainly two broods, possibly more. The -specimens of the first, or spring, generation are usually larger in size -and more strongly marked than those of the summer brood. - -The moth is most frequent, perhaps, in April, May, July, and August, but it -may be met with in either of the months from April to November. Pretty -generally distributed over the British Isles, including the Hebrides and -the Orkneys. {251} - -CLOAKED PUG (_Eucymatoge togata_). - -Over sixty years ago, this fine pug (Plate 99, Figs. 11 and 12) was -detected in England. It was first noted in a plantation of spruce fir at -Black Park, Buckinghamshire, in mid-June, 1845, and for many years this was -the only known British locality. At the present time it is obtained more or -less regularly in the New Forest, and has been recorded, chiefly in single -specimens, from Wiltshire, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, Yorkshire, and -Durham. It is not uncommon in Scotland up to Inverness, but is most -plentiful in Perthshire. - -Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) states that it is -spreading over an extensive area in Ireland, as a result of the planting of -spruce fir. - -The caterpillar, which feeds in the spruce cones, and eats the immature -seeds, is dingy white with a pinkish tinge, and suffused with blackish -above; the lines along the back and sides, when present, are whitish but -not distinct; head, and raised dots on the body, black; a brown plate on -the first ring: July and August. Cones containing caterpillars may be -secured by visiting a known locality for the species towards the end of -August, especially immediately after a gale. - -The moth may be dislodged from its resting place among the branches of the -spruce in June, sometimes earlier or later. - -V-PUG (_Chloroclystis coronata_). - -This is "_Phalaena_" _v-ata_, Haworth, and also the V-Pug of that author. A -later English name for the species is "The Coronet Pug," an Anglicism for -the Latin specific name, and has reference to the black upper part of the -outer cross line which is twice angled and bears a fanciful resemblance to -a {252} coronet; the lower angle is, however, most distinct, therefore -Haworth's English name seems most suitable as it indicates the V-mark, -which is a noticeable character of this delicate green species. (Plate 100, -Fig. 1.) - -The caterpillar is yellowish green, with three reddish lines along the -back, the central one most distinct and sometimes forming triangular marks, -or lozenges. The ground colour varies, and may be greener, yellower, or -occasionally greyish; and the markings are not always present. - -There are two generations, the first in June and July, and the second in -the autumn, and in confinement a third brood is sometimes obtained. The -blossoms of various plants are eaten, but those of hemp-agrimony -(_Eupatorium cannabinum_), golden-rod (_Solidago_), clematis, and purple -loosestrife (_Lythrum salicaria_), are perhaps favourites. Hawthorn and -bramble have also been mentioned as food plants. - -The moth is out in most of the months from May to August, but seems to be -most frequent in the first named. - -Generally distributed in the southern half of England, extending into South -Wales, rare in Yorkshire and in Roxburghshire, Scotland. Widely distributed -in Ireland. The range abroad extends to Japan. - -GREEN PUG (_Chloroclystis rectangulata_). - -Of this variable species five examples are shown on Plate 100. Figs. 2 and -3 represent the typical and more usual forms; 3 varies in the direction of -ab. _subaerata_, Hubn., and Fig. 4 is the greyish ab. _cydoniata_, Bork. -Ab. _nigrosericeata_, Haworth (Fig. 6), is blackish with white submarginal -line; and an intermediate form (Fig. 5) may be referable to ab. -_sericeata_, Haworth. - -The stumpy caterpillar is of a pale yellow green colour, with {253} a more -or less distinct reddish or dark-green line along the back, and reddish -ring-divisions. It feeds in flowers of the wild apple or crab, and of -apples and pears grown in orchards and gardens. It is found in April and -May, and the moth is out in June and July. - -The species is common throughout the greater part of England and Wales, and -its range extends to Ross in Scotland. It has a wide distribution in -Ireland. - -BILBERRY PUG (_Chloroclystis debiliata_). - -As a British insect, this species (Plate 100, Figs. 7 and 8) was first -found in Devonshire, and was then known by the English name of "The Devon -Pug." As the yellowish green caterpillar, marked with a darker line along -the back and a yellowish one low down on the sides, feeds on bilberry, in -April and May, and is by no means confined to Devonshire, the popular name -here adopted is more suitable. - -When quite fresh the moth, which is out in June and July, has a very -delicate tinge of green, but this quickly fades out, leaving a pale greyish -white insect. In the typical form (Fig. 7) the black central lines are -fairly well defined, but in ab. _nigropunctata_, Chant (Fig. 8), the lines -are represented by a series of dots. - -The species is common in some of the sheltered hollows among the hills in -Devon and Somerset, and I used to find it in abundance in the Martinhoe -district, in the former county. The moths were rarely disturbed from the -food plant during the day, but towards dusk they flew in numbers around -small trees of mountain ash. Other counties in which it is known to occur -are--England: Cornwall, Worcester, Staffordshire, Leicester, and Lancashire -(formerly on Chat Moss). Wales: Glamorgan and Pembroke. Scotland: Aberdeen. -Ireland: Wicklow, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Sligo. {254} - -DENTATED PUG (_Collix sparsata_). - -At one time this greyish brown species (Plate 102, Figs. 1, 2) was known by -the English name of "Broom Scallop," but it is now usually referred to, in -the vulgar tongue, as the Dentated Pug. The hind wings have their outer -margins toothed rather than scalloped, and the insect has nothing to do -with broom. - -The rather long caterpillar is pale green, with four white lines along the -back, and one on each side; a whitish stripe along the black spiracles. -Head, pale brown, rather flat above. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on -the yellow loosestrife (_Lysimachia vulgaris_), in July and August, or even -later. Fens and marshy woodlands are the haunts of the moth, which is out -in June and early July. It hides among the coarser vegetation, and is not -always easily disturbed therefrom; neither is it often noticed when on the -wing at night, although it is sometimes found at the flowers of buckthorn. - -Localities for the species are the fens of Cambridge and Norfolk, the boggy -parts of the New Forest, Hants; Dorset (Bloxworth and Hyde, etc.); Cheshire -(Delamere Forest); Yorkshire (bogs near York, and Thorne Waste). - -The range abroad extends to Japan. - -DARK SPINACH (_Pelurga comitata_). - -The darker banded, pale ochreous species shown on Plate 102, Figs. 3 -[male], 4 [female], varies in the colour of the band to brownish; the -central area of this band is almost always pale ochreous or whitish, to a -greater or lesser extent. - -Caterpillar, stout and roughened; ochreous inclining to reddish, and tinged -above with greenish; a series of V-shaped marks along the back, yellow -oblique darker on the sides, and a greyish edged pale wavy line low down -along the sides. {255} The figures 2, 2a, on Plate 94 are from coloured -drawings by Mr. A. Sich. - -It feeds in the autumn on the flowers and seeds of various kinds of -goosefoot (_Chenopodium_), also on Orache (_Atriplex_). The moth is out in -July and August, and may be found among its food plants and other low -herbage growing in waste places, more particularly those on sandy coasts. -Around the borders of market gardens, especially those in the south of -London, and in Kent and Surrey, it is often very common. The species -probably occurs more or less freely in suitable places almost throughout -the British Isles. - -Its range abroad extends to East Siberia. - -SLENDER-STRIPED RUFOUS (_Phibalapteryx lapidata_). - -The rather pointed fore wings are pale brownish, and are crossed by several -fine wavy and rather darker lines, and three more distinct, slightly curved -lines, one of which is at the base and two are on the central area. The -outer margin of the hind wings, which are pale brown, more or less shaded -with dusky, is irregular. (Plate 102, Fig. 6.) - -Caterpillar, whitish-yellow above, inclining to pale buff below; lines of -grey freckles along the back and sides, the lower one broader and darker; -head, grey, freckled with darker. According to Hellins, who reared it from -the egg, it feeds in May and June, on traveller's joy (_Clematis vitalba_). -The natural food is doubtful, but is said to be grass, whilst Kirby states -that in the South of France the caterpillar eats evergreen oak. - -The moth is out in September and early October, and is found in Scotland on -the hills, in rough grassy and rush-covered spots, at elevations ranging -from 300 to 800 feet. In Ireland, it is not uncommon in Antrim, Donegal, -Sligo, Mayo, Galway, {256} and Limerick. Barrett states that a specimen has -been taken at Shap Fell in Westmorland. - -Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia. - -MANY-LINED MOTH (_Phibalapteryx polygrammata_). - -The female example of this species, represented on Plate 102, Fig. 5, is -from Germany; the male is somewhat paler and the central markings less -distinct. This form is var. _conjunctaria_, Lederer, and most of the -specimens formerly obtained in the Cambridgeshire fens, chiefly Burwell and -Wicken, were referable to it. The species has not been seen in its old -fenland haunts for very many years, and it is probably now extinct in -Britain. Specimens have been in the past (and still continue to be) -recorded from other British localities, but these on investigation are -found to be cases of mistaken identity. _C. vittata_ = _lignata_ bears a -strong likeness to _P. polygrammata_, and is often confused with it, but in -the latter the outer band does not run to the tips of the fore wings, as it -does in the former species. - -SMALL WAVED UMBER (_Phibalapteryx_ (_Coenocalpe_) _vitalbata_). - -At first sight this moth (Plate 102, Fig. 7) might be mistaken for a small -specimen of the Waved Umber (_Hemerophila abruptaria_), but it will be -noted that the dark stripe on the fore wings starts from the middle of the -inner margin, and runs to just below the tips of the wings; the outer -margin of the hind wings is not wavy, and the antennae of the male are not -pectinated. - -The caterpillar, which feeds on traveller's joy (_Clematis vitalba_), in -June-July, and in September-October, is greyish {257} brown, with three -blackish lines along the back, the central one broader than the other two, -especially on the middle of each ring, where it swells out into a black -spot. - -In May and June, and again in August, the moth may be disturbed from the -food plant growing in masses in hedgerows, etc. It occurs in most of the -southern counties of England, westward to Herefordshire and South Wales, -and eastward to Suffolk. Forsythe states that it is local in the Lancaster -district. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE FERN (_Phibalapteryx_ (_Coenocalpe_) _tersata_). - -The general colour of this species (Plate 102, Fig. 8) is pale brown, with -a tendency to reddish in some specimens, and to greyish in others. - -Caterpillar, pale brownish inclining to ochreous; on each side of an -irregular blackish line along the centre of the back is a pale yellowish -line, and there are white spots on the back of the middle rings. It feeds -on _Clematis_, in August and September. The moth is out in June and July, -and will be found in similar localities to those mentioned for the previous -species, and, except that it has not been recorded from Lancaster, its -range in England is much about the same. - -The distribution abroad extends to Japan. - -OBLIQUE CARPET (_Coenocalpe vittata_). - -This species, also known as _lignata_, Hubner, is usually pale brown in -ground colour, tinged with ochreous or pinkish; the darker oblique stripes -vary in width and in intensity. (Plate 102, Figs. 9 [male], gen. 1; 10 -[male], gen. 2.) - -The caterpillar is of a yellow-green colour, inclining to {258} ochreous -brown on the upper portions of the middle rings; a darker irregular line -along the back, and a whitish line on each side, the latter edged above and -below with a fine black line; below the spiracles is a pale pinkish brown -stripe. Varies in the tint of ground colour and in the markings. It feeds, -after hibernation, on bedstraw (_Galium palustre_, _G. saxatile_, etc.), -and caterpillars from eggs laid in June may be reared on clematis, wild or -cultivated. - -The moth is out in May and June, sometimes later, and a second generation -appears in August and September; the individuals of the later brood are -often smaller than those of the first brood. Its haunts are fens, marshes, -and water-meads, but in Middlesex I have taken a specimen or two flying -along a weedy ditch. Widely distributed throughout the British Isles, but -not noted in Scotland north of Moray. - -THE GEM (_Percnoptilota fluviata_). - -Also known in the vulgar tongue as "The Narrow-barred Carpet." As will be -seen on reference to Plate 102, the male (Fig. 12) is pale brown with a -dark central band; and the female (Fig. 11) is purplish brown, the central -band rather blackish, and on it is the discal mark, a black centred white -spot. The specimens figured are rather small. - -The following aberrations have been named--ab. _marginata_, Mathew, with -the fringes of all the wings conspicuously pinky-grey; ab. _olivacea_, -Mathew, a form of the female with olive brown fore wings; ab. _obsoleta_, -Mathew, a form of the male with the dark central band nearly or quite -absent. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 102. - 1, 2. DENTATED PUG. - 3, 4. DARK SPINACH. - 5. MANY-LINED. - 6. SLENDER-STRIPED RUFOUS. - 7. SMALL WAVED UMBER. - 8. THE FERN. - 9, 10. OBLIQUE CARPET. - 11, 12. THE GEM. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 103. - 1-5. MAGPIE MOTH. - 6-8. CLOUDED MAGPIE. - -{259} The caterpillar is greyish, sometimes tinged with pink, and sometimes -with green; three dusky lines on the head and first three rings of the -body, a series of blackish outlined, whitish marks on the middle rings, and -blackish marks on the other rings, which are pale in colour; a blackish -line above the black-edged spiracles is broken up into dashes on the middle -rings. Several other forms of the caterpillar, which is a variable one, -have been described by Hellins. The food comprises groundsel, knotgrass, -chrysanthemum, and various other plants. There are several generations -during the year, and in hot weather the caterpillars feed up rapidly, so -quickly indeed that in about a month the whole round of changes from egg to -moth is effected. The species is migratory in habit, and there is little -doubt that the specimens taken in this country in late spring or early -summer are immigrants; those examples obtained later in the year are -probably the descendants of such aliens. It is more frequently noted from -southern England, chiefly from the seaboard counties, but it has been -recorded from Lancashire and Yorkshire; also from Wales, and from several -parts of Ireland: April to November. - -BOARMIINAE. - -CLOUDED MAGPIE (_Abraxas sylvata_). - -A more or less typical example of each sex of this variable species will be -found on Plate 103. Fig. 7 represents a male, and Fig. 8 a female; the -slightly marked specimen (Fig. 6) somewhat approaches the continental -species _A. pantaria_, L., in appearance, and it is probable that such -individuals have done duty for the species just named in some of the older -collections of British lepidoptera. On Plate 104 are shown the leaden -tinted form (Fig. 6), sometimes not infrequent in certain Yorkshire -localities; a specimen with smoky fore wings (Fig. 7), taken with a few -other examples of the same form in a wood in Buckinghamshire, in 1907, when -also the strongly banded form (Fig. 8) was secured by Mr. A. J. Scollick. -Between these {260} extremes and the more typical forms all kinds of -intergrades occur, but it is not possible here to discuss these in detail. - -The pale greenish yellow eggs and two caterpillars are figured on Plate -101, Figs. 2, 2a. The latter are whitish, inclining to yellowish on the -back, and lined with black; stripe below the black spiracles, yellow; head, -black and glossy. The food is wych-elm (_Ulmus montana_), but beech and -hazel are said to be eaten at times: August to October. The moth is found -in May and June, sitting about on the leaves of dog's mercury, and other -vegetation in its woodland haunts. Although it sometimes occurs sparingly -in the southern seaboard counties, it is far more frequent in the west, -ranging from North Devon to Cumberland, and including Wales. It is common -in Bucks., and northwards to Northumberland, and extends into South -Scotland. In Ireland, not uncommon at Killarney, and reported from a few -other localities. - -THE MAGPIE (_Abraxas grossulariata_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 6. - -MAGPIE MOTH, DRYING WINGS. - -(Photo by H. Main.)] - -Except that the specimen represented by Fig. 2 has traces of a yellow band -on the hind wings, Figs. 1-3 on Plate 103 show this highly variable species -in its typical and most frequent form. Figs. 4 and 5 depict examples of the -ordinary darker forms leading up to ab. _hazeleighensis_, Raynor, in which -the whole of the fore wing area between the orange bands is blackish, -except two tiny white specks near the front margin. Not infrequently the -black spots on the outer margin of the fore wings exhibit a tendency to -spread inwards, as in Figs. 2 and 5, and very occasionally they unite with -the series of spots outside the orange band, as in Plate 104, Fig. 1, which -represents a specimen (kindly lent by Mr. R. Adkin) with blackish tinged -hind wings. Sometimes the ground colour of all the wings is yellowish (ab. -_lutea_, Cockerell), but the markings {261} are of the usual pattern. The -example of this form (Plate 104, Fig. 3) was reared from a large number of -caterpillars I collected at Purley, in Surrey, a year or two ago, and was -the only example among the moths resulting therefrom that was worth -retaining. The very fine variety shown on Plate 104, Fig. 5, is ab. -_varleyata_, Porritt, which occurs in Yorkshire, but is mostly reared in -captivity from eggs obtained from a wild female in the first place, and -subsequent pairings; the specimen figured is an especially fine example of -the female sex, raised among others of the same form by Mr. G. T. Porritt -of Huddersfield, who has been good enough to lend it for the purpose. -Several other varieties of this species have been named and described by -the Rev. Gilbert H. Raynor, but reference can only be made here to two of -these; one is ab. _melanozona_, a Scottish form, in which there is a black -blotch with traces of yellow in it at the base of the fore wings; a large -black discal spot in the white central area; a black band, widening towards -the front margin, before the faint yellow band, the latter followed by four -black spots; hind wings with central black spot, and two series of black -{262} spots beyond, seven in each series, separated by a well-defined white -area. Fig. 2 on Plate 104 represents a specimen that approaches this -variety. The handsome cream-coloured specimen (Plate 104, Fig. 4) is ab. -_lacticolor_, Raynor, and I am obliged to Mr. Adkin for the loan of these -insects also. - -The caterpillar and chrysalis are figured on Plate 101, Figs. 1, 1b; the -former is creamy white, marked on the back with black blotches and dots, -and lines of black dots on the sides; between the lower two rows is a broad -reddish line; head, black; sometimes the whole body is black. It occurs in -gardens, and sometimes is a serious pest where currants and gooseberries -are cultivated; it frequently abounds on _Euonymus japonicus_. In the open -country it feeds on sloe and hawthorn; sometimes it is found on elm (low -growth in hedges), apple, navelwort (_Cotyledon umbilicus_), orpine (_Sedum -telephium_), and in the Hebrides, on ling (_Calluna_). August to May, or -early June, are the months in which it is found as a rule; occasionally it -does not hibernate, but feeds up and attains the moth state in the autumn -of the year that it hatches from the egg. The moth is out, normally, in -July and August, and is generally distributed over the greater part of the -British Isles. - -The range abroad extends to East Siberia, China, and Japan. - -CLOUDED BORDER (_Lomaspilis marginata_). - -Figs. 1 and 2 on Plate 107 represent the more usual forms, in both sexes, -of this rather common, but pretty, little moth. Occasionally, specimens are -obtained in which, with the exception of a dark patch or two on the front -margin, the wings are entirely white or slightly tinged with pale yellowish -(ab. _pollutaria_, Hubner); a modification of this form is shown in Fig. 3. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 104. - 1-5. MAGPIE MOTH VARIETIES. - 6-8. CLOUDED MAGPIE VARIETIES. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 105. - 1. SCORCHED CARPET: _caterpillar_. - 2. CLOUDED BORDER: _caterpillar_. - 3. COMMON WHITE WAVE: _caterpillar_. - -{263} - -Ab. _nigrofasciaria_, Schoyen, has a rather broad blackish band across the -central area of each wing, and indications of such bands, in the shape of -spots or dots, are seen in many examples of the species; occasionally, the -irregular dark border of the outer margin of the wings is traversed by an -interrupted whitish line. - -The caterpillar is yellowish-green, with three dark-green double lines on -the back, the central one blotched with purplish brown on the last ring; -head, green, marked with purplish brown. The figure (Plate 105, Fig. 2) is -from a drawing in colour by Mr. Sich. It feeds on sallow, willow, and -aspen, and may be found almost throughout the summer from June. The moth is -also met with during the summer months, but seems to be most frequent in -May and June. The species prefers moist localities where sallows abound, -and in such places seems to occur pretty generally over the British Isles. -In Scotland, however, it has not, apparently, been noted north of Moray. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE SCORCHED CARPET (_Ligdia adustata_). - -The bluish-grey band on the outer third of the fore wings varies in width, -and the velvety black marking thereon varies in amount; this area of the -wings is also more or less clouded with reddish brown, and the underside of -all the wings is much suffused with reddish brown, which gives the insect -the burnt or scorched appearance to which both Latin and English names -refer. (Plate 107, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 [female].) In June and early July, -and again in late August and September, the red-spotted, bright-green -caterpillar may be beaten from the spindle bushes (_Euonymus europaeus_) in -hedgerows. (Fig. 1, Plate 105, is from a coloured drawing by Mr. Sich.) -{264} - -The moth is out in late April sometimes, but it is more frequent in May and -June, and as a second generation in August, earlier or later in some -seasons. It may be knocked out of hedges in which spindle is growing. The -species is not uncommon in most of the southern English counties, but in -the northern ones its occurrence is more casual. It has been recorded from -North Wales; in Ireland it is fairly common in some western and southern -counties, and rare in the east and north; in Scotland, only noted from the -south-east, Arran, and the Hebrides. - -Abroad, its range extends to Japan, where it is represented by var. -_japoniata_, Staudinger. - -THE SLOE CARPET (_Aleucis_ (_Bapta_) _pictaria_). - -This blackish-grey species (Plate 107, Fig. 6) has been confused in the -past with _pictaria_, Thunberg, which is referable to _Cleora lichenaria_, -and it was then known by the popular name of "The Grey Carpet." As the -caterpillar feeds on the foliage of the sloe, and the moth is fond of -resting on the stems and twigs, and appears at the time the bushes are -wreathed in their snowy blossoms, the sloe carpet seems to be rather more -suitable than are most of the names by which our moths are popularly known. - -The caterpillar is dusky brown, with blackish V-shaped marks upon the back, -white marks on rings 7 and 8, and a black line on the last ring. It feeds -at night, in June and early July, and as it remains on the bushes during -the day, it may be obtained by beating. At night the moths fly about the -bushes for a short time, and then sit on the twigs, when they may be -secured. Of course, a lantern will be a necessity. - -Barrett states that stunted bushes on open heaths and hillsides are -preferred to hedgerows. {265} - -The species is very local, but generally not uncommon where it occurs, as, -for example, in the New Forest, Hampshire; the Loughton and Colchester -districts, Essex; and in some parts of Kent. It has been noted from Tilgate -Forest, and other localities in Sussex; and also from Surrey, Berkshire, -and Suffolk. - -WHITE-PINION SPOTTED (_Bapta bimaculata_). - -The two cross lines on the fore wings of this silky white species (Plate -107, Fig. 9) commence in blackish spots on the front margin; often they are -only indicated by series of dots, and are rarely really distinct. -Occasionally, a greyish submarginal line or band is present. - -The darkish green caterpillar has a series of purplish marks on the back; -head, inclining to yellowish, and powdered with purplish. It feeds, in June -and July, on the leaves of wild cherry and plum, and will eat hawthorn; it -may be beaten from its food plant in the daytime. The moth is out in May -and June, and shelters in bushes, etc., in woods and hedgerows. During the -day it is frequently put up from its hiding-places, but its usual time of -flight is the evening, when it is readily seen and not difficult to -capture. It is local, and perhaps most frequently met with in those parts -of South England where the wild cherry flourishes. Occurs more or less -commonly in most of the southern counties, but north of Gloucester, Oxford, -and Norfolk it has only been noted from North Lancashire, Westmoreland, and -Cumberland. In Wales the late Mr. C. G. Barrett found the moth rare in -Pembrokeshire, and there is also a record from Anglesey. - -The range abroad extends to China, Corea, and Japan. {266} - -CLOUDED SILVER (_Bapta temerata_). - -In its silky, white wings this species (Plate 107, Figs. 7 [male], 8 -[female]) is similar to the last mentioned. It is, however, rather larger, -and there are greyish clouds on each side of the outer cross line, but -there are no blackish spots on the front edge of the fore wings. The -clouding referred to is heavier and darker in some specimens than in -others, but occasionally, chiefly in the female, is almost absent. - -The green caterpillar, when full grown, is ornamented with brown-bordered -reddish spots on the back, but these markings are absent in its earlier -stages. The head is paler than the body, and has a reddish spot on each -side. It feeds, in July and August, on sloe, plum, and bird cherry in this -country, but the continental authors give birch, willow, rose, etc. The -moth is out in May and June, and occurs throughout England and Wales, to -Cumberland; but it is far more frequent in the south than in the north. -Barrett mentions a single specimen from Wigtownshire in Scotland. In -Ireland, Kane states that it is abundant at Clonbrock, Merlin Park, and in -several other localities in Galway; it is not uncommon at Killarney, Kerry; -and a few specimens have been taken at Powerscourt, Wicklow, and Sligo. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -COMMON WHITE WAVE (_Cabera pusaria_). - -In its typical form (Plate 107, Figs. 10, 11) this white species has three -dark-grey almost parallel cross lines on the fore wings and two on the hind -wings. The first or the second of these lines on the fore wings may be -absent, occasionally both may be missing and the third very faint. Not -infrequently in undersized bred specimens the first line approaches the -second line either throughout its length or near the inner margin, and more -rarely the two are united; in most of such aberrations the tips of the fore -wings are rather more rounded than in typical specimens, and these are -referable to ab. _rotundaria_, Haworth (Round-winged Wave). I have over a -dozen examples of this form, all of which were reared from caterpillars -which had been kept on short rations when nearly mature; in some, the outer -margin of the fore wings is distinctly rounded, but in others it is much -the same as in the larger typical form, and one of these is shown on Plate -107, Fig. 12. The ground colour occasionally assumes a greyish tint, and -sometimes this is tinged with pink; more rarely the general colour is -leaden grey. