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diff --git a/43711-h/43711-h.htm b/43711-h/43711-h.htm index 2c12831..fe9952b 100644 --- a/43711-h/43711-h.htm +++ b/43711-h/43711-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> A History of Chinese Literature, by Herbert A. Giles--The Project Gutenberg eBook @@ -183,10 +183,6 @@ font-style: italic; .mobile {visibility: hidden; display: none;} -@media handheld { - .mobile {visibility: visible; display: block;} -} - .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} .poem span.i10 {display: block; margin-left: 5em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} .poem span.i11 {display: block; margin-left: 5.5em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} @@ -208,44 +204,7 @@ font-style: italic; </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's A History of Chinese Literature, by Herbert A. Giles - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: A History of Chinese Literature - -Author: Herbert A. Giles - -Release Date: September 13, 2013 [EBook #43711] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF CHINESE LITERATURE *** - - - - -Produced by Henry Flower and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43711 ***</div> <div class="transnote mobile center">The cover image was produced by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</div> @@ -368,7 +327,7 @@ HERBERT A. GILES.</p> <tr><td colspan="2" class="large center"><i>BOOK THE THIRD—MINOR DYNASTIES</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 200-600)</td></tr> <tr><td>I. POETRY—MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr> <tr><td>II. CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="large center"><i>BOOK THE FOURTH—THE T’ANG DYNASTY</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 600-900)</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2" class="large center"><i>BOOK THE FOURTH—THE T‘ANG DYNASTY</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 600-900)</td></tr> <tr><td>I. POETRY</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>II. CLASSICAL AND GENERAL LITERATURE</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="large center"><i>BOOK THE FIFTH—THE SUNG DYNASTY</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 900-1200)</td></tr> @@ -389,7 +348,7 @@ HERBERT A. GILES.</p> <tr><td colspan="2" class="large center"><i>BOOK THE EIGHTH—THE MANCHU DYNASTY</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1644-1900)</td></tr> <tr><td>I. THE “LIAO CHAI”—THE “HUNG LOU MÊNG”</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>II. THE EMPERORS K’ANG HSI AND CH’IEN LUNG</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>II. THE EMPERORS K‘ANG HSI AND CH’IEN LUNG</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr> <tr><td>III. CLASSICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE—POETRY</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr> <tr><td>IV. WALL LITERATURE—JOURNALISM—WIT AND HUMOUR—PROVERBS AND MAXIMS</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_425">425</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="large">BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE</td><td class="right"><a href="#Page_441">441</a></td></tr> @@ -514,7 +473,7 @@ by the substitution of paper and a camel’s-hair brush for<span class="pagenum" the bamboo tablet and stylus of old. The actual stages by which that point was reached are so far unknown to us. China has her Cadmus in the person of a prehistoric -individual named Ts’ang Chieh, who is said to have had +individual named Ts‘ang Chieh, who is said to have had four eyes, and to have taken the idea of a written language from the markings of birds’ claws upon the sand. Upon the achievement of his task the sky rained grain @@ -648,7 +607,7 @@ the throne of the empire was transmitted from father to son, and there were no more abdications in favour of virtuous sages. The fourth division of the Book of History deals with the decadence of the Hsia rulers and -their final displacement in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 1766 by T’ang the Completer, +their final displacement in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 1766 by T‘ang the Completer, founder of the Shang dynasty. By <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 1122, the Shang sovereigns had similarly lapsed from the kingly qualities of their founder to even a lower level of degradation @@ -843,7 +802,7 @@ has been searchingly examined, until the force of exegesis can no farther go. There is one famous line which runs, according to the accepted commentary, “The muddiness of the Ching river appears from the (clearness -of the) Wei river.” In 1790 the Emperor Ch’ien +of the) Wei river.” In 1790 the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung, dissatisfied with this interpretation, sent a viceroy to examine the rivers. The latter reported that the Ching was really clear and the Wei muddy, so that the @@ -1257,7 +1216,7 @@ the hands of Confucius. The following is an extract <p>Confucius said: “Formerly, along with Lao Tan, I was assisting at a burial in the village of Hsiang, and when we had got to the path the sun was eclipsed. -Lao Tan said to me, ‘Ch’iu, let the bier be stopped +Lao Tan said to me, ‘Ch‘iu, let the bier be stopped on the left of the road; and then let us wail and wait till the eclipse pass away. When it is light again we will proceed.’ He said that this was the rule. When @@ -1296,7 +1255,7 @@ everyday life.</p> <div class="sidenote">THE SPRING AND AUTUMN</div> <p>We now come to the last of the Five Classics as at -present constituted, the <cite>Ch’un Ch’iu</cite>, or Spring and +present constituted, the <cite>Ch‘un Ch‘iu</cite>, or Spring and Autumn Annals. This is a chronological record of the chief events in the State of Lu between the years <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 722-484, and is generally regarded as the work of @@ -1308,9 +1267,9 @@ phenomena.</p> <p>The following are a few illustrative extracts:—</p> <p>“In the 7th year of Duke Chao, in spring, the -Northern Yen State made peace with the Ch’i State.</p> +Northern Yen State made peace with the Ch‘i State.</p> -<p>“In the 3rd month the Duke visited the Ch’u State.</p> +<p>“In the 3rd month the Duke visited the Ch‘u State.</p> <p>“In summer, on the <i>chia shên</i> day of the 4th month (March 11th, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 594), the sun was eclipsed.</p> @@ -1341,7 +1300,7 @@ life-withering like autumn.”</p> <div class="sidenote">THE TSO CHUAN</div> -<p>Such is the <cite>Ch’un Ch’iu</cite>; and if that were all, it is +<p>Such is the <cite>Ch‘un Ch‘iu</cite>; and if that were all, it is difficult to say how the boast of Confucius could ever have been fulfilled. But it is not all; there is a saving clause. For bound up, so to speak, with the @@ -1390,7 +1349,7 @@ very severe.”</p> <p>Under the 12th year of Duke Hsüan the Spring and Autumn says—</p> -<p>“In spring the ruler of the Ch’u State besieged the +<p>“In spring the ruler of the Ch‘u State besieged the capital of the Chêng State.”</p> <p>Thereupon the <cite>Tso Chuan</cite> adds a long account of the @@ -1399,12 +1358,12 @@ is extracted:—</p> <p>“In the rout which followed, a war-chariot of the Chin State stuck in a deep rut and could not get on. Thereupon -a man of the Ch’u State advised the charioteer to +a man of the Ch‘u State advised the charioteer to take out the stand for arms. This eased it a little, but again the horses turned round. The man then advised that the flagstaff should be taken out and used as a lever, and at last the chariot was extricated. ‘Ah,’ said the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -charioteer to the man of Ch’u, ‘we don’t know so much +charioteer to the man of Ch‘u, ‘we don’t know so much about running away as the people of your worthy State.’”</p> @@ -1419,7 +1378,7 @@ addresses himself to his lute in order to regulate his conduct, and not to delight his heart.”</p> <p>When the rabid old anti-foreign tutor of the late -Emperor T’ung Chih was denouncing the barbarians, +Emperor T‘ung Chih was denouncing the barbarians, and expressing a kindly desire to “sleep on their skins,” he was quoting the phraseology of the <cite>Tso Chuan</cite>.</p> @@ -1460,7 +1419,7 @@ wit at once adapted a verse of doggerel found in the <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">“Yü sai, yü sai<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ch’i chia fu lai.”<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ch‘i chia fu lai.”<br /></span> </div></div> <div class="sidenote">KU-LIANG AND KUNG-YANG</div> @@ -1566,9 +1525,9 @@ reference to the same passage:—</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> <p><em>Text.</em>—“In summer, in the 5th month, the Sung State -made peace with the Ch’u State.</p> +made peace with the Ch‘u State.</p> -<p>“In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 587 King Chuang of Ch’u was besieging the +<p>“In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 587 King Chuang of Ch‘u was besieging the capital of Sung. He had only rations for seven days, and if these were exhausted before he could take the city, he meant to withdraw. He therefore sent his @@ -1596,7 +1555,7 @@ the general; ‘I told the officer we had only rations for seven days.’ King Chuang was greatly enraged at this; but the general said, ‘If a small State like Sung has officers who speak the truth, should not the State of -Ch’u have such men also?’ The king still wished to +Ch‘u have such men also?’ The king still wished to remain, but the general threatened to leave him, and thus peace was brought about between the two States.”</p> @@ -1777,17 +1736,17 @@ near a college, where he soon began to imitate the ceremonial observances in which the students were instructed, to the great joy and satisfaction of his mother.</p> -<p>Later on he studied under K’ung Chi, the grandson of +<p>Later on he studied under K‘ung Chi, the grandson of Confucius; and after having attained to a perfect apprehension of the roms or Way of Confucius, became, at the age of about forty-five, Minister under Prince Hsüan of -the Ch’i State. But the latter would not carry out his +the Ch‘i State. But the latter would not carry out his principles, and Mencius threw up his post. Thence he wandered away to several States, advising their rulers to the best of his ability, but making no very prolonged stay. He then visited Prince Hui of the Liang State, and abode there until the monarch’s death in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 319. After that -event he returned to the State of Ch’i and resumed his +event he returned to the State of Ch‘i and resumed his old position. In <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 311 he once more felt himself constrained to resign office, and retired finally into private life, occupying himself during the remainder of @@ -1800,7 +1759,7 @@ and iron the gentle virtues of the Golden Age. His criterion was that of Confucius, but his teachings were on a lower plane, dealing rather with man’s well-being from the point of view of political economy. He was -therefore justly named by Chao Ch’i the Second Holy +therefore justly named by Chao Ch‘i the Second Holy One or Prophet, a title under which he is still known. He was an uncompromising defender of the doctrines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> of Confucius, and he is considered to have effectually @@ -1985,7 +1944,7 @@ Sect. xxxix. of the Book of Rites, and really means learning for adults, we have a short politico-ethical treatise, the authorship of which is unknown, but is usually attributed partly to Confucius, and partly to -<span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts’an</span>, one of the most famous of his disciples. +<span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts‘an</span>, one of the most famous of his disciples. In the former portion there occurs the following well-known climax:—</p> @@ -2006,7 +1965,7 @@ which forms Ch. xxviii. of the Book of Rites, brings us to the end of the Four Books. Its title has been translated in various ways.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Julien rendered the term by “L’Invariable Milieu,” Legge by “The Doctrine of the -Mean.” Its authorship is assigned to <span class="smcap">K’ung Chi</span>, grand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>son +Mean.” Its authorship is assigned to <span class="smcap">K‘ung Chi</span>, grand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>son of Confucius. He seems to have done little more than enlarge upon certain general principles of his grandfather in relation to the nature of man and right @@ -2099,22 +2058,22 @@ which has often been assigned to the 12th century <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> It is a guide to the correct use of many miscel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>laneous terms, including names of animals, birds, plants, etc., to which are added numerous illustrations. It was -first edited with commentary by Kuo P’o, of whom we +first edited with commentary by Kuo P‘o, of whom we shall read later on, and some Chinese critics would have us believe that the illustrations we now possess were then already in existence. But the whole question is involved in mystery. The following will give an idea of the text:—</p> -<p>“For metal we say <i>lou</i> (to chase); for wood <i>k’o</i> (to -carve); for bone <i>ch’ieh</i> (to cut),” etc., etc.</p> +<p>“For metal we say <i>lou</i> (to chase); for wood <i>k‘o</i> (to +carve); for bone <i>ch‘ieh</i> (to cut),” etc., etc.</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<div class="sidenote">T’AN KUNG</div> +<div class="sidenote">T‘AN KUNG</div> <p>There are some interesting remains of a writer named -<span class="smcap">T’an Kung</span>, who flourished in the 4th and 3rd centuries +<span class="smcap">T‘an Kung</span>, who flourished in the 4th and 3rd centuries <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>, and whose work has been included in the Book of Rites. The three following extracts will give an idea of his scope:—</p> @@ -2171,7 +2130,7 @@ altogether, I am willing; if not, then the duty will devolve upon you two.’ From that time forth the custom fell into desuetude.”</p> -<p>3. “When Confucius was crossing the T’ai mountain, +<p>3. “When Confucius was crossing the T‘ai mountain, he overheard a woman weeping and wailing beside a grave. He thereupon sent one of his disciples to ask what was the matter; and the latter addressed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> @@ -2219,7 +2178,7 @@ artificial result.”</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> <p>The <cite>Hsiao Ching</cite>, or Classic of Filial Piety, is assigned -partly to Confucius and partly to <span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts’an</span>, though +partly to Confucius and partly to <span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts‘an</span>, though it more probably belongs to a very much later date. Considering that filial piety is admittedly the keystone of Chinese civilisation, it is disappointing to find nothing @@ -2250,16 +2209,16 @@ composed by Wang Su, a learned official who died <span class="smcap lowercase">A this same title, but how far the later work is indebted to it, or based upon it, seems likely to remain unknown.</p> -<p>Another discredited work is the <cite>Lü Shih Ch’un Ch’iu</cite>, +<p>Another discredited work is the <cite>Lü Shih Ch‘un Ch‘iu</cite>, or Spring and Autumn of <span class="smcap">Lü Pu-wei</span>, who died <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 235 and was the putative sire of the First Emperor (see ch. vii.). It contains a great deal about the early history of China, some of which is no doubt based upon fact.</p> -<div class="sidenote">MU T’IEN TZŬ CHUAN</div> +<div class="sidenote">MU T‘IEN TZŬ CHUAN</div> <p>Lastly, among spurious books may be mentioned the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -<span class="smcap">Mu T’ien Tzŭ Chuan</span>, an account of a mythical journey +<span class="smcap">Mu T‘ien Tzŭ Chuan</span>, an account of a mythical journey by a sovereign of the Chou dynasty, supposed to have been taken about 1000 <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> The sovereign is unfortunately spoken of by his posthumous title, and the work @@ -2294,7 +2253,7 @@ highest excellence in poetry that the meaning should lie beyond the words, and that the reader should have to think it out.” Of these three canons only the last can be said to have survived to the present day. But in the -fourth century <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>, Ch’ü Yüan and his school indulged +fourth century <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>, Ch‘ü Yüan and his school indulged in wild irregular metres which consorted well with their wild irregular thoughts. Their poetry was prose run mad. It was allusive and allegorical to a high degree, @@ -2303,7 +2262,7 @@ quite unintelligible.</p> <div class="sidenote">LI SAO</div> -<p><span class="smcap">Ch’ü Yüan</span> is the type of a loyal Minister. He enjoyed +<p><span class="smcap">Ch‘ü Yüan</span> is the type of a loyal Minister. He enjoyed the full confidence of his Prince until at length the jealousies and intrigues of rivals sapped his position in the State. Then it was that he composed the <cite>Li Sao</cite>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> @@ -2334,7 +2293,7 @@ longer to live, he went forth to the banks of the Mi-lo river. There he met a fisherman who accosted him, saying, “Are you not his Excellency the Minister? What has brought you to this pass?” “The world,” -replied Ch’ü Yüan, “is foul, and I alone am clean. +replied Ch‘ü Yüan, “is foul, and I alone am clean. There they are all drunk, while I alone am sober. So I am dismissed.” “Ah!” said the fisherman, “the true sage does not quarrel with his environment, but adapts @@ -2342,15 +2301,15 @@ himself to it. If, as you say, the world is foul, why not leap into the tide and make it clean? If all men are drunk, why not drink with them and teach them to avoid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> excess?” After some further colloquy, the fisherman -rowed away; and Ch’ü Yüan, clasping a large stone in +rowed away; and Ch‘ü Yüan, clasping a large stone in his arms, plunged into the river and was seen no more. This took place on the fifth of the fifth moon; and ever -afterwards the people of Ch’u commemorated the day +afterwards the people of Ch‘u commemorated the day by an annual festival, when offerings of rice in bamboo tubes were cast into the river as a sacrifice to the spirit of their great hero. Such is the origin of the modern Dragon-Boat Festival, which is supposed to be a search -for the body of Ch’ü Yüan.</p> +for the body of Ch‘ü Yüan.</p> <p>A good specimen of his style will be found in the following short poem, entitled “The Genius of the @@ -2395,7 +2354,7 @@ my grief.”</p> <p>Another leading poet of the day was <span class="smcap">Sung Yü</span>, of whom we know little beyond the fact that he was nephew -of Ch’ü Yüan, and like his uncle both a statesman and +of Ch‘ü Yüan, and like his uncle both a statesman and a poet. The following extract exhibits him in a mood not far removed from the lamentations of the <cite>Li Sao</cite>:—</p> @@ -2463,7 +2422,7 @@ upon the national happiness of those halcyon days:—</p> <p>It seems to have been customary in early days to attach inscriptions, poetical and otherwise, to all sorts of -articles for daily use. On the bath-tub of T’ang, founder +articles for daily use. On the bath-tub of T‘ang, founder of the Shang dynasty in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 1766, there was said to have been written these words:—“If any one on any one day can make a new man of himself, let him do so every day.” @@ -2526,12 +2485,12 @@ in the year <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 604. Omitting all referenc phenomena which attended his birth and early years, it only remains to say that we really know next to nothing about him. There is a short biography of Lao<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -Tzŭ to be found in the history of Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien, to be +Tzŭ to be found in the history of Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien, to be dealt with in Book II., chapter iii., but internal evidence points to embroidery laid on by other hands. Just as it was deemed necessary by pious enthusiasts to interpolate in the work of Josephus a passage referring to Christ, so -it would appear that the original note by Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien +it would appear that the original note by Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien has been carefully touched up to suit the requirements of an unauthenticated meeting between Lao Tzŭ and Confucius, which has been inserted very much <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">à propos de @@ -2549,7 +2508,7 @@ in two parts, on Tao and Tê,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a hre words. He then went away, and no one knows where he died.”</p> -<p>It is clear from Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien’s account that he himself +<p>It is clear from Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien’s account that he himself had never seen the book, though a dwindling minority still believe that we possess that book in the well-known <cite>Tao-Tê-Ching</cite>.</p> @@ -2558,7 +2517,7 @@ well-known <cite>Tao-Tê-Ching</cite>.</p> believed to be the writings of Confucius the name of Lao Tzŭ is never once mentioned.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> It is not mentioned by Tso of the famous commentary, nor by the -editors of the Confucian Analects, nor by Tsêng Ts’an,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +editors of the Confucian Analects, nor by Tsêng Ts‘an,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> nor by Mencius. Chuang Tzŭ, who devoted all his energies to the exposition and enforcement of the teaching of Lao Tzŭ, never once drops even a hint that his @@ -2654,7 +2613,7 @@ guide to a nearer appreciation of this elusive Tao.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Chuang Tzŭ</span> was born in the fourth century <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>, and held a petty official post. “He wrote,” says the historian -Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien, “with a view to asperse the Confucian +Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien, “with a view to asperse the Confucian school and to glorify the mysteries of Lao Tzŭ.... His teachings are like an overwhelming flood, which spreads at its own sweet will. Consequently, from rulers and @@ -2860,7 +2819,7 @@ the sea, saying, ‘A thousand <i>li</i> would not measure its breadth, nor a thousand fathoms its depth. In the days of the Great Yü, there were nine years of flood out of ten; but this did not add to its bulk. In the days of -T’ang, there were seven years out of eight of drought; +T‘ang, there were seven years out of eight of drought; but this did not narrow its span. Not to be affected by duration of time, not to be affected by volume of water,—such is the great happiness of the eastern sea.’</p> @@ -2872,12 +2831,12 @@ to attempt to understand me, Chuang Tzŭ, is like a<span class="pagenum"><a name mosquito trying to carry a mountain, or an ant to swim a river,—they cannot succeed.”</p> -<p>(3.) “Chuang Tzŭ was fishing in the P’u when the -prince of Ch’u sent two high officials to ask him to take -charge of the administration of the Ch’u State.</p> +<p>(3.) “Chuang Tzŭ was fishing in the P‘u when the +prince of Ch‘u sent two high officials to ask him to take +charge of the administration of the Ch‘u State.</p> <p>“Chuang Tzŭ went on fishing, and without turning -his head said, ‘I have heard that in Ch’u there is a sacred +his head said, ‘I have heard that in Ch‘u there is a sacred tortoise which has been dead now some three thousand years. And that the prince keeps this tortoise carefully enclosed in a chest on the altar of his ancestral temple. @@ -3158,11 +3117,11 @@ spot.</p> <p>Lao Tzŭ said, “Do not value the man, value his abilities.” Whereupon Huai-nan Tzŭ tells a story of -a general of the Ch’u State who was fond of surrounding +a general of the Ch‘u State who was fond of surrounding himself with men of ability, and once even went so far as to engage a man who represented himself as a master-thief. His retainers were aghast; but shortly -afterwards their State was attacked by the Ch’i State, and +afterwards their State was attacked by the Ch‘i State, and then, when fortune was adverse and all was on the point of being lost, the master-thief begged to be allowed to try his skill. He went by night into the enemy’s camp, @@ -3174,7 +3133,7 @@ was restored with a similar message; and the following night he stole the long pin used to secure the hair.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> “Good heavens!” cried the general at a council of war, “they will have my head next.” Upon which the army -of the Ch’i State was withdrawn.</p> +of the Ch‘i State was withdrawn.</p> <p>Among passages of general interest the following may well be quoted:—</p> @@ -3226,7 +3185,7 @@ we are now about to enter.</p> bond between suzerain and vassal had grown weaker and weaker until at length it had ceased to exist. Then came the opportunity and the man. The ruler of the -powerful State of Ch’in, after gradually vanquishing and +powerful State of Ch‘in, after gradually vanquishing and absorbing such of the other rival States as had not already been swallowed up by his own State, found himself in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 221 master of the whole of China, and @@ -3248,7 +3207,7 @@ doesn’t rain to-day or to-morrow,’ cried the oyster-catcher, don’t get out of this by to-day or to-morrow,’ retorted the mussel, ‘there will be a dead oyster-catcher.’ Meanwhile up came a fisherman and carried off both of them. -I fear lest the Ch’in State should be our fisherman.”</p> +I fear lest the Ch‘in State should be our fisherman.”</p> <div class="sidenote">LI SSŬ</div> @@ -3287,7 +3246,7 @@ others from rival States:—</p> <p>“As broad acres yield large crops, so for a nation to be great there should be a great population; and for soldiers to be daring their generals should be brave. -Not a single clod was added to T’ai-shan in vain: hence +Not a single clod was added to T‘ai-shan in vain: hence the huge mountain we now behold. The merest streamlet is received into the bosom of Ocean: hence the Ocean’s unfathomable expanse. And wise and virtuous @@ -3311,19 +3270,19 @@ the mischief sustained by the national literature. An<span class="pagenum"><a na extra impetus was given to this movement by the fact that under the First Emperor, if we can believe tradition, the materials of writing had undergone a radical change. -A general, named Mêng T’ien, added to the triumphs of +A general, named Mêng T‘ien, added to the triumphs of the sword the invention of the camel’s-hair brush, which the Chinese use as a pen. The clumsy bamboo tablet and stylus were discarded, and strips of cloth or silk came into general use, and were so employed until the -first century <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span>, when paper was invented by Ts’ai Lun. +first century <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span>, when paper was invented by Ts‘ai Lun. Some say that brickdust and water did duty at first for ink. However that may be, the form of the written character underwent a corresponding change to suit the materials employed.</p> <p>Meanwhile, books were brought out of their hiding-places, -and scholars like <span class="smcap">K’ung An-kuo</span>, a descendant of +and scholars like <span class="smcap">K‘ung An-kuo</span>, a descendant of Confucius in the twelfth degree, set to work to restore the lost classics. He deciphered the text of the Book of History, which had been discovered when pulling down @@ -3336,7 +3295,7 @@ and another on the Filial Piety Classic.</p> <div class="sidenote">CH’AO TS’O—LI LING</div> -<p><span class="smcap">Ch’ao Ts’o</span> (perished <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 155), popularly known as +<p><span class="smcap">Ch‘ao Ts‘o</span> (perished <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 155), popularly known as Wisdom-Bag, was a statesman rather than an author. Still, many of his memorials to the throne were considered masterpieces, and have been preserved accordingly. He @@ -3458,7 +3417,7 @@ come from any other hand save that of Li Ling. With this verdict the foreign student may well rest content. Here is the letter:—</p> -<p>“O Tzŭ-ch’ing, O my friend, happy in the enjoyment +<p>“O Tzŭ-ch‘ing, O my friend, happy in the enjoyment of a glorious reputation, happy in the prospect of an imperishable name,—there is no misery like exile in a far-off foreign land, the heart brimful of longing @@ -3478,7 +3437,7 @@ autumn blast, beneath which all vegetation has disappeared. I cannot sleep at night. I turn and listen to the distant sound of Tartar pipes, to the whinnying of Tartar steeds. In the morning I sit up and listen still, -while tears course down my cheeks. O Tzŭ-ch’ing, of +while tears course down my cheeks. O Tzŭ-ch‘ing, of what stuff am I, that I should do aught but grieve? The day of thy departure left me disconsolate indeed. I thought of my aged mother butchered upon the @@ -3508,7 +3467,7 @@ and urged me to a nobler course; ignorant that the joys of a foreign land are sources only of a keener grief.</p> -<p>“O Tzŭ-ch’ing, O my friend, I will complete the half-told +<p>“O Tzŭ-ch‘ing, O my friend, I will complete the half-told record of my former tale. His late Majesty commissioned me, with five thousand infantry under my command, to carry on operations in a distant country. @@ -3552,11 +3511,11 @@ a false traitor told him all: the battle was renewed, and we were lost.</p> <p>“The Emperor Kao Ti, with 300,000 men at his back, -was shut up in P’ing-ch’êng. Generals he had, like +was shut up in P‘ing-ch‘êng. Generals he had, like clouds; counsellors, like drops of rain. Yet he remained seven days without food, and then barely escaped with life. How much more then I, now blamed on all sides -that I did not die? This was my crime. But, O Tzŭ-ch’ing, +that I did not die? This was my crime. But, O Tzŭ-ch‘ing, canst thou say that I would live from craven fear of death? Am I one to turn my back on my country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> and all those dear to me, allured by sordid thoughts of @@ -3566,7 +3525,7 @@ letter, to prove my loyalty to my prince. Rather than die to no purpose, I chose to live and to establish my good name. It was better to achieve something than to perish. Of old, Fan Li did not slay himself after the -battle of Hui-chi; neither did Ts’ao Mo die after the +battle of Hui-chi; neither did Ts‘ao Mo die after the ignominy of three defeats. Revenge came at last; and thus I too had hoped to prevail. Why then was I overtaken with punishment before the plan was matured? @@ -3579,14 +3538,14 @@ tears of blood.</p> never fails to reward a deserving servant. But thou art thyself a servant of the House, and it would ill beseem thee to say other words than these. Yet Hsiao and Fan -were bound in chains; Han and P’êng were sliced to -death; Ch’ao Ts’o was beheaded. Chou Po was disgraced, +were bound in chains; Han and P‘êng were sliced to +death; Ch‘ao Ts‘o was beheaded. Chou Po was disgraced, and Tou Ying paid the penalty with his life. Others, great in their generation, have also succumbed to the intrigues of base men, and have been overwhelmed beneath a weight of shame from which they were unable to emerge. And now, the misfortunes of Fan Li and -Ts’ao Mo command the sympathies of all.</p> +Ts‘ao Mo command the sympathies of all.</p> <p>“My grandfather filled heaven and earth with the fame of his exploits—the bravest of the brave. Yet, @@ -3634,7 +3593,7 @@ where the bitter pens of courtiers tell their lying tales?</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> -<p>“O my friend, look for me no more. O Tzŭ-ch’ing, +<p>“O my friend, look for me no more. O Tzŭ-ch‘ing, what shall I say? A thousand leagues lie between us, and separate us for ever. I shall live out my life as it were in another sphere: my spirit will find its home @@ -3672,7 +3631,7 @@ the throne the following well-known memorial:—</p> still survives in the maladministration of justice which prevails.</p> -<p>“Under the Ch’ins learning was at a discount; brute +<p>“Under the Ch‘ins learning was at a discount; brute force carried everything before it. Those who cultivated a spirit of charity and duty towards their neigh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>bour were despised. Judicial appointments were the @@ -3772,7 +3731,7 @@ results not proving successful, he was thrown into prison, but was soon released that he might carry on the publication of the commentary on the Spring and Autumn by Ku-liang. He also revised and re-arranged -the historical episodes known as the <cite>Chan Kuo Ts’ê</cite>, +the historical episodes known as the <cite>Chan Kuo Ts‘ê</cite>, wrote treatises on government and some poetry, and compiled Biographies of Eminent Women, the first work of its kind.</p> @@ -3798,11 +3757,11 @@ he could lay his hands on. He stammered badly, and consequently gave much time to meditation. He propounded an ethical criterion occupying a middle place between those insisted upon by Mencius and by -Hsün K’uang, teaching that the nature of man at birth +Hsün K‘uang, teaching that the nature of man at birth is neither good nor evil, but a mixture of both, and that development in either direction depends wholly upon environment. In glorification of the Book of -Changes he wrote the <cite>T’ai Hsüan Ching</cite>, and to emphasise +Changes he wrote the <cite>T‘ai Hsüan Ching</cite>, and to emphasise the value of the Confucian Analects he produced a philosophical treatise known as the <cite>Fa Yen</cite>, both between <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1 and 6. On completion of this last, @@ -3828,7 +3787,7 @@ short work of his claims.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <p>A brilliant writer who attracted much attention in -his day was <span class="smcap">Wang Ch’ung</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 27-97). He is said to +his day was <span class="smcap">Wang Ch‘ung</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 27-97). He is said to have picked up his education at bookstalls, with the aid of a superbly retentive memory. Only one of his works is extant, the <cite>Lun Hêng</cite>, consisting of eighty-five @@ -3852,14 +3811,14 @@ pupils. He introduced the system of printing notes or comments in the body of the page, using for that purpose smaller characters cut in double columns; and it was by a knowledge of this fact that a clever critic of the -T’ang dynasty was able to settle the spuriousness of an +T‘ang dynasty was able to settle the spuriousness of an early edition of the <cite>Tao-Tê-Ching</cite> with double-column<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> commentary, which had been attributed to Ho Shang Kung, a writer of the second century B.C.</p> <div class="sidenote">TS’AI YUNG—CHÊNG HSÜAN</div> -<p><span class="smcap">Ts’ai Yung</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 133-192), whose tippling propensities +<p><span class="smcap">Ts‘ai Yung</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 133-192), whose tippling propensities earned for him the nickname of the Drunken Dragon, is chiefly remembered in connection with literature as superintending the work of engraving on @@ -3916,7 +3875,7 @@ was still composed on the model of the <cite>Li Sao</cite>, and we are in possession of a number of works assigned to Chia I (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 199-168), Tung-fang So (<i>b.</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 160), Liu Hsiang, and others, all of which follow on the -lines of Ch’ü Yüan’s great poem. But gradually, +lines of Ch‘ü Yüan’s great poem. But gradually, with the more definite establishment of what we may call classical influence, poets went back to find their exemplars in the Book of Poetry, which came as it were @@ -3997,14 +3956,14 @@ attributed to him, was himself also a poet:—</p> </div></div> <p>The literary fame of the Beauclerc was rivalled, if not -surpassed, by his grandson, <span class="smcap">Liu Ch’ê</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 156-87), who +surpassed, by his grandson, <span class="smcap">Liu Ch‘ê</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 156-87), who succeeded in <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 140 as sixth Emperor of the Han dynasty. He was an enthusiastic patron of literature. He devoted great attention to music as a factor in national life. He established important religious sacrifices to heaven and earth. He caused the calendar to be reformed by his grand astrologer, the historian <span class="smcap">Ssŭ-ma -Ch’ien</span>, from which date accurate chronology may be +Ch‘ien</span>, from which date accurate chronology may be almost said to begin. His generals carried the Imperial arms into Central Asia, and for many years the Huns were held in check. Notwithstanding his enlightened @@ -4121,7 +4080,7 @@ HISTORY—LEXICOGRAPHY</h3> <p>So far as China is concerned, the art of writing history may be said to have been created during the period -under review. <span class="smcap">Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien</span>, the so-called Father of +under review. <span class="smcap">Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien</span>, the so-called Father of History, was born about <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 145. At the age of ten he was already a good scholar, and at twenty set forth upon a round of travel which carried him to all parts of the @@ -4151,13 +4110,13 @@ local annals in the style of the Spring and Autumn.