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 106. - 1. BARRED RED: _caterpillar_. - 2, 2a. BARRED UMBER: _egg_, _natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. - 3. LIGHT EMERALD: _eggs_, _natural size and enlarged_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 107. - 1-3. CLOUDED BORDER. - 4, 5. SCORCHED CARPET. - 6. SLOE CARPET. - 7, 8. CLOUDED SILVER. - 9. WHITE-PINION SPOTTED. - 10-12. COMMON WHITE WAVE. - 13, 14. COMMON WAVE. - -{267} The caterpillar, of which there are two broods, one in July and -another in September, feeds on birch, alder, sallow, etc. It is purplish -brown, spotted with white above, and greenish below on the first three -rings. There is also a green form with purplish brown marks on the back. -(Plate 105, Fig. 3, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich.) The moth is -out in May, June, and August, and is generally common throughout the -greater part of the British Isles. - -Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia and Amurland. - -COMMON WAVE (_Cabera exanthemata_). - -Somewhat similar to the last species, but sprinkled with ochreous grey; the -fore wings have three greyish cross lines, the first two less regular than -those of _pusaria_, and the outer one distinctly curved; variation in the -lines is pretty much the same as in _pusaria_ and its small form ab. -_rotundaria_. Of the form showing the first and second lines more or less -confluent, I have seven examples reared from collected caterpillars; six -are undersized, but the other is of quite ordinary size (ab. _approximata_, -Haworth); another specimen, also bred, is thinly {268} powdered with -ochreous grey, and the lines are very indistinct. The more usual forms are -shown on Plate 107, Figs. 13, 14. - -The caterpillar is green, inclining to yellowish or to brownish; some -purplish-red marks and white-edged black spots on the back; the ring -divisions are yellow, and there are reddish-brown or purplish-red marks on -the sides; the markings vary. It feeds on birch, alder, and sallow, and may -be beaten out at any time from July to September. The moth is out through -the summer from May; its range in the British Isles is very similar to that -of the last species, but it seems to have a preference for moist places. - -The distribution abroad extends eastward to Amurland, and a form known as -ab. _schaefferi_, Bremer, occurs in the last-named country, and also in -Corea and Japan. - -BARRED UMBER (_Numeria pulveraria_). - -Pale ochreous or reddish brown freckled with darker; the central dark -reddish brown band is sometimes much narrowed below the middle; sometimes -only the edges of the band are dark, the enclosed space being but little -darker than the ground colour, or occasionally tinged with greenish; one -example of the latter and two of the former were reared this year (1908) -from larvae received in July, 1907, from Mr. F. Pope of Exeter; a male -specimen bred from the same batch of larvae, but which emerged in August of -the year last mentioned, is distinctly tinged with rosy over all the wings; -the narrow band on the hind wings, not usually extended to the front edge, -is in this specimen entire, whilst the greenish-banded specimen referred to -above is without trace of a band on the hind wings. Two examples which are -without locality, but which, I believe, came from the New Forest, have pale -greyish-brown fore wings banded with brown in which there is a tinge of -olive. Two examples of the male are figured on Plate 108. The eggs (Plate -{269} 106, Fig. 2a) were pale greenish yellow when laid, May 17 to 20; the -larvae hatched out from May 31 to June 2. - -The caterpillar, which is also depicted on the plate, is reddish brown, -mottled with yellowish brown. It feeds on birch, sallow, ash, etc., from -June to August. - -The moth, as a rule, does not emerge until the following spring, but -sometimes specimens will come out the same year. - -Although widely distributed over nearly the whole of the British Isles, the -species seems to be rarely met with in large numbers. The range abroad -extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. - -BARRED RED (_Ellopia_ (_Hylaea_) _prosapiaria_). - -The typical form of this species is depicted on Plate 108, Figs. 4 [male], -5 [female], and Fig. 3 on the same plate represents ab. _prasinaria_, -Hubner, a form not uncommon in Germany (whence came the example figured), -Switzerland, and other parts of the continent, but which is very rare in -Britain, and has been recorded from Kent and Suffolk. Sometimes, but -chiefly in Scotland, the colour varies to a greyish or even yellowish tint; -the cross lines are often parallel or nearly so, and frequently approach -each other about the middle; the usual white edging to the cross lines is -occasionally absent, and the enclosed space in such specimens is hardly -darker than the general colour. - -On Plate 106, Fig. 1, will be found a figure of the caterpillar, which is -tawny brown with white-edged, connected reddish marks along the back. It -feeds, from September to May, on Scots pine (_Pinus sylvestris_), and -occasionally on larch. The moth is out in June and July, and sometimes in -September. It may be jarred from the pine boughs, and is not infrequently -seen resting on foliage of the undergrowth. Generally distributed in -fir-woods throughout Great Britain, and widely spread in Ireland. - -The range abroad extends to East Siberia. {270} - -THE LIGHT EMERALD (_Metrocampa_ (_Eudalimia_) _margaritaria_). - -When quite fresh, this species (Plate 108, Fig. 6) is of a delicate -whitish-green colour, but the green tint is apt to fade or to change -colour, so that the wings are almost ochreous white sometimes. - -The eggs shown on Plate 106, Fig. 3, were kindly supplied by Mr. Norman -Riley. - -The caterpillar ranges in colour from greenish brown to purplish brown, and -is frequently freckled with a darker shade of the general colour; there is -sometimes a pale patch on rings 6 and 7, and the sides are fringed with -fine bristles along the spiracle area. It feeds, from September to May, on -the leaves of oak, birch, beech, elm, etc., and during the winter will -nibble the bark of the younger twigs, and also eat the buds. - -The moth, which is partial to the woodlands, is out in June and July, and -is pretty generally distributed over the British Isles, except the -Hebrides, Orkneys, and Shetlands. - -LARGE THORN (_Ennomos autumnaria_). - -This fine species was first definitely ascertained to occur in Britain in -1855, but it had been reported as British at a much earlier date, and was -figured by Wood in 1839. Up to 1859 it had only been recorded from the -North Foreland and Margate in Kent, and from Brighton, Sussex. In 1862, a -specimen was taken at Brighton and one at Deal, the latter a female. Two -examples were secured at Gosport, Hampshire, in 1865, and one at Deal in -1867. Then, after an interval of ten years, three were captured in Hants -(Alverstoke), and two years later a round dozen were obtained at Gosport. -During the last thirty years specimens have been recorded from Margate, -Deal, Dover, Folkestone, Hythe, and Ashford (1907), in Kent, from -Chichester, Sussex, and from Shoeburyness, Essex (1898). It has been reared -on several occasions from eggs obtained from captured females, and is still -more frequently bred from eggs deposited by the descendants of wild -parents. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 108. - 1, 2. BARRED UMBER. - 3. BARRED RED (GREEN VAR.). - 4, 5. BARRED RED. - 6. LIGHT EMERALD. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 109. - 1, 3. LARGE THORN. - 2, 4, 5. AUGUST THORN. - -{271} The eggs are deep olive, with a white ring at one end; and the -caterpillar is brownish in colour, rather shining, and very twig-like. It -feeds on birch, alder, hawthorn, sloe, plum, etc., and has been found on -sycamore and cherry; May to August. The early stages are figured on Plate -106, Figs. 1, 1a. The moth (Plate 109, Figs. 1 [male], 3 [female]), which -varies in colour from pale to deep ochreous yellow, and also in the amount -of purplish brown freckling, usually has the upper part of the outer -marginal area some shade of tawny brown. Specimens of a greyish chocolate -tint have recently been reared by Mr. Newman, of Bexley (Plate 134, Fig. -9). Most of the specimens captured in England have been obtained at light -in the autumn. The range abroad extends to Amurland, Japan, and North -America. - -AUGUST THORN (_Ennomos quercinaria_). - -The male (Plate 109, Fig. 2) is generally yellower than the female (Fig. -4), and it is in the former sex that brownish or red-brown clouding on the -outer area beyond the second cross line appears most frequently, but it -occurs also in the female (Plate 109, Fig. 5). Sometimes the wings are -partly or entirely dull reddish brown. Two other examples of the type form -showing modification of the cross lines will be found on Plate 111, Figs. 5 -[male], 6 [female]. In ab. _carpinaria_, Hubner, the wings are of a reddish -ochreous colour. A hybrid resulting from a crossing of _E. alniaria_ [male] -and _E. quercinaria_ [female] has been named _dartfordi_, Tutt. - -The caterpillar (Plate 113, Fig. 3) is generally grey brown, mottled with -reddish or olive; but, according to Fenn, it is {272} sometimes greenish, -without humps or projections. It feeds, in the summer, on lime, birch, oak, -hawthorn, etc. A chrysalis which I took out of its puparium (two leaves -spun together with silk) on July 9, 1907, was green, with the upper surface -tinged with yellowish; a dark-green central line, and a series of -dark-green irregular marks on each side; the tail pointed and furnished -with reddish hooks. - -The moth is out in August and September, and may often be seen sitting on -the boles of trees, generally low down. The species is widely distributed -over England, but is much more frequent in the south than in the north. It -has been recorded from Swansea in Wales; from Dumfries, Dunoon, and -Monteith, in Scotland; and from near Derry, Hazlewood (Sligo), Mote Park -(Roscommon), and Clonbrock (Galway), in Ireland. - -CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN (_Ennomos alniaria_). - -This species (Plate 111, Figs. 1, 2) is generally easily recognised by the -canary yellow coloured hairs of the thorax. The fore wings are yellowish, -sprinkled with purplish grey, and crossed by two curved greyish-brown -lines, which not infrequently fall close together on the inner margin. In -some female specimens that I reared from eggs, received from York, the -wings are more or less tinged with dull tawny brown, especially on the -outer area, and in two of them the thorax is also brownish tinged. - -The at first green, and afterwards blackish slate-coloured, egg, with -whitish ring, and the caterpillar are shown on Plate 110, Fig. 2, 2a. The -latter is brownish, mottled with purplish above, and inclining to greenish -below; head, rather paler brown. It feeds, from May to July, on birch, -alder, etc. The moth is out in the autumn, and occurs in suitable woodland -and marshy places over England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. It has been -found in many parts of Ireland. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 110. - 1, 1a, 1b, 1c. LARGE THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged; - caterpillar, chrysalis and puparium_. - 2, 2a. CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and - caterpillar_. - 3, 3a. DUSKY THORN: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 111. - 1, 2. CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN. - 3, 4. DUSKY THORN. - 5, 6. AUGUST THORN. - -{273} - -DUSKY THORN (_Ennomos fuscantaria_). - -Figs. 3 [male], 4 [female], Plate 111, represent the usual form of this -species; in some specimens the outer marginal pale purplish-brown shading -spreads inwards over the fore wings to the base; in other examples it is -only seen on the upper part of the outer area. - -The caterpillar (Plate 110, Fig. 3) is green, pretty much of the same tint -as the underside of the ash leaf upon which, and the stalks, it rests by -day. In some examples the general colour inclines to pale brown, or reddish -brown. It may be found during the summer, and where the leaves are seen to -have neat round holes in them, these should be examined, when this -caterpillar will probably be found somewhere adjacent. Ash (_Fraxinus -excelsior_) is the usual food, but possibly privet might answer as a -substitute. The moth is out in August and September, and occurs in most -parts of Southern England where the ash flourishes; its range extends into -South Wales, and northwards to Durham and Northumberland. Only doubtfully -recorded from Ireland, and apparently unknown in Scotland. - -SEPTEMBER THORN (_Ennomos erosaria_). - -This species, shown on Plate 134, Fig. 6, varies in ground colour from pale -ochreous to pale fulvous; the cross lines approach towards the inner -margin, and sometimes the second line is bent inwards below the middle. The -central spot is generally absent, and when present is exceedingly faint. -The twig-like caterpillar is brownish, with a greenish or purplish tinge. -In its infancy it is a smooth-looking creature, but as it advances in -growth knobs and humps appear, the most prominent of which are on rings 2, -5, 8, and 11; on the {274} last ring there are two points. It feeds on oak -chiefly, but will eat birch, lime, etc.: May to July. The moth is out in -August and September, and occurs more or less frequently in most of the -southern counties of England, but is rather scarce in the Midlands and -northwards. It occurs in South Wales, and has been recorded from the south -of Scotland. Very rare in Ireland. - -NOTE.--The species of _Ennomos_ are fond of light, and in suitable spots, -gas and electric lamps, in the streets, or even in the house when windows -are open, will attract these moths. Most of the specimens of _autumnaria_ -that have been captured in Britain have occurred at light. _Quercinaria_ -is, perhaps, less often noted at light than its allies; but, curiously, -this species is more frequently seen at rest on tree trunks, etc., than are -either of the other kinds. Female moths taken at light may not always be in -first-rate condition, but they will probably lay eggs, and should be kept -for that purpose in a chip box. The caterpillars do not hatch out until the -following spring. Put the eggs in a cool place. - -EARLY THORN (_Selenia bilunaria_). - -The sexes of the spring or typical form are depicted on Plate 112, Figs. 1 -[male], 2 [female], and the paler summer form var. _juliaria_ (July Thorn), -Haworth, is represented by Fig. 3. The underside is shown in Mr. H. Main's -photo of the moth in its natural resting attitude. - -The caterpillar is orange or reddish brown, sometimes inclining to -purplish; there are pairs of reddish raised points on the back of rings 7 -and 8; as will be seen from the accompanying illustration, which is from a -photograph by Mr. Main, the creature, when resting, is very like a twig. It -feeds on birch, alder, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, etc., in May and June, and -again in August and September. The moth is out in April and {275} early -May. In 1905, a male occurred at Carnforth, Lancs., on June 8; the second -generation appears in July and August. A third has been obtained in -captivity, and the moths of this brood are similar to those of the second. -It has happened that the emergence of some moths of the second, or summer, -form has been delayed until the following February, but these remained true -to their race and did not assume the spring form. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7. - -EARLY THORN AT REST.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 8. - -CATERPILLAR OF EARLY THORN.] - -(Photos by H. Main.) - -Generally distributed throughout England and Wales, and often abundant, -especially in the south. In Scotland, Renton states that it is common in -Roxburghshire, but there is only one brood; the range extends to -Sutherlandshire. Widely spread in Ireland and plentiful in some parts. -{276} - -LUNAR THORN (_Selenia lunaria_). - -A female of this species is shown on Plate 112, Fig. 4; the male is usually -more clouded with reddish. A second generation is sometimes raised in -captivity, and the males of this brood (var. _delunaria_, Hubner) are -somewhat paler, whilst the females incline to a yellowish tint. In Scotch -specimens, the reddish markings are tinged with purple; and ab. -_sublunaria_, Stephens, from Derbyshire, has the coloration very similar to -that of the spring form of _S. tetralunaria_. - -The caterpillar is figured on Plate 113, Fig. 2. The ground colour is -usually some shade of brown, ranging from greyish or greenish to reddish, -variegated with darker or paler clouds, and with traces of pale lines on -the back. It occurs in the open from July to September, but may be reared -both earlier and later in confinement. It feeds on sloe, plum, oak, birch, -etc. The moth, in May and June, is sometimes seen on hedges or on the -plants growing below; or it may be jarred from the branches of trees, when -it is more apt to fall to the ground than to fly. Like others of this group -it is fond of light, and is frequently attracted thereto at night. The -species is rarely plentiful, and always more or less local, but it is -widely distributed over the British Isles to the Orkneys. - -PURPLE THORN (_Selenia tetralunaria_). - -On Plate 112, Fig. 5 represents a specimen of the spring brood, and Fig. 6 -one of the summer brood (var. _aestiva_, Staudinger). The ground colour of -the typical form is whitish, sometimes tinged with grey, and sometimes with -pinkish; the patch at the tip, and the basal two-thirds of the fore wings, -also the basal half of the hind wings, are purplish brown, varying almost -to blackish; or they may be rich red brown. Var. _aestiva_ is rarely -whitish in ground colour, but this is frequently of a pinkish tinge, and -the darker portions of the wings are brownish, inclining to olive; -sometimes the general colour is ochreous brown with dark brown cross lines, -and a rust-coloured lunule at the tips of the fore wings. The hybrid -resulting from a female of this species that had paired with a male -_bilunaria_ has been named _parvilunaria_, Bastel. At the time it is laid, -the egg is pale olive green, but it changes to shining reddish, and just -before hatching to purplish black. (Plate 113, Fig. 1a.) - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 112. - 1-3. EARLY THORN. - 4. LUNAR THORN. - 5, 6. PURPLE THORN. - 7, 8. LILAC BEAUTY. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 113. - 1, 1a. PURPLE THORN: _eggs and caterpillar_. - 2, 2a. LUNAR THORN: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 3. AUGUST THORN: _caterpillar_. - -{277} The caterpillar is reddish brown, mottled with darker brown, and with -pale greyish. It feeds on birch, alder, oak, sallow, cherry, etc.: June and -July, and again in the autumn. (Plate 113, Fig. 1.) - -The moth is out in April and May, and the second generation emerges in July -and August. A few specimens of a third generation have been reared in -October, but this is unusual. - -The species is more or less local, and rarely common, at least in the moth -state; it occurs in all the southern counties of England, and a few -specimens have been recorded from some of the midland and northern -counties, and from South Wales. In Scotland, only noted from Rannoch, -Perthshire, and a specimen was reared on April 25, 1901, from a caterpillar -found at Dunkeld, in the same county, the previous autumn. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. - -LILAC BEAUTY (_Hygrochroa_ (_Pericallia_) _syringaria_). - -The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 112, and it will be noted that -the male (Fig. 7) is rather smaller and decidedly more brightly coloured -than the female (Fig. 8). An older English name is "Richmond Beauty," -Wilkes. Figures of the curiously shaped caterpillar and chrysalis will be -found on Plate {278} 115, Figs. 2, 2a. The former is yellowish brown, -variegated with reddish and violet; it feeds on honeysuckle, lilac, and -privet, and may be beaten or searched for in May and early June, after -hibernation. I have found it commonly on privet hedges in the Mill Hill -district, Middlesex, but in woods, and especially in the New Forest, it is -obtained from honeysuckle. In my experience, the privet-feeding -caterpillars always produce larger moths than those reared from -caterpillars fed on honeysuckle. The moth emerges in June and July, the -former month chiefly in confinement, and from such early moths a second -generation may be obtained in the autumn. - -Although most frequent in the southern half of England and Wales, the range -of the species extends to the northern counties; and single specimens have -been recorded from Durham and Northumberland, but the species has not been -noted in Scotland. - -The distribution abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -SCALLOPED HAZEL (_Gonodontis bidentata_). - -This species varies in ground colour, from pale whity brown through shades -of grey brown, olive brown, ochreous, and dark brown to black; the blackish -cross lines of the fore wings are generally edged with white, but the -edging is sometimes absent, and occasionally it alone remains distinct; the -central space enclosed by the cross lines is often darker than the general -colour, and not infrequently it is faintly reddish. Figs. 1 and 2, Plate -114, represent two of the more usual forms of the species. Fig. 3 is the -black ab. _nigra_, Prout, which occurs on the mosses of Lancashire, and in -Yorkshire. - -The yellowish and brown mottled, purplish caterpillar is figured on Plate -115, where also are shown the eggs (turquoise blue, changing to reddish -brown), and the reddish brown chrysalis. The latter, which is twice the -natural size, is from a photograph by Mr. H. Main. The caterpillar feeds on -the foliage of oak, birch, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, plum, larch, etc.; it -grows very slowly, and may be beaten out in most of the months from July to -October. The moth is out in May and June, and sometimes earlier. Pretty -generally distributed over the British Isles, but not noted in the Orkneys -or Shetlands. The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 114. - 1-3. SCALLOPED HAZEL. - 4, 5. FEATHERED THORN. - 6, 7. SCALLOPED OAK. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 115. - 1, 1a, 1b. SCALLOPED HAZEL: _eggs, caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 2, 2a. LILAC BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - -{279} - -FEATHERED THORN (_Himera_ (_Colotois_) _pennaria_). - -A more or less typical but rather small male specimen is shown on Plate -114, Fig. 4, but the ground colour is frequently more tawny in tint, and -sometimes it is much paler inclining to yellowish; the cross lines may be -either wider apart, or closer together, and the inner one is often clouded -with blackish; sometimes both lines become almost bandlike; the -submarginal, usually interrupted, line is occasionally well defined. The -female, often browner than the specimen depicted (Fig. 5) is frequently -tinged with purple, and occasionally with pink. - -The batch of eggs, as deposited, was photographed by Mr. Main. The egg is -olive green with a ring of pale specks around the micropylar end. The -caterpillar is slaty grey inclining to purplish, with a series of not -clearly defined ochreous diamonds on the back and a row of ochreous dots on -each side; the raised points on the last ring are tipped with reddish -(Plate 116). It feeds on oak, birch, poplar, sallow, apple, hawthorn, sloe, -etc. April to June. The moth is out in October and November, but is seldom -noticed in the daytime; at night, the males are frequently seen at gas and -electric light. The species is generally common in woodlands, especially as -caterpillars, over the southern half of England and Wales, and occurs more -or less frequently over the rest of the country, also in Scotland to Moray, -and in Ireland. {280} - -SCALLOPED OAK (_Crocallis elinguaria_). - -Fig. 6 on Plate 114 shows the usual form of this species, in which there -are blackish dots on the outer margins of all the wings. Fig. 7 depicts a -form with the ground colour paler, and the outer marginal dots absent (ab. -_trapezaria_, Boisduval). The ground colour varies to almost whitish on the -one hand and to reddish buff on the other; the cross lines on the fore -wings are distinct as a rule, but may be faint, and occasionally are -entirely missing; the central space between the lines is most often -brownish, sometimes tawny, but not infrequently this area is but little -darker than the general colour. The blackish discal spot on the hind wings -varies in size and somewhat in shape, but this and also the line beyond, -are sometimes absent. Porritt (_List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera_) mentions -two gynandrous specimens. Eggs, pale grey, with darkish grey marking (Plate -116, Fig. 2b). The caterpillar, of which two figures from coloured drawings -by Mr. A. Sich are given on Plate 116, Figs. 2, 2a, varies from ochreous -grey to dark grey tinged with purple; the front rings are often paler -above, and the back has diamond-shaped marks upon it; the elevation on the -last ring is edged with black. It feeds on the leaves of most trees and -bushes during the spring. The moth is out in July and August, sometimes -earlier. A pretty generally distributed species throughout the British -Isles, but so far it has not been noted from the Hebrides, Orkneys, or -Shetland. - -Abroad, the range extends to East Siberia. - -ORANGE MOTH (_Angerona prunaria_). - -Typical males of this species are orange and the females pale ochreous, all -the wings sprinkled or freckled with purplish grey. (Plate 117, Figs. 1 -[male], 7 [female].) Ab. _corylaria_, Thunberg (Figs. 2 [male], {281} 8 -[female]), is brownish on the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore -wings, and nearly the whole of the hind wings. The typical ground colour -appears on the fore wings as a central band, but as a rule this does not -quite reach the inner margin. Ab. _pickettaria_, Prout, is a modification -of the _corylaria_ form, in which the typical ground appears on the front -margin above the brownish basal patch, and also along the outer margin, -thus narrowing the brownish border on that area; in one male specimen the -right pair of wings were _corylaria_ and the left pair _pickettaria_. -Another modification has the basal and outer marginal areas "a nondescript -grey shade in the male and a golden brown in the female" (ab. _pallidaria_, -Prout). Ab. _spangbergi_, Lampa, is of the typical form, but is without the -dark freckles. Other aberrations have been named, and at least one -gynandrous specimen is known. The eggs, which are laid in June, hatch in -about twelve days. The caterpillars feed slowly until September or October, -and then hibernate; but it has been noted that when reared in confinement, -and supplied with privet, they nibble the stems during the winter. -Occasionally, a caterpillar will feed up and assume the moth state in the -autumn, but the usual habit is to complete growth in the spring, enter the -chrysalis state in May, and appear as moths about the end of that month, if -in captivity, or in June and July in the open. Various food plants have -been given, among which are hawthorn, sloe, plum, birch, lilac, privet, and -honeysuckle. The caterpillar is figured on Plate 118, Fig. 2. - -The male flies in the early evening, but the female not until later. The -species frequents woods, and may be disturbed by day from among the bracken -and other undergrowth. It is more or less common in many woods throughout -the southern half of England, and its range extends northwards to -Yorkshire. In Ireland, it has occurred locally in counties Waterford, Cork, -Kerry, Limerick, Clare, and Galway. It has been {282} recorded from the -Isle of Arran, but not from the mainland of Scotland. - -Abroad, the distribution spreads to Amurland, Corea, and Japan. - -SWALLOW-TAILED MOTH (_Ourapteryx sambucaria_). - -This conspicuous-looking insect (Plate 117, Fig. 6) is frequently seen in -gardens, lanes, and the outskirts of woods, pretty well all over England, -Wales, and Ireland. In Scotland, it seems to be rare and confined to the -south, but has been noted up to Glasgow. Very rarely the cross lines of the -fore wings are placed close together, but, except in the matter of size, -there is, as a rule, little variation. - -The caterpillar, of which a figure, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich, -is given on Plate 118, Fig. 1, is brownish, variegated with reddish or -purplish. It feeds, from August to June, on the foliage of hawthorn, sloe, -elder, etc., but is especially partial to ivy. - -The moth is out in July, and sometimes an odd specimen or two will appear -in the autumn; one was captured at Gravesend on October 22, 1904. - -The species is represented in Amurland and Japan by the smaller and whiter -var. _persica_, Menetries. - -SCORCHED WING (_Eurymene dolabraria_). - -The crumpled or shrivelled appearance of the wings, coupled with the brown -coloration of the streaks and other markings on the wings, no doubt -suggested the English name of this species (Plate 117, Fig. 3). - -The twig-like caterpillar is brownish, tinged with greenish or reddish, and -variegated with darker, especially along the back of the first three rings, -the hump on ring 8, and a cross stripe on the last ring. It feeds on oak, -birch, and sallow, from July to September. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 116. - 1, 1a, 1b. FEATHERED THORN: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and - caterpillar_. - 2, 2a, 2b. SCALLOPED OAK: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and - caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 117. - 1, 2, 7, 8. ORANGE MOTH. - 3. SCORCHED WING. - 4, 5. BRIMSTONE. - 6. SWALLOW-TAILED. - -{283} The moth, which inhabits woods, and is out in late May and in June, -is sometimes attracted to sugar, but rather more frequently to light. It -is, however, far more rarely seen than the caterpillar, which has been -obtained in almost every English county up to Yorkshire. A specimen of the -moth has been recorded from Darlington, Durham, and one at Meldon Park, -Northumberland. It occurs in Wales and Ireland, but is hardly known to be -found in Scotland. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -THE BRIMSTONE (_Opisthograptis luteolata_). - -This generally distributed and often common yellow species (Plate 117, -Figs. 4 and 5) has the front margin of the fore wings marked with reddish, -and occasionally a stripe of this colour extends along the front margin -from the base to the tip; the discal mark is whitish outlined in reddish -brown; the wavy cross lines are often faint, and not infrequently quite -absent. White specimens, ab. _lacticolor_, Harrison, have been recorded -from Cheshire and Durham, and probably have occurred elsewhere, since I -have a specimen said to have been taken in Staffordshire; an orange-yellow -form has occurred in the last-named county. (Also known as _Rumia -crataegata_.) - -The twig-like caterpillar is brownish tinged with greenish or purplish; -there is a double-pointed hump on the back of ring 6 and smaller -projections on 8. It feeds on hawthorn chiefly, but sometimes on sloe, -plum, etc. It may be found after hibernation in the spring, and a second -generation occurs in the summer. - -The moth seems to have been noted in each month from April to August, but -it is most frequent in May and June. {284} - -BORDERED BEAUTY (_Epione apiciaria_). - -The orange-yellow moth whose portrait is shown on Plate 119 (Fig. 1) has -the outer margins, beyond the second blackish line, more or less shaded -with purplish grey, inclining to purple near the line; on the fore wings, -the first cross line is angled at the middle, and the second line runs to -the tips of the wings. Gynandrous specimens of this and also the following -species have been noted. - -The early stages are figured on Plate 121, Figs. 2, 2a. The eggs, which are -laid in July and August on the food plant, are pale yellow at first, then -reddish, with white dots and patches. The caterpillars generally emerge in -the following spring, but sometimes, at least in captivity, they hatch in -about a fortnight, feed up quickly, and attain the moth state in September -or October. - -Caterpillar, brown, with a greenish or ochreous tinge; along the back of -rings 3 to 6 is an ochreous patch, and within this a black mark, and on the -rings following 6 there are more or less distinct ochreous diamonds; a dull -yellowish line low down along the sides; head, dull reddish brown. It -feeds, in May and June, on willow, sallow, alder, etc. The moth is out in -July and August, and is not uncommon in many parts of Southern and Eastern -England. Its range extends through England, Wales, and Scotland to -Sutherland. In Ireland, it is widely distributed, and not at all scarce in -some northern localities. - -DARK BORDERED BEAUTY (_Epione parallelaria_). - -As will be seen on referring to Plate 119 the sexes of this species are -strikingly different. The male (Fig. 2) is very similar to the last -species, except that the first cross line is curved and reddish brown in -colour; the second line runs to the front margin before the tip, and the -outer margin beyond is almost entirely purple. The female (Fig. 3) has the -ground colour pale yellowish, and the outer borders narrowed, especially on -the fore wings. Very occasionally, the ground colour in the male approaches -that of the female. The eggs (Plate 121, Fig. 1) are pale yellow when -deposited, but afterwards become honey yellow, freckled with reddish, and -later they are red all over. The caterpillar is dingy brown, inclining to -greyish on the back of the first four rings, a dark mark about the middle -of the back, and on each side of this two slender whitish lines are fairly -distinct; underside, whitish tinged with pale violet. It feeds, in May and -June, sometimes later, on dwarf sallow and willow, birch, aspen, etc. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 118. - 1. SWALLOW-TAILED: _caterpillar_. - 2. ORANGE MOTH: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 119. - 1. BORDERED BEAUTY. - 2, 3. DARK BORDERED BEAUTY. - 4. LITTLE THORN. - 5, 6. SPECKLED YELLOW. - 7. PEACOCK. - 8. SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK. - 9, 10. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE. - -{285} The moth is out in July and August, sometimes later. Although odd -specimens have been recorded from Norfolk, St. Ives (Hunts), Newbury -(Berks), and Arundel (Sussex), the species is a northern one, occurring -chiefly near York (Sanburn Moss). - -In 1863, two specimens were secured at Learmouth Bog, near -Cornhill-on-Tweed, and in 1890, Bolam found it at Newham Bog, on the -Northumberland border. Renton states that it is fairly common in good -seasons at Adderstone-lea Moss, Roxburghshire; and Salvage found it widely -distributed in Sutherlandshire. - -LITTLE THORN (_Epione advenaria_). - -This species (Plate 119, Fig. 4) is usually whitish, freckled and clouded -with grey brown; cross lines rather darker. The markings may be tinged with -ochreous, or with red (Sheffield). - -A uniform brown-coloured specimen with white fringes has been bred -(Surrey). - -The caterpillar is greyish brown, minutely freckled with blackish; two -white spots on front of ring 5, and two smaller {286} ones on 11; the rings -between 5 and 11 with pale diamonds on the back, and whitish marks on the -sides; head, black, white dotted. It feeds, in July and August, or even -later, on dogwood, bilberry, sallow, etc. Mr. A. J. Scollick, who kindly -provided the caterpillar figured on Plate 121, Fig. 3, informs me that in -rearing larvae from the egg he finds that they prefer dogwood as a pabulum, -and that in the locality where he takes the moth in June there is no -bilberry, but plenty of _Cornus sanguinea_. This local species, which is -out from late May well into June, is generally associated with bilberry, -but by no means confined to localities where this plant flourishes. In some -of its haunts it affects bramble, and in others rose. It occurs, in -woodlands, in Essex, Kent, Surrey (Leith Hill, Horsley, Chilworth, etc.), -Berkshire, and Oxfordshire (near Watlington), Sussex (Abbots Wood, St. -Leonards Forest, etc.), Hampshire (New Forest), Devonshire (Haldon), in the -West to Shropshire, and South Wales; Derbyshire and South Yorks. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland, Corea, and Japan; thus it has a more -eastern distribution than either of our other species of _Epione_, which -only reach Amurland. - -SPECKLED YELLOW (_Venilia maculata_). - -This pretty blackish-spotted yellow species (Plate 119, Figs. 5 and 6) -varies somewhat in the tint of ground colour, but more so in the number and -size of the markings; occasionally some of these are united, forming bands -or blotches; or they may be reduced in number and size, leading up to ab. -_quadrimaculata_, Hatchett (Pinion-spotted Yellow), a form that used to -occur rarely in the Dartford district, Kent, and of which an example is -depicted on Plate 61, Fig. 2. - -The caterpillar is green, with white lines and stripes; head, shining -green. It feeds, in July and August, on wood sage (_Teucrium_), woundwort -(_Stachys_), and dead nettle (_Lamium_). {287} - -The moth is a lover of the woodlands, and as it flies in the daytime, -especially when sunny, will be almost certainly noted on the wing by any -one rambling through the woods in June, or even late May. It is generally -plentiful in the south and west of England, but although its range extends -through the northern parts of the country, and widely over Scotland to -Sutherland, it is more or less local and often rare in the northern area -indicated. In North Wales and South-west Ireland, it is local, but not -uncommon. - -THE PEACOCK MOTH (_Semiothisa_ (_Macaria_) _notata_). - -Whitish, with an ochreous tinge, and clouded with ochreous grey; three -indistinct cross lines on the fore wings, commencing as brownish spots on -the front margin; a larger brownish spot, inclining to reddish, on the -front margin beyond the angle of outer line, and a large blackish or -brownish divided spot below it; a shallow notch under the tips of the -wings, edged with dark brown, and fringed with smoky brown. (Plate 119, -Fig. 7.) - -The caterpillar is green, with brown markings on the sides, or brownish -with green markings; head, black as a rule, but occasionally green. It -feeds, in late June and in July, on birch and sallow; there is a second -brood in August and September. The moth may be beaten out from birch bushes -in May and June, and again in July and August. Woods are its favourite -haunts, especially those where heather and small birch abound, but it is -very local in the south of England, although it occurs in most of the -counties from Kent to Cornwall. Barrett states that it is rather common in -heathy woods in Staffordshire and Cheshire, and Forsythe gives it as local -and uncommon in the Lancaster district; also recorded from Cambridgeshire, -Suffolk, Herts (Bentley Wood, 1901), and Gloucestershire; Glamorganshire, -South Wales; Inverness and Ross, in Scotland. {288} - -SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK (_Semiothisa alternata_). - -Whitish clouded and suffused with greyish; fore wings crossed by three dark -lines, commencing in blackish spots on the front margin; a greyish band -follows the outer line, a reddish brown spot at the costal end, and a -blackish spot about the middle, the spot broken up by the veins, which are -here ochreous; a rather deep notch below the tip is edged with black and -fringed with blackish. Hind wings with a black central dot, and a greyish -band beyond. (Plate 119, Fig. 8.) - -Mr. A. J. Scollick has recorded that some caterpillars, presumably about a -week old on June 24, 1905, went into chrysalis July 7 to 12. One moth -emerged July 18, but no other appeared until December 20. A third came up -on January 5, 1906, and a fourth on February 5. - -The caterpillar is pale green, with reddish brown blotches on the sides, -and sometimes the back is also reddish brown. It feeds on alder, sallow, -and sloe, in June, and as a second generation in the autumn. (Eggs and a -caterpillar, the latter after Hofmann, are figured on Plate 123.) The moth -flies in May and early June, and occasionally in July or August. - -This species, which is always local, is perhaps most frequently met with in -the New Forest, Hants, but it is not uncommon in some parts of the Isle of -Wight, Dorset, Devon, and Kent. Also noted from a few other southern -counties, and from Suffolk, Norfolk, and Westmoreland. In Wales, it has -occurred at Neath, Glamorganshire. - -The range of this species abroad, and also that of the last, extends to -Amurland. - -TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE (_Semiothisa liturata_). - -The more frequent forms of this species are shown on Plate 119, Figs. 9, -10. In some examples the cross lines are almost absent, but in others they -are very distinct and blackish in colour; the orange yellow band in the -outer marginal area varies in width and in strength, but it is usually -present, even in the sooty brown form ab. _nigrofulvata_, Collins (Plate -61, Fig. 7), described from Delamere, Cheshire, also found in Shropshire, -and recorded from "Oakley Wood." - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 120. - 1, 3. EARLY MOTH. - 2, 4, 5, 6. SPRING USHER. - 7, 9. SCARCE UMBER. - 8, 10, 11, 12. DOTTED BORDER. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 121. - 1. DARK-BORDERED BEAUTY: _eggs_. - 2, 2a. BORDERED BEAUTY: _eggs and caterpillar_. - 3. LITTLE THORN: _caterpillar_. - -{289} The caterpillar (Plate 123, Fig. 2) is green, with white or creamy -transverse lines and stripes; head, reddish. Another form is pale ochreous -grey or brownish, with pale grey lines and stripes; head, almost black, -with purple tinge. It feeds on the needles of Scots pine (_Pinus -sylvestris_), in July and August, and occasionally in September and -October. A photograph of the chrysalis by Mr. H. Main, enlarged to twice -natural size, is shown on Plate 123. - -The moth is to be found in fir woods, where it lurks among the branches or -sits on the trunks, or on the fallen needles on the ground. The moths of -the first generation appear in June and July and, where it occurs, the -second flies in August and September. Widely distributed over the British -Isles, but not noted north of Moray, in Scotland. - -EARLY MOTH (_Hybernia rupicapraria_). - -Although generally common, and often abundant, over England, Wales, the -south of Scotland, and Ireland, this species (Plate 120, Figs. 1 [male], 3 -[female]) hardly ever comes under notice unless hedgerows and hawthorn -bushes are examined in January and February, by the aid of a lantern, after -darkness has set in. Then the males, and almost wingless females, will be -found in numbers, sitting at the ends of the twigs. - -The caterpillar is whitish green, clouded with darker green, striped with -white along the back, and marked with white on the sides. The general -colour is sometimes very dark green, approaching black, and in this form -the white markings are {290} more striking. It feeds, in April and May, on -hawthorn, sloe, plum, and bilberry. - -SPRING USHER (_Hybernia leucophaearia_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 9. - -SPRING USHER AT REST. - -(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] - -On Plate 120 are shown the typical and more usual forms of this variable -species. Fig. 2 represents the male, and Fig. 4 the female. The form with -blackish base and outer margin is ab. _marmorinaria_, Esper (Plate 120, -Fig. 5). Ab. _merularia_, Weymer, is entirely black, and a modification of -this form is shown in Fig. 6. Between each of these extremes and the type -there are various gradations. - -The caterpillar is usually some shade of green, with yellowish lines on the -back, and some have brownish marks on the sides; in others there are dark -brown marks on the back of each ring. It feeds on the leaves of oak, in -April and May. - -The moth rests on tree-trunks, fences, etc., and the males may be thus -found during the day in February, earlier or later in some seasons; the -female is less often obtained on trees and fences, but may be beaten, -together with the male, from the dead leaves which remain upon oak and -other bushes. - -The species appears to occur, more or less locally, in most of the English -counties; it has also been recorded from Pembrokeshire and Flintshire, in -Wales. In Scotland, it is obtained in {291} the south, and northwards to -Aberdeenshire. There are but two records from Ireland, and these are -doubtful. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and Japan. - -SCARCE UMBER (_Hybernia aurantiaria_). - -One specimen of each sex of this orange yellow species will be found on -Plate 120, where Fig. 7 represents the male, and Fig. 9 the female; the -cross lines, in the male, are usually distinct on all the wings, but those -on the hind pair are sometimes very faint, and occasionally absent. The -ground colour is paler in some specimens than in others, and there is -variation in the amount of purplish speckling, in the purplish clouding -following the second line, and in the submarginal series of purplish marks -of the fore wings. The marginal dots are sometimes absent from the hind -wings, most frequently in specimens with faint cross lines on these wings. - -The eggs (Plate 125, Fig. 2), when I received them in February, were -purplish, or violet brown. - -The caterpillar is yellowish, inclining to ochreous, lined with brown on -the back, and striped with purplish on the sides; underside, dark purplish -brown, inclining to blackish, and striped with yellowish. It feeds in the -spring, sometimes to June, on oak, birch, blackthorn, etc., and may be -found on the leaves during the day. The moth is out in the latter part of -the year, from October, and is best obtained at night, when sitting on the -twigs of trees and bushes, but a specimen or two may be found on -tree-trunks, palings, etc., in the daytime. - -The species is widely distributed over England, and in some parts it is -common in woods; also occurs in Wales. In Scotland it is very rare and -local in Roxburghshire; local and uncommon in the Clyde area, and has been -recorded from other parts of the country up to Aberdeen. Rare in Ireland, -but noted from {292} Tyrone (local among birches at Cookstown), Monaghan, -Fermanagh (Enniskillen), and Galway. - -DOTTED BORDER (_Hybernia marginaria_). - -On Plate 120 four specimens of this rather variable species are depicted. -Figs. 8 [male] and 10 [female] show the more usual form; Fig. 12 represents -the northern English, blackish var. _fuscata_, Harrison, and Fig. 11 an -intermediate form resulting from a cross-pairing of _fuscata_ [female] with -a southern [male]. Somewhat similar forms to the last have been captured in -Wear Dale, Durham. - -[Illustration: FIG. 10. - -DOTTED BORDER, MALE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 11. - -DOTTED BORDER, FEMALE.] - -(Photos by H. Main.) - -The caterpillar is figured on Plate 125, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. -Sich. It is described by Fenn as dull yellow, olive green, or greenish -brown; a series of dark grey X-like marks on the back, most distinct on -rings 5-11; the spiracles are white, each placed in a black cloud, and the -spaces between them paler, sometimes yellowish; the last ring is often -brown without marking, and the front rings have a purplish stripe above; -under surface, paler throughout. It feeds, in April and May, as a rule, but -has been found later, on hawthorn, sloe, oak, birch, alder, sallow, etc., -and may be obtained in the daytime. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 122. - 1-5. MOTTLED UMBER. - 6-8. MARCH MOTH. - 9-11. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 123. - 1. SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK: _eggs and caterpillar_. - 2. TAWNY-BARRED ANGLE: _caterpillar and chrysalids_. - -{293} The moth is out in March and April; and after their short evening -flight the males may be seen in numbers on hedgerows and the twigs of -trees. It is not infrequent at sallow catkins, and sometimes is not scarce -on palings and tree-trunks. The female may occasionally be detected in the -crevices of bark on tree-trunks, but is more easily obtained on the twigs -at night. - -The species is common over the whole of England and Wales, also in Ireland. -As regards Scotland, it is abundant in the south, but its range does not -seem to extend beyond Aberdeen; the var. _fuscata_ occurs in Renfrewshire. - -MOTTLED UMBER (_Hybernia defoliaria_). - -A female (Fig. 3) and four examples of the male of this variable species -are shown on Plate 122. The ground colour of the fore wings in the male -varies from whitish, through ochreous brown to dull russet brown; the cross -bands (when present) range in colour from reddish brown to dark purplish, -almost blackish, brown; in all the paler specimens the ground colour is -more or less sprinkled or suffused with brownish; the darker specimens are -sprinkled with dark purplish or blackish. Ab. _obscurata_, Staud., is -almost uniformly dull brownish, and an example approaching this form is -represented by Fig. 4. - -When deposited the eggs (Plate 125, Fig. 1b) were deep straw yellow. {294} - -The caterpillar (figured on Plate 125, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by -Mr. A. Sich) has various shades of reddish brown on the back, and yellowish -on the sides and beneath; the line above the red-marked white spiracles is -black, and this has an interrupted edging of white. Fig. 1a shows a pale -form. It feeds on the foliage of birch, oak, and other forest trees, also -on fruit trees, rose, honeysuckle, etc. It often occurs in great abundance, -and is largely responsible for the leafless condition of the trees, -sometimes noticed in May. - -The moth appears from October to December, and occasionally in January, -February, or March. - -Generally abundant throughout England and Wales; widely distributed, and -often common in Ireland; not uncommon in the south of Scotland, but -becoming less frequent northwards to Perthshire and Aberdeen. - -MARCH MOTH (_Anisopteryx aescularia_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 12. - -MARCH MOTH, MALE.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 14. - -MARCH MOTH, FEMALE X2.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 13. - -MARCH MOTH, FEMALE.] - -(Photos by H. Main.) - -Examples of each sex are shown on Plate 122, Figs. 7 and 8 [male], 6 -[female]. The male varies in the general colour from pale to dark grey; the -central area being sometimes smoky tinged. In the north of England, chiefly -in Yorkshire, blackish specimens occur in which the markings are more or -less obscured. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 124. - 1-3. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY. - 4-6. BELTED BEAUTY. - 7, 8. BRINDLED BEAUTY. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 125. - 1. MOTTLED UMBER: _egg, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillars_. - 2. SCARCE UMBER: _egg, natural size and enlarged_. - 3. DOTTED BORDER: _caterpillar_. - 4. MARCH MOTH: _caterpillar_. - -{295} - -[Illustration: FIG. 15. - -PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY. - -(Photo by H. Main.)] - -The caterpillar is pale green with a rather darker line along the back, and -yellowish lines along the sides. It feeds on hawthorn, sloe, privet, lilac, -currant, plum, cherry, rose, etc., also on oak, hornbeam, and some other -trees: April to June. The figure of the caterpillar on Plate 125, Fig. 4, -is from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich. - -The moth is out in the spring, and may be found on palings, tree-trunks, -etc., in the daytime, and more freely flying about, or sitting on hedges, -at night, when the spider-like wingless female is more frequently obtained. -The male is attracted by light, and sometimes is not uncommon on gas lamps. - -Except that it seems not to have been noted north of Perthshire in -Scotland, the species is generally distributed over the British Isles. - -PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Phigalia pedaria_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 122, Figs. 9 [female], 10, 11 [male]) -are greyish, tinged with greenish or brown, and sprinkled with darker grey -or brownish; the irregular cross lines are blackish. Occasional specimens -in the north of England are more or less sprinkled with yellow buff or -orange buff, and in these the cross-markings may be present or absent. A -more frequent form of aberration in the north is a general darkening of the -colour in {296} the direction of ab. _monacharia_, Staud., which is smoky -black with the veins black, and occurs chiefly in South Yorkshire. - -The caterpillar, figured on Plate 126, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by -Mr. A. Sich, is dull reddish brown, relieved with rust red mottling; the -notched head is greyish brown. It feeds, in the spring, on birch, oak, elm, -lime, poplar, sallow, hawthorn, sloe, plum and other fruit trees, rose, -etc. - -The moth is out as a rule during the first two or three months of the year, -but it has been noted in November and December, and also in mid-June. It -may be seen in the daytime on tree-trunks, palings, etc., but the female -secretes herself in any convenient cranny, and is not easily detected. The -male flies at night, and comes freely to light. - -The species is pretty generally distributed throughout England and Wales, -and Scotland up to Aberdeen. In Ireland, it has a wide distribution, but -Kane states that, except in the Belfast district, it is decidedly scarce in -the country. - -SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Apocheima hispidaria_). - -In the male (Plate 124, Figs. 1 and 2) the fore wings are ochreous grey -inclining to brownish, usually much paler on the outer margin; cross lines -black. Hind wings, greyish white, with a blackish central band. Fringes of -all the wings chequered with blackish. Often the central area of the fore -wings, between the first and second lines, is more or less blackish; less -frequently the whole of these wings, up to or just beyond the submarginal -line, is blackish; and sometimes the pale outer marginal area is broken up -by the blackish nervules. Very rarely, the ground colour is almost white, -and the cross-markings on the fore wings dusky grey. The female (Plate 124, -Fig. 3) varies from brown to blackish. {297} - -[Illustration: FIG. 16. - -SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY AT REST. - -(Photo by H. Main.)] - -The caterpillar is brown, inclining to blackish or purplish, the raised -spots are black, and occasionally the sides are freckled with orange (Plate -126, Fig. 2, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich). It feeds in May and -early June on oak, and will also eat hawthorn, birch, and elm. - -The moth, which is out in February and March, appears to be local, but has -a wide distribution through England from Durham to Hampshire, and even -Devonshire. It has also been recorded from Denbighshire, North Wales. A -well-known locality is Richmond Park, in Surrey, and here it is found -resting on oak trunks or on the grass stems, etc., under or around the -trees. The male is attracted by light. - -RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Nyssia lapponaria_). - -The sexes of this species are shown on Plate 134, where Fig. 3 represents -the male, and Fig. 5 the female. It was not known to occur in the British -Isles until 1871, when a male specimen was captured in Perthshire, on April -20 of that year. Mr. William M. Christy, in 1895, bred some moths from -larvae obtained in the Highlands of Scotland, and he sent eggs to Mr. F. W. -Frohawk, who worked out the life history, and described and figured all the -stages from egg to perfect insect (_Entom._ xxviii. 237). In July, 1900 and -1901, Mr. E. A. Cockayne found {298} caterpillars, in Perthshire (Rannoch -district), on ling, heath, and bog-myrtle; and in June, 1904, he published -(_Entom._ xxxvii. 149) some interesting observations on the habits of the -species in its native haunts. The greenish yellow eggs are laid in batches -of 10 to 150 in the dry corollas of the cross-leaved heath, and less -frequently between the stem and sheath of reeds, or in cracks in dead -bracken stems, etc. The caterpillar (Plate 126, Fig. 3) is pale drab, -inclining to a yellowish tint; irregular yellow stripes along the back and -sides, and lines of blackish streaks between the stripes. It will eat -birch, sallow, and hawthorn, in captivity; but in the open it feeds on -heather and bog-myrtle: May-July. The chrysalis is reddish brown, rather -paler on the wing covers (figured on Plate 126 from a photo, twice natural -size, by Mr. H. Main). The moth is out in April and May, and sits on the -twigs of heather and the stems of bog-myrtle. It has only been recorded -from Perthshire, and is there very local, frequenting damp places near -streams. - -Mr. A. W. Mera has obtained hybrids from a crossing of this species with -_N. zonaria_. - -BELTED BEAUTY (_Nyssia zonaria_). - -Two males and a female of this species are depicted on Plate 124 (Figs. 4, -5 [male], 6 [female]). There is variation in the ground colour of the male, -from white to greyish, and the markings are sometimes greyish brown and -sometimes blackish. Kane states that, in Ireland, a large number of -Connemara specimens have the fore wings entirely white, broken by dark -veins, front margin, and three streaks parallel to the outer margin. The -caterpillar is greenish, with dusky grey lines and freckles on the back, -and a yellow stripe low down along the sides; the latter is edged below -with blackish; the underside is black and striped with grey; head, greyish, -freckled with darker. It feeds on sallow, dandelion, dock, plantain, -clover, yarrow, grass, etc.: May to August. (Plate 126, Fig. 4; chrysalis, -Fig. 4a; eggs, Plate 133, Fig. 4.) The moth is out in March and April, and -rests by day on or among herbage. The male has been known to fly in the -sunshine, but its more usual time of flight is the early evening. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 126. - 1. PALE BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_. - 2. SMALL BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_. - 3, 3a, 3b. RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY: _egg, natural size enlarged. - caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 4, 4a. BELTED BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 127. - 1-3. OAK BEAUTY. - -{299} The species is locally common on sand hills, on the coast of -Cheshire, Flintshire, and Carnarvon; Wallasey is a noted locality, and the -earliest British specimens were taken in that district about 1832; it also -occurs on the Lancashire coast, in the Liverpool and Blackpool districts. -In Ireland, it was first noted in Co. Antrim, where caterpillars were found -at Ballycastle, and about twenty-two years ago moths were captured at the -same place. Other Irish localities are Achill Island, off the coast of -Mayo; Slyne Head and Roundstone, Connemara coast. There are records of its -occurrence in the Isles of Skye and Tiree. - -BRINDLED BEAUTY (_Lycia hirtaria_). - -A male and a female are shown on Plate 124 (Figs. 7 [male], 8 [female]), -and these represent the more usual form of the sexes in the London -district. Some specimens are paler, others are darker; and not infrequently -the wings are sprinkled with yellowish. - -On Plate 1 (Figs. 4, 6, 8) will be found figures of a female and two male -examples of a large race taken by Mr. H. McArthur this season (1908) at -Aviemore, in Scotland. One of these males is of a remarkable ochreous -coloration, whilst in the other the contrast of grey ground and black -marking is equally striking. The female is blackish sprinkled with -ochreous. - -The caterpillar is purplish grey or reddish brown clouded and freckled with -darker, and spotted with yellow on rings 5-8; the first ring is also marked -with yellow in front, the head is freckled with black, and about the jaws -with yellow. It feeds on lime, elm, willow, and fruit trees, especially -plum and pear, {300} in May, June, and July. For the example figured on -Plate 128, Fig. 1, I am indebted to Mr. Norman Riley; an Aviemore example -is shown in colour on Plate 1, Fig. 7. The chrysalis (Plate 128, Fig. 1a) -is dark reddish brown inclining to blackish. The moth comes out in March -and April and is often a common object on tree-trunks, etc., in the London -parks, squares, and gardens. Its range extends over the south of England, -and northwards to Yorkshire and Cumberland, but it is nowhere so plentiful -in England as throughout the Metropolitan area. It occurs in Wales, in -Ireland, and in Scotland up to Inverness. - -OAK BEAUTY (_Pachys_ (_Amphidasys_) _strataria_). - -The fore wings of this species (Plate 127, Figs. 1-3) are white, sprinkled -and cross lined with black; the first line is bordered inwardly, and the -second line outwardly with brownish; frequently these two lines fall -closely together on the inner margin, and sometimes they are united by a -blackish blotch at this point; the brownish borders of the lines vary in -width, and in some specimens the outer area beyond the second black line is -almost entirely brownish; in other specimens the central and outer areas -are almost free of black speckling, and in such examples the brownish -borders of the lines stand out conspicuously. The caterpillar (Plate 128, -Fig. 2) is usually some shade of brown--greyish, violet, or -purplish--mottled and freckled with a darker hue. It feeds on oak, birch, -and elm, will also eat sloe, plum, rose, etc., and is found from May to -July. In confinement, larvae hatched in early May have gone down to pupate -during the second week in June. - -The moth is out in March and April as a rule, but has been noted in late -February, and also in early May. It may be seen resting during the day on -trunks of trees, palings, etc., generally near the ground; when on the wing -at night the male will come to light. Although not generally common it is -widely distributed over England and Wales. In Ireland it has occurred in -Wicklow, Westmeath, and Cork, and has been reared from pupae obtained at -Glenmalure in the former county. - -Hybrids resulting from a cross between _strataria_ [male] and _betularia_ -[female] have been named _herefordi_, Tutt. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 128. - 1. BRINDLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 2. OAK BEAUTY: _eggs, natural size and enlarged, and caterpillar_. - 3. PEPPERED MOTH: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 129. - 1-3. PEPPERED MOTH. - -{301} - -PEPPERED MOTH (_Pachys betularia_). - -Typically (Plate 129, Figs. 1 [male], 3 [female]) the wings are white, -"peppered" with black, and with more or less distinct cross lines, also -black. The black speckling varies in amount, in some examples it is almost -absent, whilst in others it is so dense that the wings appear to be black -sprinkled with white. Specimens of the last form are intermediate between -the type and the melanic ab. _doubledayaria_, Milliere (Fig. 2). This black -form, which seems to have been unknown about sixty years ago, is now much -commoner than the type in the South-west Riding of Yorkshire, and has -spread into Lancashire, Cheshire, and southwards to Lincolnshire. On the -wolds of the latter county, and on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, it is said -to be the dominant form of the species. The aberration also occurs in the -eastern and the southern counties of England to Hampshire. Northwards, the -form has extended to Clydesdale in Scotland, where one was reared from a -caterpillar obtained near Paisley. In Wales _doubledayaria_ is in the -ascendant at Newport, Monmouth, and in Ireland one example of this variety -together with some intermediate and typical specimens were reared from -caterpillars collected at Castle Bellingham, Co. Louth. Possibly the -liberal distribution of the eggs of _doubledayaria_ may have had something -to do with the comparatively rapid extension of this form, at least to -districts far away from its original locality. - -What is known as the buff var. of this species dates back to {302} the year -1874, when a buff female, paired with a black male, was captured at Heaton -Park. From the eggs she deposited caterpillars hatched, and in due course -pupated, but the moths reared from them were all either typical, or black. -Some of the female moths were, however, given to other collectors to pair -with black males with the result that buff specimens appeared among the -moths reared by seven collectors. Subsequently, by breeding only from buff -males and females 80 per cent. of this form were said to be obtained. By -the year 1880, however, the race was extinct. In all the examples of the -buff var. that I have seen, including a pair in my own collection, the -ground colour is normal, but the usual black markings of the wings are -brownish buff; I understand, however, that there are specimens in which the -ground colour is ochreous. The vapour of chlorine will change an ordinary -specimen to a buff var.; and it is said that caterpillars reared in an -apartment where this vapour is present will produce these buff varieties. -Mr. Mansbridge has recently described ab. _ochrearia_, and in this form the -typical black markings are present on an ochreous ground. The specimen, a -female, was captured at St. Annes, Lancashire, June, 1891. - -Gynandrous examples have been obtained, and seven of these abnormal forms -occurred in a single brood reared from eggs by Mr. A. Harrison. - -The caterpillar (Plate 128, Fig. 3, from a photo by Mr. H. Main) is green, -brownish green, or purplish brown; in the green form, which is minutely -dotted with white, there is generally a faint purplish line along the back, -two purplish knobs on ring 8, and a purplish patch enclosing two ochreous -spots on ring 11; the deeply notched head is ochreous, shaded with -purplish; the last ring of the body is tinged with purplish, as also are -the two small points thereon. It feeds, from July to September, on oak, -birch, elm, beech, sallow, plum and other fruit trees; also on rose, -bramble, etc. The moth is out in May and June, {303} sometimes in July. The -species is generally distributed, and sometimes common in the caterpillar -state, but seems to be absent from the Scottish Isles. - -WAVED UMBER (_Hemerophila_ (_Synopsia_) _abruptaria_). - -[Illustration: Fig. 17. - -WAVED UMBER AT REST. - -(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] - -A male and a female specimen are figured on Plate 130. The males are -usually darker than the females, but they vary in the amount of darker -clouding and suffusion. Three forms of the species have been named as -follows--ab. _brunneata_, Tutt, a modification of the female rather more -strongly coloured than the darkest typical male. Ab. _fuscata_, Tutt, sooty -brown, tending to blackish; both sexes somewhat paler in central area of -fore wings. Ab. _unicolor_, Tutt, similar to ab. _fuscata_, but without -pale marking; the thorax is also darker. (Plate 134, Fig. 7, ab. -_fuscata_.) The eggs, furnished by Mr. Norman Riley, were verdigris green -when laid, but on the third day changed to greyish. - -In general colour the caterpillar is greyish brown sometimes tinged with -green; pinkish brown blotches along the back, often united on the front and -hind rings. In some cases the caterpillar is almost black, with a lighter -mark on front of the first ring. It feeds on privet and lilac, and is said -to eat currant, broom, and jasmine: May to August. (Plate 133, Fig. 3.) - -The moth is out in April and May, and is fond of resting on palings, trees, -and even walls. It appears to be most plentiful {304} in the London -district, in the north and east of which the dark forms occur; but it is -found more or less frequently over the greater part of England, and in -South Wales; single specimens were taken at Hartlepool, Durham, in 1874 and -1875. One example has been recorded from Kincardineshire, Scotland; and one -from Enniskillen, Ireland. - -RINGED CARPET (_Boarmia cinctaria_). - -Two specimens are shown on Plate 130. Fig. 3 represents the more or less -typical form, and Fig. 4 depicts an example in which the central area is -almost free of dark speckling, so that the whitish ground colour comes out -distinctly. There is a good range of variation in the direction of both -darker and paler forms than those figured. In some specimens with a clear -white central area, the basal and outer marginal areas of the fore wings, -and the outer area of the hind wings, are black or blackish; similar -aberration is sometimes found in the more speckled specimens also. -Occasionally, there is a projection from below the middle of the second -black line to the basal band. - -The caterpillar is green, with darker green and whitish lines along the -back and sides. It feeds on birch, sallow, and heath (_Erica cinerea_), and -may be reared on knot-grass. The moth is out in May, sometimes late April -or early June. The New Forest in Hampshire is the district _par excellence_ -for this species, the most favoured locality being the heathy tract near -Lyndhurst, where the moths are very common, in some years, on tree-trunks, -especially birch, and on heather. Other localities in England are Poole -Heath, Parley Heath, and Bloxworth in Dorset; Tilgate Forest, etc., in -Sussex; Reading district in Berks, first noted in 1891. In Ireland, it is -widely distributed, and is abundant at Killarney and some other parts of -Kerry. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 130. - 1, 2. WAVED UMBER. - 3, 4. RINGED CARPET. - 5, 6. WILLOW BEAUTY. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 131. - 1. WILLOW BEAUTY: _eggs and caterpillar_. - 2. MOTTLED BEAUTY: _caterpillar_. - -{305} - -WILLOW BEAUTY (_Boarmia gemmaria_). - -The two portraits on Plate 130 represent the best known forms of this -species. Stephens in 1831 referred the smoky or dark slaty grey form (Fig. -6), which is the ordinary one in the London district, now as then, to -_rhomboidaria_. Newman subsequently named this form _perfumaria_, and he, -and other entomologists of the time, considered it as a species distinct -from _gemmaria_ = _rhomboidaria_. We now know that the smoky grey specimens -are not peculiar to the metropolitan area, but occur in other parts of -England (Warwickshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, etc.), and are found, with -the type, at Howth and other localities in Ireland. The more general forms -throughout England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland up to Perthshire, are pale -brown, or greyish brown (typical), sometimes ochreous tinged (Fig. 5); the -latter is referable to ab. _consobrinaria_, Haworth. Black forms have been -recorded from Norwich in Norfolk, and blackish specimens have been noted -from Ashdown Forest, Sussex; from Cannock Chase, Staffordshire; and from -the south of Scotland. - -The eggs (Plate 131, Fig. 1a) are green at first, changing to pink mottled -with green, and finally to dark grey; the latter change indicates early -hatching of the caterpillar, which usually occurs about a fortnight after -the eggs are deposited. - -The caterpillar (Plate 131, Fig. 1, after a coloured drawing by Mr. A. -Sich) is dull reddish brown, mottled more or less with ochreous; traces of -diamond-shaped marks on the back, the latter sometimes well defined. It -feeds on ivy (in London gardens especially), hawthorn, birch, privet, -lilac, rose, clematis, broom, and many other shrubs, and also on yew and -fir, in August, and after hibernation in the spring. The moth is out in -July and August; sometimes a second brood occurs in September. {306} - -This species is the _gemmaria_ of Brahm (1791), but _rhomboidaria_, -Schiffermuller (1776), although only a catalogue name until figured by -Hubner, about 1797, is adopted by some authors. - -SATIN CARPET (_Boarmia abietaria_). - -As an inhabitant of Britain this species was first noted from Hampshire, -and in 1825 was figured and described by Curtis as _Alcis sericearia_. Two -specimens of this form, from the New Forest, are depicted on Plate 132, -Figs. 1, 2; but paler, and also darker, examples are found in this -locality, and, occasionally, melanic specimens occur as well. The latter -form, some examples of which might be described as sooty black with black -veins, is more prevalent among the yews and firs of Surrey. - -The caterpillar, for the example of which (and also the egg), figured on -Plate 138, Figs. 1, 1a, I am obliged to Mr. Arthur J. Scollick, is, in one -form, ochreous brown with paler cream-coloured patches on the back; and in -another dark grey-brown with paler patches, sometimes of a light cinnamon -brown; a pale, thin line along the middle of the back runs through a series -of brownish diamonds; there are other pale lines on the back and sides, and -these are edged with brownish, and partly with blackish; spiracles outlined -in black. (Adapted from Buckler.) It feeds on spruce, pine, yew, oak, -birch, sallow, etc., from August to June. A larva has been found on -bilberry in Devon. - -The moth is out from late June to early August, but captured specimens are -not often suitable for the cabinet, they are generally more or less frayed -or scarred. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 132. - 1, 2. SATIN CARPET. - 3-6. MOTTLED BEAUTY. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 133. - 1. DOTTED CARPET: _caterpillars_. - 2. BRUSSELS LACE: _caterpillars_. - 3. WAVED UMBER: _caterpillar_. - 4. BELTED BEAUTY: _eggs_. - -{307} Beside Surrey and Hants, previously mentioned, the species occurs in -Sussex (Tilgate Forest), Buckinghamshire (Halton), and has been recorded -from Berkshire; Egg Buckland, Oxton, Bickleigh Vale, and other Devonshire -localities; also from Cornwall, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire (the -Cotswolds), and Monmouthshire. - -Staudinger and other recent authors have adopted _ribeata_, Clerck, for -this species. - -MOTTLED BEAUTY (_Boarmia repandata_). - -Two examples of the more ordinary mottled form of this species are shown on -Plate 132, Figs. 3 [male], and 4 [female]. Fig. 6 represents ab. -_destrigaria_, Haworth (_muraria_, Curtis); and Fig. 5 depicts a specimen -near var. _sodorensium_, Weir, from the Isle of Lewis. Dark-brown forms, -inclining to blackish, are not uncommon in the London district, but in -South Yorkshire coal-black specimens with whitish submarginal lines occur; -a sooty black example from the Sheffield district is figured on Plate 134, -Fig. 4, and, it may be added, these melanic forms are referable to ab. -_nigricata_, Fuchs. - -Two forms of ab. _conversaria_, Hubner, will be found on Plate 134, where -Fig. 1 depicts a specimen from the New Forest, and Fig. 8 represents an -extreme example from North Devon. The _conversaria_ form occurs chiefly in -the south and west of England, and is perhaps most plentiful along the -North Devon coast; also in South Wales; Durham (rarely, on the coast). -Broad dark banded specimens are recorded from Arran and Argyll. - -The caterpillar (figured on Plate 131, Fig. 2, after Sich) is brownish -inclining to ochreous; a dark brownish line along the middle of the back, -and a series of brownish diamond-shaped marks most distinct on the back of -the middle rings; a line of blackish marks along the sides shows up in the -paler examples. Sometimes the general colour is dark reddish brown, -freckled with dark brown; but in all cases the underside is paler than the -upper, and is striped and lined with dark and pale brown. {308} It feeds on -hawthorn, birch, elm, hazel, bilberry, heather, etc., from July to May. - -The moth is out in June and July, and specimens of a second generation have -been reared in September. Generally common throughout the British Isles. - -GREAT OAK BEAUTY (_Boarmia roboraria_). - -[Illustration: FIG. 18. - -CATERPILLAR OF GREAT OAK BEAUTY. - -(Photo by "A. Forester".)] - -The fine Boarmid moth shown on Plate 135, Fig. 2, has all the typical -markings well defined. Occasionally the black cross lines are more -distinct, but sometimes they are more or less absent, or obscured. An -almost black specimen is mentioned by Barrett as taken in the Reading -district, Berkshire; and the same author states that a black example was -captured in the Midlands about the year 1887, but no other specimen was -observed until 1893, when a female was obtained, and from eggs deposited -smoky black moths were reared. - -The caterpillar is very like an oak twig in shape, especially when in -repose. (See Fig. 18.) In colour it is reddish brown, inclining to ochreous -brown; brownish grey on the humps on rings 5 and 11, and on the skin folds. -It feeds on oak during the autumn, and, after hibernation, in the spring. -The moth is out in June and July, and may be found on oak trees rather high -up the trunks. When on the wing at night it will visit the sugar patch. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 134. - 1, 4, 7, 8. MOTTLED BEAUTY, VARS. - 2. SPECKLED BEAUTY. - 3, 5. RANNOCH BRINDLED BEAUTY. - 6. SEPTEMBER THORN. - 9. LARGE THORN, VAR. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 135. - 2. GREAT OAK BEAUTY. - 1, 3. PALE OAK BEAUTY. - -{309} The species occurs most frequently in the New Forest, Hampshire, -where, in some years, it is very common. Other English counties in which it -has been found, or still exists, are--Devon (Cann Woods), Dorset (Cranborne -and Bloxworth), Wilts. (Savernake Forest), Sussex (Abbots Wood, Charlton -Forest, Holme Bank, etc.), Surrey (Addington, June, 1902), Kent, Essex -(Epping Forest), Berks., Bucks., Warwick (Princethorpe Wood), Worcester -(Wyre Forest), Stafford (Cannock Chase), Cheshire (Dunham Park), York (wood -near Selby), Lancashire (Corporation and Quernmore Woods). - -PALE OAK BEAUTY (_Boarmia consortaria_). - -Some specimens are rather greyer, and the cross markings are occasionally -less distinct than in Figs. 1 [male], and 3 [female] on Plate 135, which -represent the typical forms of this species in England. Examples of a -blackish form have been noted from a wood in West Kent, and these are -apparently referable to the melanic ab. _humperti_, Humpert, but the -Kentish specimens I have seen had the second line of fore wings edged with -white, and a white submarginal line. - -The caterpillar, which in shape is somewhat like that of the last species, -varies in colour. One form is greenish grey, with three lines, the central -one darker than those on each side. In another the colour is pale brown -mottled with reddish and a darker brown. It feeds on oak, birch, and -sometimes sallow, in July and August. - -The moth is out in June and July, and specimens have been recorded as -captured in September. It may be found on the trunks of oak and fir trees, -and will come to sugar and light at night. Although local it is not -uncommon in the New Forest and other woods in Hampshire; also in Sussex, -Surrey, Kent. {310} and Berkshire. It has been recorded from -Buckinghamshire, Wiltshire, and Dorsetshire; and as local and scarce in the -Lancaster district. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan, and in both countries it is -represented by var. _conferenda_, Butler. - -SPECKLED BEAUTY (_Cleora angularia_). - -Stephens, who in 1831 figured this insect as _Cleora viduaria_, Wien. -Verz., remarks, "All the examples I have seen of this beautiful species -were captured in the New Forest: the first about June, 1822, the remainder -in 1825 and 1826: I believe in the vicinity of Lyndhurst." Barrett states -that the late Mr. Samuel Stevens obtained a number of specimens "by -sweeping the upper branches of oak trees in the New Forest with a long -pole." This was in 1849; and between that year and 1872, about which time -it seems to have disappeared, the moth was found, by those who knew where -to look for it, in the Forest between Brockenhurst and Lyndhurst. Specimens -have also been taken, in the past, in Tilgate Forest, Sussex, by the late -William Tester, and by Mr. Merrifield, at Holm Bank, near Henfield, in the -same county. There have been recent rumours of its reappearance in the New -Forest, but I have been unable to ascertain anything definite about this. -The specimen depicted in Plate 134, Fig. 2, has been kindly lent by Mr. R. -Adkin. - -The caterpillar, stated by Hofmann to feed on lichen growing upon oak and -birch, is brownish variegated with paler shades. - -BRUSSELS LACE (_Cleora lichenaria_). - -The greenish grey species shown on Plate 136, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female], -varies in tint; the fore wings are often clouded with olive, and -occasionally with blackish; there is frequently a tinge of {311} ochreous -between the black cross lines, but sometimes this area is flushed with -orange. - -Two figures of the caterpillar will be found on Plate 133, Fig. 2. In -colour and marking it so closely resembles the greenish-grey lichen upon -which it feeds, that its detection thereon is not always easy. May and June -are the best months in which to collect the caterpillars (although they may -be found during the autumn and early spring), and they may then be jarred -from the lichen (_Usnea barbata_), etc., growing on branches of trees and -bushes, or searched for among the lichen on the tree trunks, or on wooden -pales and fences. - -The species is widely spread over the southern half of England, but is more -or less rare from the Midlands northwards. It has occurred in South Wales; -and Kane states that it is widely distributed and locally common in -Ireland. In some parts of South Scotland it is not uncommon, and its range -extends to Aberdeen and Ross. - -THE DOTTED CARPET (_Cleora jubata_). - -This species (Plate 136, Figs. 3, 4) has long been known as _glabraria_, -Hubner, but as authorities are agreed that _jubata_, Thunberg, is an -earlier name, it must be adopted. The general colour is whitish, powdered -with dark grey and black; there are four black spots on the front margin -and from these blackish markings cross the wings, but only the first line -is generally distinct, although a second line, beyond the large black -discal spot, is sometimes clearly defined and entire; occasionally a -central shade and a submarginal line are both in evidence. The hind wings -have a black central spot and a blackish line beyond, but the latter is -often absent. Exceptional aberration takes the form of leaden black -blotches, clouds, and streaks on the fore wings, and dusky clouding on the -hind wings, chiefly on the basal area. {312} - -The caterpillar is of a faint bluish green, inclining to greenish white on -the back; a row of black spots along the back, and a broken black narrow -stripe along each side. It feeds on tree lichens (_Usnea barbata_), etc., -from September to June or July. Three figures of this caterpillar are given -on Plate 133, Fig. 3. - -The moth is out in July and August, and may be found at rest on tree trunks -now and then, but is more frequently obtained by jarring the lichen-clad -branches of oak. Although it is known to occur very locally and somewhat -rarely in the counties of Wilts., Dorset, and Devon, the New Forest in -Hampshire is the English district where one is most likely to meet with -this species. It has been recorded from Cornwall (Falmouth district, 1904), -Hereford, Pembrokeshire, Carnarvonshire (Beddgelert), and Cumberland. -Charlton Forest, Sussex, has also been mentioned. In Scotland, Renton -states that it is generally common in Roxburghshire; it occurs in several -of the woods in Clydesdale, and has been noted from Argyllshire. - -THE ENGRAILED (_Tephrosia bistortata_). - -In the following brief remarks on _T. bistortata_, Goeze (= _biundularia_, -Borkhausen), I have included reference to _crepuscularia_, Hubner (= -_biundularia_, Esper). The former (which is also named _abietaria_, -Haworth, and _laricaria_, Doubleday) appears on the wing in March and -April, and there is a second flight in July and August. Moths of the second -generation are few in number and small in size, and are referable to abs. -_consonaria_ and _strigularia_, Stephens. A third generation of still -smaller moths has been reared. _Crepuscularia_ is out in May and June, -rarely in April; its caterpillar feeds in June and July or later; according -to Barrett, a second generation of the moth has occurred in August. One or -two moths have been captured in September or October, but whether these -were referable to _bistortata_ or _crepuscularia_ is not quite clear. - -[Illustration: FIG. 19. - -SMALL ENGRAILED, AT REST. - -(Photo by W. J. Lucas.)] - -By some authorities the double-brooded _bistortata_ is {313} considered -specifically distinct from the, normally, single-brooded _crepuscularia_; -others hold the opposite view. The March and April moths are generally -rather browner in colour than those appearing in May and June, but I have -some specimens taken in Wiltshire at the end of March, which are quite as -pale as any example in the May-June series. Probably, we should be right in -regarding _crepuscularia_ as the older stock from which the double-brooded -race, _bistortata_, has sprung. The former has a more extensive range, as -it inhabits Northern Europe (Sutherlandshire in British Isles), whilst -_bistortata_ seems to be confined to Central Europe. A Perthshire form of -the May-June race is shown on Plate 136, Fig. 7; and an example of ab. -_delamerensis_, White, from Delamere Forest, Cheshire, is represented by -Fig. 8. Figs. 6 [male], 7 [female], represent examples of the March and -April race. Black or blackish forms, with the sub-marginal line more or -less distinctly white, occur in both races, chiefly in Glamorganshire, -South Wales. - -{314} - -A photograph, by Mr. H. Main, of the caterpillar, is reproduced on Plate -138, Fig. 3. The general colour is grey, inclining to yellowish or -brownish; sometimes it is reddish brown; two broken dark-grey lines on the -back, and some pale blotches on the sides. The caterpillars of the first -race (_bistortata_) feed in May and June, and again in August and -September. Those of the second race in June and July, or later. They seem -to eat the foliage of trees, including those in orchards. - -NOTE.--Cross-pairings between _bistortata_ [male] and _crepuscularia_ -[female] resulted in the ab. _ridingi_, Tutt, whilst the offspring of a -crossing of _crepuscularia_ [male] and _bistortata_ [female] have been -named _bacoti_, Tutt. Pairings of _bistortata_ [male] and _delamerensis_ -[female] produce ab. _ridingi-suffusa_, Tutt; and those of _delamerensis_ -[male] and _bistortata_ [female] = _bacoti-suffusa_, Tutt. Further, -_bacoti-suffusa_ will pair with _ridingi-suffusa_, or the last named with -_crepuscularia_; the progeny being in the first case _mixta_, Tutt, and in -the latter, _reversa_, Tutt. - -BRINDLED WHITE-SPOT (_Tephrosia luridata_). - -Two examples of this species (also known as _extersaria_, Hubner) are -depicted on Plate 137, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. There is variation in -the amount of black speckling and in the strength of the cross lines. - -The caterpillar is dull hazel or chocolate brown, often tinged with green; -a row of whitish dots on each side of a series of pale spots along the -middle of the back; rings 4 and 8 barred with black-brown or dusky rust -colour. Sometimes the general colour is green. (Adapted from Fenn.) It -feeds in July and August, or even later, on oak and birch, sometimes on -alder and sallow. The moth is out in May and June, earlier or later in some -seasons. In Britain apparently confined to England, where it occurs -locally, in woods, from Worcestershire {315} southwards to Kent and -Cornwall, and eastward to Norfolk and Suffolk. In the New Forest, -Hampshire, where it is often plentiful, it may be seen on the boles of -trees, but is more easily obtained after dark when it comes to the sugar -patch. - -SQUARE SPOT (_Tephrosia consonaria_). - -Two examples of this species will be found on Plate 137, Figs. 3 [male], 4 -[female]. There is variation in the greyish or brownish speckling of the -wings, and this in some typical examples is so sparse that the wings appear -to be almost white with brownish basal band and brownish markings on the -outer area; the most conspicuous of the latter being the middle square spot -between the second and submarginal lines, more or less distinct in all -forms, to which the English name refers. In other specimens the wings are, -especially the front pair, densely covered with the dark speckling. Some -Surrey specimens, chiefly from the Leith Hill district, have an ochreous -tinge; and quite recently a black form of the species has occurred in a -wood near Maidstone, in West Kent. The last phase of aberration seems to be -unknown in any other part of Britain, and also, I believe, elsewhere. - -The egg (Plate 138, Fig. 2) is yellowish green when laid; later it becomes -yellow, and orange red markings appear, chiefly at one end. - -The somewhat wrinkled caterpillar is ochreous brown above, inclining to -greyish between the rings; an ochreous line along the middle of the back is -only clearly defined on the front rings; the under side is greenish -ochreous, and sometimes this colour extends to the upper side also; the -head, which is notched on the crown, is pale ochreous, more or less marked -with brown. It feeds at night, in June and July, on birch, beech, oak, -pine, etc. {316} - -The moth is out in May and June, earlier in some districts. In the daytime -it may be seen on the trunks or boughs of trees, most frequently at too -great a height to be easily secured; but still a few sit low enough for -capture, especially on the trunks of fir trees. The species is a decidedly -local one, and seems to be largely confined, in Britain, to the southern -parts of England, Wales, and Ireland. It occurs in some of the woods of -Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, -Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Essex, and -Suffolk. Edwards notes the species as rare at Malvern, Worcestershire. -Forsythe, in "A List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Lancaster and District" -(_Entom._ 1905, p. 12), states that the moth may be found sitting on the -fir-tree trunks at the end of May, at Witherslack and Quernmore; and a -single specimen has been recorded from Upton, near Birkenhead, Cheshire. -The occurrence of _T. consonaria_ in the north of England seems open to -question. The only county in Wales appears to be Glamorganshire, as -mentioned by Barrett. Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) -noted the species from Derrycunihy, and Mucross, Killarney, where he has -taken it in moderate abundance; he also gives Clonbullogue, in King's -County. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan. - -GREY BIRCH (_Tephrosia punctularia_). - -Three examples of this greyish species are shown on Plate 137. The wings -are usually whitish grey in the ground colour, and sprinkled or dusted with -darker grey; there are three blackish, or black dotted, cross lines on the -fore wings, often indistinct, but rarely entirely absent, and even then -represented by black marks on the front margin. Sometimes the first and -third lines may be well in evidence and the central one absent; -occasionally the second line is placed quite close to the first; the -sub-marginal line is whitish, inwardly shaded with dark greyish, especially -at the middle and towards the front margin. The hind wings have two cross -lines corresponding with the first and third on the fore wings. There is a -good deal of variation in the amount of dark speckling, and this is -occasionally so heavy that the insect becomes dark grey in colour; I have -taken such specimens at Oxshott in Surrey. Dark aberrations are perhaps -more frequent in the north of England, but the species is more local and -less plentiful in that part of the country. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 136. - 1, 2. BRUSSELS LACE. - 3, 4. DOTTED CARPET. - 5, 6. SMALL ENGRAILED. - 7, 8. THE ENGRAILED. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 137. - 1, 2. BRINDLED WHITE-SPOT. - 3, 4. SQUARE SPOT. - 5-7. GREY BIRCH. - 8, 9. HORSE CHESTNUT. - -{317} The caterpillar, which may be beaten from birch, and sometimes alder, -in July, is bright apple green with yellowish lines on the sides and back; -the ring divisions are yellow, and the head is tinged with that colour. -(Adapted from Porritt.) Sometimes the caterpillars are brownish, or -greenish grey in general colour. The moth, which is out in May and June, -will be found in woods, or on heaths, where birches grow. It rests on the -trunks of the trees and may be boxed, as a rule, with ease. On some -occasions, however, it is very lively, and the net will have to be brought -into action for its capture. - -The distribution of this species extends through England, but it is far -more plentiful in the south than in the north, although it has been -recorded from several places in Yorkshire, and from Coal Law Wood in -Northumberland. It is found also in Wales, and in Scotland up to Moray. In -Ireland it is not frequent, but has been noted from Mucross, and the Upper -Lake of Killarney, in Kerry, and from Tinahely in Wicklow; Kane also gives -Clonbrock in Galway, and adds that "some specimens from this locality have -the spots very large on a clear whitish ground, so that they have a -superficial resemblance to _Cleora glabraria_." - -The range abroad spreads to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. - -NOTE.