</p> <p>Since the Historical Record, every dynasty has had its historian, their works in all cases being formed upon the -model bequeathed by Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien. The Twenty-four +model bequeathed by Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien. The Twenty-four Dynastic Histories of China were produced in 1747 in a uniform series bound up in 219 large volumes, and together show a record such as can be produced by no other country in the world.</p> -<p>The following are specimens of Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien’s +<p>The following are specimens of Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien’s style:—</p> <p>(1.) “When the House of Han arose, the evils of their @@ -4337,7 +4296,7 @@ not one of the workmen escaped. Trees and grass were then planted around, that the spot might look like the rest of the mountain.”</p> -<p>The history by Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien stops about 100 years +<p>The history by Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien stops about 100 years before Christ. To carry it on from that point was the ambition of a scholar named Pan Piao (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 3-54), but he died while still collecting materials for his task. His @@ -4417,7 +4376,7 @@ seed had been sown, and a great rival to Taoism was about to appear on the scene.</p> <p>Towards the close of the second century <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> another -Indian Buddhist, who had come to reside at Ch’ang-an +Indian Buddhist, who had come to reside at Ch‘ang-an in Shensi, translated the <i>sûtra</i> known as the Lotus of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> Good Law, and Buddhist temples were built in various parts of China. By the beginning of the fourth century @@ -4613,7 +4572,7 @@ and 150 relics. He spent the rest of his life translating these books, and also, like Fa Hsien, wrote a narrative of his travels.</p> -<p>This brings us down to the beginning of the T’ang +<p>This brings us down to the beginning of the T‘ang dynasty, when Buddhism had acquired, in spite of much opposition and even persecution, what has since proved to be a lasting hold upon the masses of the Chinese @@ -4670,9 +4629,9 @@ lines are by him:—</p> <span class="i0">But bleeds and bleeds forever without cease.”<br /></span> </div></div> -<div class="sidenote">K’UNG JUNG—WANG TS’AN</div> +<div class="sidenote">K‘UNG JUNG—WANG TS’AN</div> -<p>There was <span class="smcap">K’ung Jung</span>, a descendant of Confucius +<p>There was <span class="smcap">K‘ung Jung</span>, a descendant of Confucius in the twentieth degree, and a most precocious child. At ten years of age he went with his father to Lo-yang, where Li Ying, the Dragon statesman, was at the height @@ -4684,12 +4643,12 @@ what the connection was, he replied, “My ancestor Confucius and your ancestor Lao Tzŭ were friends engaged in the quest for truth, so that you and I may be said to be of the same family.” Li Ying was -astonished, but Ch’ên Wei said, “Cleverness in youth +astonished, but Ch‘ên Wei said, “Cleverness in youth does not mean brilliancy in later life,” upon which -K’ung Jung remarked, “You, sir, must evidently have +K‘ung Jung remarked, “You, sir, must evidently have been very clever as a boy.” Entering official life, he rose to be Governor of Po-hai in Shantung; but -he incurred the displeasure of the great Ts’ao Ts’ao, +he incurred the displeasure of the great Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, and was put to death with all his family. He was an open-hearted man, and fond of good company. “If my halls are full of guests,” he would say, “and @@ -4727,7 +4686,7 @@ my bottles full of wine, I am happy.”</p> <span class="i2">But oh for this untimely close!”<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>There was <span class="smcap">Wang Ts’an</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 177-217), a learned man +<p>There was <span class="smcap">Wang Ts‘an</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 177-217), a learned man who wrote an <i>Ars Poetica</i>, not, however, in verse. A youth of great promise, he excelled as a poet, although the times were most unfavourable to success. It has been @@ -4736,7 +4695,7 @@ is pitched in the key of melancholy; that the favourite themes of Chinese poets are the transitory character of life with its partings and other ills, and the inevitable approach of death, with substitution of the unknown for the -known. Wang Ts’an had good cause for his lamentations. +known. Wang Ts‘an had good cause for his lamentations. He was forced by political disturbances to leave his home at the capital and seek safety in flight. There, as he tells us,</p> @@ -4791,14 +4750,14 @@ stand idle.”</p> <p>There was <span class="smcap">Liu Chêng</span>, who was put to death for daring to cast an eye upon one of the favourites of the great -general Ts’ao Ts’ao, virtual founder of the House of Wei. -<span class="smcap">Ch’ên Lin</span> and <span class="smcap">Yüan Yü</span> complete the tale.</p> +general Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, virtual founder of the House of Wei. +<span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Lin</span> and <span class="smcap">Yüan Yü</span> complete the tale.</p> <div class="sidenote">TS’AO TS’AO</div> <p>To these seven names an eighth and a ninth are added<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -by courtesy: those of <span class="smcap">Ts’ao Ts’ao</span> above mentioned, and -of his third son, Ts’ao Chih, the poet. The former played a +by courtesy: those of <span class="smcap">Ts‘ao Ts‘ao</span> above mentioned, and +of his third son, Ts‘ao Chih, the poet. The former played a remarkable part in Chinese history. His father had been adopted as son by the chief eunuch of the palace, and he himself was a wild young man much given to coursing @@ -4834,18 +4793,18 @@ to the line:—</p> <span class="i0">Wine, and only wine.”<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>After Ts’ao Ts’ao’s death came the epoch of the Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +<p>After Ts‘ao Ts‘ao’s death came the epoch of the Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> Kingdoms, the romantic story of which is told in the -famous novel to be mentioned later on. Ts’ao Ts’ao’s +famous novel to be mentioned later on. Ts‘ao Ts‘ao’s eldest son became the first Emperor of one of these, the -Wei Kingdom, and <span class="smcap">Ts’ao Chih</span>, the poet, occupied an +Wei Kingdom, and <span class="smcap">Ts‘ao Chih</span>, the poet, occupied an awkward position at court, an object of suspicion and dislike. At ten years of age he already excelled in composition, so much so that his father thought he must be a plagiarist; but he settled the question by producing off-hand poems on any given theme. “If all the talent of the world,” said a contemporary poet, “were represented -by ten, Ts’ao Chih would have eight, I should have +by ten, Ts‘ao Chih would have eight, I should have one, and the rest of mankind one between them.” There is a story that on one occasion, at the bidding of his elder brother, probably with mischievous intent, he @@ -4937,7 +4896,7 @@ on a river; while the two philanthropists at his side looked like two wasps trying to convert a caterpillar” (into a wasp, as the Chinese believe is done).</p> -<p>Another was <span class="smcap">Hsi K’ang</span>, a handsome young man, +<p>Another was <span class="smcap">Hsi K‘ang</span>, a handsome young man, seven feet seven inches in height, who was married—a doubtful boon—into the Imperial family. His favourite study was alchemistic research, and he passed his days @@ -4993,7 +4952,7 @@ troublous times during which he wrote.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p> <p>The sixth was <span class="smcap">Wang Jung</span>, who could look at the sun -without being dazzled, and lastly there was <span class="smcap">Shan T’ao</span>, +without being dazzled, and lastly there was <span class="smcap">Shan T‘ao</span>, a follower of Taoist teachings, who was spoken of as “uncut jade” and as “gold ore.”</p> @@ -5019,8 +4978,8 @@ following is a specimen:—</p> </div></div> <p>We now reach a name which is still familiar to all -students of poetry in the Middle Kingdom. <span class="smcap">T’ao Ch’ien</span> -(<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 365-427), or T’ao Yüan-ming as he was called in +students of poetry in the Middle Kingdom. <span class="smcap">T‘ao Ch‘ien</span> +(<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 365-427), or T‘ao Yüan-ming as he was called in early life, after a youth of poverty obtained an appointment as magistrate. But he was unfitted by nature for official life; all he wanted, to quote his own prayer, was @@ -5088,7 +5047,7 @@ limpid brook. Thus will I work out my allotted span, content with the appointments of Fate, my spirit free from care.”</p> -<p>The “Peach-blossom Fountain” of Tao Ch’ien is a +<p>The “Peach-blossom Fountain” of Tao Ch‘ien is a well-known and charming allegory, a form of literature much cultivated by Chinese writers. It tells how a fisherman lost his way among the creeks of a river, and came @@ -5121,7 +5080,7 @@ able to find it again. The gods had permitted the poet to go back for a brief span to the peach-blossom days of his youth.</p> -<p>One critic speaks of T’ao Ch’ien as “drunk with the +<p>One critic speaks of T‘ao Ch‘ien as “drunk with the fumes of spring.” Another says, “His heart was fixed upon loyalty and duty, while his body was content with leisure and repose. His emotions were real, his scenery @@ -5245,7 +5204,7 @@ following:—</p> <p>An official of the Sui dynasty was <span class="smcap">Fu I</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 554-639), who became Historiographer under the first Emperor of -the T’ang dynasty. He had a strong leaning towards +the T‘ang dynasty. He had a strong leaning towards Taoism, and edited the <cite>Tao-Tê-Ching</cite>. At the same time he presented a memorial asking that the Buddhist religion might be abolished; and when Hsiao Yü, a @@ -5261,7 +5220,7 @@ than they were. At this Hsiao Yü held up his hands, and declared that hell was made for such men as Fu I. The result was that severe restrictions were placed for a short time upon the teachers of Buddhism. The -Emperor T’ai Tsung once got hold of a Tartar priest +Emperor T‘ai Tsung once got hold of a Tartar priest who could “charm people into unconsciousness, and then charm them back to life again,” and spoke of his powers to Fu I. The latter said confidently, “He will @@ -5309,7 +5268,7 @@ Drunk-Land, and when he came back, he was quite out of conceit with the empire, the government of which seemed to him but paltry trifling with knotted cords.</p> -<p>“Yüan Chi, T’ao Ch’ien,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and some others, about ten +<p>“Yüan Chi, T‘ao Ch‘ien,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and some others, about ten in all, made a trip together to Drunk-Land, and sank,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> never to rise again. They were buried where they fell, and now in the Middle Kingdom they are dubbed Spirits @@ -5374,7 +5333,7 @@ on the <cite>Erh Ya</cite>.</p> Code for the newly-established Chin dynasty, took a leading part in editing the Bamboo Annals, which had just been discovered in Honan, provided a preface to -the <cite>Mu T’ien Tzŭ Chuan</cite>, and also wrote on music.</p> +the <cite>Mu T‘ien Tzŭ Chuan</cite>, and also wrote on music.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Kuo Hsiang</span> (<i>d.</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 312) occupied himself chiefly with the philosophy of Lao Tzŭ and with the writings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> @@ -5382,7 +5341,7 @@ of Chuang Tzŭ. It was said of him that his conversation was like the continuous downflow of a rapid, or the rush of water from a sluice.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Kuo P’o</span> (<i>d.</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 324) was a scholar of great repute. +<p><span class="smcap">Kuo P‘o</span> (<i>d.</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 324) was a scholar of great repute. Besides editing various important classical works, he was a brilliant exponent of the doctrines of Taoism and the reputed founder of the art of geomancy as applied @@ -5408,7 +5367,7 @@ with honours. Personally, he was remarkable for having two pupils to his left eye. He was a strict teetotaller, and lived most austerely. He had a library of twenty thousand volumes. He was the author of -the histories of the Chin, Liu Sung, and Ch’i dynasties. +the histories of the Chin, Liu Sung, and Ch‘i dynasties. He is said to have been the first to classify the four tones. In his autobiography he writes, “The poets of old, during the past thousand years, never hit upon @@ -5420,9 +5379,9 @@ make them,” replied Shên Yo, skilfully selecting for his answer four characters which illustrated, and in the usual order, the four tones in question.</p> -<div class="sidenote">HSIAO T’UNG</div> +<div class="sidenote">HSIAO T‘UNG</div> -<p><span class="smcap">Hsiao T’ung</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 501-531) was the eldest son of +<p><span class="smcap">Hsiao T‘ung</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 501-531) was the eldest son of Hsiao Yen, the founder of the Liang dynasty, whom he predeceased. Before he was five years old he was reported to have learned the Classics by heart, and @@ -5476,7 +5435,7 @@ by Fa Hsien may be quoted as an example.</p> <h2>BOOK THE FOURTH<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>THE T’ANG DYNASTY</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 600-900)</span></h2> +<span class="smaller"><i>THE T‘ANG DYNASTY</i> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 600-900)</span></h2> @@ -5488,7 +5447,7 @@ POETRY</h3> <div class="sidenote">POETRY</div> -<p>The T’ang dynasty is usually associated in Chinese +<p>The T‘ang dynasty is usually associated in Chinese minds with much romance of love and war, with wealth, culture, and refinement, with frivolity, extravagance, and dissipation, but most of all with poetry. China’s best @@ -5499,13 +5458,13 @@ poets of all generations.</p> <p>“Poetry,” says a modern Chinese critic, “came into being with the Odes, developed with the <cite>Li Sao</cite>, -burst forth and reached perfection under the T’angs. +burst forth and reached perfection under the T‘angs. Some good work was indeed done under the Han and Wei dynasties; the writers of those days seemed to have material in abundance, but language inadequate to its expression.”</p> -<p>The “Complete Collection of the Poetry of the T’ang +<p>The “Complete Collection of the Poetry of the T‘ang Dynasty,” published in 1707, contains 48,900 poems of all kinds, arranged in 900 books, and filling thirty good-sized volumes. Some Chinese writers divide the dynasty @@ -5655,14 +5614,14 @@ mind.” These lines are from his pen:—</p> <div class="sidenote">CH’ÊN TZŬ-ANG</div> -<p>A still more famous contemporary of his was <span class="smcap">Ch’ên +<p>A still more famous contemporary of his was <span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Tzŭ-ang</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 656-698), who adopted somewhat sensational means of bringing himself to the notice of the public. He purchased a very expensive guitar which had been for a long time on sale, and then let it be known that on the following day he would perform upon it in public. This attracted a large crowd; but -when Ch’ên arrived he informed his auditors that he had +when Ch‘ên arrived he informed his auditors that he had something in his pocket worth much more than the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> guitar. Thereupon he dashed the instrument into a thousand pieces, and forthwith began handing round @@ -5691,10 +5650,10 @@ school:—</p> <span class="i0">The true faith fades and passes out of sight.”<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>As an official, Ch’ên Tzŭ-ang once gained great <i>kudos</i> +<p>As an official, Ch‘ên Tzŭ-ang once gained great <i>kudos</i> by a truly Solomonic decision. A man, having slain the murderer of his father, was himself indicted for murder. -Ch’ên Tzŭ-ang caused him to be put to death, but at the +Ch‘ên Tzŭ-ang caused him to be put to death, but at the same time conferred an honorific distinction upon his village for having produced so filial a son.</p> @@ -5797,18 +5756,18 @@ he did not know heat from cold.”</p> <div class="sidenote">TS’UI HAO</div> <p>A skilled poet, and a wine-bibber and gambler to -boot, was <span class="smcap">Ts’ui Hao</span>, who graduated about <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 730.</p> +boot, was <span class="smcap">Ts‘ui Hao</span>, who graduated about <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 730.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p> <p>He wrote a poem on the Yellow-Crane pagoda which until quite recently stood on the bank of the Yang-tsze near Hankow, and was put up to mark the spot where -Wang Tzŭ-ch’iao, who had attained immortality, went +Wang Tzŭ-ch‘iao, who had attained immortality, went up to heaven in broad daylight six centuries before the Christian era. The great Li Po once thought of writing on the theme, but he gave up the idea so soon as he had -read these lines by Ts’ui Hao:—</p> +read these lines by Ts‘ui Hao:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">“Here a mortal once sailed<br /></span> @@ -6104,7 +6063,7 @@ otherwise,—nostalgia:—</p> <span class="i2">When will it come—the day of my return?”