--Staudinger places the last four species in _Boarmia_, Treitschke; -but Prout and others refer them to the genus _Ectropis_, Hubner. The latter -will probably have to be adopted. {318} - -HORSE CHESTNUT (_Pachycnema hippocastanaria_). - -The rather long and somewhat oval fore wings of this species (Plate 137, -Figs. 8, 9) are brownish grey, inclining to purplish grey; the two cross -lines are blackish, edged with whitish, but generally indistinct; when the -lines are well defined, the enclosed central area is sometimes darker than -the other parts of the wings; there is a black central dot, and -occasionally there is a well-marked dusky central shade. Hind wings, -whitish, more or less tinged with smoky grey; frequently there is a dusky, -curved line beyond the middle, and this is sometimes outwardly edged with -whitish. - -The caterpillar is greyish brown, dotted with black, and marked on the back -and sides with reddish brown. When at rest on the twigs of its food plant, -heather or ling (_Calluna vulgaris_), this caterpillar agrees so well with -its surroundings that it is not at all easy to see; at least, we may see -it, but fail to distinguish it from the twigs of the plant. It may be -obtained in June and July, and again in the autumn. (Figured on Plate 140, -after Hofmann.) - -The first flight of the moth occurs in April and May; the second in August, -but specimens of the later generation are usually small in size and in -number, as compared with those of the early brood. - -In Britain, this species has so far only been found on the heaths of Kent, -Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Berkshire, and -Suffolk; in all these counties it is more or less local, but it abounds in -some of its haunts. It has been recorded from Hereford, and Edwards states -that it occurs rarely in the Malvern district of Worcestershire. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 138. - 1. SATIN CARPET: _egg and caterpillar_. - 2. SQUARE SPOT: _eggs_. - 3. THE ENGRAILED: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 139. - 1-3. ANNULET. - 4, 5. SCOTCH ANNULET. - 6, 7. BLACK MOUNTAIN MOTH. - -{319} - -THE ANNULET (_Gnophos_ (_Sciadion_) _obscurata_). - -In a general way, all the grey specimens of this species are referable to -the type form _obscurata_, Schiffermuller; the true type, however, appears -to be rare in Britain, even if it occurs at all. It is, perhaps, best -represented by well-marked dark specimens from limestone districts, or the -lighter ones from peaty ground. At Folkestone and in other chalky -localities on the Kentish coast, the bulk of the specimens are pale grey -inclining to whitish, usually with the black cross lines showing more or -less clearly. Sometimes the lines are obscured by heavy freckling (ab. -_woodiata_, Prout); not infrequently, at Folkestone chiefly, the inner and -outer areas are pale, more or less free of freckling, but the central area, -defined by black lines, is densely freckled; this is the banded form (ab. -_fasciata_, Prout). A form occurs on the chalk hills at Lewes in Sussex, in -which the wings are almost white, without freckling, but with distinct -black lines and rings (ab. _calceata_, Staudinger); a modification of this -whitish form from Lewes has been described by Prout as ab. _mundata_, -"Almost pure whitish, with virtually no markings, excepting the annulets." -On heaths in Surrey and Hampshire, and on the mountains of Aberdeen and -Perthshire, a blackish form occurs (ab. _obscuriorata_, Prout = -_obscuraria_, Hubner, 146); and sometimes specimens are found in which the -wings are of "an intense and almost uniform black" (ab. _saturata_, Prout). -In Devonshire and Cornwall, the species is darkish grey inclining to -brownish (ab. _anthracinaria_, Esper); whilst on the coasts of North Devon -and Wales it is of a slaty grey, more or less tinged with brown, and almost -without markings; the Welsh specimens are large, and the wings are rather -shining (ab. _uniformata_, Prout). A form, which I have not seen, of "a -sandy or reddish colour" is referred by Prout (_Trans. City of Lond. Ent. -Soc._, 1903, p. 39) to ab. _argillacearia_, Staudinger; it {320} occurs in -sandstone localities. (Plate 84, Figs. 1, Folkestone; 2, New Forest; 3, -Lewes.) - -The rather rough and dumpy caterpillar is dark greyish brown above, -inclining to purplish brown beneath; the raised dots are capped with white, -and there is a pair of white-capped warts on the last ring (adapted from -Barrett). It feeds on rock rose (_Helianthemum_), cinquefoil -(_Potentilla_), salad burnet (_Poterium_), etc.; or the larvae may be -reared on groundsel, chickweed, and strawberry, both wild and cultivated: -September to May. (Plate 140, Fig. 2.) - -Mr. A. J. Scollick kindly gave me some eggs, laid by a female taken in -Surrey; they were yellowish green at first, but changed to pale brownish. -The caterpillars hatched and seemed to thrive on groundsel, but they died -during the winter. - -The moth is out in July and August, and is widely distributed in England, -but except that it occurs in Surrey, Berkshire, Herefordshire, and -Worcestershire, it seems to prefer the seaboard counties, and in them -chiefly affects localities near the sea. It is found in Wales, and in -Scotland up to Moray; but in both these countries and also in Ireland it is -most frequent on the coast. - -SCOTCH ANNULET (_Gnophos myrtillata_). - -This species (Plate 139, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]) was introduced, as a -species new to Britain, by Curtis, who described and figured it as -_Charissa operaria_ in 1826, from specimens captured in Scotland. -Subsequently, it was found to be the _obfuscaria_, of Hubner, and also the -_obfuscata_ of the Vienna Catalogue (1776). The latter, however, being only -a bare name without description, was not generally accepted, although, if -valid, it would be prior to Hubner. Still later the species was ascertained -to be the _myrtillata_ of Thunberg (1792), and as this name is much earlier -than _obfuscaria_ it is here adopted. As a matter of fact, both names are -in use, as that of Hubner applies to our ashy grey form of the species, -whilst that given by Thunberg belongs to the typical fuscous grey form. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 140. - 1. HORSE CHESTNUT: _caterpillar_. - 2. ANNULET: _caterpillar_. - 3. BORDERED WHITE: _caterpillar, and chrysalis (enlarged)_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 141. - 1, 2. NETTED MOUNTAIN MOTH. - 3. FROSTED YELLOW. - 4-7. COMMON HEATH. - 8-10. BORDERED WHITE. - -{321} The rather stout caterpillar is grey with darker lines and V-shaped -marks along the middle of the back, and dark-edged pale lines on the sides; -two erect whitish points on ring 12. It feeds on heather (_Calluna_), broom -(_Sarothamnus scoparius_), and needle furze or petty-whin (_Genista -anglica_), but it may be reared on knot grass. September to June, sometimes -later. - -The moth is out in July and August, and frequents heaths, moor, and -mountain, in Scotland from Clydesdale (including Bute and Arran) to -Aberdeen and Ross, and the Isle of Lewis. A male specimen has been recorded -from Ireland (Dowros Head, co. Donegal, 1898). It may be found resting upon -rocks, stone walls, etc.; where these have suitable holes, crannies, or -projections they are selected as hiding places. Sometimes the moth has been -noted on the wing during the day, but at night it flies freely, and will -then visit light. - -BLACK MOUNTAIN MOTH (_Psodos coracina_). - -The smoky-grey species represented on Plate 139, Figs. 6 [male] 7 [female], -has two black lines on the fore wings; these are often edged with whitish, -and the space between them blackish; the submarginal line is whitish, and -the discal spot is black; the hind wings have a black central spot and two -pale lines or bands. The female is rather smaller and much paler. In both -sexes the central band of the fore wings is generally narrowed below the -middle, and sometimes it is completely divided at this point. - -As regards the British Isles, this species is known only to occur in the -Highlands of Scotland. It is a day flyer, and very fond of sunshine, but -its favourite haunts are situated at elevations of from 2000 to 4000 feet. - -{322} - -NOTE.--Newman (_British Moths_, p. 68) figures this species as The Dusky -Carpet (_Mniophila cineraria_), and the insect, then known by the latter -name, is figured as _Psodos trepidaria_, a synonym of the present species. -In referring to this transposition of names, it may be well to add that _M. -cineraria_, catalogued as British by Doubleday, and stated by Stainton -(_Manual_ ii., p. 31) to have once occurred at Tenby, South Wales, can only -be regarded as an "accidental." The specimen, which is in the Natural -History Museum, at South Kensington, appears to be _Tephronia sepiaria_, -Hufnagel, which is the _cineraria_ of Hubner. - -A moth, supposed to be a specimen of _Dasydia tenebraria_, Esper = -_torvaria_, Hubner, was reported as taken in Ireland "many years" before -1843, but at the present time that specimen, apparently, does not exist, -and there is no exact description of it extant. - -NETTED MOUNTAIN MOTH (_Fidonia carbonaria_). - -The white wings of this species (Plate 141, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) are -freckled with blackish and crossed by black stripes; sometimes the -freckling is so heavy that the white ground colour is much obscured and -only distinctly seen as edging to the cross stripes. - -The caterpillar is dingy ochreous or whity brown marked with wavy darker -stripes. It feeds at night on birch and sallow; _Vaccinium_, _Erica_, -bearberry (_Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_) have also been mentioned as food -plants. - -In April and May, the moth, which is to be found locally, high up on the -mountains of Scotland from Perthshire to Ross, is on the wing, and flies in -the sunshine. Writing of this species at Rannoch in May (about 17th), 1905, -Mr. E. A. Cockayne remarks that the moths began to fly about noon, {323} -when they appeared on all sides and were fairly active on the wing. - -The distribution abroad is northern and Alpine, and the range extends to -North-east Siberia. - -FROSTED YELLOW (_Fidonia limbaria_). - -This black-bordered orange-yellow species (Plate 141, Fig. 3) is not likely -to be confused with any other occurring in Britain. The wings are more or -less sprinkled with black, but this is usually most noticeable on the hind -wings which are sometimes thickly sprinkled, or, more rarely, the yellow -ground colour is entirely obscured. The form with a black discal spot on -all the wings has been named ab. _quadripunctaria_, Fuchs. In ab. _fumata_, -Mathew, the orange yellow is replaced by smoky umber brown, tinged with -orange, and dusted with black atoms (bred July, 1899). - -The caterpillar is greenish with grey-edged yellowish lines along the back, -and a black-edged yellow one along the sides. The ground colour is -sometimes purplish brown. It feeds on broom chiefly, but will eat other -Genisteae. There appears to be two broods, one in June, and the other in -September, or earlier sometimes. The moth is out in May and early June, and -again in July and August, but it has been known to remain in the chrysalis -for four years. It flies in the sunshine, and when resting, it sits like a -butterfly, with its wings brought together over its back. - -Stephens (1831) states that the species was "not uncommon among high broom -in the vicinity of Birch-wood in Kent." Later authors give Stowmarket -(common), Needham, Barham, and Ipswich, in Suffolk. There are no recent -records from the county of Kent; and not much has been heard of the species -from Suffolk, although it may still exist, in greatly reduced numbers, in -some of its old haunts therein. {324} - -COMMON HEATH (_Ematurga atomaria_). - -Four specimens of this variable species are shown on Plate 141 (Figs. 4, 5 -[male], 6, 7 [female]). The general colour of all the wings in the male is -ochreous, inclining to whitish or to brownish. Usually the wings are -speckled with brown, and the cross lines, or bands, are dark brown. -Occasionally the cross markings are absent; but more frequently the three -lines on the fore wings are much broadened and more or less united, -sometimes forming a central band in which are a few ochreous scales towards -the front margin: ab. _obsoletaria_, Zetterstedt. Dark brown or blackish -specimens (ab. _unicolorata_, Staudinger) are captured now and then in the -southern counties of England, but such uniform dark varieties are more -frequent in the north (Staffordshire and Yorkshire). The female is white in -colour, and usually only lightly speckled with blackish; the cross lines -are more conspicuous, as a rule, than in the male, but they are subject to -pretty much the same kind of aberration. Sometimes examples of this sex -greatly resemble _Fidonia carbonaria_, and have been confused with that -species by Haworth and other entomologists in the past. An abnormal -specimen with six wings has been recorded, and Barrett mentions a -gynandrous example--the right side like a small dark female, and the left -an ordinary male; both antennae shortly pectinated. - -The caterpillar, according to Fenn, is variable in colour and markings, all -shades of brown, greenish brown, ochreous, purple, and grey; in some -examples there are pale diamonds, and in others whitish spots, along the -back. It feeds on ling and heath, and will eat clover, trefoils, broom, -etc.: July and August, and occasionally September. The moth is out in May -and June, and sometimes there are specimens on the wing in August. Abundant -on almost every heath throughout the British Isles, except in the -Shetlands. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 142. - 1. V-MOTH: _caterpillar_. - 2. YELLOW BELLE: _caterpillars_. - 3. BORDERED GREY: _caterpillar_. - 4. GREY SCALLOPED BAR: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 143. - 1, 2. BORDERED GREY. - 3. V-MOTH. - 4, 5. RANNOCH LOOPER. - 6. BROWN SILVER-LINE. - 7-9. LATTICED HEATH. - -{325} - -BORDERED WHITE (_Bupalus piniaria_). - -Two forms of the male of this species are represented on Plate 141. Fig. 9 -shows the yellow English form (ab. _flavescens_, White), and Fig. 10 the -white North English and Scotch forms. In southern localities, however, -specimens occur which are almost as white as the northern or even Scotch -examples; I have two such specimens from Surrey. There is considerable -variation in the size of area occupied by the pale colour, both in white -and yellow forms. In one of the former, from Forres, in Scotland, the white -is represented by a small oval spot and dappled streak on the fore wings; -an entirely black specimen (ab. _nigricarius_, Backhaus) has been noted -from Berkshire. In other specimens there is an unusually large proportion -of pale colour. The females are usually orange, or orange yellow, in the -south (Fig. 8); and yellowish brown, or dingy orange brown, in the north. -The brownish-coloured females occasionally occur in the south, and the -brighter form of this sex is sometimes taken in the Midlands, where the two -forms of the species seem to overlap. - -The long, greenish caterpillar is marked with whitish or yellow lines; -those along the back are edged with black, and along the sides with dark -green. It feeds from August to October on the needles of the pine, and also -on other firs. (Plate 140, Fig. 3; Fig. 3a shows a photo of the chrysalis, -twice natural size, by Mr. H. Main.) The moth is out in May and June, later -in the north; it is generally common in pine woods throughout England, -Wales, and Scotland. - -BORDERED GREY (_Selidosema ericetaria_). - -Portraits of the male and female of this species (known also as _plumaria_) -will be found on Plate 143, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]. The cross markings -are more distinct in some specimens than in others, and the central one of -the fore wings varies in width. {326} - -The caterpillar (Plate 142, Fig. 3, from a photograph by Mr. H. Main) is -grey, with a dark-brown or blackish irregular double line along the back, -and pale lines along the sides, the lower one edged above with reddish -brown; spiracles, black, as also are the dots on the back; the last ring -ends in a point. (Adapted from Porritt.) It feeds on ling (_Calluna_), from -September well on into the following spring. - -The moth occurs on heaths and mosses in July and August, but it is local. -On warm days the males are very active, but about dusk they are not -difficult to capture. In southern England, the New Forest, Hants, appears -to be its special home, but it is also found in other parts of that county, -including the Isle of Wight, in Dorsetshire, and in Surrey; also noted from -Berkshire. It is scarce in Cheshire, fairly common on the Witherslack -mosses in North Lancashire, and at Ullswater in Cumberland. Except that it -has been recorded from the Isle of Arran (1882), it does not seem to have -been noted in Scotland. In Ireland it is widely distributed, and is -abundant at Kinsale, co. Cork. - -THE V-MOTH (_Thamnonoma_ (_Itame_) _wauari_). - -The popular name of this species (Plate 143, Fig. 3) refers to the black -discal mark on the more or less violet-tinged pale, greyish fore wings; but -there is a good deal of variation in this character. Occasionally the wings -are suffused with smoky (ab. _vau-nigraria_, Hatchett), or more rarely with -blackish brown (ab. _fuscaria_, Thunberg). - -On Plate 142 is a figure of the caterpillar, from a coloured drawing by Mr. -A. Sich. The general colour is greenish, or some shade of brown; the lines -on the back are white, and that low down along the sides is broad, and -yellow; the raised dots are black with short bristles. It feeds in April, -May, and June on the foliage of gooseberry and currant, and is especially -fond of the tender shoots. {327} - -The moth, which is out in July and August, is often common in gardens and -orchards where bush fruit is grown, pretty well throughout the United -Kingdom. It appears to occur only rarely in Ireland. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland, and a form is found in Labrador. - -RANNOCH LOOPER (_Thamnonoma brunneata_). - -All the wings are of a rusty ochreous colour, sometimes, chiefly in the -male, inclining to a purplish tint on the fore wings; the brownish cross -lines are usually most distinct in the female, which sex Hubner figured as -_pinetaria_. (Plate 143, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female].) - -The caterpillar is reddish brown, with a black-edged dark-green irregular -line along the middle of the back; a white line on each side of the central -one, and following this are a dark-brown shade-like stripe and some -brownish-green lines; the line along the spiracles is whitish, inclining to -yellow. In general appearance it closely resembles a twig of bilberry -(_Vaccinium_), upon the foliage of which plant the caterpillar feeds in the -spring. - -The moth is out in June and July, but in the British Isles it is only to be -obtained in Perthshire and northwards in Scotland. Black-wood, Loch -Rannoch, is the original, and a now well-known, locality for this species, -which Curtis in 1828 figured as _Speranza sylvaria_. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland and Japan, and to North America. - -BROWN SILVER-LINE (_Lozogramma_ (_Phasiane_) _petraria_). - -The two cross lines on the pale-brown, sometimes pinkish, fore wings, are -edged with whitish, but this is most distinct on {328} the outer one. In -some specimens there is a distinct submarginal line, but this character is -only faintly in evidence as a rule, and occasionally it is entirely absent. -(Plate 143, Fig. 6.) - -The caterpillar feeds in June, sometimes earlier, on bracken or brake-fern -(_Pteris aquilina_). It is olive green marked with reddish brown lines, and -there is a whitish line under the black spiracles. - -In most English and Welsh localities where bracken is plentiful, this moth -should be found in May and June; also in the south of Scotland, but its -occurrence in that country north of Clydesdale appears to be only casual. -It is common in several parts of Ireland. - -The distribution abroad includes Amurland and Japan. - -LATTICED HEATH (_Chiasmia_ (_Strenia_) _clathrata_). - -In its ground colour this species (Plate 143, Figs. 7, 8 [male], 9 -[female]) varies from ochreous of some shade to white. The dark-brown or -blackish cross lines and veins give a latticed appearance to the wings, -hence both the Latin and popular names for this insect. There is much -variation in the width of the cross markings; sometimes two or more unite -and so form bands; more rarely, perhaps, the outer lines are absent, and -the others broken up into dashes; or the blackish cross lines may be -slender and the veins remain of the ochreous ground colour (ab. _radiata_, -Haworth). A less frequent aberration has the wings dark brown or blackish -all over, except a row of whitish or ochreous spots on the outer margins -(ab. _nocturnata_, Fuchs = _nigricans_, Oberthur). - -The caterpillar, which feeds on clovers and trefoils, is green, with white -lines along the back and sides; the slightly notched head is rather glossy, -and the mouth is brownish: June to September, in two broods. - -The first generation of the moth is out in April and May, and {329} the -second in July and August. It may be found in clover fields and on chalk -slopes, etc., where the food plants flourish; although it is an active day -flyer, it is not difficult to capture with the net. It is most plentiful in -southern and eastern England, but its range extends throughout the United -Kingdom to Clydesdale, and the species is widely distributed in Ireland. - -The distribution abroad extends to East Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. - -GREY SCALLOPED BAR (_Scodiona fagaria_). - -In its typical form this species (also known as _belgiaria_, Hubner) is -grey, more or less tinged with ochreous, speckled with brownish grey, and -crossed by black-marked brownish-grey lines. The bulk of British specimens, -especially those from southern localities, are whitish grey, thinly -sprinkled with darker grey scales in the male, and sometimes heavily -powdered in the female; a pair are figured on Plate 144, 1 [male], 2 -[female]. The whiter form of the male, occurring in Britain chiefly in the -New Forest, Hampshire, has been named _albidaria_, Staudinger. - -The roughened caterpillar is figured on Plate 142 (photo by H. Main). In -general colour it is dingy brown, with a whitish stripe along the back and -some greyish marking on the sides. It feeds on ling and heath; growing -slowly in the late summer, but more quickly in the spring, after -hibernation, when it may be obtained at night from the tips of the heather -twigs, either by searching or by means of the sweeping net. The moth is out -in June and July in the south, and later in the north. It is found on moist -heaths, moors, and mosses; when resting on the dark-coloured earth it so -closely resembles a stone that it is probably frequently passed unnoticed. - -The species is apparently more plentiful in the New Forest than in its -other known southern localities (Kent, Surrey, Berkshire, Sussex, and -Dorset). Its range northwards in England {330} extends from Worcestershire -(Malvern, rare) to Cumberland and Northumberland. It seems to be -distributed over the greater part of Scotland, including the Hebrides and -the Orkneys. In Wales it has been recorded from Flint, Denbigh, and -Carnarvon; and it is widely spread over Ireland, occurring chiefly on the -bogs. - -BLACK-VEINED MOTH (_Scoria lineata_). - -This slightly ochreous tinged silky white moth has the veins of the wings -blackish, and this is especially noticeable on the underside of the fore -wings. A male specimen is shown on Plate 144, Fig. 3; the wings of the -female are slightly smaller, and the body is stouter and shorter. This -species is the _dealbata_ of Linnaeus, but _lineata_, Scopoli, is older by -four years. The long caterpillar is greyish inclining to ochreous or -brownish; several irregular darker lines on the back and sides. It feeds, -in confinement, on knot-grass, dock, bird's-foot trefoil, etc., but in the -open is said to eat wood grasses, such as _Brachypodium_, upon the blades -of which the female moth has been seen to deposit eggs: July to May. The -moth is out from late May through June; it flies in the sunshine, or rests -among long grass, etc., from which it is readily disturbed. Its chief -British haunts are in Kent (Higham, Wye, etc.); but it has been recorded -from Sussex, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucester, and Herefordshire, chiefly in -single specimens. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland. - -STRAW BELLE (_Aspilates gilvaria_). - -This straw-coloured species (Plate 144, Fig. 4 [male], 6 [female]) will be -easily recognised by the brownish stripe on the fore wings, which extends -from the front margin, near the tip, almost to the inner {331} margin; this -is sometimes faint, but rarely quite absent. The hind wings are paler and -have a dusky central dot and incomplete band. The caterpillar, which in -shape is somewhat similar to that of the next species, is ochreous grey -inclining to pinkish on the sides; a dark almost blackish line along the -middle of the back is edged on each side with pale ochreous, and there are -other pale and dark lines along the sides. It feeds on thyme, cinquefoil, -yarrow, and other low-growing plants; it may be reared on knot grass: -September to June. The moth is out in July and August, and, although very -local, is not uncommon on downs and hilly fields on the chalk in Kent and -Surrey--Dover, Folkestone, and Rochester in the former county, and -Leatherhead, Box Hill, and Reigate in the latter, are the best-known -localities. It has also been reported from Sussex (Brighton, Horsham, near -Polgate, Shoreham). In Devonshire it is said to occur at Braunton and -Ilfracombe, but is scarce. In his catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Suffolk -(1890) the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield notes the species as very plentiful in -clover fields about Tuddenham. Also recorded from Somerset, -Gloucestershire, Cheshire (West Kirby and Hale), and from near Harrow in -Middlesex. - -Very local and scarce in Ireland (Kane). - -The range abroad extends to East Siberia and Amurland. - -YELLOW BELLE (_Aspilates ochrearia_). - -As will be seen from Fig. 5 [female] on Plate 144, this species differs -from the last in its yellower colour and rather smaller size; the fore -wings have two cross bands, generally well defined, but in the male they -are sometimes very faint and slender, and specimens have been recorded in -which the bands were missing. - -The roughened caterpillar, figured on Plate 142, from a coloured drawing by -Mr. A. Sich, is pale ochreous brown, lined and striped with darker brown. -It feeds on wild carrot, plantain, {332} hawks'-beard, etc., and will -thrive on knot-grass. There are two broods, one feeding in the spring, -after hibernation; and the other in June and July, sometimes later. The -first generation of moths flies in May and June, and the second in August -and early September. The species occurs in all the southern seaboard -counties of England from Kent to Cornwall, frequenting the downs and rough -fields near the coast; also in the Sandbreck district of the eastern -counties. It occurs in South Wales; and odd specimens have been reported -from Cheshire (Delamere), and from Cumberland. - -The range abroad extends to North-west Africa and Asia Minor. - -GRASS WAVE (_Perconia_ (_Aspilates_) _strigillaria_). - -A male and a female of this species are depicted on Plate 144, Figs. 7 -[male] and 8 [female]. There is variation in the amount of dark speckling -on the wings, and in the number and width of the cross markings; sometimes -the first and second on the fore wings are united throughout their length, -or towards the inner margin; coupled with this there is sometimes -considerable increase in the width of the first cross marking of the hind -wings. A rare variety in Britain is ab. _grisearia_, Staudinger, which is -of an almost uniform greyish or greyish-brown colour, with the markings -obscured. - -The caterpillar is purplish grey, marked with paler and darker; two warts -on the back of rings 7-10, the middle pair the largest and most prominent. -It feeds on ling, heath, broom, and the flowers of gorse or furze, and is -best obtained in the spring after hibernation. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 144. - 1, 2. GREY SCALLOPED BAR. - 3. BLACK-VEINED. - 4, 5. YELLOW BELLE. - 6. STRAW BELLE. - 7, 8. GRASS WAVE. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 145. - 1. TRANSPARENT BURNET: _caterpillar_. - 2, 2a. NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar, chrysalis and - cocoon_. - 3, 3a. FIVE-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar and cocoon_. - 4. SIX-SPOT BURNET: _caterpillar_. - 5. FORESTER: _caterpillar_. - -{333} The moth, which is out in June and July, occurs on most of the heaths -and moors throughout England; apparently commoner and more generally -distributed in the south than in the north; but it seems to be rare on the -eastern side of the country altogether. From Cheshire it spreads into Flint -and Denbigh, North Wales. In Scotland, it is found in Roxburgh (Bellion -Moor), Clydesdale (local, but common), and northwards to Ross. It is found -on the boggy heaths of Ireland, and Kane states that it is abundant where -it occurs. - -The range abroad extends to Scandinavia and eastward to Asia Minor. - -ZYGAENIDAE. - -The moths belonging to this family are popularly known in Britain as -Burnets and Foresters. Of the former seven kinds occur in the British -Isles, and of the latter there are only three species. - -All the species live in colonies, so that when a specimen is seen or -captured others may be expected to occur on, or somewhere around, the same -spot. The caterpillars bear a close resemblance to each other, and are not -always easily distinguished. - -Over thirty species of _Zygaena_ are found in Europe, and about thirty-six -more have been described from other parts of the Palaearctic Region. There -are at least twenty-five Palaearctic species referred to the genus Ino, and -about ten of these are European. - -By most authors _filipendulae_ is regarded as the type of the genus -_Zygaena_, Fabricius; but others refer this species, and its allies, to the -genus _Anthrocera_, Scopoli, using the Fabrician genus for _phegea_, -Linnaeus. The latter species and its allies are perhaps more frequently -referred to _Syntomis_, Ochsenheimer, the typical genus of the family -Syntomidae, the systematic position of which is near the Arctiidae. It may -be added that _S. phegea_, and also _Naclia ancilla_, have been reported as -British. There does not seem, however, to be any reason to suppose that the -occurrence of either species in Britain could be other than accidental. -{334} - -THE TRANSPARENT BURNET (_Zygaena purpuralis_). - -Two Welsh specimens are depicted on Plate 146, Figs. 1 and 2; these are of -the typical form. A rare aberration has the spots and the hind wings more -or less suffused with blackish (ab. _obscura_, Tutt), but a still rarer -variety has the crimson of spots and hind wings replaced by yellow (ab. -_lutescens_, Tutt). - -Newman in 1861 referred an Irish specimen to _achilleae_, but a little -later, after seeing other examples, in the same year he changed the name to -_nubiginea_. Birchall (_Ent. Mo. Mag._, iii. pt. i.) figured four forms of -the species from Ireland; his _minos_ (Figs. 5a and 5b) seems to represent -two modifications of ab. _interrupta_, Staudinger, in which form the red -blotches are widely separated or interrupted by the ground colour; and his -_nubigena_ is made up of more or less typical _purpuralis_ (Fig. 6a), and a -variety (Fig. 6b), with red marks between the lower and central blotches. - -The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 1) is dark green inclining to olive above -and paler below; the spots are black (outer row) and yellow (inner row); -the line along the back is obscure whitish; hairs, whitish. It feeds on -thyme and burnet saxifrage (_Pimpinella_). _Trifolium_ and _Lotus_ have -also been given among other food plants. In late summer, and after -hibernation, in the spring. The moth flies in June, and is locally common -in Ireland (Clare and Galway), Wales (Abersoch), and Scotland (Oban, Loch -Etive). It has been reported from Tintagel, Cornwall, and possibly, as -suggested by Tutt, these Cornish specimens may turn out to be _Z. -achilleae_, the latest addition to our small band of Burnets. Perhaps the -Scottish specimens recorded as _purpuralis_, or at least some of them, may -prove to be _achilleae_. - -This species was figured by Brunnich, in 1763, as _purpuralis_, and -authorities are now agreed that this name must be adopted in place of -_pilosellae_, Esper (1781), or _minos_, Fuessly (1782). {335} - -SCOTCH OR MOUNTAIN BURNET (_Zygaena exulans_). - -This semi-transparent and rather greyish moth has five reddish spots on the -fore wings. (Plate 146, Fig. 3.) So far as concerns the British Isles it is -only known to occur in Aberdeenshire, where it was discovered on the -mountains at Braemar in July, 1871, and where it may be still found by -those who are acquainted with the situation of its lofty haunts. The late -Dr. Buchanan White named the Scottish form _subochracea_, but others -consider that it is not readily separable from _vanadis_, Dalman, which in -turn is said by Tutt to be pretty much the same form of the species as that -described as the type _exulans_, Hochenwarth. - -The caterpillar is dark green above, and paler below; two velvety black -stripes on the back, each stripe interrupted by yellow spots; warts with -black hairs; head, black. It feeds on _Silene acaulis_, cyphel (_Arenaria -cherleria = Cherleria sedoides_), clover, trefoils, _Azalea procumbens_, -etc.; has been known to eat dock and knot-grass: August to June. The cocoon -has been found on a stem of crowberry (_Empetrum_), and on heath and grass -stems. The moth is out in July, and, like the rest of its kindred, delights -in the sunshine. - -_Zygaena achilleae_. - -A specimen of this species, quite recently introduced as British, has been -kindly lent by Mr. B. Adkin. It was taken, with others, in the vicinity of -Oban, Argyllshire. Mr. Sheldon informs me that he believes that a worn -Zygaenid he captured in 1898, in the Glencoe district, was this species. - -On Plate 1, with the Scottish example (Fig. 2) referred to, is also shown a -specimen from the continent (Fig. 3), and it will be noted that the former -is very like the latter. In some {336} respects this species is not unlike -some confluent-spot forms of _filipendulae_, but it is a more -slender-looking insect, and the body is more hairy. Further, the upper -basal spot of the fore wings is lengthened almost to the upper spot of the -middle pair, and the fifth and sixth spots together form an almost oval -mark. Both specimens depicted seem to be referable to var. _viciae_, -Hubner. In the typical forms the spots are larger. A yellow form ab. -_flava_, Oberthur, is known on the continent. - -The caterpillar, after Hofmann, is figured on Plate 1, Fig. 5. It is said -to feed on _Astragalus_ and _Coronilla_. - -NEW FOREST BURNET (_Zygaena meliloti_). - -Two examples of this, normally, five-spotted little species are shown on -Plate 146, Figs. 4 [male], 5 [female]; a variety, referable to ab. -_confusa_, Staudinger (spots run together forming streaks somewhat as in -_purpuralis_), is depicted in Plate 148, Fig. 1. Occasionally a sixth spot -is in evidence (ab. _sexpunctata_, Tutt). A form in which the body has a -red belt is known abroad as ab. _stentzii_, Freyer, and examples having -traces of this belt have been recorded from the New Forest, which, it may -be added, is the only locality in Britain producing this species. - -The caterpillar is of a dull pale greenish colour, with numerous black -speckles; three whitish lines on the back, the central one greenish tinged -and broader than the others, which are interrupted on each ring by a yellow -spot; between the lines is a series of black dots, one on the outer edge of -each ring; hairs, from greenish warts, white and short; head, black, dotted -with white. It feeds on bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus corniculatus_), and -other trefoils and clovers: August to May. Sometimes the caterpillars do -not complete growth until they have passed two winters in hibernation. The -cocoon, which is yellow or yellowish white, has been found on a grass stem, -but {337} it is generally placed so low down among herbage that it seems to -be rarely detected. - -The moth is out in June and early July. - -As previously stated the only part of Britain that the species inhabits is -the New Forest, Hampshire. Here it was first met with in Stubby Copse, -about 1869, but was apparently not distinguished from _Z. trifolii_ until -1872. It is now less frequent in its old haunt than formerly, although it -still occurs there; in other spots around, I believe, it is not uncommon in -some years. - -Some authorities refer this species to _viciae_, Schranck. - -FIVE-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena trifolii_). - -Four specimens of this species are portrayed on Plate 146. In the typical -form (Figs. 7 [male], 8 [female]) the central pair of crimson spots are -united and often form a large blotch; ab. _orobi_, Hubner (Figs. 6 [male], -9 [female]), has the spots placed well apart. Other more or less frequent -aberrations are depicted by Mr. Horace Knight on Plate 148 where Fig. 2 -represents ab. _glycirrhizae_, Hubner (spots 3, 4, and 5 united); Fig. 3, -ab. _basalis_, Selys (spots 3 and 4 united with the basal pair); and Fig. -4, ab. _minoides_, Selys (all the spots united, forming an irregular -patch). An extreme development of the last-mentioned form has been named -ab. _extrema_, Tutt (see _Entom._ xxix., p. 341, Fig. 2). Specimens with a -sixth spot as in _Z. filipendulae_ have been occasionally recorded, and an -example with the lower spot of the central pair absent has been taken in -West Sussex by Mr. W. M. Christy, who has also obtained a number of -specimens of a yellow form (ab. _lutescens_, Cockerell) in the same -locality. The yellow form is shown on Plate 148, Fig. 5. Some of the yellow -aberrations also exhibit variation in the spots pretty much as in the -ordinary form. In some localities, especially marshy ones, the spots on -{338} the fore wings and the hind wings are occasionally dull orange; and I -have noted specimens in the Weybridge district, Surrey, with the spots on -the fore wings of a pinky ochreous colour, whilst the hind wings were of -the usual crimson. Such "aberrations" as those last mentioned probably -result from weather exposure. In 1899, Mr. G. B. Corbin recorded the -capture, near Ringwood, Hants, of a specimen which had the spots on the -fore wings and the red of the hind wings darkened over with dull smoky -black, so that the insect when seen at a distance seemed to be wholly -black. Dr. Hodgson has recently obtained several of these melanic specimens -in Sussex. A form with the spots and hind wings suffused with brownish has -been named ab. _obscura_, Oberthur. - -With regard to six-spot examples referred to this species, I am inclined to -suppose that they may be the offspring of a chance pairing of _trifolii_ -and _filipendulae_. That such crossing does occur in nature I have -evidence, as on one occasion I found four mixed pairs, the male being -_trifolii_ in each case, and the female typical _filipendulae_. This was in -the Weybridge district, where I had come across a colony of the latter -species and was closely examining the specimens for aberrations. - -The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 3) is green inclining to yellowish and to -bluish, with black marks on the back; a series of black streaks low down -along the sides. It feeds on _Lotus corniculatus_, and on other trefoils -and clover: July to May. Sometimes taking two years to complete its -changes. - -In damp meadows the moth is out in May and June, but in marshes it does not -appear, as a rule, until July, and may be found in early August. The marsh -specimens, which are sometimes rather large in size, have been referred to -_palustris_, Oberthur, and are treated by Tutt (_Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep._, -vol. i.) as a sub-species. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 146. - 1, 2. TRANSPARENT BURNET. - 3. SCOTCH BURNET. - 4, 5. NEW FOREST BURNET. - 6-9. FIVE-SPOT BURNET. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 147. - 1, 2. NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET. - 3-5. SIX-SPOT BURNET. - 6, 7. SCARCE FORESTER. - 8, 9. THE FORESTER. - 10, 11. CISTUS FORESTER. - -{339} In the British Isles, the species is apparently confined to England -and North Wales. In the former country it is locally common in most of the -southern counties; still more local in the eastern counties, and northwards -to Lancashire and Yorkshire. There are records from Armagh and Fermanagh, -but Kane appears to doubt the occurrence of the species in Ireland. There -is no doubt that the next species has frequently been mistaken for the -present one, therefore the actual range of _trifolii_ in the British Isles -has probably not been fully ascertained. - -NARROW-BORDERED FIVE-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena lonicerae_). - -As will be seen from the two specimens represented by Figs. 1 [male] and 2 -[female] on Plate 147, this species bears considerable resemblance to ab. -_orobi_ of _Z. trifolii_. The chief differences are in the rather longer -fore wings and the more pointed tips of the hind pair; the borders of the -hind wings are often narrower. In a broad way, it may be stated that the -general tone of colour in the male of _lonicerae_ is bluer than that of -_trifolii_. The union of any two or more spots is rarely seen in this -species in Britain, but specimens with all the spots joined together have -certainly been noted. A yellow form, ab. _citrina_, Speyer (= _flava_, -Oberthur), is known on the continent, and Barrett states that it has -occurred in England. In ab. _lutescens_, Hewett, the hind wings are orange. -Ab. _eboraceae_, Prest, is semi-transparent, steel blue; the spots and the -hind wings are pink, the border of the hind wings brown, and the fringes of -all the wings are whitish. - -The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 2) is very similar to that of the last -species, but the black marks on the sides are heavier, and the hairs of the -body are longer. It feeds on trefoils and clover, and sometimes passes two -winters before becoming full grown. The cocoon, which is attached to stems -of grass, etc., is generally placed well up above the ground, so that it is -readily seen. {340} - -The moth, which is out in late June and in July, occurs in woods and -plantations; also said to be found in meadows, and on rough waste ground, -as well as in marshes and salterns. The distribution is much as in the last -species, but it is plentiful in East Yorkshire, and the range extends to -Cumberland and Northumberland. - -SIX-SPOT BURNET (_Zygaena filipendulae_). - -This species (Plate 147, Figs. 3-5) is the most generally common of our -Burnets. Perhaps the most frequent form of variation in the spots of the -fore wings is that in which the outer pair run together, and so form a -blotch; but union of the middle pair is not an uncommon occurrence. In ab. -_cytisi_, Hubner, the three pairs of spots are each united, so that the -fore wings have three separate blotches, and when these are of a dull -scarlet instead of the usual crimson, ab. _ramburi_, Lederer, is -represented. Occasionally, all the spots are united, as in ab. _cytisi_, -and the blotches thus formed are connected by reddish streaks in various -modifications leading up to ab. _conjuncta_, Tutt, which has all the spots -merged into a large blotch, extending over the disc of the fore wings. From -the normal crimson, the spots and the hind wings vary now and then to -orange (_aurantia_, Tutt), or to yellow (ab. _flava_, Robson = _cerinus_, -Robson and Gardner); intermediate shades between these two extremes, and -the typical coloration, are rather more frequent. I am indebted to Mr. R. -Adkin for the loan of the example of the yellow form shown on Plate 148, -Fig. 6. Pink, and orange, forms have been noted from various parts of -England, but they seem to occur, or have been found, more especially in -Cambridge and the north-east corner of Essex. Fig. 7, Plate 148, represents -an example of ab. _chrysanthemi_, Hubner, and is copied from Oberthur's -_Etudes d'Entom._, xx., Plate 8, Fig. 134. A few specimens referable to -this form, probably not exceeding half a dozen altogether, have been -recorded as taken in England. In typical _filipendulae_ the dark blue -border of the hind wings is narrow, but in ab. _hippocrepidis_, Stephens -(_tutti_, Rebel), the borders are rather broad. Another character of this -form is that the nervule upon which the sixth spot is placed is here of the -ground colour, and therefore divides the spot. (Plate 147, Fig. 3.) At -Northwood, Middlesex, I have found this form in May and June, and also in -the Weybridge district, Surrey, in late July; and, it may be added, there -was a flourishing colony of _Z. trifolii_ hard by in each locality. For -this reason, plus the fact that _trifolii_ [male] is known to pair with -_filipendulae_ [female], I hold the opinion that _hippocrepidis_ is a -hybrid. It may be noted here that hybrids have been raised from the -crossing of _filipendulae_ and _lonicerae_; the sexes of _lonicerae_ and -_trifolii_ pair somewhat readily, and the hybrid offspring of such pairings -are fertile. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 148. - 1. NEW FOREST BURNET, AB. _CONFUSA_. - 2, 3, 4, 5. FIVE-SPOT BURNET, VARS. - 6, 7. SIX-SPOT BURNET, VARS. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 149. - 1. FESTOON MOTH: _caterpillars and cocoons_. - 2. TRIANGLE MOTH: _caterpillars_. - -{341} It seems, then, that _trifolii_, _lonicerae_, and _filipendulae_ have -not, so far, lost the power of fertile cross-pairing. Wherever colonies of -two of the kind exist within visiting distance of each other, there, it -appears, we may reasonably expect to find hybrids. - -From a number of cocoons collected in a Yorkshire locality for _lonicerae_, -I reared, in 1907, a good many examples of that species, and also about a -dozen six-spot specimens, which agree in colour with _filipendulae_, but -they have the vein-interrupted sixth spot and broad border to hind wings, -as in _hippocrepidis_. - -The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 4) is greenish, with black markings and -some yellow spots, the latter chiefly on the hind edges of the rings. It -feeds in the autumn and after hibernation, on trefoils, clover, bird's-foot -(_Ornithopus_), and kidney-vetch (_Anthyllis_), completing growth in the -spring. - -The moth flies on sunny days in July and August, on chalk downs, etc., -inland, and on cliffs and sand hills on the coast, also in marshes; but, as -previously stated, it also occurs locally in meadows in May and June. {342} - -SCARCE FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Rhagades_) _globulariae_). - -Of the three species occurring in Britain this is slightly the larger, at -least in the male. The fore wings are green, sometimes with a slightly -golden sheen; fringes, greyish. The male is best distinguished from -_statices_ by its more slender body, and by the pectinated and rather -pointed antennae. The female is a good deal smaller than the male; the -antennae are simple, and somewhat thread-like, compared with those of the -females of _statices_ and _geryon_. (Plate 147, Figs. 6 [male], 7 -[female].) - -The caterpillar is green, with the raised spots inclining to bluish; two -yellowish-white lines along the back, and a dark green stripe along the -sides; head and plate on first ring of the body, black. It lives on -knapweeds (_Centaurea nigra_ and _C. scabiosa_), feeding on the leaves much -in the same manner as the caterpillar of the next two species. - -The moth is out in June and July; it is partial to blossoms of salad burnet -(_Poterium sanguisorba_), and only flies in the sunshine. The late Mr. J. -Jenner Weir, who found the species commonly on the downs near Lewes, -Sussex, was the first entomologist to record it as British. The best known -localities in Sussex are Hollingbury Vale and Cliffe Hill, but it also -occurs at the Devil's Dyke near Brighton. In Kent it is found on the downs -behind Folkestone and Shorncliffe Camp. - -THE FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Adscita_) _statices_). - -In its most frequent form in Britain, this species is bronzy green (ab. -_viridis_, Tutt); the typical bluish green type is much less frequent. The -female is smaller than the male, but the difference in size is hardly ever -so marked as in the sexes of _globulariae_. The antennae of the male are -pectinated, but the tips are thickened. (Plate 147, Figs. 8 [male], 9 -[female].) {343} - -The caterpillar (Plate 145, Fig. 5) is whitish, inclining to green, yellow, -or pinkish, on the back, and the sides are pinkish brown; the hairy warts -are brown or pinkish brown, and the small head is glossy black. It feeds on -sorrel (_Rumex acetosa_), and it attains full growth, after hibernation, -about the end of April. On leaving the egg-shell in the summer, the young -caterpillar bores into a leaf, and eats the tissue between the upper and -lower skins; later on it attacks the foliage from the underside, but leaves -the upper skin intact; or the process may be reversed, and the under skin -left. - -The moth is on the wing in June, sometimes late May. It occurs, locally, in -meadows, frequently damp ones, where there is plenty of ragged-robin -(_Lychnis flos-cuculi_), the blossoms of which plant it seems to prefer to -all others. - -Widely distributed over England, but in Wales only recorded from Capel -Curig and Barmouth, in the north of that country (1900). In Scotland its -range extends to Moray; and in Ireland it is found in counties Wicklow, -Cork, Clare, Westmeath, Monaghan, Sligo, and Galway. - -CISTUS FORESTER (_Ino_ (_Adscita_) _geryon_). - -This species is much smaller than the last; the fore wings, the outer -margins of which are somewhat rounded, are bronze green, but, in the male, -rather dull in tint, sometimes tinged with golden towards the base. The -antennae are more stumpy than those of _statices_, but in other respects -they are similar in appearance. The female is not much smaller than the -male. (Plate 147, Figs. 10 [male], 11 [female].) - -The caterpillar is yellowish white, with bristle-bearing warts of pretty -much the same colour; three lines on the back, the central one whitish, -edged on each side with purplish, the others waved and of a claret colour; -a reddish-brown stripe low down {344} along the sides; head and plate on -first ring of the body black, the latter edged in front with yellowish. It -feeds on rock rose (_Helianthemum chamaecistus_). At first it attacks the -leaf from the upper side, and partly burrows therein; when older it clears -away patches from the under surface, leaving the upper skin of the leaf -more or less transparent; as it approaches full growth it likes to take its -meals in the sunshine, and then eats the top skin as well as other parts of -the leaf, and also tender shoots: July to May. The moth is out in June and -July, as a rule, but is sometimes observed in May. Its haunts are on warm -slopes of chalk downs and limestone hills, where it flies in the sunshine. - -This species was first noted as British in March, 1860, when specimens from -Worcestershire were recorded as _Procris tenuicornis_. It seems, however, -to have been considered doubtfully distinct from _statices_ until 1863, -when the caterpillar was found, and the occurrence of the species in -several other English counties recorded. At the present time _I. geryon_ is -known to inhabit Sussex (Brighton and Lewes districts), Kent (Canterbury -and Shorncliffe), Bucks (Aylesbury and Tring), Oxfordshire (Chinor), -Gloucestershire (Cotswolds), Worcestershire (Malvern Hills), Derbyshire and -North Staffordshire (Bakewell and Dovedale), Yorkshire (Richmond, Barnsley, -Sheffield, etc.), and Durham (banks on the coast). In Wales, it is -sometimes common on Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire. - -COCHLIDIDAE. - -This family of moths mainly comprises tropical species, and is but poorly -represented in the Palaearctic Region. Only two species are European, and -both occur in Britain. - -As _Cochlidion_, Hubner, supersedes _Limacodes_, Latrielle, the name of the -family so long known as Limacodidae, will have to {345} be changed to that -here adopted. Meyrick, who sinks _Limacodes_ in favour of _Apoda_, Haworth, -uses Heterogeneidae as the family name. - -THE FESTOON (_Cochlidion_ (_Heterogenea_) _limacodes_). - -The fore wings of the male are orange brown, more or less smudged or -clouded with blackish; two oblique black lines, the first inclined inwards, -and the second outwards and apparently terminating on the outer margin just -above the inner angle, but there is a slender dusky curve from this point -enclosing a clear, orange-brown spot. Hind wings blackish, except on the -inner margin, which is broadly orange brown. Female, ochreous brown, with -lines on the fore wings as in the male; hind wings suffused with dark grey -or blackish, except on the inner area; generally rather larger than the -male. (Plate 153, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female].) Not infrequently, the fore -wings of the male are so much clouded with blackish that the cross lines -are obscured, and the spot on the inner margin alone remains clear. - -The caterpillar (Plate 149, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. Sich) -is green, with two reddish-edged yellow lines on the back; between these -lines are yellowish spots; a yellow line along the sides extends along the -front edge of the second ring, where it is marked with red. It feeds on -oak, and may be beaten from the boughs in the autumn. The brownish cocoon -is depicted on Plate 149; Fig. 1a shows the hinged lid which covered the -opening through which the chrysalis protruded previous to the moth's -escape; Fig. 1b represents one from which the moth has not emerged, and in -nature this would be attached to a leaf and covered with a delicate film of -silk. The moth is out in June and July, and both sexes may be beaten from -the branches of trees, or seen flying around their tops in the sunshine. -{346} - -This species, often referred to as _Limacodes testudo_, and said to be the -_avellana_ of Linnaeus, is an inhabitant of oak woods, and occurs in -Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Bucks, -Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire. A male and two females have been -reported from Clonbrock, Co. Galway, Ireland. - -THE TRIANGLE (_Heterogena asella_). - -The fore wings of this little species (Plate 153, Figs. 4 [male] and 5 -[female]) are of triangular shape; in the male, which sex is smaller than -the female, they are dark brown, sometimes almost blackish (ab. _nigra_, -Tutt), and those of the female yellowish brown varying to ochreous yellow -(ab. _flavescens_, Tutt). The hind wings of the male are blackish, and of -the female clouded with blackish. - -The curious woodlouse-shaped caterpillar is green, sometimes inclining to -yellowish; the broad reddish band on the back broadens out before the -middle, thus giving the idea of a rough cross, or, as sometimes described, -a blunt spear head. It is found, by searching, in August and until October, -on the foliage of beech and oak. Birch has also been mentioned as a food -plant, and on the continent it is said to feed on poplar, lime, hazel, and -hornbeam. Fig. 2 on Plate 149 is from a photo by Mr. H. Main. - -Although the caterpillar constructs its gall-like cocoon on a leaf or in -the fork of a twig in the autumn, it does not change to a chrysalis until -late in spring, sometimes not until June. The moth is out in June and July -and flies in the sunshine, chiefly in the afternoon, and might easily be -confused with the Lechean Tortrix (_Ptycholoma lecheana_). - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 150. - 1, 2. GOAT MOTH. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 151. - GOAT MOTH: _caterpillar, chrysalis and cocoon_. - -{347} The species appears to be very local in England and confined to the -south. Its chief haunts seem to be in Bucks, where it is not uncommon in -beech woods at Marlow, and in Hampshire, especially parts of the New -Forest. It has been found in Epping Forest, Essex; rarely in Abbot's Wood -and Rewell Wood, Sussex; also recorded from Bickleigh Vale and the Plym -Valley, Devonshire. - -The range abroad extends to Amurland. - -COSSIDAE. - -[Illustration: FIG. 20. - -GOAT MOTH AT REST. - -(Photo by Hugh Main.)] - -Of the eighty-six Palaearctic species referred to this family, by far the -larger number are eastern, only about eight appear to be found in Europe, -and but three of these occur in Britain. - -Meyrick separates _Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_) from our other two -species, adopts _Trypanus_, Rambur, as the generic name, and removes it to -the Tortricina as a family of that group under the name Trypanidae. - -THE GOAT MOTH (_Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_)). - -The English name of this species (Plate 150, Figs. 1 [male], 2 [female]) -applies more especially to the caterpillar, as this creature gives off an -odour which has been compared to that of the he-goat. In general colour the -caterpillar is pinkish ochreous, {348} inclining to dark reddish on the -back; the small head is black and glossy, and the mark on the first ring of -the body is black. It feeds in the solid wood of various trees, especially -elm, ash, and willow, but is three or four years in completing growth. When -mature, it often leaves its burrow and wanders in search of a suitable -place for pupation. When met with at such times it should be, if taken, -placed in a roomy tin box with a good supply of sawdust or decayed wood, -when it will make its cocoon, and appear as a moth in due course. The early -stages are shown on Plate 151. - -Caterpillars are more likely to come under the notice of the country -rambler than are the moths; examples of the latter, however, may be seen -occasionally, in June or July, resting on a tree-trunk, a fence, or a gate -post; sometimes, although practically tongueless, the moth visits the sugar -patch and either settles on the tree or flutters around. - -The species seems to occur in all parts of the British Isles, except -perhaps the extreme north of Scotland and the Hebrides. - -Abroad, the range extends to Amurland and to North-west Africa. - -THE LEOPARD MOTH (_Zeuzera pyrina_). - -As will be seen from the portraits of this blue-black spotted white species -on Plate 153, the male (Fig. 6) is smaller than the female (Fig. 7); it -will be further noted that the antennae of the male are bi-pectinated on -the basal half, and thread-like on the outer half; the antennae of the -female are thread-like throughout. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 152. - 1. LEOPARD MOTH: _caterpillar_. - 2. ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING: _caterpillar's burrow and exit hole; - chrysalis skin_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 153. - 1, 2. FESTOON. - 3. REED LEOPARD. - 4, 5. TRIANGLE. - 6, 7. LEOPARD MOTH. - -{349} The caterpillar (Plate 152, Fig. 1, from a coloured drawing by Mr. A. -Sich) is dull whitish, more or less tinged with yellow; the spots are -black, and the head and plates on the first and last rings of the body are -blackish brown. It feeds in branches and stems of trees and shrubs. -Hatching from the egg, say in the late summer of 1908, the caterpillar will -not be full grown until May or June of 1910, or possibly 1911; forming a -cocoon of silk and wood particles, it turns to a reddish brown chrysalis in -the burrow, and near the bark of the stem or branch. The moth comes out in -the summer, and is most often seen in the London district, where the female -especially is not infrequently found on tree-trunks or on grass, etc., -under trees. It visits light, and the electric arc lamps are very -attractive to it. - -The species occurs in the south and east of England, and through the -north-west counties to Cheshire. It has been recorded from Cardiff, South -Wales, and doubtfully from Ireland. - -Abroad, the range extends to Corea and Japan. In America it seems to be -established in parts of the State of New York. - -THE REED LEOPARD (_Phragmataecia castaneae_). - -A male of this species (_Macrogaster arundinis_ of some authors) is shown -on Plate 153, Fig. 3. The female is rather larger, with longer body, and -the antennae are without pectinations. - -The wrinkled and rather shining caterpillar is ochreous white with -reddish-brown stripes along the back. It feeds low down on the stems of -reed (_Phragmites communis_) and is full grown in the spring of the second -year following that in which it left the egg in late summer. Thus, a -caterpillar hatching in August, 1908, would be mature about May, 1910, -pupate in that month, or the next, and the perfect insect would appear in -June or July. - -The moth flies at night, and may be attracted by a brilliant light. The -earliest known British locality for the species was Holme Fen in -Huntingdonshire (1841-1848). In 1850 it was found abundantly at Whittlesea -Mere. Its haunts in the {350} present day are Wicken and Chippenham fens in -Cambridgeshire, but specimens from these localities are somewhat smaller -than the old Hunts examples. Barrett states that he put down some eggs of -the species in Ranworth Fen, Norfolk, and that five years later two males -were captured within a short distance of the spot where the eggs had been -placed. - -The range abroad extends to China and Japan. - -SESIIDAE. - -This family--the Aegeriadae of some authors--has over one hundred -Palaearctic species assigned to it; these are distributed among five -genera, two of which are not represented in Britain. Fourteen species are -found in the British Isles, but to obtain fine specimens of most of them -the mature caterpillars or the chrysalids will have to be collected and the -moths reared. All species emerge from the chrysalis early in the forenoon, -and then only under the influence of sunshine. - -The caterpillars are somewhat maggot-like, and live in stems, branches, and -roots of trees and shrubs; or in the crowns and roots of low-growing -plants. The majority, possibly all, are nearly two years in arriving at -full growth. - -HORNET MOTH (_Trochilium apiformis_). - -As indicated by the English name this moth, and also that next to be -mentioned, are very like the hornet (_Vespa crabro_). On turning to Plate -154, Fig. 1, it will be seen that this species has a yellow head and -patches of yellow on the shoulders; these characters at once separate it -from _T. crabroniformis_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 154. - 1. HORNET MOTH. - 2. WELSH CLEARWING. - 3. WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING. - 4. CLEAR UNDERWING. - 5, 6. CURRANT CLEARWING. - 7. LUNAR HORNET MOTH. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 155. - 1. YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING. - 2, 3. RED-BELTED CLEARWING. - 4. LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING. - 5. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING. - 6. SIX-BELTED CLEARWING. - 7. THRIFT CLEARWING. - 8, 9. FIERY CLEARWING. - -{351} The caterpillar is yellowish white, with a red brown head, and a -yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds on the roots and lower -portion of the trunks of poplar. The brown shining chrysalis is enclosed in -a cocoon of wood scrapings woven together with silk. The moth is out in May -and June; and has been found, newly emerged, sitting on stems of poplar in -the morning. - -The eastern counties of England appear to be most favoured by this species, -but it also occurs northwards to Yorkshire, southwards to Devonshire, and a -specimen has been recorded from Rhyl, North Wales. In Scotland, it has been -reported from some localities in the south; Kane states that he has reason -to believe that the species occurs in the northern half of Ireland, and -that he found caterpillars plentiful in young poplars growing in a marsh -near the city of Waterford. - -LUNAR HORNET (_Trochilium crabroniformis_). - -Another hornet-like moth, best distinguished from that just mentioned by -the yellow collar behind the black head (Plate 154, Fig. 7 [female]). The -male is rather smaller, but otherwise similar. - -The caterpillar is yellowish white, with dark brownish head, and a blackish -edged yellow plate on the first ring of the body. It feeds in stems of -sallow, willow, and poplar. In late June and through July the moth is on -the wing, and may occasionally be seen at rest on leaves or stems of -sallow, etc. - -The species, known also as _bembeciformis_, Hubner, is generally -distributed throughout England, Wales, and Ireland; in Scotland its range -extends into Perthshire. - -Abroad it seems pretty much confined to Holland, Northern and Central -Germany, Austria, and Bohemia. - -CLEAR UNDERWING (_Sciapteron tabaniformis_). - -This species is the _Trochelium vespiforme_ of some British authors, and -the _Aegeria asiliformis_ of Stephens and others. - -Another English name for it is the Dusky Clearwing, and this refers to the -cloudy fore wings. {352} - -Stephens, writing of it in 1828, remarks: "Occasionally taken on poplars, -near London, in June. I have obtained it from the neighbourhood of Bexley, -and from Birchwood; but it is doubtless a rare species, and exists in few -collections: of the male, I have hitherto seen but two specimens, one of -which I possess." Both places mentioned by Stephens are in Kent, and one or -two specimens of the species have since been reported from Ashford in the -same county. The late Henry Doubleday took specimens at Epping, Essex. -Colney Hatch Wood in Middlesex has also been given as a locality in the -past; more recently two specimens have been noted from Chiswick. The -example shown on Plate 154, Fig. 4, is of continental origin. - -The caterpillar lives under the bark of poplar trunks, and the moth flies -in June and July. - -WELSH CLEARWING (_Sesia scoliaeformis_). - -As a British species this insect was first noted from Llangollen, in North -Wales, somewhere about fifty years ago. In 1867 it was found to inhabit -birch woods in the Rannoch district of Scotland, and later on its presence -was detected in Sutherlandshire. It has been recorded from Hereford; one -example was reported from Wiltshire in 1857; and two from Delamere Forest, -Cheshire (1901 and 1905). Kane (_Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland_) -states that moths have been taken at Killarney, and caterpillars obtained -in the same district, and also at Kenmare. - -The caterpillar (Plate 156, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the inner layer -of bark of large birch trees, and is full grown about May. It turns to a -dark brownish chrysalis, in a cocoon formed close up to the bark, which -thinly covers the outer end of the burrow. The moth flies in June or -sometimes July. It {353} is of comparatively large size, and may be -distinguished from the next species by the yellow belts on its body, and -the chestnut coloured tuft at the tail. (Plate 154, Fig. 2.) - -WHITE-BARRED CLEARWING (_Sesia spheciformis_). - -Although generally smaller, some specimens run very close to the last -species in size. It may be distinguished by the single belt on the body and -the black tail (Plate 154, Fig. 3). One of the best known localities for -the species in England is Tilgate Forest, in Sussex; but it also occurs in -Hampshire (Basingstoke), Hereford (Tarrington), Worcestershire (Wyre -Forest), Staffordshire (Burnt Wood), Cheshire (one, Delamere Forest, 1901), -Denbighshire (Llangollen), Lancashire (Chat Moss), and Yorkshire (Bishop's -Wood, 1894). - -The caterpillar feeds in stems of alder, and is full grown in May of the -third year after hatching from the egg. It is said that the chrysalis may -sometimes be found by bending and twisting the stems of alder, so as to -cause the thin skin of bark over the exit hole of the burrow to crack, and -so disclose its whereabouts. The burrow is generally low down the stem. The -moth is out in June and early July, and is sometimes to be seen on sunny -mornings at rest on alder leaves, or flying over and around the bushes. - -ORANGE-TAILED CLEARWING (_Sesia andrenaeformis_). - -Although known to be a British species since 1829, when a specimen was -taken in a wood near Greenhithe, Kent, this insect continued to be very -rare until quite recently. For a long time the caterpillar was supposed to -feed in the stems of dogwood, but it is now known to live in the stems of -the wayfaring tree (_Viburnum lantana_), and several specimens of the moth -{354} have been reared during the past year or two. Unfortunately the -caterpillar is much infested by parasites, and comparatively few escape -attack. Notes on the life history of this moth, by the Hon. N. Charles -Rothschild, Mr. Eustace Bankes, and Dr. Chapman, are published in the -_Transactions of the Entomological Society of London_ for 1906 (Part IV., -pp. 471-482). - -Most of the known localities for the species are in Kent, but it has also -been found in Surrey, Dorset, Gloucester, Hertfordshire (Tring district), -and Northamptonshire (Oundle). Possibly it will be discovered in other -parts of the country. I am indebted to Mr. L. W. Newman, of Bexley, for the -specimen figured on Plate 1, Fig. 1. For the caterpillar mine in stem of -_Viburnum_ (Plate 156, Figs. 2, 2a) my thanks are due to Mr. Rayward, who -kindly sent me a living pupa, from which the moth duly emerged, but, I -regret to add, escaped from the box in which the stick containing the -chrysalis was kept. - -Newman, in 1833, described this species as _Trochilium allantiformis_, and -in 1842 it was figured by Westwood and Humphreys as _T. andreniforme_. It -is distinguished from _Sesia tipuliformis_ by the two yellow belts of the -body (the first sometimes indistinct) and the orange-yellow tuft in the -blue-black tail; on the underside of the body there is a broad yellow band -on the fourth ring, sometimes extending to the fifth and sixth. - -CURRANT CLEARWING (_Sesia tipuliformis_). - -In this species the body is narrowly belted with yellow, usually four belts -in the male and three in the female; the tail tuft is black in both sexes. -The outer marginal border of the fore wings has a bronzy tinge, due to -orange patches between the veins. (Plate 154, Figs. 5 [male], 6 [female].) - -The caterpillar lives in the stems and shoots of black and red currant -bushes; it feeds on the pith, and works its way downwards. When full grown, -about May, it gnaws an outlet to the {355} side of the stem, but does not -penetrate the outer skin, although it reduces this to a very thin layer, -through which the reddish brown chrysalis is able to force itself when the -moth is ready to emerge. A figure of the caterpillar will be found on Plate -156, Fig. 1; the chrysalis protruding from currant stem (Fig. 1a) is from a -photo by Mr. H. Main. In June or July, the moths are not infrequently seen -on leaves of shrubs in gardens where there are currant bushes in or around -such gardens, but the foliage of the food plant is a favourite resting -place. - -Generally distributed throughout England, the range extending into Wales, -and South Scotland, but is apparently rare in these countries and also in -some of the northern counties of England. Kane states that the species is -common near Dublin, and is probably widely distributed in Ireland. - -This species seems to have been introduced into North America, where its -caterpillar is known as the "currant borer," and, as in England, is -regarded with little favour by bush-fruit growers. - -YELLOW-LEGGED CLEARWING (_Sesia vespiformis_). - -This species (Plate 155, Fig. 1), known also as _asiliformis_, Rottemburg -(1775), and _cynipiformis_, Esper (1782), is now held to be correctly -referred to _vespiformis_, Linnaeus (1761). The crossbar of the fore wings -is orange red in both sexes; the body of the male has two more or less -united yellow spots at the junction with the thorax, four yellow belts, and -the tail tuft is black above, mixed with yellow below; in the female the -body belts are usually one less than in the male, the yellow spots at the -junction are generally run together, and the tail tuft is almost wholly -yellow. As indicated by the English name, the legs are largely yellow in -both sexes. - -The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of oak trees, is full {356} grown -in May or June, and turns to a brownish chrysalis in a cell formed in the -bark. A well-known locality for this moth, which is out in July and early -August, is Hyde Park, London. It is also found in woods or oak-timbered -parks in Kent (Tunbridge Wells), Surrey, Sussex (Abbot's Wood, Tilgate, -etc.), Dorset (Glanvilles Wootton, etc.), Devon (Devonport, Plymouth, -Topsham, etc.), Essex (Epping), Suffolk, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, -Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and Yorkshire (Doncaster). - -RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia myopaeformis_). - -One example of each sex is shown on Plate 155, where Fig. 2 represents the -male and Fig. 3 the female; both have a single belt on the body; as a rule, -the belt is red, but occasionally it inclines to orange or yellow. - -The caterpillar feeds on the inner bark of the trunks or boughs of apple, -and sometimes pear, trees. It is nearly two years in maturing, but is full -grown about June. The moth is out during the summer months, and is to be -seen early on sunny mornings, newly emerged from the chrysalis on the -trunks of the trees in which the caterpillar lives; the chrysalis skins -will also be noted at the same time, sticking out from holes in the bark. -Later in the day it sits on leaves, etc., after its flights, and I have -even found it occasionally on a gravel path, and once on the pavement of a -road in North-west London. - -The species seems to be most frequent in gardens and orchards around -London, but it has been recorded from as far north as Lancashire and -Yorkshire; it is probably widely distributed over England. The Irish -localities, mentioned by Kane, are Dublin, Cork, Killarney, and Clonbrock. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 156. - 1. CURRANT CLEARWING: _caterpillar and chrysalis skin_. - 2. RED-TIPPED CLEARWING: _caterpillar_. - 3. WELSH CLEARWING: _caterpillar_. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 157. - 1, 3. GHOST MOTH. - 2, 4. DO., VAR. _THULENSIS_. - 5, 6. ORANGE SWIFT. - -{357} - -LARGE RED-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia culiciformis_). - -This species (Plate 155, Fig. 4) is very similar to the last, but it is -larger, and the fore wings are dusted with reddish scales towards the base, -sometimes also along the inner margin. The belt on the body is generally -red, not infrequently with an orange tinge, but it is sometimes yellow or -far more rarely white. - -The caterpillar, which is full grown in May, feeds on the inner bark of -birch trees and bushes, apparently preferring the stumps left in the ground -where stems have been cut down. It is not difficult to find, but as it is -about two years in this stage it should not be taken until nearly or quite -full grown, and it is safer to leave it until it has entered the chrysalis -state. The moth is out in June, or sometimes at the end of May; it flies -over birch and rests on leaves, and has been known to visit flowers of the -wood spurge and the rhododendron. - -Kent and Sussex appear to be the counties most favoured by this species, -but it occurs in most of the other English counties in which there are -birch woods, certainly up to Yorkshire, and probably further north, as it -is found in Scotland (Clydesdale, Perthshire, and Aberdeen). The Irish -localities are Killarney, Ballinasloe, and Derry. - -RED-TIPPED CLEARWING (_Sesia formicaeformis_). - -This is another red-belted species, but it differs from either of the two -immediately preceding in having the fore wings tipped with red. (Plate 155, -Fig. 5.) - -The caterpillar feeds in the twigs and stumps of osier (_Salix viminalis_), -sometimes called "withe"; it is full grown about June. (Plate 156, Fig. 2; -after Hofmann.) The moth is out in July and August; it is partial to -marshes and other wet spots, {358} and is fond of a leaf as a resting -place. Like the rest of its kind, it is very alert, and skips off quickly -on one's approach. Probably the species is more widely distributed in -England, but from the records, it only appears to have been noted from -Kent, Hampshire, Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Derbyshire, -Yorkshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Essex. - -SIX-BELTED CLEARWING (_Sesia ichneumoniformis_). - -The inner and outer margins of the fore wings are tinged with orange, and -there is an orange mark on the outer edge of the cross bar; the body of the -male has seven yellow belts, and that of the female one less. (Plate 155, -Fig. 6.) - -The caterpillar feeds in the roots of bird's-foot trefoil (_Lotus -corniculatus_), and kidney vetch (_Anthyllis vulneraria_); it is full grown -about June. July and August are the months for the moth, and its haunts are -on chalk downs, and on banks by the sea; it seems partial to the edges of -chalk pits, sloping banks, and broken ground of undercliffs, etc. In such -places it is to be seen on the wing in the early evening, and, I believe, -in the early morning also. It has frequently been obtained by sweeping the -net over herbage in the vicinity of the food plants. - -Mr. W. H. Flint records (1902) the species from the Forest of Dean -district, where, he states, he could easily have captured two dozen a day, -as they flew over trefoils, etc. - -The species occurs in most of the southern seaboard counties of England, -from Kent to Cornwall and including the Isle of Wight; Surrey, Bucks., -Essex, and other eastern counties, including Cambridge; and it has been -recorded from Yorkshire. On the western side of the country it is found in -Somerset, Gloucester, Hereford, Worcester, Staffordshire, and in South -Wales. {359} - -THRIFT CLEARWING (_Sesia muscaeformis_). - -This is our smallest species of the genus, and it is further distinguished -by narrow clear spaces on the blackish, or bronzy, fore wings, three -whitish bands on the body, and traces of a whitish line along the middle of -the back. (Plate 155, Fig. 7.) - -The caterpillar feeds on the roots of thrift or sea-pink (_Armeria -vulgaris_), and is full grown about June. The moth is out in June and July, -and seems to have a liking for the flowers of thyme. - -This species (also known as _philanthiformis_, Laspeyres) frequents rocky -places on the coasts of Devon (Torquay, Lynmouth, etc.), Cornwall, Wales; -Isle of Man; Scotland (Aberdeenshire); and Ireland (Saltee Islands, -Wexford, and Seven Heads, Cork. Gregson recorded it from Howth). - -FIERY CLEARWING (_Sesia chrysidiformis_). - -The orange red colour on the fore wings, and of the tail tuft, at once -distinguish this species (Plate 155, Figs. 8 [male], 9 [female]) from -either of its British allies. The blackish body has two pale-yellow belts, -but in the male the lower one is often double. As a rule, the body of the -female is stouter than that of the male, but the bodies of some males -appear quite as thick as those of the females, and the true sex is only -disclosed by the ciliated antennae, which is a character of the male alone. - -The caterpillar feeds on the roots of dock and sorrel, and it is full grown -about May. In June and July the moth is on the wing and flies in the -sunshine, about noon, over the food plants. - -The species occurs not uncommonly in the Warren at Folkestone, Kent. This -locality, well known to entomologists, is a long stretch of rough broken -ground lying between the railway {360} and the sea; and is probably the -only spot in the British Isles where the Fiery Clearwing is almost certain -to be found, either in its early or its perfect stage, at the proper -season. The moth has been recorded from Eastbourne, Sussex (1874), and from -the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire (1902). - -HEPIALIDAE. - -Of the twenty-two Palaearctic species belonging to this family, nine appear -to occur in Europe, and the range of five of these extends to the British -Isles. - -In some of the more recent systems of classification, this family is -relegated to almost the bottom of the scheme, and therefore occupies a much -lower place than do the bulk of the families comprised in the old style -"Micro-Lepidoptera." As, however, these insects, commonly called "Swifts," -have long received the attention of collectors, and in collections usually -occupy a position among the so-called "Bombyces," they have been included -in the present volume. - -GHOST MOTH (_Hepialus humuli_). - -On Plate 157 are portraits of a male and a female of the typical form of -this species (Figs. 1 [male] and 3 [female]); and two male examples (Figs. -2 and 4) of the Shetland race var. _thulensis_, Newman, better known -perhaps as _hethlandica_, Staudinger, but the former is the older name. It -will be noted that in the ordinary form the male has white wings, and that -the female has yellowish fore wings marked with orange, and smoky hind -wings. The Shetland male, represented by Fig. 2, has the fore wings whitish -buff in colour with brownish markings similar in pattern to those of an -ordinary female; the hind wings are blackish. The second example of -_thulensis_ (Fig. 4) is somewhat similar in appearance to a typical female. -In other male specimens of this insular race the wings are pretty much of -the typical colour, but the markings on the front pair are reduced both in -number and size. Mr. H. McArthur, who has collected a good deal in the -Shetland Isles, states that in Unst, the most northern island of the group, -more or less typical _humuli_ were found on the cliffs facing south-east, -whilst the majority of the specimens obtained in boggy meadows, etc., were -of the _thulensis_ form. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 158. - 1-3. MAP-WINGED SWIFT. - 4-6. COMMON SWIFT. - 7, 8. GOLD SWIFT. - -[Illustration] - - 2 Pl. 159. - 1, 1a. COMMON SWIFT: _caterpillar and chrysalis_. - 2, 2a. GHOST MOTH: _caterpillar and chrysalis (enlarged)_. - 3. ORANGE SWIFT: _caterpillar_. - -{361} The caterpillar feeds on the roots of plants, such as burdock, -dandelion, dead-nettle, etc. It is full grown in May, and the moth is out -in June and July. (Plate 159, Fig. 2; after Hofmann.) The males may be seen -in the evening, sometimes in numbers in grassy places, swaying themselves -to and fro without making progress, and appearing as though they dangled -from the end of an invisible thread; the female flies straight, and, as a -rule, in the direction of one or other of the pendulous males. - -The species is generally distributed over the British Isles. - -ORANGE SWIFT (_Hepialus sylvina_). - -The male of this species (Plate 157, Figs. 5. [male], 6 [female]) usually -some shade of orange brown, with greyish-edged white markings on the fore -wings. Sometimes the female is orange brown, but more often it is some -shade of grey brown. - -The caterpillar (Plate 159, Fig. 3; after Hofmann) feeds on the roots of -dock, bracken, viper's bugloss, etc., and is full grown about July. In late -July and in August the moth may be seen in the early evening flying among -bracken, and not infrequently around trees fairly high up. Occasionally, -specimens are seen in the daytime on tree-trunks, fences, etc. At one time -this species was known in the vernacular as "The Tawny and Brown Swift"; it -is also "The Orange or Evening Swift" of Harris (1778) and the "Wood Swift" -of Newman. It is {362} common in many southern and eastern parts, but -widely distributed over England, Wales, and Scotland to Moray. Only -doubtfully recorded from Ireland. - -MAP-WINGED SWIFT (_Hepialus fusconebulosa_). - -At one time this species (the _velleda_ of Hubner) was known as the -"Northern Swift," but as it is plentiful in North Devonshire and -Somersetshire, and occurs less commonly in other southern English counties, -that name is hardly suitable. Haworth's English name for it--"The Beautiful -Swift"--does not quite meet the case, because, although the insect is -prettily marked, it is scarcely beautiful. We have then to fall back on -Donovan's Map-winged Swift as a popular name, and this seems a fairly apt -one, as the markings on the fore wings are somewhat map-like in pattern, -especially in the more typical specimens. - -There is much variation in colour and in marking; some examples, chiefly -those from Shetland, are prettily variegated. A uniform reddish-brown -variety, ab. _gallicus_, Lederer, is depicted on Plate 158, Fig. 3; and a -more or less typical specimen of each sex is shown on the same plate (Figs. -1 [male], 2 [female]). - -The caterpillar is ochreous white, with orange-brown plates, and rather -paler raised dots; head, reddish brown, and spiracles black. It feeds on -the roots of the bracken, and is full grown about May. The moth is out in -June and July, and flies, in the gloaming, on hill slopes, heaths, and the -edges of mosses and woods; it seems to be more active than either of the -other British "Swifts"; at all events, I have always found it less easy to -capture with the net. - -The species is pretty generally distributed throughout the British Isles. -{363} - -COMMON SWIFT (_Hepialus lupulina_). - -Three examples of this species are shown on Plate 158. Fig. 4 is a typical -male, Fig. 5 a whitish suffused variety, and Fig. 6 is a female. The latter -sex is generally devoid of marking, and in the male the stripes and dashes -are far more conspicuous in some specimens than in others. - -The glossy whitish caterpillar has a brown head; the plate on the first -ring of the body is brownish, and the raised dots are pretty much of the -same colour. It feeds on the roots of grass and other plants, and is full -grown about April. A figure of the caterpillar, from a drawing in colour by -Mr. A. Sich, and a photo of the pupa by Mr. H. Main, are shown on Plate -159, Figs. 1 and 1a; the latter is twice natural size. - -The moth is out in June, or sometimes late May, and occasional specimens -have been noted in September. It is more frequently seen at rest, on -fences, etc., than either of the other species of the genus; but towards -dusk it is on the wing, and may then be observed in large numbers careering -over grass meadows or along stretches of green turf by the wayside. - -Generally distributed, and often abundant, throughout the United Kingdom; -and it occurs in Monaghan, Mayo, Galway, and Kerry, in Ireland. - -GOLD SWIFT (_Hepialus hecta_). - -Both sexes of this species are shown on Plate 158, where Fig. 7 represents -the golden-marked male, and Fig. 8 the more dingy, dull, purplish-grey -striped female. There is variation in number and in size of the markings on -the fore wings of the male, and occasionally the hind wings in this sex are -adorned with golden spangles on the outer area. - -The pale greyish brown caterpillar has glossy darker brown {364} plates on -rings 1-3, and the raised dots and the spiracles are black. It feeds on the -roots of bracken, and is full grown about May. Buckler states that at first -it burrows in the root, hibernates when small, resumes feeding in April, -attains full growth before winter, and hibernates in the earth for a second -time; in the spring of the second year it gnaws cavities in the young -shoots of the bracken, and apparently drinks the flowing sap. - -The moth is out in June. The males fly at dusk, something in the manner of -_humuli_, over and among the bracken; but the females fly in a more or less -direct line. An odour given off by the males of this species has been -likened to that of the pine apple; whilst the "scent" of the Ghost Moth is -said to be more of the billy-goat character. - -In most woody localities, where the bracken flourishes, this species will -be found throughout England, Wales, Scotland to Aberdeen and the Hebrides, -and Ireland. - -INDEX. - - _Abraxas grossulariata_, 260, _Plates_ 103, 104; - _sylvata_, 259, _Plates_ 103, 104 - _Abrostola tripartita_, 74, _Plate_ 22; - _triplasia_, 73, _Plates_ 22, 27 - _Acidalia aversata_, 120, _Plates_ 46, 47; - _bisetata_, 121, _Plate_ 46; - _contiguaria_, 109, _Plate_ 45; - _degeneraria_, 118, _Plate_ 46; - _dimidiata_, 121, _Plates_ 46, 47; - _emutaria_, 128, _Plate_ 49; - _fumata_, 131, _Plate_ 50; - _herbariata_, 111, _Plate_ 45; - _holosericata_, 116, _Plate_ 45; - _humiliata_, 115, _Plate_ 45; - _imitaria_, 129, _Plates_ 48, 49; - _immorata_, 126, _Plate_ 49; - _immutata_, 124, _Plate_ 49; - _inornata_, 119, _Plates_ 46, 47; - _interjectaria_, 114, _Plate_ 45; - _marginepunctata_, 125, _Plate_ 49; - _ochrata_, 132, _Plate_ 50; - _ornata_, 123, _Plate_ 46; - _perochraria_, 133, _Plate_ 53; - _remutaria_, 124, _Plate_ 49; - _rubiginata_, 130, _Plate_ 50; - _rusticata_, 110, _Plates_ 45, 48; - _straminata_, 113, _Plates_ 45, 61; - _strigilaria_, 127, _Plate_ 49; - _subsericeata_, 117, _Plate_ 45; - _trigeminata_, 122, _Plate_ 46; - _virgularia_, 112, _Plate_ 45 - Acidaliinae, 109 - _Acontia lucida_, var. _albicollis_, 53, _Plate_ 19; - _luctuosa_, 54, _Plates_ 19, 23 - _Adscita geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147; - _statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147 - Alchymist, 78. _Plate_ 29 - _Aleucis pictaria_, 264. _Plate_ 107 - _Amathes circellaris_, 14, _Plates_ 5, 7; - _helvola_, 15, _Plate_ 9; - _litura_, 16, _Plate_ 9; - _lota_, 12, _Plates_ 5, 7; - _lychnidis_, 16, _Plates_ 5, 9; - _macilenta_, 13, _Plate_ 7 - _Amoebe olivata_, 184, _Plates_ 73, 75; - _viridaria_, 185, _Plate_ 75 - _Amphidasys_. See _Pachys_. - _Anaitis plagiata_, 149. _Plate_ 55 - _Anarta cordigera_, 44, _Plate_ 17; - _melanopa_, 45, _Plate_ 17; - _myrtilli_, 44, _Plates_ 17, 20 - _Anchocelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7 - _Angerona prunaria_, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118 - Angle-barred Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98 - Angle-striped Sallow, 5. _Plate_ 4 - _Ania emarginata_, 133. _Plate_ 50 - _Anisopteryx aescularia_, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125 - Annulet, 319. _Plates_ 139, 140 - _Anticlea badiata_, 217, _Plates_ 88, 89; - _berberata_, 218, _Plate_ 88; - _cucullata_, 216, _Plate_ 88; - _nigrafasciaria_, 219, _Plates_ 88, 89; - _rubidata_, 218, _Plate_ 88 - _Aplasta ononaria_, 101. _Plate_ 38 - _Apocheima hispidaria_, 296. _Plates_ 124, 126 - Argent and Sable, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82 - Ash Pug, 247. _Plate_ 98 - _Aspilates gilvaria_, 330, _Plate_ 144; - _ochrearia_, 331, _Plates_ 142, 144; - _strigillaria_, 332, _Plate_ 144 - _Asthena blomeri_, 222, _Plates_ 90, 91; - _candidata_, 220, _Plates_ 90, 91; - _luteata_, 220, Plate 91; - _testaceata_, 221, _Plate_ 91 - _Atethmia xerampelina_, 10, _Plate_ 4 - August Thorn, 271. _Plates_ 109, 111, 113 - Autumnal Moth, 189. _Plate_ 78 - Autumn Green Carpet, 174. _Plate_ 68 - - _Bankia argentula_, 57. _Plate_ 21 - _Bapta bimaculata_, 265, _Plate_ 107; - _pictaria_, 264, _Plate_ 107; - _temerata_, 266, _Plate_ 107 - Barberry Carpet, 218. _Plate_ 88 - Barred Carpet, 211. _Plate_ 85 - Barred Red, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108 - Barred Rivulet, 208. _Plate_ 83 - Barred Sallow, 18. _Plate_ 10 - Barred Straw, 168. _Plate_ 65 - Barred Tooth-striped, 152. _Plates_ 57, 59 - Barred Umber, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108 - Barred Yellow, 169. _Plates_ 65, 69 - Beaded Chestnut, 16. _Plates_ 5, 9 - Beautiful Carpet, 202. _Plates_ 76, 82 - Beautiful Golden Y, 70. _Plate_ 24 - Beautiful Hook-tip, 85. _Plate_ 36 - Beautiful Snout, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37 - Beautiful Yellow Underwing, 44. _Plates_ 17, 20 - Beech-green Carpet, 184. _Plates_ 73, 75 - Belted Beauty, 298. _Plates_ 124, 126 - Bilberry Pug, 253. _Plate_ 100 - Birch Mocha, 139. _Plates_ 51, 53 - Black Mountain Moth, 321. _Plate_ 139 - Blackneck, 83. _Plate_ 32 - Black-veined Moth, 330. _Plate_ 144 - Bleached Pug, 230. _Plate_ 95 - Blomer's Rivulet, 222. _Plates_ 90, 91 - Blood-vein, 134. _Plate_ 50 - Blotched Emerald, 104. _Plates_ 41, 43 - Bloxworth Snout, 93. _Plate_ 36 - Blue-bordered Carpet, 204. _Plate_ 82 - _Boarmia abietaria_, 306, _Plates_ 132, 138; - _cinctaria_, 304, _Plate_ 130; - _consortaria_, 309, _Plate_ 135; - _gemmaria_, 305, _Plates_ 130, 131; - _repandata_, 307, _Plates_ 131, 132, 134; - _roboraria_, 308, _Plate_ 135 - Boarmiinae, 259 - _Bomolocha fontis_, 92. _Plates_ 35, 37 - Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121 - Bordered Grey, 325. _Plates_ 142, 143 - Bordered Pug, 