<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>Of the poet <span class="smcap">Chang Ch’ien</span> not much is known. He +<p>Of the poet <span class="smcap">Chang Ch‘ien</span> not much is known. He graduated in 727, and entered upon an official career, but ultimately betook himself to the mountains and lived as a hermit. He is said to have been a devotee of @@ -6131,7 +6090,7 @@ of mundane affairs:—</p> </div></div> <p>There can be little doubt of the influence of Buddhism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> -upon the poet <span class="smcap">Ts’ên Ts’an</span>, who graduated about 750, +upon the poet <span class="smcap">Ts‘ên Ts‘an</span>, who graduated about 750, as witness his lines on that faith:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> @@ -6189,7 +6148,7 @@ against certain extravagant honours with which the Emperor Hsien Tsung proposed to receive a bone of Buddha. The monarch was furious, and but for the intercession of friends it would have fared badly with -the bold writer. As it was, he was banished to Ch’ao-chou +the bold writer. As it was, he was banished to Ch‘ao-chou Fu in Kuangtung, where he set himself to civilise the rude inhabitants of those wild parts. In a temple at the summit of the neighbouring range there is to @@ -6214,10 +6173,10 @@ highest order, leaving nothing to be desired either in originality or in style. But it is more than all for his pure and noble character, his calm and dignified patriotism, that the Chinese still keep his memory green. The -following lines were written by Su Tung-p’o, nearly 300 +following lines were written by Su Tung-p‘o, nearly 300 years after his death, for a shrine which had just been put up in honour of the dead teacher by the people of -Ch’ao-chou Fu:—</p> +Ch‘ao-chou Fu:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">“He rode on the dragon to the white cloud domain;<br /></span> @@ -6475,7 +6434,7 @@ Wrong.” It refers to the ignominious downfall of the Emperor known as Ming Huang (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 685-762), who himself deserves a passing notice. At his accession to the throne in 712, he was called upon to face an attempt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> -on the part of his aunt, the T’ai-p’ing Princess, to displace +on the part of his aunt, the T‘ai-p‘ing Princess, to displace him; but this he succeeded in crushing, and entered upon what promised to be a glorious reign. He began with economy, closing the silk factories and forbidding @@ -6501,7 +6460,7 @@ grossest forms of religious superstition were encouraged. Women ceased to veil themselves as of old. Gradually the Emperor left off concerning himself with affairs of State; a serious rebellion broke out, and his Majesty -sought safety in flight to Ssŭch’uan, returning only after +sought safety in flight to Ssŭch‘uan, returning only after having abdicated in favour of his son. The accompanying poem describes the rise of Yang Kuei-fei, her tragic fate at the hands of the soldiery, and her subsequent @@ -6529,7 +6488,7 @@ world of shadows beyond the grave:—</p> <span class="i9">And among the powder and paint of the harem<br /></span> <span class="i17">her loveliness reigned supreme.<br /></span> <span class="i9">In the chills of spring, by Imperial mandate,<br /></span> -<span class="i17">she bathed in the Hua-ch’ing Pool,<br /></span> +<span class="i17">she bathed in the Hua-ch‘ing Pool,<br /></span> <span class="i9">Laving her body in the glassy wavelets<br /></span> <span class="i17">of the fountain perennially warm.<br /></span> <span class="i9">Then, when she came forth, helped by attendants,<br /></span> @@ -6607,8 +6566,8 @@ world of shadows beyond the grave:—</p> <span class="i16">who reach the heights of Mount Omi;<br /></span> <span class="i8">The bright gleam of the standards<br /></span> <span class="i16">grows fainter day by day.<br /></span> -<span class="i8">Dark the Ssŭch’uan waters,<br /></span> -<span class="i16">dark the Ssŭch’uan hills;<br /></span> +<span class="i8">Dark the Ssŭch‘uan waters,<br /></span> +<span class="i16">dark the Ssŭch‘uan hills;<br /></span> <span class="i8">Daily and nightly his Majesty<br /></span> <span class="i16">is consumed by bitter grief.<br /></span> <span class="i8">Travelling along, the very brightness<br /></span> @@ -6640,7 +6599,7 @@ world of shadows beyond the grave:—</p> <span class="i7">In spring amid the flowers<br /></span> <span class="i15">of the peach and plum,<br /></span> <span class="i7">In autumn rains when the leaves<br /></span> -<span class="i15">of the <span class="antiqua">wu t’ung</span> fall?<br /></span> +<span class="i15">of the <span class="antiqua">wu t‘ung</span> fall?<br /></span> <span class="i7">To the south of the western palace<br /></span> <span class="i15">are many trees,<br /></span> <span class="i7">And when their leaves cover the steps,<br /></span> @@ -6666,7 +6625,7 @@ world of shadows beyond the grave:—</p> <span class="i7">But never once does her spirit come back<br /></span> <span class="i15">to visit him in dreams.<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> </div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Spirit-Land.</span>—A Taoist priest of Lin-ch’ung,<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Spirit-Land.</span>—A Taoist priest of Lin-ch‘ung,<br /></span> <span class="i22">of the Hung-tu school,<br /></span> <span class="i14">Was able, by his perfect art, to summon<br /></span> <span class="i22">the spirits of the dead.<br /></span> @@ -6880,7 +6839,7 @@ ultimately taken up to heaven alive:—</p> </div></div> <p><span class="smcap">Hsü An-chên</span>, of the ninth century, is entitled to a -place among the T’ang poets, if only for the following +place among the T‘ang poets, if only for the following piece:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> @@ -6905,9 +6864,9 @@ piece:—</p> <span class="i0">And in dreamland pray to meet.”<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>The following lines by <span class="smcap">Tu Ch’in-niang</span>, a poetess of +<p>The following lines by <span class="smcap">Tu Ch‘in-niang</span>, a poetess of the ninth century, are included in a collection of 300 -gems of the T’ang dynasty:—</p> +gems of the T‘ang dynasty:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">“I would not have thee grudge those robes<br /></span> @@ -6920,11 +6879,11 @@ gems of the T’ang dynasty:—</p> <span class="i8">no blooming flowers remain!”<br /></span> </div></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p> -<div class="sidenote">SSŬ-K’UNG T’U</div> +<div class="sidenote">SSŬ-K‘UNG T‘U</div> <p>It is time perhaps to bring to a close the long list, -which might be almost indefinitely lengthened. <span class="smcap">Ssŭ-k’ung -T’u</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 834-908) was a secretary in the Board of +which might be almost indefinitely lengthened. <span class="smcap">Ssŭ-k‘ung +T‘u</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 834-908) was a secretary in the Board of Rites, but he threw up his post and became a hermit. Returning to Court in 905, he accidentally dropped part of his official insignia at an audience,—an unpardonable @@ -6932,7 +6891,7 @@ breach of Court etiquette,—and was allowed to retire once more to the hills, where he ultimately starved himself to death through grief at the murder of the youthful Emperor. He is commonly known as the Last of the -T’angs; his poetry, which is excessively difficult to understand, +T‘angs; his poetry, which is excessively difficult to understand, ranking correspondingly high in the estimation of Chinese critics. The following philosophical poem, consisting of twenty-four apparently unconnected stanzas, @@ -7428,11 +7387,11 @@ of the Prodigy. Entering upon a public career, he neglected his work for gaming and drink, and after a short spell of office he retired. Later on he rose once more, and completed the History of the Northern -Ch’i Dynasty.</p> +Ch‘i Dynasty.</p> <p>A descendant of Confucius in the thirty-second degree, and a distinguished scholar and public functionary, -was <span class="smcap">K’ung Ying-ta</span> (574-648). He wrote a commentary +was <span class="smcap">K‘ung Ying-ta</span> (574-648). He wrote a commentary on the Book of Odes, and is credited with certain portions of the History of the Sui Dynasty. Besides this, he is responsible for comments and glosses @@ -7458,7 +7417,7 @@ answered within three days.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Chang Chih-ho</span> (eighth century), author of a work on the conservation of vitality, was of a romantic turn of mind and especially fond of Taoist speculations. He -took office under the Emperor Su Tsung of the T’ang +took office under the Emperor Su Tsung of the T‘ang dynasty, but got into some trouble and was banished. Soon after this he shared in a general pardon; whereupon he fled to the woods and mountains and became a @@ -7474,7 +7433,7 @@ poor boat, he replied, “I prefer to follow the gulls into cloudland, rather than to bury my eternal self beneath the dust of the world.”</p> -<p>The author of the <cite>T’ung Tien</cite>, an elaborate treatise on +<p>The author of the <cite>T‘ung Tien</cite>, an elaborate treatise on the constitution, still extant, was <span class="smcap">Tu Yu</span> (<i>d.</i> 812). It is divided into eight sections under Political Economy, Examinations and Degrees, Government Offices, Rites, @@ -7518,7 +7477,7 @@ age, in its daily race for the seals and tassels of office, I ask myself if I am to reject those in order to take my place among the ranks of these.</p> -<p>“The Buddhist priest, Hao-ch’u, is a man of placid +<p>“The Buddhist priest, Hao-ch‘u, is a man of placid temperament and of passions subdued. He is a fine scholar. His only joy is to muse o’er flood and fell, with occasional indulgence in the delights of composi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>tion. @@ -7953,11 +7912,11 @@ What sight more horrible than this!”</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<div class="sidenote">MEN OF T’ANG</div> +<div class="sidenote">MEN OF T‘ANG</div> <p>The havoc wrought by the dreaded Tartars is indeed the theme of many a poem in prose as well as in verse. -The following lines by <span class="smcap">Ch’ên T’ao</span>, of about this date, +The following lines by <span class="smcap">Ch‘ên T‘ao</span>, of about this date, record a patriotic oath of indignant volunteers and the mournful issue of fruitless valour:—</p> @@ -7968,7 +7927,7 @@ mournful issue of fruitless valour:—</p> <span class="i0">But still their forms in dreams arise to fair ones far away.”<br /></span> </div></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span></p> -<p>Among their other glories, the T’angs may be said +<p>Among their other glories, the T‘angs may be said to have witnessed the birth of popular literature, soon to receive, in common with classical scholarship, an impetus the like of which had never yet been felt.</p> @@ -7978,7 +7937,7 @@ name of which has survived in common parlance to this day. For just as the northerners are proud to call themselves “sons of Han,” so do the Chinese of the more southern provinces still delight to be known as the “men -of T’ang.”</p> +of T‘ang.”</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span><br /></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span><br /></p> @@ -8001,7 +7960,7 @@ of T’ang.”</p> THE INVENTION OF BLOCK-PRINTING</h3> -<p>The T’ang dynasty was brought to an end in 907, and +<p>The T‘ang dynasty was brought to an end in 907, and during the succeeding fifty years the empire experienced no fewer than five separate dynastic changes. It was not a time favourable to literary effort; still production @@ -8039,7 +7998,7 @@ By foreigners, on the other hand, he will be chiefly remembered as the inventor of the art of block-printing. It seems probable, indeed, that some crude form of this invention had been already known early -in the T’ang dynasty, but until the date of Fêng Tao +in the T‘ang dynasty, but until the date of Fêng Tao it was certainly not applied to the production of books. Six years after his death the “fire-led” House of Sung was finally established upon the throne, and thenceforward @@ -8078,12 +8037,12 @@ LITERATURE</h3> <p>The first move made in the department of history was nothing less than to re-write the whole of the chronicles -of the T’ang dynasty. The usual scheme had +of the T‘ang dynasty. The usual scheme had already been carried out by Liu Hsü (897-946), a learned scholar of the later Chin dynasty, but on many grounds the result was pronounced unsatisfactory, and steps were taken to supersede it. The execution of this project -was entrusted to Ou-yang Hsiu and Sung Ch’i, both +was entrusted to Ou-yang Hsiu and Sung Ch‘i, both of whom were leading men in the world of letters. <span class="smcap">Ou-yang Hsiu</span> (1007-1072) had been brought up in poverty, his mother teaching him to write with a reed. @@ -8102,7 +8061,7 @@ lighter work, greatly admired for the beauty of its style,<span class="pagenum"> and diligently read by all students of composition. The theme, as the reader will perceive, is the historian himself:—</p> -<p>“The district of Ch’u is entirely surrounded by hills, +<p>“The district of Ch‘u is entirely surrounded by hills, and the peaks to the south-west are clothed with a dense and beautiful growth of trees, over which the eye wanders in rapture away to the confines of Shantung. @@ -8138,7 +8097,7 @@ their way along the road, travellers rest awhile under the trees, shouts from one, responses from another, old people hobbling along, children in arms, children dragged along by hand, backwards and forwards all -day long without a break,—these are the people of Ch’u. +day long without a break,—these are the people of Ch‘u. A cast in the stream and a fine fish taken from some spot where the eddying pools begin to deepen; a draught of cool wine from the fountain, and a few such dishes of @@ -8231,7 +8190,7 @@ response to my dirge.”</p> <hr class="tb" /> <p>The other leading historian of this period was <span class="smcap">Sung -Ch’i</span> (998-1061), who began his career by beating his +Ch‘i</span> (998-1061), who began his career by beating his elder brother at the graduates’ examination. He was, however, placed tenth, instead of first, by Imperial command, and in accordance with the precedence of @@ -8241,9 +8200,9 @@ that he was once at some Imperial festivity when he began to feel cold. The Emperor bade one of the ladies of the seraglio lend him a tippet, whereupon about a dozen of the girls each offered hers. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> -Sung Ch’i did not like to seem to favour any one, and +Sung Ch‘i did not like to seem to favour any one, and rather than offend the rest, continued to sit and shiver. -The so-called New History of the T’ang Dynasty, which he +The so-called New History of the T‘ang Dynasty, which he produced in co-operation with Ou-yang Hsiu, is generally regarded as a distinct improvement upon the work of Liu Hsü. It has not, however, actually superseded the @@ -8256,12 +8215,12 @@ dynastic histories, and stands side by side with its rival.</p> <p>Meanwhile another star had risen, in magnitude to be compared only with the effulgent genius of Ssŭ-ma -Ch’ien. <span class="smcap">Ssŭ-ma Kuang</span> (1019-1086) entered upon an +Ch‘ien. <span class="smcap">Ssŭ-ma Kuang</span> (1019-1086) entered upon an official career and rose to be Minister of State. But he opposed the great reformer, Wang An-shih, and in 1070 was compelled to resign. He devoted the rest of his life to the completion of his famous work known -as the <cite>T’ung Chien</cite> or Mirror of History, a title bestowed +as the <cite>T‘ung Chien</cite> or Mirror of History, a title bestowed upon it in 1084 by the Emperor, because “to view antiquity as it were in a mirror is an aid in the administration of government.” The Mirror of History covers a @@ -8333,9 +8292,9 @@ flowers, being in a style which the educated Chinaman most appreciates, is very widely known:—</p> <p>“Lovers of flowering plants and shrubs we have -had by scores, but T’ao Ch’ien alone devoted himself +had by scores, but T‘ao Ch‘ien alone devoted himself to the chrysanthemum. Since the opening days of the -T’ang dynasty, it has been fashionable to admire the +T‘ang dynasty, it has been fashionable to admire the peony; but my favourite is the water-lily. How stainless it rises from its slimy bed! How modestly it reposes on the clear pool—an emblem of purity and @@ -8350,13 +8309,13 @@ rank and wealth; the water-lily, the Lady Virtue <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">sans pareille</i>.</p> <p>“Alas! few have loved the chrysanthemum since -T’ao Ch’ien, and none now love the water-lily like +T‘ao Ch‘ien, and none now love the water-lily like myself, whereas the peony is a general favourite with all mankind.”</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p> -<p><span class="smcap">Ch’êng Hao</span> (1032-1085) and <span class="smcap">Ch’êng I</span> (1033-1107) +<p><span class="smcap">Ch‘êng Hao</span> (1032-1085) and <span class="smcap">Ch‘êng I</span> (1033-1107) were two brothers famed for their scholarship, especially the younger of the two, who published a valuable commentary upon the Book of Changes. The elder attracted @@ -8364,7 +8323,7 @@ some attention by boldly suppressing a stone image in a Buddhist temple which was said to emit rays from its head, and had been the cause of disorderly gatherings of men and women. A specimen of his verse will be -given in the next chapter. Ch’êng I wrote some interesting +given in the next chapter. Ch‘êng I wrote some interesting chapters on the art of poetry. In one of these he says, “Asked if a man can make himself a poet by taking pains, I reply that only by taking pains can any @@ -8466,7 +8425,7 @@ among us. Do you not agree with me?”</p> <div class="sidenote">SU SHIH</div> <p><span class="smcap">Su Shih</span> (1036-1101), better known by his fancy name -as Su Tung-p’o, whose early education was superintended +as Su Tung-p‘o, whose early education was superintended by his mother, produced such excellent compositions at the examination for his final degree that the examiner, Ou-yang Hsiu, suspected them to be @@ -8520,16 +8479,16 @@ who had lost her husband, burst into a flood of tears. Overpowered by my own feelings, I settled myself into a serious mood, and asked my friend for some explanation of his art. To this he replied, ‘Did not -Ts’ao Ts’ao say—</p> +Ts‘ao Ts‘ao say—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">‘The stars are few, the moon is bright,<br /></span> <span class="i0">The raven southward wings his flight?’<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>“‘Westwards to Hsia-k’ou, eastwards to Wu-ch’ang, +<p>“‘Westwards to Hsia-k‘ou, eastwards to Wu-ch‘ang, where hill and stream in wild luxuriance blend,—was -it not there that Ts’ao Ts’ao was routed by Chou Yü? +it not there that Ts‘ao Ts‘ao was routed by Chou Yü? Ching-chou was at his feet: he was pushing down stream towards the east. His war-vessels stretched stem to stern for a thousand <i>li</i>: his banners darkened the @@ -8645,17 +8604,17 @@ are the boundless flights of the imagination.”</p> official, is chiefly known for his devotion to Taoism. He published an edition, with commentary, of the <cite>Tao-Tê-Ching</cite>.</p> -<div class="sidenote">HUANG T’ING-CHIEN</div> +<div class="sidenote">HUANG T‘ING-CHIEN</div> <p>One of the Four Scholars of his century is <span class="smcap">Huang -T’ing-chien</span> (1050-1110), who was distinguished as a +T‘ing-chien</span> (1050-1110), who was distinguished as a poet and a calligraphist. He has also been placed among the twenty-four examples of filial piety, for when his mother was ill he watched by her bedside for a whole year without ever taking off his clothes. The following is a specimen of his epistolary style:—</p> -<p>“Hsi K’ang’s verses are at once vigorous and purely +<p>“Hsi K‘ang’s verses are at once vigorous and purely beautiful, without a vestige of commonplace about them. Every student of the poetic art should know them thoroughly, and thus bring the author into his @@ -8682,7 +8641,7 @@ flinch, he is not commonplace.’”</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="smcap">Chêng Ch’iao</span> (1108-1166) began his literary career +<p><span class="smcap">Chêng Ch‘iao</span> (1108-1166) began his literary career in studious seclusion, cut off from all human intercourse. Then he spent some time in visiting various places of interest, devoting himself to searching out @@ -8694,7 +8653,7 @@ History of China, which covered a period from about <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 2800 to <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 600. A fine edition of this work, in forty-six large volumes, was published in 1749 by Imperial command, with a preface by the Emperor -Ch’ien Lung. He also wrote essays and poetry, besides +Ch‘ien Lung. He also wrote essays and poetry, besides a treatise in which he showed that the inscriptions on the Stone Drums, now in Peking, belong rather to the latter half of the third century <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> than to the tenth or @@ -8714,7 +8673,7 @@ saw the error of his ways, and gave himself up completely to a study of the orthodox doctrine. He was a most voluminous writer. In addition to his revision of the history of Ssŭ-ma Kuang, which, under the -title of <cite>T’ung Chien Kang Mu</cite>, is still regarded as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> +title of <cite>T‘ung Chien Kang Mu</cite>, is still regarded as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> standard history of China, he placed himself first in the first rank of all commentators on the Confucian Canon. He introduced interpretations either wholly or partly @@ -8761,10 +8720,10 @@ children are therefore in duty bound to take great care of themselves.</p> <p>In the preface to his work on the Four Books as -explained by Chu Hsi, published in 1745, Wang Pu-ch’ing +explained by Chu Hsi, published in 1745, Wang Pu-ch‘ing (born 1671) has the following passage:—“Shao Yung tried to explain the Canon of Changes by num<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>bers, -and Ch’êng I by the eternal fitness of things; but +and Ch‘êng I by the eternal fitness of things; but Chu Hsi alone was able to pierce through the meaning, and appropriate the thought of the prophets who composed it.” The other best known works of Chu Hsi are @@ -8842,13 +8801,13 @@ POETRY</h3> <p>The poetry of the Sungs has not attracted so much -attention as that of the T’angs. This is chiefly due to +attention as that of the T‘angs. This is chiefly due to the fact that although all the literary men of the Sung dynasty may roughly be said to have contributed their quota of verse, still there were few, if any, who could be ranked as professional poets, that is, as writers of verse and of nothing else, like Li Po, Tu Fu, and many -others under the T’ang dynasty. Poetry now began to be, +others under the T‘ang dynasty. Poetry now began to be, what it has remained in a marked degree until the present day, a department of polite education, irrespective of the particle of the divine gale. More regard was paid @@ -8857,19 +8816,19 @@ earlier masters was sacrificed to conventionality. The Odes collected by Confucius are, as we have seen, rude ballads of love, and war, and tilth, borne by their very simplicity direct to the human heart. The poetry of the -T’ang dynasty shows a masterly combination, in which +T‘ang dynasty shows a masterly combination, in which art, unseen, is employed to enhance, not to fetter and degrade, thoughts drawn from a veritable communion -with nature. With the fall of the T’ang dynasty the +with nature. With the fall of the T‘ang dynasty the poetic art suffered a lapse from which it has never recovered; and now, in modern times, although every student “can turn a verse” because he has been “duly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> taught,” the poems produced disclose a naked artificiality which leaves the reader disappointed and cold.</p> -<div class="sidenote">CH’ÊN T’UAN</div> +<div class="sidenote">CH’ÊN T‘UAN</div> -<p>The poet <span class="smcap">Ch’ên T’uan</span> (<i>d.</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 989) began life under +<p>The poet <span class="smcap">Ch‘ên T‘uan</span> (<i>d.</i> <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 989) began life under favourable auspices. He was suckled by a mysterious lady in a green robe, who found him playing as a tiny child on the bank of a river. He became, in consequence @@ -8975,7 +8934,7 @@ blanche</i>, an excellent example of the difficult “stop-short:”—</p> </div></div> <p>Here, too, is a short poem by the classical scholar, -Huang T’ing-chien, written on the annual visit for worship +Huang T‘ing-chien, written on the annual visit for worship at the tombs of ancestors, in full view of the hillside cemetery:—</p> @@ -8998,7 +8957,7 @@ cemetery:—</p> <span class="i8">beneath the brambles rot?”<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>The grave student Ch’êng Hao wrote verses like the +<p>The grave student Ch‘êng Hao wrote verses like the rest. Sometimes he even condescended to jest:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> @@ -9107,19 +9066,19 @@ that such a system ever prevailed has only resulted in stimulating invention and forgery.</p> <p>A clever courtier, popularly known as “the nine-tailed -fox,” was <span class="smcap">Ch’ên P’êng-nien</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 961—1017), who rose +fox,” was <span class="smcap">Ch‘ên P‘êng-nien</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 961—1017), who rose to be a Minister of State. He was employed to revise the <cite>Kuang Yün</cite>, a phonetic dictionary by some unknown author, which contained over 26,000 separate characters. This work was to a great extent superseded by the <cite>Chi Yün</cite>, on a similar plan, but containing over 53,000 -characters. The latter was produced by Sung Ch’i, +characters. The latter was produced by Sung Ch‘i, mentioned in chap. iii., in conjunction with several eminent scholars.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Tai T’ung</span> graduated in 1237 and rose to be Governor -of T’ai-chou in Chehkiang. Then the Mongols pre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>vailed, -and Tai T’ung, unwilling to serve them, pleaded +<p><span class="smcap">Tai T‘ung</span> graduated in 1237 and rose to be Governor +of T‘ai-chou in Chehkiang. Then the Mongols pre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>vailed, +and Tai T‘ung, unwilling to serve them, pleaded ill-health, and in 1275 retired into private life. There he occupied himself with the composition of the <cite>Liu Shu Ku</cite> or Six Scripts, an examination into the origin and @@ -9144,7 +9103,7 @@ written in the poetical-prose style, and forms the foundation of a similar book of reference in use at the present day. Wu Shu was placed upon the commission which produced a much more extensive work known as the -<cite>T’ai P’ing Yü Lan</cite>. At the head of that commission was +<cite>T‘ai P‘ing Yü Lan</cite>. At the head of that commission was <span class="smcap">Li Fang</span> (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 924—995), a Minister of State and a great favourite with the Emperor. In the last year of his life he was invited to witness the Feast of Lanterns from the @@ -9154,15 +9113,15 @@ supplying him with various delicacies, he turned to his courtiers and said, “Li Fang has twice served us as Minister of State, yet has he never in any way injured a single fellow-creature. Truly this must be a virtuous -man.” The <cite>T’ai P’ing Yü Lan</cite> was reprinted in 1812, +man.” The <cite>T‘ai P‘ing Yü Lan</cite> was reprinted in 1812, and is bound up in thirty-two large volumes. It was so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> named because the Emperor himself went through all the manuscript, a task which occupied him nearly a year. A list of about eight hundred authorities is given, and the Index fills four hundred pages.</p> -<p>As a pendant to this work Li Fang designed the <cite>T’ai -P’ing Kuang Chi</cite>, an encyclopædia of biographical and +<p>As a pendant to this work Li Fang designed the <cite>T‘ai +P‘ing Kuang Chi</cite>, an encyclopædia of biographical and other information drawn from general literature. A list of about three hundred and sixty authorities is given, and the Index fills two hundred and eighty pages. The @@ -9180,8 +9139,8 @@ of the Sung dynasty he disappeared from public life, and taking refuge in his native place, he gave himself up to teaching, attracting many disciples from far and near, and fascinating all by his untiring dialectic skill. -He left behind him the <cite>Wên Hsien T’ung K’ao</cite>, a large -encyclopædia based upon the <cite>T’ung Tien</cite> of Tu Yu, +He left behind him the <cite>Wên Hsien T‘ung K‘ao</cite>, a large +encyclopædia based upon the <cite>T‘ung Tien</cite> of Tu Yu, but much enlarged and supplemented by five additional sections, namely, Bibliography, Imperial Lineage, Appointments, Uranography, and Natural Phenomena. @@ -9214,7 +9173,7 @@ to the number of days it takes the heavens to revolve.</p> <p>“The skull of a male, from the nape of the neck to the -top of the head, consists of eight pieces—of a Ts’ai-chou +top of the head, consists of eight pieces—of a Ts‘ai-chou man, nine. There is a horizontal suture across the back of the skull, and a perpendicular one down the middle. Female skulls are of six pieces, and have the horizontal @@ -9329,7 +9288,7 @@ the last of the Sungs, and jumped from his doomed vessel into the river, thus bringing the great fire-led dynasty to an end.</p> -<div class="sidenote">WÊN T’IEN-HSIANG</div> +<div class="sidenote">WÊN T‘IEN-HSIANG</div> <p>Kublai Khan, who was a confirmed Buddhist, paid great honour to Confucius, and was a steady patron of @@ -9337,7 +9296,7 @@ literature. In 1269 he caused Bashpa, a Tibetan priest, to construct an alphabet for the Mongol language; in 1280 the calendar was revised; and in 1287 the Impe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>rial Academy was opened. But he could not forgive -<span class="smcap">Wên T’ien-hsiang</span> (1236-1283), the renowned patriot and +<span class="smcap">Wên T‘ien-hsiang</span> (1236-1283), the renowned patriot and scholar, who had fought so bravely but unsuccessfully against him. In 1279 the latter was conveyed to Peking, on which journey he passed eight days without eating. @@ -9346,13 +9305,13 @@ to the Mongol Emperor, but without success. He was kept in prison for three years. At length he was summoned into the presence of Kublai Khan, who said to him, “What is it you want?” “By the grace of the -Sung Emperor,” Wên T’ien-hsiang replied, “I became his +Sung Emperor,” Wên T‘ien-hsiang replied, “I became his Majesty’s Minister. I cannot serve two masters. I only ask to die.” Accordingly he was executed, meeting his death with composure, and making a final obeisance southwards, as though his own sovereign was still reigning in his own capital. The following poem was written -by Wên T’ien-hsiang while in captivity:—</p> +by Wên T‘ien-hsiang while in captivity:—</p> <p>“There is in the universe an Aura which permeates all things and makes them what they are. Below, it shapes @@ -9410,7 +9369,7 @@ the gods, and that it is not the verses of Tu Fu alone which can prevail against malarial fever.”</p> <p>At the final examination for his degree in 1256, Wên -T’ien-hsiang had been placed seventh on the list. However, +T‘ien-hsiang had been placed seventh on the list. However, the then Emperor, on looking over the papers of the candidates before the result was announced, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> immensely struck by his work, and sent for the grand @@ -9419,7 +9378,7 @@ essay,” said his Majesty, “shows us the moral code of the ancients as in a mirror; it betokens a loyalty enduring as iron and stone.” The grand examiner readily admitted the justice of the Emperor’s criticism, and -when the list was published, the name of Wên T’ien-hsiang +when the list was published, the name of Wên T‘ien-hsiang stood first. The fame of that examiner, <span class="smcap">Wang Ying-lin</span> (1223-1296), is likely to last for a long time to come. Not because of his association with one of @@ -9440,7 +9399,7 @@ rhyme, it is easily committed to memory, and is known by heart by every Chinaman who has learnt to read. This Three Character Classic, as it is called, has been imitated by Christian missionaries, Protestant and Catholic; -and even the T’ai-p’ing rebels, alive to its far-reaching influence, +and even the T‘ai-p‘ing rebels, alive to its far-reaching influence, published an imitation of their own. Here are a few specimen lines, rhymed to match the original:—</p> @@ -9514,7 +9473,7 @@ him to perfection; if not, to destruction.”</p> <p>A considerable amount of poetry was produced under the Mongol sway, though not so much proportionately, nor of such a high order, as under the great native -dynasties. The Emperor Ch’ien Lung published in 1787 a +dynasties. The Emperor Ch‘ien Lung published in 1787 a collection of specimens of the poetry of this Yüan dynasty. They fill eight large volumes, but are not much read.</p> @@ -9554,7 +9513,7 @@ poetry primer:—</p> <p>The prose writings of Liu Chi are much admired for their pure style, which has been said to “smell of antiquity.” One piece tells how a certain noble who -had lost all by the fall of the Ch’in dynasty, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 206, +had lost all by the fall of the Ch‘in dynasty, <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span> 206, and was forced to grow melons for a living, had recourse to divination, and went to consult a famous augur on his prospects.</p> @@ -9687,7 +9646,7 @@ ordinary accompaniment to religious and other ceremonies, and that this continued for many centuries.</p> <p>Towards the middle of the eighth century, <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span>, -the Emperor Ming Huang of the T’ang dynasty, +the Emperor Ming Huang of the T‘ang dynasty, being exceedingly fond of music, established a College, known as the Pear-Garden, for training some three hundred young people of both sexes. There is a @@ -9712,7 +9671,7 @@ with the accomplished fact.</p> <p>At the same time we hear of dramatic performances among the Tartars at a somewhat earlier date. In 1031 -K’ung Tao-fu, a descendant of Confucius in the forty-fifth +K‘ung Tao-fu, a descendant of Confucius in the forty-fifth degree, was sent as envoy to the Kitans, and was received at a banquet with much honour. But at a theatrical entertainment which followed, a piece was @@ -9763,7 +9722,7 @@ have to learn all kinds of acrobatic feats, these being introduced freely into “military” plays. They also have to practise walking on feet bound up in imitation of women’s feet, no woman having been allowed on the -stage since the days of the Emperor Ch’ien Lung (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> +stage since the days of the Emperor Ch‘ien Lung (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1736-1796), whose mother had been an actress. They have further to walk about in the open air for an hour or so every day, the head thrown back and the mouth @@ -9816,8 +9775,8 @@ go to hear the play, but to see the actor. In 1678, at a certain market-town, there was a play performed which represented the execution of the patriot, General Yo Fei (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1141), brought about by the treachery of a rival, -Ch’in Kuei, who forged an order for that purpose. The -actor who played Ch’in Kuei (a term since used contemptuously +Ch‘in Kuei, who forged an order for that purpose. The +actor who played Ch‘in Kuei (a term since used contemptuously for a spittoon) produced a profound sensation; so much so, that one of the spectators, losing all self-control, leapt upon the stage and stabbed the unfortunate @@ -9923,10 +9882,10 @@ English version:—</p> <div class="center"> <table class="tdl" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td>Su Tai-ch’in,</td><td class="right"><i>a Suitor</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Su Tai-ch‘in,</td><td class="right"><i>a Suitor</i>.</td></tr> <tr><td>Hu Mao-yüan,</td><td class="right"><i>a Suitor</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td>P’ing Kuei,</td><td class="right"><i>a Beggar</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td>P’u-sa,</td><td class="right"><i>the Beggar’s Guardian Angel</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P‘ing Kuei,</td><td class="right"><i>a Beggar</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td>P‘u-sa,</td><td class="right"><i>the Beggar’s Guardian Angel</i>.</td></tr> <tr><td>Lady Wang,</td><td class="right"><i>daughter of a high Mandarin</i>.</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">Gatekeeper.</td></tr> </table></div> @@ -9934,14 +9893,14 @@ English version:—</p> <p class="stagecenter"><i>Suitors, Servants, &c.</i></p> -<p class="stagecenter"><span class="smcap">Scene</span>—<i>Outside the city of Ch’ang-an</i>.</p> +<p class="stagecenter"><span class="smcap">Scene</span>—<i>Outside the city of Ch‘ang-an</i>.</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="name">Su T’ai-ch’in.</span> At Ch’ang-an city I reside:<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="name">Su T‘ai-ch‘in.</span> At Ch‘ang-an city I reside:<br /></span> <span class="i15">My father is a Mandarin;<br /></span> <span class="i15">Oh! if I get the Flowery Ball,<br /></span> <span class="i15">My cup of joy will overflow.<br /></span> -<span class="i15">My humble name is Su T’ai-ch’in.<br /></span> +<span class="i15">My humble name is Su T‘ai-ch‘in.<br /></span> <span class="i15">To-day the Lady Wang will throw<br /></span> <span class="i15">A Flowery Ball to get a spouse;<br /></span> <span class="i15">And if perchance this ball strikes me,<br /></span> @@ -9993,10 +9952,10 @@ English version:—</p> <p class="stageright">[Exeunt.