240. _Plates_ 92, 97 - Bordered Sallow, 47. _Plates_ 17, 20 - Bordered Straw, 50. _Plates_ 19, 20 - Bordered White, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141 - Brephidae, 97 - _Brephos notha_, 98, _Plates_ 38, 39; - _parthenias_, 97, _Plates_ 38, 39 - Brick, 14. _Plates_ 5, 7 - Bright Wave, 132. _Plate_ 50 - Brimstone, 283. _Plate_ 117 - Brindled Beauty, 299. _Plates_ 1, 124, 128 - Brindled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99 - Brindled White-spot, 314. _Plate_ 137 - Broad-bordered White Underwing, 45. _Plate_ 17 - Broken-barred Carpet, 169. _Plates_ 61, 65 - Broom-tip, 151. _Plates_ 56, 57 - Brown Scallop, 161. _Plate_ 60 - Brown Silver-line, 327. _Plate_ 143 - Brown-spot Pinion, 16. _Plate_ 9 - Brussels Lace, 310. _Plates_ 133, 136 - Bupalus piniaria, 325. _Plates_ 140, 141 - Burnet Companion, 76. _Plate_ 26 - Burnets, 333 - Burnished Brass, 65. _Plate_ 22 - Buttoned Snout, 94. _Plates_ 35, 37 - - _Cabera exanthemata_, 267, _Plate_ 107; - _pusaria_, 266, _Plates_ 105, 107 - _Calocampa exoleta_, 34, _Plate_ 14; - _vetusta_, 35, _Plates_ 8, 14 - _Calymnia affinis_, 3, _Plate_ 2; - _diffinis_,4, _Plates_ 2, 3; - _pyralina_, 2, _Plates_2, 3; - _trapezina_, 4, _Plate_ 2 - Campanula Pug, 232. _Plate_ 95 - _Camptogramma bilineata_, 212. _Plates_ 61, 84, 85 - Canary-shouldered Thorn, 272. _Plates_ 110, 111 - _Carsia paludata_, 150. _Plate_ 55 - _Catephia alchymista_, 78. _Plate_ 29 - _Catocala electa_, 79, _Plate_ 31; - _fraxini_, 78, _Plate_ 29; - _nupta_, 80, _Plates_ 31, 33; - _promissa_, 82, _Plate_ 32; - _sponsa_, 82, _Plates_ 32, 33 - Centre-barred Sallow, 10. _Plate_ 4 - Chalk Carpet, 145. _Plates_ 52, 54 - Chamomile Shark, 40. _Plates_ 16, 18 - _Cheimatobia boreata_, 157, _Plates_ 58, 59; - _brumata_, 156, _Plate_ 58 - _Chesias rufata_, 151, _Plates_ 56, 57; - _spartiata_, 150, _Plates_ 56, 57 - Chestnut-coloured Carpet, 176. _Plate_ 70 - Chestnut Moth, 24. _Plate_ 11 - Chevron, 165. _Plates_ 63, 67 - _Chiasmia clathrata_, 328. _Plate_ 143 - Chimney-sweeper, 147. _Plate_ 55 - _Chloroclystis coronata_, 251, _Plate_ 100; - _debiliata_, 253, _Plate_ 100; - _rectangulata_, 251, _Plate_ 100 - _Cidaria corylata_, 169, _Plates_ 61, 65; - _fulvata_, 169, _Plates_ 65, 69; - _immanata_, _Plates_ 66, 69; - _miata_, 174, _Plate_ 68; - _pyraliata_, 168, _Plate_ 65; - _sagittata_, 172, _Plate_ 68; - _siterata_, 173, _Plate_ 68; - _truncata_, 170, _Plates_ 66, 69 - _Cirrhia citrago_, 17. _Plate_ 10 - _Cirrhoedia xerampelina_, 10. _Plate_ 4 - Cistus Forester, 343. _Plate_ 147 - Clay Fan-foot, 90. _Plates_ 34, 35 - Clay Triple-lines, 137. _Plate_ 53 - Clear Underwing, 351. _Plate_ 154 - Clearwings, 350 - _Cleora angularia_, 310, _Plate_ 134; - _jubata_, 311, _Plates_ 133, 136; - _lichenaria_, 310, _Plates_ 133, 136 - Clifden Nonpareil, 78. _Plate_ 29 - Cloaked Carpet, 200. _Plate_ 82 - Cloaked Pug, 251. _Plate_ 99 - Clouded Border, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107 - Clouded Magpie, 259. _Plates_ 101, 103, 104 - Clouded Silver, 266. _Plate_ 107 - Cochlididae, 344 - _Cochlidion limacodes_, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153 - _Coenocalpe tersata_, 257, _Plate_ 102; - _vitalbata_, 256, _Plate_ 102; - _vittata_, 257, _Plate_ 102 - _Collix sparsata_, 254. _Plate_ 102 - Common Carpet, 197. _Plates_ 79, 81 - Common Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43 - Common Fan-foot, 91. _Plate_ 34 - Common Heath, 324. _Plate_ 141 - Common Marbled Carpet, 170. _Plates_ 66, 69 - Common Pug, 334. _Plates_ 92, 97 - Common Swift, 363. _Plates_ 158, 159 - Common Wave, 267. _Plate_ 107 - Common White Wave, 266. _Plates_ 105, 107 - Conformist, 29. _Plates_ 8, 13 - _Conistra_. See _Orrhodia_ - _Coremia designata_, 183, _Plates_ 74, 75; - _ferrugata_, 182, _Plate_ 72; - _munitata_, 180, _Plate_ 72; - _quadrifasciaria_, 179, _Plate_ 72; - _unidentaria_, 181, _Plate_ 75 - _Cosmia paleacea_, 5. _Plate_ 4 - Cossidae, 347 - _Cossus cossus_ (_ligniperda_), 347. _Plates_ 150, 151 - _Craspedia_. See _Acidalia_. - Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49 - _Crocallis elinguaria_, 280. _Plates_ 114, 116 - _Cucullia abrotani_, 43, _Plate_ 16; - _absinthii_, 42, _Plate_ 16; - _artemisiae_, 43, _Plate_ 16; - _asteris_, 30, _Plates_ 15, 18; - _chamomillae_, 40, _Plates_ 16, 18; - _gnaphalii_, 41, _Plate_ 13; - _lychnitis_, 38, _Plates_ 15, 18; - _scrophulariae_, 37, _Plate_ 15; - _umbratica_, 40, _Plate_ 16; - _verbasci_, 36, _Plates_ 15, 18 - Cudweed Shark, 41. _Plate_ 13 - Currant Clearwing, 354. _Plates_ 154, 156 - Currant Pug, 230. _Plates_ 92, 95 - - Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet, 181. _Plates_ 74, 75 - Dark Bordered Beauty, 284. _Plates_ 119, 121 - Dark Chestnut, 25. _Plate_ 11 - Dark Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plates_ 32, 33 - Dark Marbled Carpet, 171. _Plates_ 66, 69 - Dark Spectacle, 73. _Plates_ 22, 27 - Dark Spinach, 254. _Plate_ 102 - Dark Umber, 162. _Plate_ 60 - _Dasycampa rubiginea_, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11 - Dentated Pug, 254. _Plate_ 102 - _Dicycla oo_, 1. _Plate_ 2 - Dingy Mocha, 139. _Plate_ 51, 53 - Dingy Shears, 8. _Plates_ 3, 4 - Dingy Shell, 219. _Plate_ 91 - Dotted Border, 292. _Plates_ 120, 125 - Dotted Border Wave, 113. _Plates_ 45, 61 - Dotted Carpet, 311. _Plates_ 133, 136 - Dotted Chestnut, 26. _Plates_ 6, 11 - Dotted Fan-foot, 90. _Plate_ 35 - Double Kidney, 9. _Plate_ 4 - Double-striped Pug, 250. _Plate_ 99 - Drab Looper, 146. _Plate_ 55 - Dun-bar, 4. _Plate_ 2 - Dusky-lemon Sallow, 21. _Plate_ 10 - Dusky Thorn, 273. _Plates_ 110, 111 - Dwarf Cream Wave, 114. _Plate_ 45 - Dwarf Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93 - _Dyschorista fissipuncta_, 8, _Plates_ 3, 4; - _suspecta_, 7, _Plate_ 4 - - Early Grey, 33. _Plates_ 8, 12 - Early Moth, 289. _Plate_ 120 - Early Thorn, 274. _Plate_ 112 - Early Tooth-striped, 153. _Plates_ 57, 59 - Edinburgh Pug, 239. _Plate_ 96 - _Eltopia prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_ 106, 108 - _Ematurga atomaria_, 324. _Plate_ 141 - _Emmelia trabealis_, 62. _Plate_ 21 - Engrailed, 312. _Plates_ 136, 138 - _Ennomos alniaria_, 272, _Plates_ 110, 111; - _autumnaria_, 270, _Plates_ 106, 109; - _erosaria_, 273, _Plate_ 134; - _fuscantaria_, 273, _Plates_ 110, 111; - _quercinaria_, 271, _Plates_ 109, 111, 113 - _Entephria caesiata_, 191. _Plate_ 80 - _Ephyra annulata_, 138, _Plates_ 51, 53; - _linearia_, 137, _Plate_ 53; - _orbicularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53; - _pendularia_, 139, _Plates_ 51, 53; - _porata_, 135, _Plate_ 53; - _punctaria_, 136, _Plate_ 53 - _Epione advenaria_, 285, _Plates_ 119, 121; - _apiciaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121; - _parallelaria_, 284, _Plates_ 119, 121 - _Epirrhoe_. See _Xanthorhoe_ - _Epirrita_. See _Oporabia_ - _Erastria argentula_, 57, _Plate_ 21; - _fasciana_, 57, _Plate_ 21; - _uncula_, 58, _Plate_ 21; - _venustula_, 59, _Plates_ 21, 25 - Essex Emerald, 105. _Plates_ 42, 43 - _Euchloris pustulata_, 104, _Plates_ 41, 43; - _smaragdaria_, 105, _Plates_ 42, 43 - _Euchoeca obliterata_, 219. _Plate_ 91 - _Euclidia glyphica_, 76, _Plate_ 26; - _mi_, 75, _Plates_ 26, 30 - _Eucosmia certata_, 159, _Plates_ 60, 62; - _undulata_, 160, _Plates_ 60, 62 - _Eucymatoge togata_, 251. _Plate_ 99 - _Eudalimia margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108 - _Eulype hastata_, 201. _Plates_ 79, 82 - _Euphyia picata_, 200, _Plate_ 82; - _unangulata_, 199, _Plate_ 82 - _Eupithecia abbreviata_, 248, _Plate_ 99; - _absinthiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95; - _albipunctata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97; - _assimilata_, 230, _Plates_ 92, 95; - _castigata_, 237, _Plates_ 92, 97; - _denotata_, 232, _Plate_ 95; - _distinctaria_, 229, _Plate_ 95; - _dodoneata_, 248, _Plate_ 99; - _exiguata_, 248, _Plate_ 99; - _expallidata_, 230, _Plate_ 95; - _extensaria_, 238, _Plate_ 97; - _fraxinata_, 247, _Plate_ 98; - _goossensiata_, 231, _Plate_ 95; - _haworthiata_, 242, _Plates_ 90, 98; - _helveticaria_, 239. _Plate_ 96; - _indigata_, 226, _Plate_ 96; - _innotata_, 246, _Plate_ 98; - _insigniata_, 226, _Plate_ 96; - _inturbata_, 246, _Plate_ 98; - _irriguata_, 225, _Plate_ 93; - _jasioneata_, 233, _Plate_ 95; - _lariciata_, 236, 97; - _linariata_, 224, _Plate_ 93; - _nanata_, 247, _Plate_ 99; - _oblongata_, 222, _Plates_ 92, 93; - _pimpinellata_, 228, _Plate_ 95; - _plumbeolata_, 244, _Plate_ 98; - _pulchellata_, 223, _Plate_ 93; - _pumilata_, 250, _Plate_ 99; - _pusillata_, 225, _Plate_ 93; - _pygmaeata_, 244, _Plate_ 98; - _satyrata_, 239, _Plate_ 96; - _scabiosata_, 242, _Plate_ 97; - _sobrinata_, 249, _Plate_ 99; - _subfulvata_, 241, _Plate_ 97; - _subnotata_, 237, _Plates_ 94, 97; - _succenturiata_, 240, _Plates_ 92, 97; - _tenuiata_, 245, _Plate_ 98; - _trisignaria_, 236, _Plate_ 97; - _valerianata_, 243, _Plate_ 98; - _venosata_, 227, _Plates_ 92, 93; - _virgaureata_, 235, _Plate_ 97; - _vulgata_, 234, _Plates_ 92, 97 - _Eupsilia satellitia_, 27. _Plate_ 12 - _Eurymene dolabraria_, 282. _Plate_ 117 - _Eustroma silaceata_, 162. _Plate_ 93 - - False Mocha, 135. _Plate_ 53 - Fan-foot, 87. _Plates_ 34, 35 - Feathered Thorn, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116 - Fern-Moth, 257. _Plate_ 102 - Festoon, 345. _Plates_ 149, 153 - _Fidonia limbaria_, 323. _Plate_ 141; - _carbonaria_, 322. _Plate_ 141 - Fiery Clearwing, 359. _Plate_ 155 - Five-spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 146, 148 - Flame Carpet, 183. _Plates_ 74, 75 - Flame Moth, 218. _Plate_ 88 - Flounced Rustic, 15. _Plate_ 9 - Forester, 342. _Plates_ 145, 147 - Four-spotted, 54. _Plates_ 19, 23 - Foxglove Pug, 223. _Plate_ 93 - Frosted Yellow, 323. _Plate_ 141 - - Galium Carpet, 195. _Plates_ 79, 81 - Garden Carpet, 194. _Plates_ 61, 80 - Gem, 258. _Plate_ 102 - _Geometra papilionaria_, 102, _Plates_ 40, 42; - _vernaria_, 103, _Plates_ 40, 44 - Geometridae, 99 - Geometrinae, 101 - Ghost Moth, 360. _Plates_ 157, 159 - _Gnophos obscurata_, 319, _Plates_ 139, 140; - _myrtillata_, 320. _Plate_ 139 - Goat Moth, 347. _Plates_ 150, 151 - Golden Plusia, 64. _Plates_ 22, 27 - Golden Rod Brindle, 32. _Plate_ 12 - Golden-rod Pug, 235. _Plate_ 97 - Gold Spangle, 67. _Plate_ 24 - Gold Spot, 68. _Plate_ 24 - Gold Swift, 363. _Plate_ 158 - _Gonodontis bidentata_, 278. _Plates_ 114, 115 - _Graptolitha furcifera_, 29, _Plates_ 8, 13; - _lamda_, 30, _Plate_ 13; - _ornithopus_, 31, _Plate_ 12 - Grass Emerald, 101. _Plates_ 38, 41 - Grass Rivulet, 209. _Plates_ 83, 84 - Grass Wave, 332. _Plate_ 144 - Great Oak Beauty, 308. _Plate_ 135 - Green Carpet, 185. _Plate_ 75 - Green Pug, 252. _Plate_ 61 - Grey Birch, 316. _Plate_ 137 - Grey Carpet, 148. _Plate_ 55 - Grey Mountain Carpet, 191. _Plate_ 80 - Grey Pine Carpet, 175. _Plates_ 70, 71 - Grey Pug, 237. _Plates_ 92, 97 - Grey Scalloped Bar, 329. _Plates_ 142, 144 - Grey Shoulder-knot, 31. _Plate_ 12 - _Gymnoscelis pumilata_, 250. _Plate_ 99 - - _Hapalotis fasciana_, 57. _Plate_ 21 - Haworth's Pug, 242. _Plates_ 90, 98 - Heart Moth, 1. _Plate_ 2 - Heath Rivulet, 209. _Plate_ 83 - _Heliaca tenebrata_, 46. _Plate_ 17 - _Heliothis armigera_, 52, _Plates_ 19, 20; - _dipsacea_, 48, _Plate_ 19; - _peltigera_, 50, _Plates_ 19, 20; - _scutosa_, 49, _Plate_ 19 - _Hemerophila abruptaria_, 303. _Plates_ 130, 133, 134 - _Hemithea strigata_, 107. _Plates_ 41, 43 - Hepialidae, 360 - _Hepialus fusconebulosa_, 362, _Plate_ 158; - _hecta_, 363, _Plate_ 158; - _humuli_, 360, _Plates_ 157, 159; - _lupulina_, 363, _Plates_ 158, 159; - _sylvina_, 361; _Plates_ 157, 159; - _velleda_, 362 - Herald, 63. _Plates_ 22, 25 - _Herminia cribralis_, 90, _Plate_ 35; - _cribrumalis_, 90, _Plate_ 35; - _derivalis_, 90, _Plates_ 34, 35 - _Heterogena asella_, 346, _Plates_ 149, 153; - _limacodes_, 345, _Plates_ 149, 153 - _Himera pennaria_, 279. _Plates_ 114, 116 - _Hoporina croceago_, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10 - Hornet Moth, 350. _Plate_ 154 - Horse Chestnut, 318. _Plates_ 137, 140 - _Hybernia aurantiaria_, 291, _Plates_ 120, 125; - _defoliaria_, 293, _Plates_ 122, 125; - _leucophaearia_, 290, _Plate_ 120; - _marginaria_, 292, _Plates_ 120, 125; - _rupicapraria_, 289, _Plate_ 120 - _Hydrelia uncula_, 58. _Plate_ 21 - _Hydriomena elutata_, 213; - _furcata_, 213, _Plates_ 86, 87; - _impluviata_, 214, _Plates_ 86, 87; - _ruberata_, 215, _Plate_ 86 - Hydriomenidae, 141 - _Hygrochroa syringaria_, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115 - _Hylaea prosapiaria_, 269. _Plates_, 106, 108 - _Hypena obsitalis_, 93, _Plate_ 36; - _proboscidalis_, 93, _Plates_ 35, 37; - _rostralis_, 94, _Plates_ 35, 37 - Hypeninae, 85 - _Hypenodes albistrigalis_, 94, _Plate_ 36; - _costaestrigalis_, 25, _Plate_ 36; - _taenialis_, 94, _Plate_ 36 - _Hyria muricata_, 109. _Plate_ 45 - - _Ino geryon_, 343, _Plate_ 147; - _globulariae_, 342, _Plate_ 147; - _statices_, 342, _Plates_ 145, 147 - _Iodis lactearia_, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44 - Isle of Wight Wave, 115. _Plate_ 45 - _Itame wauaria_, 326. _Plates_ 142, 143 - - Jasione Pug, 233. _Plate_ 95 - July Highflyer, 213. _Plates_ 86, 87 - Juniper Carpet, 177. _Plate_ 70 - Juniper Pug, 249. _Plate_ 99 - - Lace Border, 123. _Plate_ 46 - _Lampropteryx suffumata_, 178. _Plates_ 72, 74 - Larch Pug, 236. _Plate_ 97 - Large Emerald, 102. _Plates_ 40, 42 - Large Red-belted Clearwing, 357. _Plate_ 155 - Large Thorn, 270. _Plates_ 106, 109, 134 - Large Twin-spot Carpet, 179. _Plate_ 72 - _Laspeyria flexula_, 85. _Plate_ 36 - Latticed Heath, 328. _Plate_ 143 - Lead Belle, 143. _Plate_ 54 - Lead-coloured Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98 - Least Carpet, 110. _Plates_ 45, 48 - Leopard Moth, 348. _Plates_ 152, 153 - _Leptomeris_. See _Acidalia_ - Lesser Belle, 89. _Plates_ 35, 39 - Lesser Cream Wave, 124. _Plate_ 49 - Lesser-spotted Pinion, 3. _Plate_ 2 - _Leucanitis stolida_, 77 - Lewes Wave, 126. _Plate_ 49 - _Ligdia adustata_, 263. _Plates_ 105, 107 - Light Crimson Underwing, 82. _Plate_ 32 - Light Emerald, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108 - Light Orange Underwing, 89. _Plates_ 38, 39 - Lilac Beauty, 277. _Plates_ 112, 115 - Lime-speck Pug, 222. _Plates_ 92, 93 - Ling Pug, 231. _Plate_ 95 - _Lithomoia solidaginis_, 32. _Plate_ 12 - _Lithophane semibrunnea_, 28, _Plate_ 12; - _socia_, 29, _Plate_ 12 - _Lithostege griseata_, 148. _Plate_ 55 - Little Emerald, 107. _Plates_ 43, 44 - Little Thorn, 285. _Plates_ 119, 121 - _Lobophora carpinata_, 153, _Plates_ 57, 59; - _halterata_, 155, _Plate_ 57; - _polycommata_,152, _Plates_ 57, 59; - _sexalisata_, 156, _Plate_ 58; - _viretata_, 153, _Plate_ 58 - _Lomaspilis marginata_, 262. _Plates_ 105, 107 - _Lozogramma petraria_, 327. _Plate_ 143 - Lunar Double-stripe, 77. _Plate_ 29 - Lunar Hornet, _Plate_ 154 - Lunar-spotted Pinion, 2. _Plate_ 2 - Lunar Thorn, 276. _Plates_ 112, 113 - Lunar Underwing, 11. _Plate_ 7 - _Lycia hirtaria_, 299. _Plates_ 124, 128 - _Lygris associata_, 167, _Plates_ 65, 67; - _populata_, 166, _Plate_ 63; - _prunata_, 164, _Plates_ 63, 67; - _reticulata_, 163, _Plates_ 61, 64; - _testata_, 165, _Plates_ 63, 67. - _Lythria purpuraria_, 142 - - _Madopa salicalis_, 89. _Plates_, 35, 39 - Magpie, 260. _Plates_ 103, 104 - Maiden's Blush, 136. _Plate_ 53 - _Malenydris didymata_, 187, _Plate_ 77; - _multistrigaria_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 77; - _salicata_, 186, _Plates_ 73, 75 - Mallow, 143. _Plates_ 52, 54 - Manchester Treble-bar, 150. _Plate_ 55 - Many-lined Moth, 256. _Plate_ 102 - Maple Pug, 246. _Plate_ 98 - Map-winged Swift, 362. _Plate_ 158 - Marbled Clover, 48. _Plate_ 19 - Marbled Pug, 225. _Plate_ 93 - Marbled White-Spot, 57. _Plate_ 21 - March Moth, 294. _Plates_ 122, 125 - Marsh Carpet, 172. _Plate_ 68 - Marsh Oblique-barred, 96. _Plate_ 36 - Marsh Pug, 244. _Plate_ 98 - May Highflyer, 214. _Plates_ 86, 87 - _Melantha procellata_, 204. _Plate_ 82 - _Mellinia gilvago_, 22, _Plate_ 10; - _ocellaris_, 22, _Plate_ 10 - _Mesogona acetosellae_, 9 - _Mesoleuca albicillata_, 202, _Plates_ 76, 82; - _bicolorata_, 204, _Plate_ 82; - _ocellata_, 203, _Plate_ 82 - _Mesotype virgata_, 146. _Plate_ 54 - _Metrocampa margaritaria_, 270. _Plates_ 106, 108 - _Minoa murinata_, 146. _Plate_ 55 - Mocha, 138. _Plates_ 51, 53 - Mother Shipton, 75. _Plates_ 26, 30 - Mottled Beauty, 307. _Plates_ 131, 132, 134 - Mottled Grey, 186. _Plates_ 73, 75 - Mottled Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99 - Mottled Umber, 293. _Plates_ 122, 125 - Mullein, 36. _Plates_ 15, 18 - Mullein Wave, 125. _Plate_ 49 - _Mysticoptera._ See _Lobophora_ - - Narrow-bordered Five-Spot Burnet, 339. _Plates_ 145, 147 - Narrow-winged Pug, 247. _Plate_ 99 - _Nemoria viridata_, 106. _Plates_ 43, 44 - Netted Carpet, 163. _Plates_ 61, 64 - Netted Mountain Moth, 322. _Plate_ 141 - Netted Pug, 227. _Plates_ 92, 93 - New Forest Burnet, 336. _Plates_ 146, 148 - Ni, 70. _Plates_ 26, 28 - Nonconformist, 30. _Plate_ 13 - Northern Spinach, 166. _Plate_ 63. - Northern Winter-Moth, 157. _Plate_ 58 - November Moth, 188. _Plates_ 76, 78 - _Numeria pulveraria_, 268. _Plates_ 106, 108 - _Nyssia lapponaria_, 297, _Plate_ 126; - _zonaria_, 298, _Plates_ 124, 126 - - Oak Beauty, 300. _Plates_ 127, 128 - Oak-tree Pug, 248. _Plate_ 99 - Oblique Carpet, 257. _Plate_ 102 - Oblique Striped, 146. _Plate_ 54 - Ochreous Pug, 226. _Plate_ 96 - _Ochria aurago_, 18. _Plate_ 10 - _Ochyria._ See _Coremia_. - _Odezia atrata_, 147. _Plate_ 55 - Olive, 9. _Plate_ 4 - Olive Crescent, 88. _Plate_ 36 - _Omphaloscelis lunosa_, 11. _Plate_ 7 - _Ophiusa stolida_, 77 - _Opisthograptis luteolata_, 283. _Plate_ 117 - _Oporabia autumnata_, 189, _Plate_ 78; - _dilutata_, 188, _Plates_ 76, 78; - _filigrammaria_, 190, _Plate_ 77 - Orange Moth, 280. _Plates_ 117, 118 - Orange Sallow, 17. _Plate_ 10 - Orange Swift, 361. _Plates_ 157, 159 - Orange-tailed Clearwing, 353. _Plate_ 156 - Orange Underwing, 97. _Plates_ 38, 39 - Orange Upperwing, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10 - _Orrhodia erythrocephala_, 23, _Plate_ 11; - _ligula_, 25, _Plate_ 11; - _rubiginea_, 26, _Plates_ 6, 11; - _vaccinii_, 24, _Plate_ 11 - _Ortholitha bipunctaria_, 145, _Plates_ 52, 54; - _cervinata_, 143, _Plates_ 52, 54; - _limitata_, 144, _Plates_ 52, 54; - _moeniata_, 145; - _plumbaria_, 143, _Plate_ 54 - _Orthosia._ See _Amathes_. - _Ourapteryx sambucaria_, 282. _Plates_ 117, 118 - - _Pachycnema hippocastanaria_, 318. _Plates_ 137, 140 - _Pachys betularia_, 301, _Plates_ 128, 129; - _strataria_, 300, _Plates_ 127, 128 - Pale Brindled Beauty, 295. _Plates_ 122, 126 - Pale-lemon Sallow, 22. _Plate_ 10 - Pale Oak Beauty, 309. _Plate_ 135 - Pale Pinion, 29. _Plate_ 12 - Pale Shoulder, 53. _Plate_ 19 - _Parascotia fuliginaria_, 86. _Plate_ 36 - Peacock, 287. _Plate_ 119 - Pease Blossom, 47. _Plate_ 17 - _Pechypogon barbalis_, 91. _Plate_ 35 - _Pelurga comitata_, 254. _Plate_ 102 - Peppered Moth, 301. _Plates_ 128, 129 - _Percnoptilota fluviata_, 258. _Plate_ 102 - _Perconia strigillaria_, 332. _Plate_ 144 - _Perizoma affinitata_, 205, _Plate_ 83; - _albulata_, 208, _Plates_ 83, 84; - _alchemillata_, 206, _Plate_ 83; - _blandiata_, 210, _Plate_ 83; - _bifasciata_, 208, _Plate_ 83; - _flavofasciata_, 207, _Plate_ 85; - _minorata_, 209, _Plate_ 83; - _taeniata_, 211, _Plate_ 85 - _Phasiane petraria_, 327. _Plate_ 143 - _Phibalapteryx lapidata_, 255, _Plate_ 102; - _polygrammata_, 256, _Plate_ 102; - _tersata_, 257, _Plate_ 102; - _vitalbata_, 256, _Plate_ 102 - _Phigalia pedaria_, 295. _Plates_ 122, 126 - _Philereme._ See _Scotosia_. - Phoenix, 164. _Plates_ 63, 67 - _Phragmataecia castaneae_, 349. _Plate_ 153 - Pimpinel Pug, 228. _Plate_ 95 - Pine Carpet, 176. _Plates_ 70, 71 - Pinion-spotted Pug, 226. _Plate_ 96 - Pinion-streaked Snout, 95. _Plate_ 36 - Pink-barred Sallow, 19. _Plates_ 6, 10 - Plain Golden Y, 69. _Plate_ 24 - Plain Pug, 237. _Plates_ 94, 97 - Plain Wave, 119. _Plates_ 46, 47 - _Plastenis retusa_, 9, _Plate_ 4; - _subtusa_, 9, _Plate_ 4 - _Plusia bractea_, 67, _Plate_ 24; - _chrysitis_, 65, _Plate_ 22; - _chryson_, 66, _Plate_ 24; - _festucae_, 68, _Plate_ 24; - _gamma_, 72, _Plate_ 26; - _interrogationis_, 73, _Plates_ 26, 28; - _iota_, 69, _Plate_ 24; - _moneta_, 64, _Plates_ 22, 27; - _ni_, 70, _Plates_ 26, 28; - _pulchrina_, 70, _Plate_ 24 - Portland Ribbon Wave, 118. _Plate_ 46 - Pretty Chalk Carpet, 204. _Plate_ 82 - Pretty Pinion, 210. _Plate_ 83 - _Prothymnia viridaria_, 61. _Plates_ 21, 25 - _Pseudophia lunaris_, 77. _Plate_ 29 - _Pseudoterpna pruinata_, 101. _Plates_ 38, 41 - _Psodos coracina_, 321. _Plate_ 139 - _Ptychopoda._ See _Acidalia_ - Purple Bar, 203. _Plate_ 82 - Purple-bordered Gold, 109. _Plate_ 82 - Purple Marbled, 55. _Plate_ 21 - Purple Thorn, 276. _Plates_ 112, 113 - _Pylarge fumata_, 131. _Plate_ 50 - _Pyrrhia umbra_, 47. _Plates_ 17, 20 - - Rannoch Brindled Beauty, 297. _Plates_ 126, 134 - Rannoch Looper, 327. _Plate_ 143 - Red-belted Clearwing, 356. _Plate_ 155 - Red Carpet, 180. _Plate_ 72 - Red-green Carpet, 173. _Plate_ 68 - Red-headed Chestnut, 23. _Plate_ 11 - Red-line Quaker, 12. _Plates_ 5, 7 - Red Sword-grass, 35. _Plates_ 8, 14 - Red-tipped Clearwing, 357. _Plates_ 155, 156 - Red Twin-spot Carpet, 182. _Plate_ 72 - Red Underwing, 80. _Plates_ 31, 33 - Reed Leopard, 349. _Plate_ 153 - Rest Harrow Moth, 101. _Plate_ 38 - _Rhagades globulariae_, 342. _Plate_ 147 - Riband Wave, 120. _Plates_ 46, 47 - Ringed Carpet, 304. _Plate_ 130 - _Rivula sericealis_, 60. _Plates_ 21, 23 - Rivulet, 205. _Plate_ 83 - Rosy Marbled, 59. _Plates_ 21, 25 - Rosy Wave, 128. _Plate_ 49 - Royal Mantle, 216. _Plate_ 88 - Ruddy High-flyer, 215. _Plate_ 86 - _Rumia crataegata_, 283. _Plate_ 117 - Rusty Wave, 111. _Plate_ 45 - - Sallow, 20. _Plates_ 6, 10 - Sandy Carpet, 207. _Plate_ 85 - Satellite, 27. _Plate_ 12 - Satin Carpet, 306. _Plates_ 132, 138 - Satin Wave, 117. _Plate_ 45 - Satyr Pug, 239. _Plate_ 96 - Scalloped Hazel, 278. _Plates_ 114, 115 - Scalloped Oak, 280. _Plates_ 114, 116 - Scallop Shell, 160. _Plates_ 60, 62 - Scarce Blackneck, 84. _Plate_ 32 - Scarce Bordered Straw, 52. _Plates_ 19, 20 - Scarce Burnished Brass, 66. _Plate_ 24 - Scarce Forester, 342. _Plate_ 147 - Scarce Pug, 238. _Plate_ 97 - Scarce Silver Y, 73. _Plates_ 26, 28 - Scarce Tissue, 159. _Plate_ 60 - Scarce Umber, 291. _Plates_ 120, 125 - _Sciadion obscurata_, 319. _Plates_ 139, 140 - _Sciapteron tabaniformis_, 351. _Plate_ 154 - _Scodiona fagaria_, 329. _Plates_ 142, 144 - _Scoliopteryx libatrix_, 63. _Plates_ 22, 25 - _Scopelosoma satellitia_, 27 - Scorched Carpet, 263. _Plates_ 105, 107 - Scorched Wing, 282. _Plate_ 117 - _Scoria lineata_, 330. _Plate_ 144 - Scotch Annulet, 320. _Plate_ 139 - Scotch Burnet, 335. _Plate_ 146 - _Scotosia rhamnata_, 162, _Plate_ 60; - _vetulata_, 161, _Plate_ 60 - _Selenia bilunaria_, 274, _Plate_ 112; - _lunaria_, 276, _Plates_ 112, 113; - _tetralunaria_, 276, _Plates_ 112, 113 - _Selidosoma ericetaria_, 325. _Plates_ 142, 143 - _Semiothisa alternata_, 288, _Plates_ 119, 123; - _liturata_, 288, _Plates_ 61, 119, 123; - _notata_, 287, _Plate_ 119 - September Thorn, 273. _Plate_ 134 - Seraphim, 155. _Plate_ 57 - _Sesia andrenaeformis_, 353, _Plates_ 1, 156; - _chrysidiformis_, 359, _Plate_ 155; - _culiciformis_, 357, _Plate_ 155; - _formiciformis_, 357, _Plates_ 155, 156; - _ichneumoniformis_, 358, _Plate_ 155; - _muscaeformis_, 359, _Plate_ 155; - _myopaeformis_, 356, _Plate_ 155; - _scoliaeformis_, 352, _Plates_ 154, 156; - _spheciformis_, 353, _Plate_ 154; - _tipuliformis_, 354, _Plates_ 154, 156; - _vespiformis_, 355, _Plate_ 155 - Sesiidae, 350 - Shaded Broad-bar, 144. _Plates_ 52, 54 - Shaded Pug, 242. _Plate_ 97 - Shark, 40. _Plate_ 16 - Sharp-angled Carpet, 199. _Plate_ 82 - Sharp-angled Peacock, 288. _Plates_ 119, 123 - Shoulder Stripe, 217. _Plates_ 88, 89 - Silky Wave, 116. _Plate_ 45 - Silver Barred, 57. _Plate_ 21 - Silver-ground Carpet, 193. _Plate_ 80 - Silver Hook, 58. _Plate_ 21 - Silver Y, 72. _Plate_ 26 - Single Dotted Wave, 121. _Plates_ 46, 47 - Six-belted Clearwing, 358. _Plate_ 155 - Six-spot Burnet, 340. _Plates_ 145, 147, 148 - Slender Pug, 245. _Plate_ 98 - Slender-striped Pug, 255. _Plate_ 102 - Sloe Carpet, 264. _Plate_ 107 - Small Argent and Sable, 198. _Plate_ 81 - Small Autumnal Carpet, 190. _Plate_ 77 - Small Blood-vein, 129. _Plates_ 48, 49 - Small Brindled Beauty, 296. _Plates_ 124, 126 - Small Dark Yellow Underwing, 44. _Plate_ 17 - Small Dusty Wave, 112. _Plate_ 45 - Small Emerald, 103. _Plates_ 40, 44 - Small Fan-foot, 88. _Plates_ 34, 35 - Small Fan-footed Wave, 121. _Plate_ 46 - Small Grass Emerald, 106. _Plates_ 43, 44 - Small Marbled, 56. _Plate_ 21 - Small Phoenix, 162. _Plate_ 63 - Small Purple Barred, 61. _Plates_ 21, 25 - Small Rivulet, 206. _Plate_ 83 - Small Scallop, 133. _Plate_ 50 - Small Seraphim, 156. _Plate_ 58 - Small Waved Umber, 256. _Plate_ 102 - Small White Wave, 220. _Plates_ 90, 91 - Small Yellow Underwing, 46. _Plate_ 17 - Small Yellow Wave, 220. _Plate_ 91 - Smoky Wave, 131. _Plate_ 50 - Snout, 93. _Plates_ 35, 37 - Speckled Beauty, 310. _Plate_ 134 - Speckled Yellow, 286. _Plates_ 61, 119 - Spectacle, 74. _Plate_ 22 - Spinach Moth, 167. _Plates_ 65, 67 - Spotted Clover, 49. _Plate_ 19 - Spotted Sulphur, 62. _Plate_ 21 - Spring Usher, 290. _Plate_ 120 - Square Spot, 315. _Plates_ 137, 138 - Star-wort, 39. _Plates_ 15, 18 - _Sterrha sacraria_, 141. _Plate_ 54 - Straw Belle, 330. _Plate_ 144 - Straw Dot, 60. _Plate_ 21 - Streak, 150. _Plates_ 56, 57 - Streamer, 219. _Plates_ 88, 89 - _Strenia clathrata_, 328. _Plate_ 143 - Striped Lychnis, 38. _Plates_ 15, 18 - Striped Twin-spot Carpet, 186. _Plates_ 73, 75 - Sub-angled Wave, 127. _Plate_ 49 - Suspected, 7. _Plate_ 4 - Swallow-tailed, 282. _Plates_ 117, 118 - Sword-grass, 34. _Plate_ 14 - _Synopsia abruptaria_, 303, _Plates_ 130, 133, 134 - - _Tarache lucida_, var. _albicollis_, 53, _Plate_ 19; - _luctuosa_, 54, _Plates_ 19, 23 - Tawny-barred Angle, 288. _Plates_ 61, 119, 123 - Tawny Pinion, 28. _Plate_ 12 - Tawny-speckled Pug, 241. _Plate_ 97 - Tawny Wave, 130. _Plate_ 50 - _Tephrosia bistortata_, 312, _Plates_ 136, 138; - _consonaria_, 315, _Plates_ 137, 138; - _luridata_, 314, _Plate_ 137; - _punctularia_, 316, _Plate_ 137 - _Thalera fimbrialis_, 108 - _Thalpochares ostrina_, 55, _Plate_ 21; - _parva_, 56, _Plate_ 21; - _paula_, 56, _Plate_ 21 - _Thamnonoma wauaria_, 326, _Plates_ 142, 143; - _brunneata_, 327, _Plate_ 143 - _Thera cognata_, 176, _Plate_ 70; - _firmata_, 176, _Plates_ 70, 71; - _juniperata_, 177, _Plate_ 70; - _variata_, 175, _Plates_ 70, 71 - _Tholomiges turfosalis_, 96. _Plate_ 36 - Thrift Clearwing, 359. _Plate_ 155 - Thyme Pug, 229. _Plate_ 95 - _Timandra amata_, 134. _Plate_ 50 - Tissue, 158. _Plates_ 60, 62 - Toadflax Pug, 224. _Plate_ 93 - _Toxocampa craccae_, 84, _Plate_ 32; - _pastinum_, 83, _Plate_ 32 - Transparent Burnet, 334. _Plates_ 145, 146 - Treble-bar, 149. _Plate_ 55 - Treble Brown Spot, 122. _Plate_ 46 - Triangle, 346. _Plates_ 149, 153 - _Trichopteryx._ See _Lobophora_ - _Triphosa dubitata_, 158. _Plates_ 60, 62 - Triple-spotted Pug, 236. _Plate_ 97 - _Trochilium apiformis_, 350, _Plate_ 154; - _crabroniformis_, 351, _Plate_ 154 - Twin-spot Carpet, 187. _Plate_ 77 - - Valerian Pug, 243. _Plate_ 98 - _Venilia maculata_, 286. _Plates_ 61, 119 - _Venusia cambrica_, 190. _Plate_ 78 - Vestal, 141. _Plate_ 54 - V-moth, 326. _Plates_ 142, 143 - V-Pug, 251. _Plates_ 99, 100 - - Water Betony, 37. _Plate_ 15 - Water Carpet, 178. _Plates_ 72, 74 - Waved Black, 86. _Plate_ 36 - Waved Carpet, 221. _Plate_ 91 - Waved Umber, 303. _Plates_ 130, 133, 134 - Weaver's Wave, 109. _Plate_ 45 - Welsh Clearwing, 352. _Plates_ 154, 156 - Welsh Wave, 190. _Plate_ 78 - White-barred Clearwing, 353. _Plate_ 154 - White-line Snout, 94. _Plate_ 36 - White-pinion Spotted, 265. _Plate_ 107 - White-spotted Pinion, 4. _Plates_ 2, 3 - White-spotted Pug, 234. _Plates_ 92, 97 - Willow Beauty, 305. _Plates_ 130, 131 - Winter Moth, 156. _Plate_ 58 - Wood Carpet, 196. _Plates_ 79, 81 - Wormwood, 42. _Plate_ 16 - Wormwood Pug, 231. _Plate_ 95 - - _Xanthia aurago_, 18, _Plate_ 10; - _citrago_, 17, _Plate_ 10; - _flavago_, 19, _Plates_ 6, 10; - _fulvago_, 20, _Plates_ 6, 10; - _gilvago_, 21, _Plate_ 10; - _lutea_, 19, _Plates_ 6, 10; - _ocellaris_, 22, _Plate_ 10 - _Xantholeuca croceago_, 22. _Plates_ 6, 10 - _Xanthorhoe fluctuata_, 194, _Plates_ 61, 80; - _galiata_, 195, _Plates_ 79, 81; - _montanata_, 193, _Plate_ 80; - _picata_, 200, _Plate_ 82; - _rivata_, 196, _Plates_ 79, 81; - _sociata_, 197, _Plates_ 79, 81; - _tristata_, 198, _Plate_ 81; - _unangulata_, 199, _Plate_ 82 - _Xylina._ See _Lithophane_ and _Graptolitha_. - _Xylocampa areola_, 33. _Plates_ 8, 12 - - Yellow Belle, 331. _Plates_ 142, 144 - Yellow-barred Brindle, 153. _Plate_ 58 - Yellow-legged Clearwing, 355. _Plate_ 155 - Yellow-line Quaker, 13. _Plate_ 7 - Yellow-ringed Carpet, 192. _Plate_ 80 - Yellow Shell, 212. _Plates_ 61, 84, 85 - - _Zanclognatha emortualis_, 88, _Plate_ 36; - _grisealis_, 88, _Plates_ 34, 35; - _tarsipennalis_, 87. _Plates_ 34, 35 - _Zeuzera pyrina_, 348. _Plates_ 152, 153 - _Zygaena achilleae_, 335, _Plate_ 1; - _exulans_, 335, _Plate_ 146; - _filipendulae_, 340, _Plates_ 145, 147, 148; - _lonicerae_, 339. _Plates_ 145, 147; - _meliloti_, 336, _Plates_ 146, 148; - _purpuralis_, 334, _Plates_ 145, 146; - _trifolii_, 337, _Plates_ 145, 146, 148 - Zygaenidae, 333 - - * * * * * - - -A LIST OF THE VOLUMES IN THE WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND SERIES - - * * * * * - -WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND BLOSSOMS A Pocket Guide to British Wild Flowers, for -the Country Rambler. (First and Second Series.) With clear Descriptions of -760 Species. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. And Coloured Figures of 257 Species by -MABEL E. STEP. - -WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND TREES A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva. By EDWARD -STEP, F.L.S. With 127 Plates from Original Photographs by HENRY IRVING. And -57 Illustrations of the Leaves, Flowers & Fruit by MABEL E. STEP. - -WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND FERNS A Pocket Guide to the British Ferns, Horsetails -and Club-Mosses. By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. With Coloured Figures of every -Species by MABEL E. STEP. And 67 Photographs by the Author. - -THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES A Pocket Guide for the Country -Rambler. With clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species. By -RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature, -and numerous Black and White Drawings. - -THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES (First and Second Series). A Complete Pocket -Guide to all the Species included in the Groups formerly known as -Macro-lepidoptera. By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With upwards of 1500 Coloured -Figures photographed from Nature, and numerous Black and White Drawings. - -AT ALL BOOKSELLERS. _Full Prospectuses on application to the Publishers_-- -FREDERICK WARNE AND CO., LTD. LONDON: 15, Bedford Street, Strand. 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