</p> -<p class="stagecenter"><i>Enter <span class="antiqua">P’ing Kuei</span>.</i></p> +<p class="stagecenter"><i>Enter <span class="antiqua">P‘ing Kuei</span>.</i></p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="name">P’ing [sings.]</span> Ah! that day within the garden<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="name">P‘ing [sings.]</span> Ah! that day within the garden<br /></span> <span class="i15">When my lady-love divine,<br /></span> <span class="i15">Daughter of a wealthy noble,<br /></span> <span class="i15">Promised that she would be mine.<br /></span> @@ -10030,7 +9989,7 @@ English version:—</p> </div><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0"><span class="name">Gatekeeper.</span> I say you’ll not!<br /></span> </div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="name">P’ing [sings.]</span> Oh I dear, he’s stopped me! why, Heaven knows!<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="name">P‘ing [sings.]</span> Oh I dear, he’s stopped me! why, Heaven knows!<br /></span> <span class="i15">It must be my hat and tattered clothes.<br /></span> <span class="i15">I’ll stay here and raise an infernal din<br /></span> <span class="i15">Until they consent to let me in.<br /></span> @@ -10038,18 +9997,18 @@ English version:—</p> <span class="i0"><span class="name">Gatekeeper.</span> I haven’t anything to spare,<br /></span> <span class="i15">So come again another day.<br /></span> </div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="name">P’ing.</span> Oh! let me just go in to look.<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="name">P‘ing.</span> Oh! let me just go in to look.<br /></span> </div><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0"><span class="name">Gatekeeper.</span> Among the sons of noblemen<br /></span> <span class="i15">What can there be for you to see?<br /></span> <span class="i15">Begone at once, or I’ll soon make you.<br /></span> </div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="name">P’ing.</span> Alas! alas! what can I do?<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="name">P‘ing.</span> Alas! alas! what can I do?<br /></span> <span class="i15">If I don’t get within the court,<br /></span> <span class="i15">The Lady Wang will tire of waiting.<br /></span> </div></div> -<p class="stagecenter"><i>Enter <span class="antiqua">P’u-sa</span>.</i></p> +<p class="stagecenter"><i>Enter <span class="antiqua">P‘u-sa</span>.</i></p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0"><span class="name">Pu-sa [sings.]</span> By heaven’s supreme command I have flown<br /></span> @@ -10111,7 +10070,7 @@ English version:—</p> <span class="i15">And the crowds down below<br /></span> <span class="i15">Bewilder me so<br /></span> <span class="i11">That I am in a most desperate state.<br /></span> -<span class="i11">Oh! P’ing Kuei, if you really love me,<br /></span> +<span class="i11">Oh! P‘ing Kuei, if you really love me,<br /></span> <span class="i11">Hasten quickly to my side:<br /></span> <span class="i11">If the words you spoke were idle,<br /></span> <span class="i11">Why ask me to be your bride?<br /></span> @@ -10126,18 +10085,18 @@ English version:—</p> <p class="stageright">[Throws down the ball.</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="name">P’u-sa. </span> ’Tis thus I seize the envied prize,<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="name">P‘u-sa. </span> ’Tis thus I seize the envied prize,<br /></span> <span class="i15">And give it to my protégé;<br /></span> <span class="i15">I’ll throw it in his earthen bowl.<br /></span> </div></div> -<p class="stageright">[Throws the ball to P’ing Kuei.</p> +<p class="stageright">[Throws the ball to P‘ing Kuei.</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span><span class="name">Lady Wang [sings.]</span> Stay! I hear the people shouting—<br /></span> <span class="i15">What, the Ball some beggar struck?<br /></span> -<span class="i15">It must be my own true P’ing Kuei—<br /></span> +<span class="i15">It must be my own true P‘ing Kuei—<br /></span> <span class="i15">I’ll go home and tell my luck!<br /></span> <span class="i15">Maidens! through the temple kindle<br /></span> <span class="i15">Incense for my lucky fate;<br /></span> @@ -10147,7 +10106,7 @@ English version:—</p> <p class="stageright">[Exeunt omnes.</p> -<p class="stagecenter"><i>Enter <span class="antiqua">Hu Mao-yüan</span> and <span class="antiqua">Su Tai-ch’in</span>.</i></p> +<p class="stagecenter"><i>Enter <span class="antiqua">Hu Mao-yüan</span> and <span class="antiqua">Su Tai-ch‘in</span>.</i></p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0"><span class="name">Hu. </span> The second of the second moon<br /></span> @@ -10167,7 +10126,7 @@ English version:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0"><span class="name">Gatekeeper. </span> Only one poor beggar now remains within the hall,<br /></span> <span class="i15">Who’d have thought that this poor vagrant would have got the Ball?<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><span class="direction">[To P’ing Kuei.] </span> Sir, you’ve come off well this morning:<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><span class="direction">[To P‘ing Kuei.] </span> Sir, you’ve come off well this morning:<br /></span> <span class="i19">You must be a lucky man.<br /></span> <span class="i15">Come with me to claim your bride, and<br /></span> <span class="i19">Make the greatest haste you can.<br /></span> @@ -10182,7 +10141,7 @@ they stand in print. Many collections of these have been published, not to mention the acting editions of each play, which can be bought at any bookstall for something like three a penny. One of the best of such -collections is the <cite>Yüan ch’ü hsüan tsa chi</cite>, or Miscellaneous +collections is the <cite>Yüan ch‘ü hsüan tsa chi</cite>, or Miscellaneous Selection of Mongol Plays, bound up in eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> thick volumes. It contains one hundred plays in all, with an illustration to each, according to the edition of @@ -10482,7 +10441,7 @@ Three Kingdoms would indubitably come out first.</p> <p>This is how the great commander Chu-ko Liang is said to have replenished his failing stock of arrows. He sent a force of some twenty or more ships to feign an attack -on the fleet of his powerful rival, Ts’ao Ts’ao. The +on the fleet of his powerful rival, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao. The decks of the ships were apparently covered with large numbers of fighting men, but these were in reality nothing more than straw figures dressed up in soldiers’ @@ -10491,7 +10450,7 @@ some real soldiers with gongs and other noisy instruments. Reaching their destination, as had been carefully calculated beforehand, in the middle of a dense fog, the soldiers at once began to beat on their gongs as -if about to go into action; whereupon Ts’ao Ts’ao, who +if about to go into action; whereupon Ts‘ao Ts‘ao, who could just make out the outlines of vessels densely packed with fighting men bearing down upon him, gave orders to his archers to begin shooting. The latter did @@ -10511,7 +10470,7 @@ off the robe.</p> <p>The following extract will perhaps be interesting, dealing as it does with the use of anæsthetics long before -they were dreamt of in this country. Ts’ao Ts’ao had +they were dreamt of in this country. Ts‘ao Ts‘ao had been struck on the head with a sword by the spirit of a pear-tree which he had attempted to cut down. He suffered such agony that one of his staff recommended @@ -10561,16 +10520,16 @@ the consequence being that two lumps of flesh grew up from the wound, one of which was very painful while the other itched unbearably. ‘There are ten needles,’ said Dr. Hua, ‘in the sore lump, and two black and -white <i>wei-ch’i</i> pips in the other.’ No one believed this +white <i>wei-ch‘i</i> pips in the other.’ No one believed this until Dr. Hua opened them with a knife and showed that -it was so. Truly he is of the same strain as Pien Ch’iao -and Ts’ang Kung of old; and as he is now living not +it was so. Truly he is of the same strain as Pien Ch‘iao +and Ts‘ang Kung of old; and as he is now living not very far from this, I wonder your Highness does not summon him.’</p> -<p>“At this, Ts’ao Ts’ao sent away messengers who were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> +<p>“At this, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao sent away messengers who were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> to travel day and night until they had brought Dr. Hua -before him; and when he arrived, Ts’ao Ts’ao held out +before him; and when he arrived, Ts‘ao Ts‘ao held out his pulse and desired him to diagnose his case.</p> <p>“‘The pain in your Highness’s head’ said Dr. Hua, @@ -10582,7 +10541,7 @@ a dose of hashish, and then with a sharp axe I will split open the back of your head and let the wind out. Thus the disease will be exterminated.’</p> -<p>“Ts’ao Ts’ao here flew into a great rage, and declared +<p>“Ts‘ao Ts‘ao here flew into a great rage, and declared that it was a plot aimed at his life; to which Dr. Hua replied, ‘Has not your Highness heard of Kuan Yü’s wound in the right shoulder? I scraped the bone and @@ -10590,15 +10549,15 @@ removed the poison for him without a single sign of fear on his part. Your Highness’s disease is but a trifling affair; why, then, so much suspicion?’</p> -<p>“‘You may scrape a sore shoulder-bone,’ said Ts’ao -Ts’ao, ‘without much risk; but to split open my skull is +<p>“‘You may scrape a sore shoulder-bone,’ said Ts‘ao +Ts‘ao, ‘without much risk; but to split open my skull is quite another matter. It strikes me now that you are here simply to avenge your friend Kuan Yü upon this opportunity.’ He thereupon gave orders that the doctor should be seized and cast into prison.”</p> <p>There the unfortunate doctor soon afterwards died, -and before very long Ts’ao Ts’ao himself succumbed.</p> +and before very long Ts‘ao Ts‘ao himself succumbed.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -10769,11 +10728,11 @@ proceeded on his way. But he had not gone more than a mile or two before he came to a stream of rushing water about a league in breadth, with not a trace of any living being in sight. At this he was somewhat startled, -and turning to Wu-k’ung (the name of the monkey) +and turning to Wu-k‘ung (the name of the monkey) said, ‘Our guide must surely have misdirected us. Look at that broad and boiling river; how shall we ever get across without a boat?’ ‘There is a bridge over there,’ -cried Wu-k’ung, ‘which you must cross over in order +cried Wu-k‘ung, ‘which you must cross over in order to complete your salvation.’ At this Hsüan Tsang and the others advanced in the direction indicated, and saw by the side of the bridge a notice-board on which @@ -10782,20 +10741,20 @@ itself consisted of a simple plank; on which Hsüan Tsang remarked, ‘I am not going to trust myself to that frail and slippery plank to cross that wide and rapid stream. Let us try somewhere else.’ ‘But this is the -true path,’ said Wu-k’ung; ‘just wait a moment and see +true path,’ said Wu-k‘ung; ‘just wait a moment and see me go across.’ Thereupon he jumped on to the bridge, and ran along the shaky vibrating plank until he reached the other side, where he stood shouting out to the rest to come on. But Hsüan Tsang waved his hand in the negative, while his companions stood by biting their fingers and crying out, ‘We can’t! we can’t! we can’t!’ -So Wu-k’ung ran back, and seizing Pa-chieh (the pig) +So Wu-k‘ung ran back, and seizing Pa-chieh (the pig) by the arm, began dragging him to the bridge, all the time calling him a fool for his pains. Pa-chieh then threw himself on the ground, roaring out, ‘It’s too slippery—it’s too slippery. I can’t do it. Spare me! spare me!’ ‘You must cross by this bridge,’ replied -Wu-k’ung, ‘if you want to become a Buddha;’ at +Wu-k‘ung, ‘if you want to become a Buddha;’ at which Pa-chieh said, ‘Then I can’t be a Buddha, sir.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> I have done with it: I shall never get across that bridge.’</p> @@ -10805,7 +10764,7 @@ lo and behold a boat appeared in sight, with a man punting it along, and calling out, ‘The ferry! the ferry!’ At this Hsüan Tsang was overjoyed, and shouted to his disciples that they would now be able to get across. -By his fiery pupil and golden iris, Wu-k’ung knew that +By his fiery pupil and golden iris, Wu-k‘ung knew that the ferryman was no other than Namo Pao-chang-kuang-wang Buddha; but he kept his knowledge to himself, and hailed the boat to take them on board. In @@ -10823,19 +10782,19 @@ A bottomless ship can hardly cross the great ocean; yet for ages past I have ferried over countless hosts of passengers.’</p> -<p>“When he heard these words Wu-k’ung cried out, +<p>“When he heard these words Wu-k‘ung cried out, ‘Master, make haste on board. This boat, although bottomless, is safe enough, and no wind or sea could overset it.’ And while Hsüan Tsang was still hesitating, -Wu-k’ung pushed him forwards on to the bridge; but +Wu-k‘ung pushed him forwards on to the bridge; but the former could not keep his feet, and fell head over heels into the water, from which he was immediately rescued by the ferryman, who dragged him on board -the boat. The rest also managed, with the aid of Wu-k’ung,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> +the boat. The rest also managed, with the aid of Wu-k‘ung,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> to scramble on board; and then, as the ferryman shoved off, lo! they beheld a dead body floating away down the stream. Hsüan Tsang was greatly alarmed at -this; but Wu-k’ung laughed and said, ‘Fear not, Master; +this; but Wu-k‘ung laughed and said, ‘Fear not, Master; that dead body is your old self!’ And all the others joined in the chorus of ‘It is you, sir, it is you;’ and even the ferryman said, ‘Yes, it is you; accept my best @@ -10901,7 +10860,7 @@ ability, which, according to him, was a marked feature of the administration of the Mongols:—</p> <p>“Têng Pi, whose cognomen was Po-i, was a man of -Ch’in. He was seven feet high. Both his eyes had +Ch‘in. He was seven feet high. Both his eyes had crimson corners, and they blinked like lightning flashes. In feats of strength he was cock of the walk; and once when his neighbour’s bulls were locked in fight, with a @@ -11104,7 +11063,7 @@ addressed to the Emperor on her husband’s behalf:—</p> <p>“May it please your Majesty,—My husband was chief Minister in the Cavalry Department of the Board of War. Because he advised your Majesty against the establishment -of a tradal mart, hoping to prevent Ch’ou Luan +of a tradal mart, hoping to prevent Ch‘ou Luan from carrying out his design, he was condemned only to a mild punishment; and then, when the latter suffered defeat, he was restored to favour and to his former @@ -11231,7 +11190,7 @@ be fulfilled.”</p> <div class="sidenote">TSUNG CH’ÊN</div> -<p><span class="smcap">Tsung Ch’ên</span> gained some distinction during this sixteenth +<p><span class="smcap">Tsung Ch‘ên</span> gained some distinction during this sixteenth century; in youth, by his great beauty, and especially by his eyes, which were said to flash fire even at the sides; later on, by subscribing to the funeral expenses @@ -11323,9 +11282,9 @@ you think me an ass.”</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<div class="sidenote">WANG TAO-K’UN</div> +<div class="sidenote">WANG TAO-K‘UN</div> -<p><span class="smcap">Wang Tao-k’un</span> took his third degree in 1547. His +<p><span class="smcap">Wang Tao-k‘un</span> took his third degree in 1547. His instincts seemed to be all for a soldier’s life, and he rose to be a successful commander. He found ample time, however, for books, and came to occupy an honourable @@ -11497,7 +11456,7 @@ supposes that the uses of plants and substances are indicated to man by certain appearances peculiar to them, figures largely in this work.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Hsü Kuang-ch’i</span> (1562-1634) is generally regarded as +<p><span class="smcap">Hsü Kuang-ch‘i</span> (1562-1634) is generally regarded as the only influential member of the mandarinate who has ever become a convert to Christianity. After graduating first among the candidates for the second degree in 1597 @@ -11532,13 +11491,13 @@ NOVELS AND PLAYS</h3> <p>Novels were produced in considerable numbers under the Ming dynasty, but the names of their writers, except in a very few cases, have not been handed down. The -marvellous work known as the <cite>Ch’in P’ing Mei</cite>, from the +marvellous work known as the <cite>Ch‘in P‘ing Mei</cite>, from the names of three of the chief female characters, has been attributed to the grave scholar and statesman, Wang Shih-chêng (1526-1593); but this is more a guess than anything else. So also is the opinion that it was produced in the seventeenth century, as a covert satire upon -the morals of the Court of the great Emperor K’ang Hsi. +the morals of the Court of the great Emperor K‘ang Hsi. The story itself refers to the early part of the twelfth century, and is written in a simple, easy style, closely approaching the Peking colloquial. It possesses one @@ -11601,14 +11560,14 @@ the reader must look upon the <cite>Lieh Kuo</cite> as a genuine history, and not as a mere novel.”</p> <p>The following extract refers to a bogus exhibition, -planned by the scheming State of Ch’in, nominally to +planned by the scheming State of Ch‘in, nominally to make a collection of valuables and hand them over as respectful tribute to the sovereign House of Chou, but really with a view to a general massacre of the rival -nobles who stood in the way between the Ch’ins and +nobles who stood in the way between the Ch‘ins and their treasonable designs:—</p> -<p>“Duke Ai of Ch’in now proceeded with his various +<p>“Duke Ai of Ch‘in now proceeded with his various officers of State to prepare a place for the proposed exhibition, at the same time setting a number of armed men in ambuscade, with a view to carry out his ambitious @@ -11629,7 +11588,7 @@ be forthwith produced and submitted for adjudication.’</p> <p>“Sounds of assent from the nobles were heard at the conclusion of this speech, but the Prime Minister of the -Ch’i State, conscious that the atmosphere was heavily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span> +Ch‘i State, conscious that the atmosphere was heavily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span> laden with the vapour of death, as if from treacherous ambush, stepped forward and said:—</p> @@ -11663,7 +11622,7 @@ Delay awhile, I pray, until I come and take the tablet myself.’</p> <p>“By this time Duke Ai had seen that the speaker was -K’uai Hui, son of the Duke of Wei, and forthwith inquired +K‘uai Hui, son of the Duke of Wei, and forthwith inquired of him what his particular claim to the post might be. ‘I cut the head off a deadly dragon, and for that feat I claim this post.’ Duke Ai thereupon ordered Pien Chuang to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> @@ -11673,7 +11632,7 @@ magician’s trick, and not at all to the present purpose. He added that if the tablet was to be taken from him, it would necessitate an appeal to force between himself and his rival. The contest continued thus for some time, -until at length the Prime Minister of Ch’i rose again, and +until at length the Prime Minister of Ch‘i rose again, and solved the difficulty in the following terms:—</p> <p>“‘The slaughter of a tiger involves physical courage, @@ -11706,7 +11665,7 @@ contained these eight lines:—</p> </div></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span></p> <p>“The theme had hardly been uttered, when up started -Chi Nien, generalissimo of the Ch’in State, and cried out, +Chi Nien, generalissimo of the Ch‘in State, and cried out, ‘This is but a question of natural philosophy; what difficulty is there in it?’ He thereupon advanced to the front, and, having obtained permission to compete, @@ -11733,7 +11692,7 @@ assembled nobles applauded loudly; whereupon Duke Ai personally invested him with the golden tablet and proclaimed him arbiter of the exhibition, for which Chi Nien was just about to return thanks, when suddenly -up jumped Wu Yüan, generalissimo of the Ch’u State, +up jumped Wu Yüan, generalissimo of the Ch‘u State, and coming forward, declared in an angry tone that Chi Nien’s answer did not dispose of the theme in a proper and final manner; that he had not removed the sacrificial @@ -11753,7 +11712,7 @@ a stylus and indited the following lines:—</p> <span class="i0">‘The earth supports the sky; the sky supports the earth.<br /></span> <span class="i0"><em class="antiqua">Five</em> is the mystic number which to the universe gave birth.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Down from the sky come the eddying waves of the river’s rolling might.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In the K’un-lun range we must seek the germ of the mountain’s towering height.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">In the K‘un-lun range we must seek the germ of the mountain’s towering height.<br /></span> <span class="i0">By <em class="antiqua">truth</em>, of the elements five, can most good work be done;<br /></span> <span class="i0">And of all the ten thousand things that are, <em class="antiqua">man</em> is the wondrous one.<br /></span> <span class="i0">There you have my replies to the questions set this day;<br /></span> @@ -11785,7 +11744,7 @@ the preceding, but of an infinitely more interesting character. Dealing with the reign of the Empress Wu, who in <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 684 set aside the rightful heir and placed herself upon the throne, which she occupied for twenty years, -this work describes how a young graduate, named T’ang, +this work describes how a young graduate, named T‘ang, disgusted with the establishment of examinations and degrees for women, set out with a small party on a voyage of exploration. Among all the strange places @@ -11793,7 +11752,7 @@ which they visited, the most curious was the Country of Gentlemen, where they landed and proceeded at once to the capital city.</p> -<p>“There, over the city gate, T’ang and his companions +<p>“There, over the city gate, T‘ang and his companions read the following legend:—</p> <div class="blockquot"> @@ -11802,11 +11761,11 @@ read the following legend:—</p> <p>“They then entered the city, which they found to be a busy and prosperous mart, the inhabitants all talking -the Chinese language. Accordingly, T’ang accosted one +the Chinese language. Accordingly, T‘ang accosted one of the passers-by, and asked him how it was his nation had become so famous for politeness and consideration of others; but, to his great astonishment, the man did -not understand the meaning of his question. T’ang +not understand the meaning of his question. T‘ang then asked him why this land was called the ‘Country of Gentlemen,’ to which he likewise replied that he did not know. Several other persons of whom they inquired @@ -11821,7 +11780,7 @@ mutually respect each other’s feelings without reference to the wealth or social status of either; and this is, after all, the essence of what constitutes the true gentleman.’</p> -<p>“‘In that case,’ cried T’ang, ‘let us not hurry on, but +<p>“‘In that case,’ cried T‘ang, ‘let us not hurry on, but rather improve ourselves by observing the ways and customs of this people.’</p> @@ -11837,7 +11796,7 @@ honour of accepting them; otherwise, I cannot but feel that you are unwilling to do business with me to-day.’</p> -<p>“‘How very funny!’ whispered T’ang to his friends. +<p>“‘How very funny!’ whispered T‘ang to his friends. ‘Here, now, is quite a different custom from ours, where the buyer invariably tries to beat down the seller, and the seller to run up the price of his goods as high as @@ -11858,7 +11817,7 @@ ask you to seek what you require at some other establishment. It is quite impossible for me to execute your commands.’</p> -<p>“T’ang was again expressing his astonishment at this +<p>“T‘ang was again expressing his astonishment at this extraordinary reversal of the platitudes of trade, when the would-be purchaser replied, ‘For you, sir, to ask such a low sum for these first-class goods, and then to @@ -11882,7 +11841,7 @@ be passing stepped aside and arranged the matter for them, by deciding that the runner was to pay the full price but to receive only four-fifths of the goods.</p> -<p>“T’ang and his companions walked on in silence, +<p>“T‘ang and his companions walked on in silence, meditating upon the strange scene they had just witnessed; but they had not gone many steps when they came across a soldier similarly engaged in buying things @@ -11992,7 +11951,7 @@ he, ‘but that the present misery of this poor fellow may be retribution for overcharging people in a former life?’</p> -<p>“‘Ah,’ said T’ang, when he had witnessed the finale of +<p>“‘Ah,’ said T‘ang, when he had witnessed the finale of this little drama, ‘truly this is the behaviour of gentlemen!’</p> <p>“Our travellers then fell into conversation with two @@ -12032,21 +11991,21 @@ their ship.”</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<div class="sidenote">P’ING SHAN LÊNG YEN</div> +<div class="sidenote">P‘ING SHAN LÊNG YEN</div> -<p>The <cite>Chin Ku Ch’i Kuan</cite>, or Marvellous Tales, +<p>The <cite>Chin Ku Ch‘i Kuan</cite>, or Marvellous Tales, Ancient and Modern, is a great favourite with the romance-reading Chinaman. It is a collection of forty stories said to have been written towards the close of the Ming dynasty by the members of a society who held meetings for that purpose. Translations of many, if not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span> all, of these have been published. The style is easy, -very unlike that of the <cite>P’ing Shan Lêng Yen</cite>, a well-known +very unlike that of the <cite>P‘ing Shan Lêng Yen</cite>, a well-known novel in what would be called a high-class literary style, being largely made up of stilted dialogue and over-elaborated verse composed at the slightest provocation by the various characters in the story. -These were P’ing and Yen, two young students in love +These were P‘ing and Yen, two young students in love with Shan and Lêng, two young poetesses who charmed even more by their literary talent than by their fascinating beauty. On one occasion a pretended poet, named @@ -12064,7 +12023,7 @@ live for a thousand generations.” “Of course I could compose,” said Mr. Sung, “even after drinking, but I might become coarse. It is better to be fasting, and to feel quite clear in the head. Then the style is more -finished, and the verse more pleasing.” “Ts’ao Chih,” +finished, and the verse more pleasing.” “Ts‘ao Chih,” retorted Miss Lêng, “composed a sonnet while taking only seven steps, and his fame will be remembered for ever. Surely occasion has nothing to do with the matter.” @@ -12143,7 +12102,7 @@ laughter-loving masses of the Chinese people.</p> <div class="sidenote">KAO TSÊ-CH’ÊNG</div> -<p>The <cite>P’i Pa Chi</cite>, or “Story of the Guitar,” stands easily +<p>The <cite>P‘i Pa Chi</cite>, or “Story of the Guitar,” stands easily at the head of the list, being ranked by some admirers as the very finest of all Chinese plays. It is variously arranged in various editions under twenty-four or forty-two @@ -12152,7 +12111,7 @@ text, long passages having been interpolated and many other changes made. It was first performed in 1704, and was regarded as a great advance in the dramatic art<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span> upon the early plays of the Mongols. The author’s name -was <span class="smcap">Kao Tsê-ch’êng</span>, and his hero is said to have been +was <span class="smcap">Kao Tsê-ch‘êng</span>, and his hero is said to have been taken from real life in the person of a friend who actually rose from poverty to rank and affluence. The following is an outline of the plot.</p> @@ -12250,7 +12209,7 @@ gives it a high value with the Chinese; for, as we are told in the prologue, “it is much easier to make people laugh than cry.” And if we can believe all that is said on this score, every successive generation has duly paid -its tribute of tears to the <cite>P’i Pa Chi</cite>.</p> +its tribute of tears to the <cite>P‘i Pa Chi</cite>.</p> @@ -12269,7 +12228,7 @@ POETRY</h3> <p>Though the poetry of the Ming dynasty shows little falling off, in point of mere volume, there are far fewer great poets to be found than under the famous Houses of -T’ang and Sung. The name, however, which stands first +T‘ang and Sung. The name, however, which stands first in point of chronological sequence, is one which is widely known. <span class="smcap">Hsieh Chin</span> (1369-1415) was born when the dynasty was but a year old, and took his final degree @@ -12435,7 +12394,7 @@ made some mark in the world.”</p> <p>The poetical effusions, and even plays, of many of these ladies have been carefully preserved, and are usually published as a supplement to any dynastic collection. -Here is a specimen by <span class="smcap">Chao Ts’ai-chi</span> (fifteenth +Here is a specimen by <span class="smcap">Chao Ts‘ai-chi</span> (fifteenth century), of whom no biography is extant:—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> @@ -12561,9 +12520,9 @@ included by the Chinese in the domain of pure literature. Such is the rule, to which there is in practice, if not in theory, one very notable exception.</p> -<div class="sidenote">P’U SUNG-LING</div> +<div class="sidenote">P‘U SUNG-LING</div> -<p><span class="smcap">P’u Sung-ling</span>, author of the <cite>Liao Chai Chih I</cite>, which +<p><span class="smcap">P‘u Sung-ling</span>, author of the <cite>Liao Chai Chih I</cite>, which may be conveniently rendered by “Strange Stories,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span> was born in 1622, and took his first degree in 1641. Though an excellent scholar and a most polished writer, @@ -12572,7 +12531,7 @@ the higher degrees by which he had hoped to enter upon an official career. It is generally understood that this failure was due to neglect of the beaten track of academic study. At any rate, his disappointment was -overwhelming. All else that we have on record of P’u +overwhelming. All else that we have on record of P‘u Sung-ling, besides the fact that he lived in close companionship with several eminent scholars of the day, is gathered from his own words, written when, in 1679, he @@ -12581,7 +12540,7 @@ was to raise him within a short period to a foremost rank in the Chinese world of letters. The following are extracts from this record:—</p> -<p>“Clad in wistaria, girdled with ivy,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>—thus sang Ch’ü +<p>“Clad in wistaria, girdled with ivy,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>—thus sang Ch‘ü Yüan in his <cite>Li Sao</cite>. Of ox-headed devils and serpent gods, he of the long nails<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> never wearied to tell. Each interprets in his own way the music of heaven; @@ -12591,7 +12550,7 @@ autumn firefly’s light, match myself against the hobgoblins of the age.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> I am but the dust in the sunbeam,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span> a fit laughing-stock for devils.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> For my talents are not those of Yü Pao,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> elegant explorer of the records of the -gods; I am rather animated by the spirit of Su Tung-p’o, +gods; I am rather animated by the spirit of Su Tung-p‘o, who loved to hear men speak of the supernatural. I get people to commit what they tell me to writing, and subsequently I dress it up in the form of a story; and thus @@ -12632,7 +12591,7 @@ warmth. For where are they who know me? They are in an impenetrable gloom!”</p> <p>For many years these “Strange Stories” circulated -only in manuscript. P’u Sung-ling, as we are told in a +only in manuscript. P‘u Sung-ling, as we are told in a colophon by his grandson to the first edition, was too poor to meet the heavy expense of block-cutting; and it was not until so late as 1740, when the author must have @@ -12682,7 +12641,7 @@ vice,” the following story, entitled “The Talking Pupils,” may be taken as a fair illustration of the extent to which this pledge is redeemed:—</p> -<p>“At Ch’ang-an there lived a scholar named Fang +<p>“At Ch‘ang-an there lived a scholar named Fang Tung, who, though by no means destitute of ability, was a very unprincipled rake, and in the habit of following and speaking to any woman he might chance to meet. @@ -13061,7 +13020,7 @@ Fêng-hsien stood by his side.”</p> <hr class="tb" /> <p>Here is a story of the nether world, a favourite theme -with P’u Sung-ling. It illustrates the popular belief that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> +with P‘u Sung-ling. It illustrates the popular belief that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span> at death a man’s soul is summoned to Purgatory by spiritual lictors, who are even liable to make mistakes. Cataleptic fits or trances give rise to many similar tales @@ -13115,7 +13074,7 @@ These lines are much admired:—</p> <span class="i2">Thyself that ray must bring.”<br /></span> </div></div> -<p>But we have seen perhaps enough of P’u Sung-ling. +<p>But we have seen perhaps enough of P‘u Sung-ling. “If,” as Han Yü exclaimed, “there is knowledge after death,” the profound and widespread esteem in which this work is held by the literati of China must indeed @@ -13394,7 +13353,7 @@ bed and cried herself to sleep.</p> <p>Shortly after this, Pao-yü’s mother’s sister was compelled by circumstances to seek a residence in the -capital. She brought with her a daughter, Pao-ch’ai,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> +capital. She brought with her a daughter, Pao-ch‘ai,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span> another cousin to Pao-yü, but about a year older than he was; and besides receiving a warm welcome, the two were invited to settle themselves comfortably down @@ -13402,7 +13361,7 @@ in the capacious family mansion of their relatives. Thus it was that destiny brought Pao-yü and his two cousins together under the same roof.</p> -<p>The three soon became fast friends. Pao-ch’ai had +<p>The three soon became fast friends. Pao-ch‘ai had been carefully educated by her father, and was able to hold her own even against the accomplished Tai-yü. Pao-yü loved the society of either or both. He was @@ -13428,7 +13387,7 @@ in fact, Pao-yü spent most of the time he ought to have devoted to his books. He was always running across to see either one or other of these young ladies, or meeting both of them in general assembly at his grandmother’s. -It was at a <i>tête-à-tête</i> with Pao-ch’ai that she made him +It was at a <i>tête-à-tête</i> with Pao-ch‘ai that she made him show her his marvellous piece of jade, with the inscription, which she read as follows:—</p> @@ -13440,7 +13399,7 @@ which she read as follows:—</p> </div></div> <p>The indiscretion of a slave-girl here let Pao-yü become -aware that Pao-ch’ai herself possessed a wonderful gold +aware that Pao-ch‘ai herself possessed a wonderful gold amulet, upon which also were certain words inscribed; and of course Pao-yü insisted on seeing it at once. On it was written—</p> @@ -13459,7 +13418,7 @@ she almost monopolises the society of Pao-yü, and he, on his side, finds himself daily more and more attracted by the sprightly mischievous humour of the beautiful Tai-yü, as compared with the quieter and more orthodox -loveliness of Pao-ch’ai. Pao-ch’ai does not know what +loveliness of Pao-ch‘ai. Pao-ch‘ai does not know what jealousy means. She too loves to bandy words, exchange verses, or puzzle over conundrums with her mercurial cousin; but she never allows her thoughts to @@ -13468,12 +13427,12 @@ the strictest maidenly reserve.</p> <p>Not so Tai-yü. She had been already for some time Pao-yü’s chief companion when they were joined by -Pao-ch’ai. She had come to regard the handsome boy +Pao-ch‘ai. She had come to regard the handsome boy almost as a part of herself, though not conscious of the fact until called upon to share his society with another. And so it was that although Pao-yü showed an open preference for herself, she still grudged the lesser attentions -he paid to Pao-ch’ai. As often as not these same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> +he paid to Pao-ch‘ai. As often as not these same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> attentions originated in an irresistible impulse to tease. Pao-yü and Tai-yü were already lovers in so far that they were always quarrelling; the more so, that their @@ -13488,12 +13447,12 @@ monk and devote his life to Buddha; but in this instance it was he who shed the tears and she who had to wipe them away.</p> -<p>All this time Tai-yü and Pao-ch’ai were on terms of +<p>All this time Tai-yü and Pao-ch‘ai were on terms of scrupulous courtesy. Tai-yü’s father had recently died, and her fortunes now seemed to be bound up more closely than ever with those of the family in which she lived. She had a handsome gold ornament given her to -match Pao-ch’ai’s amulet, and the three young people +match Pao-ch‘ai’s amulet, and the three young people spent their days together, thinking only how to get most enjoyment out of every passing hour. Sometimes, however, a shade of serious thought would darken Tai-yü’s @@ -13626,14 +13585,14 @@ prosperity had been reached and the hour of decadence had arrived. Still all went merry as a marriage-bell, and Pao-yü and Tai-yü continued the agreeable pastime of love-making. In this they were further favoured by -circumstances. Pao-ch’ai’s mother gave up the apart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span>ments +circumstances. Pao-ch‘ai’s mother gave up the apart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span>ments which had been assigned to her, and went to live -in lodgings in the city, of course taking Pao-ch’ai with +in lodgings in the city, of course taking Pao-ch‘ai with her. Some time previous to this, a slave-girl had casually remarked to Pao-yü that her young mistress, Tai-yü, was about to leave and go back again to the south. Pao-yü fainted on the spot, and was straightway carried off and -put to bed. He bore the departure of Pao-ch’ai with +put to bed. He bore the departure of Pao-ch‘ai with composure. He could not even hear of separation from his beloved Tai-yü.</p> @@ -13729,16 +13688,16 @@ In another famous Chinese novel, already described, a similar difficulty is got over in this way—the hero marries both. Here, however, the family elders were distracted by rival claims. By their gentle, winning manners, -Pao-ch’ai and Tai-yü had made themselves equally beloved +Pao-ch‘ai and Tai-yü had made themselves equally beloved by all the inmates of these two noble houses, from the venerable grandmother down to the meanest slave-girl. Their beauty was of different styles, but at the bar of man’s opinion each would probably have gained an equal number of votes. Tai-yü was undoubtedly -the cleverer of the two, but Pao-ch’ai had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span> +the cleverer of the two, but Pao-ch‘ai had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span> better health; and in the judgment of those with whom the decision rested, health carried the day. It was -arranged that Pao-yü was to marry Pao-ch’ai.</p> +arranged that Pao-yü was to marry Pao-ch‘ai.</p> <p>This momentous arrangement was naturally made in secret. Various preliminaries would have to be gone @@ -13828,7 +13787,7 @@ should marry some one with a golden destiny to help him on.</p> <p>So the chief actors in the tragedy about to be enacted -had to be consulted at last. They began with Pao-ch’ai, +had to be consulted at last. They began with Pao-ch‘ai, for various reasons; and she, like a modest, well-bred maiden, received her mother’s commands in submissive silence. Further, from that day she ceased to mention @@ -13839,7 +13798,7 @@ whom even went so far as to tell his mother that his heart was set upon marrying her whom the family had felt obliged to reject. It was therefore hardly doubtful how he would receive the news of his betrothal to -Pao-ch’ai; and as in his present state of health the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> +Pao-ch‘ai; and as in his present state of health the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> consequences could not be ignored, it was resolved to have recourse to stratagem. So the altar was prepared, and naught remained but to draw the bright death across @@ -13848,7 +13807,7 @@ the victim’s throat.</p> <p>In the short time which intervened, the news was broken to Tai-yü in an exceptionally cruel manner. She heard by accident in conversation with a slave-girl -in the garden that Pao-yü was to marry Pao-ch’ai. The +in the garden that Pao-yü was to marry Pao-ch‘ai. The poor girl felt as if a thunderbolt had pierced her brain. Her whole frame quivered beneath the shock. She turned to go back to her room, but half unconsciously @@ -13880,7 +13839,7 @@ to pick her up found her with her mouth full of blood.</p> <p>By this time all formalities have been gone through and the wedding day is fixed. It is not to be a grand -wedding, but of course there must be a trousseau. Pao-ch’ai +wedding, but of course there must be a trousseau. Pao-ch‘ai sometimes weeps, she scarcely knows why; but preparations for the great event of her life leave her, fortunately, very little leisure for reflection. Tai-yü is @@ -13919,7 +13878,7 @@ Pao-yü raised his bride’s veil. For a moment he seemed as though suddenly turned into stone, as he stood there speechless and motionless, with fixed eyes gazing upon a face he had little expected to behold. -Meanwhile, Pao-ch’ai retired into an inner apartment; +Meanwhile, Pao-ch‘ai retired into an inner apartment; and then, for the first time, Pao-yü found his voice.</p> <p>“Am I dreaming?” cried he, looking round upon his @@ -13931,9 +13890,9 @@ it all.”</p> <p>“Who was that?” said Pao-yü, with averted head, pointing in the direction of the door through which -Pao-ch’ai had disappeared.</p> +Pao-ch‘ai had disappeared.</p> -<p>“It was Pao-ch’ai, your wife...”</p> +<p>“It was Pao-ch‘ai, your wife...”</p> <p>“Tai-yü, you mean; Tai-yü is my wife,” shrieked he, interrupting them; “I want Tai-yü! I want Tai-yü! Oh, @@ -13963,7 +13922,7 @@ it moaned fitfully through the trees.</p> <p>But the bridegroom himself had already entered the valley of the dark shadow. Pao-yü was very ill. He -raved and raved about Tai-yü, until at length Pao-ch’ai, +raved and raved about Tai-yü, until at length Pao-ch‘ai, who had heard the news, took upon herself the painful task of telling him she was already dead. “Dead?” cried Pao-yü, “dead?” and with a loud groan he fell @@ -13998,7 +13957,7 @@ unreason. For now they could always hope; and when they saw him daily grow stronger and stronger in bodily health, it seemed that ere long even his mental equilibrium might be restored. The more so that he had -ceased to mention Tai-yü’s name, and treated Pao-ch’ai +ceased to mention Tai-yü’s name, and treated Pao-ch‘ai with marked kindness and respect.</p> <p>All this time the fortunes of the two grand families are @@ -14027,10 +13986,10 @@ of prosperous days forgot to call, and even the servants deserted at their posts. And so it came about that the old lady fell ill, and within a few days was lying upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span> her death-bed. She spoke a kind word to all, except to -Pao-ch’ai. For her she had only a sigh, that fate had +Pao-ch‘ai. For her she had only a sigh, that fate had linked her with a husband whose heart was buried in the grave. So she died, and there was a splendid funeral, -paid for out of funds raised at the pawnshop. Pao-ch’ai +paid for out of funds raised at the pawnshop. Pao-ch‘ai appeared in white; and among the flowers which were gathered around the bier, she was unanimously pronounced to be the fairest blossom of all.</p> @@ -14088,7 +14047,7 @@ the honours and glory of this world; and what is stranger than all, he appears to have very much lost his taste for the once fascinating society of women. For a time he seems to be under the spell of a religious craze, and is -always arguing with Pao-ch’ai upon the advantages of +always arguing with Pao-ch‘ai upon the advantages of devoting one’s life to the service of Buddha. But shortly before the examination he burned all the books he had collected which treated of immortality and a future state, @@ -14150,7 +14109,7 @@ round about. There was Pao-yü’s success and his nephew’s; and above all, the gracious clemency of the Son of Heaven. Free pardons were granted, confiscated estates were returned. The two families basked again -in the glow of Imperial favour. Pao-ch’ai was about to +in the glow of Imperial favour. Pao-ch‘ai was about to become a mother; the ancestral line might be continued after all. But Pao-yü, where was he? That remained a mystery still, against which even the Emperor’s mandate @@ -14184,11 +14143,11 @@ Pao-yü!</p> <h3>CHAPTER II<br /> -THE EMPERORS K’ANG HSI AND CH’IEN LUNG</h3> +THE EMPERORS K‘ANG HSI AND CH’IEN LUNG</h3> <p>The second Emperor of the Manchu dynasty, known to -the world by his year-title <span class="smcap">K’ang Hsi</span>, succeeded to the +the world by his year-title <span class="smcap">K‘ang Hsi</span>, succeeded to the throne in 1662 when he was only eight years of age, and six years later he took up the reins of government. Fairly tall and well-proportioned, he loved all manly exercises @@ -14208,14 +14167,14 @@ have encroached seriously upon his time, he found leisure to initiate and carry out, with the aid of the leading scholars of the day, several of the greatest literary enterprises the world has ever seen. The chief of these are -(1) the <cite>K’ang Hsi Tzŭ Tien</cite>, the great standard dictionary -of the Chinese language; (2) the <cite>P’ei Wên Yün Fu</cite>, a +(1) the <cite>K‘ang Hsi Tzŭ Tien</cite>, the great standard dictionary +of the Chinese language; (2) the <cite>P‘ei Wên Yün Fu</cite>, a huge concordance to all literature, bound up in forty-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span>four -large closely-printed volumes; (3) the <cite>P’ien Tzŭ Lei -P’ien</cite>, a similar work, with a different arrangement, bound +large closely-printed volumes; (3) the <cite>P‘ien Tzŭ Lei +P‘ien</cite>, a similar work, with a different arrangement, bound up in thirty-six large volumes; (4) the <cite>Yüan Chien Lei Han</cite>, an encyclopædia, bound up in forty-four volumes; -and (5) the <cite>T’u Shu Chi Ch’êng</cite>, a profusely illustrated +and (5) the <cite>T‘u Shu Chi Ch‘êng</cite>, a profusely illustrated encyclopædia, in 1628 volumes of about 200 pages to each. To the above must be added a considerable collection of literary remains, in prose and verse, which, of course, @@ -14225,7 +14184,7 @@ familiar to the public at large, with a single and trifling exception. The so-called Sacred Edict is known from one end of China to the other. It originally consisted of sixteen moral maxims delivered in 1670 under the form -of an edict by the Emperor K’ang Hsi. His Majesty +of an edict by the Emperor K‘ang Hsi. His Majesty himself had just reached the mature age of sixteen. He had then probably discovered that men’s morals were no longer what they had been in the days of “ancient @@ -14250,7 +14209,7 @@ to hinder them from doing what is wrong.”</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span></p> -<p>K’ang Hsi died in 1722, after completing a full cycle +<p>K‘ang Hsi died in 1722, after completing a full cycle of sixty years as occupant of the Dragon Throne. His son and successor, Yung Chêng, caused one hundred picked scholars to submit essays enlarging upon the @@ -14267,7 +14226,7 @@ duty of man.</p> <div class="sidenote">CH’IEN LUNG</div> <p>In 1735 the Emperor Yung Chêng died, and was -succeeded by his fourth son, who reigned as <span class="smcap">Ch’ien +succeeded by his fourth son, who reigned as <span class="smcap">Ch‘ien Lung</span>. An able ruler, with an insatiable thirst for knowledge, and an indefatigable administrator, he rivals his grandfather’s fame as a sovereign and a patron of @@ -14328,7 +14287,7 @@ train of thought, the reader is fairly entitled to ask <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span></p> <p>The following is a somewhat more spirited production. -It is a song written by Ch’ien Lung, to be inserted and +It is a song written by Ch‘ien Lung, to be inserted and sung in a play entitled “Picking up Gold,” by a beggar who is fortunate enough to stumble across a large nugget:—</p> @@ -14460,7 +14419,7 @@ devoted himself as a youth to poetry, literature, and political economy. He accompanied his brother to Formosa as military secretary, and his account of the expedition attracted public attention. Recommended to -the Emperor, he became magistrate of P’u-lin, and distinguished +the Emperor, he became magistrate of P‘u-lin, and distinguished himself as much by his just and incorrupt administration as by his literary abilities. He managed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span> however, to make enemies among his superior officers, @@ -14582,16 +14541,16 @@ injured suitor under the canopy of heaven.”</p> <p>The following is a specimen case dealing with the evil effects of superstitious doctrines:—</p> -<p>“The people of the Ch’ao-yang district are great on +<p>“The people of the Ch‘ao-yang district are great on bogies, and love to talk of spirits and Buddhas. The gentry and their wives devote themselves to Ta Tien, but the women generally of the neighbourhood flock in crowds to the temples to burn incense and adore Buddha, forming an unbroken string along the road. Hence, much ghostly and supernatural nonsense gets -spread about; and hence it was that the Hou-t’ien sect +spread about; and hence it was that the Hou-t‘ien sect came to flourish. I know nothing of the origin of this -sect. It was started amongst the Ch’ao-yang people by +sect. It was started amongst the Ch‘ao-yang people by two men, named Yen and Chou respectively, who said that they had been instructed by a white-bearded Immortal, and who, when an attempt to arrest them @@ -14858,21 +14817,21 @@ others of their good name.”</p> <p>The <cite>Ming Chi Kang Mu</cite>, or History of the Ming Dynasty, which had been begun in 1689 by a commission of fifty-eight scholars, was laid before the Emperor only -in 1742 by <span class="smcap">Chang T’ing-yü</span> (1670-1756), a Minister +in 1742 by <span class="smcap">Chang T‘ing-yü</span> (1670-1756), a Minister of State and a most learned writer, joint editor of the Book of Rites, Ritual of the Chou Dynasty, the Thirteen Classics, the Twenty-four Histories, Thesaurus of Phraseology, Encyclopædia of Quotations, the Concordance to Literature, &c. This work, however, did not meet with the Imperial approval, and for it was -substituted the <cite>T’ung Chien Kang Mu San Pien</cite>, first +substituted the <cite>T‘ung Chien Kang Mu San Pien</cite>, first published in 1775. Among the chief collaborators of -Chang T’ing-yü should be mentioned <span class="smcap">O-êrh-t’ai</span>, the +Chang T‘ing-yü should be mentioned <span class="smcap">O-êrh-t‘ai</span>, the Mongol (<i>d.</i> 1745), and <span class="smcap">Chu Shih</span> (1666-1736), both of whom were also voluminous contributors to classical literature.</p> -<p>These were followed by <span class="smcap">Ch’ên Hung-mou</span> (1695-1771), +<p>These were followed by <span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Hung-mou</span> (1695-1771), who, besides being the author of brilliant State papers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> was a commentator on the Classics, dealing especially with the Four Books, a writer on miscellaneous topics, @@ -14901,8 +14860,8 @@ sent into Shansi, he managed to quarrel with the Viceroy. At the early age of forty he retired from the official arena and led a life of lettered ease in his beautiful garden at Nanking. His letters, which have been -published under the title of <cite>Hsiao Ts’ang Shan Fang -Ch’ih Tu</cite>, are extremely witty and amusing, and at the +published under the title of <cite>Hsiao Ts‘ang Shan Fang +Ch‘ih Tu</cite>, are extremely witty and amusing, and at the same time are models of style. Many of the best are a trifle coarse, sufficiently so to rank them with some of the eighteenth-century literature on this side of the globe; @@ -14931,7 +14890,7 @@ cloak or a coat, and expect to get a whole epic in return! In this way, the prosperity on which you congratulate me would not count for much.</p> -<p>“Shun Yü-t’an of old sacrificed a bowl of rice and +<p>“Shun Yü-t‘an of old sacrificed a bowl of rice and a perch to get a hundred waggons full of grain; he offered little and he wanted much. And have you not heard how a thousand pieces of silk were given for a @@ -14959,7 +14918,7 @@ given them. But a great general knows his own strength as well as the enemy’s, and it would hardly be proper for me to lure you from men’s to women’s work, and place on your head a ribboned cap. How then do you venture -to treat me as Ts’ao Ts’ao [on his death-bed treated +to treat me as Ts‘ao Ts‘ao [on his death-bed treated his concubines], by bestowing on me an insignificant tobacco-pouch?</p> @@ -15162,7 +15121,7 @@ as plates, and even putting them into the guests’ mouths, as if they were children or brides, too shy to help themselves.</p> -<p>There was a man in Ch’ang-an, he tells us, who was +<p>There was a man in Ch‘ang-an, he tells us, who was very fond of giving dinners; but the food was atrocious. One day a guest threw himself on his knees in front of this gentleman and said, “Am I not a friend of yours?”</p> @@ -15201,7 +15160,7 @@ as the saying has it.”</p> <div class="sidenote">CH’ÊN HAO-TZŬ</div> -<p>In 1783 <span class="smcap">Ch’ên Hao-tzŭ</span>, who lived beside the Western +<p>In 1783 <span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Hao-tzŭ</span>, who lived beside the Western Lake at Hangchow, and called himself the Flower Hermit, published a gossipy little work on gardening and country pursuits, under the title of “The Mirror of @@ -15243,7 +15202,7 @@ subject.</p> flowers and a bibliomaniac; but surely study is the proper occupation of a literary man, and as for gardening, that is simply a rest for my brain and a relaxation -in my declining years. What does T’ao Ch’ien say?—</p> +in my declining years. What does T‘ao Ch‘ien say?—</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">‘Riches and rank I do not love,<br /></span> @@ -15253,7 +15212,7 @@ in my declining years. What does T’ao Ch’ien say?—</p> <p>Besides, it is only in hours of leisure that I devote myself to the cultivation of flowers.”</p> -<p>Ch’ên Hao-tzŭ then runs through the four seasons, +<p>Ch‘ên Hao-tzŭ then runs through the four seasons, showing how each has its especial charm, contributing to the sum of those pure pleasures which are the best antidote against the ills of old age. He then proceeds to @@ -15389,13 +15348,13 @@ These are her farewell lines:—</p> <p>One of the greatest of the scholars of the present dynasty was <span class="smcap">Yüan Yüan</span> (1764-1849). He took his third degree in 1789, and at the final examination the aged -Emperor Ch’ien Lung was so struck with his talents that +Emperor Ch‘ien Lung was so struck with his talents that he exclaimed, “Who would have thought that, after passing my eightieth year, I should find another such man as this one?” He then held many high offices in succession, including the post of Governor of Chehkiang, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span> which he operated vigorously against the Annamese -pirates and Ts’ai Ch’ien, established the tithing system, +pirates and Ts‘ai Ch‘ien, established the tithing system, colleges, schools, and soup-kitchens, besides devoting himself to the preservation of ancient monuments. As Viceroy of the Two Kuang, he frequently came into @@ -15404,27 +15363,27 @@ a tight hand over the barbarian merchants. He was a voluminous writer on the Classics, astronomy, archæology, &c., and various important collections were produced under his patronage. Among these may be mentioned -the <cite>Huang Ch’ing Ching Chieh</cite>, containing upwards -of 180 separate works, and the <cite>Ch’ou Jen Chuan</cite>, a biographical +the <cite>Huang Ch‘ing Ching Chieh</cite>, containing upwards +of 180 separate works, and the <cite>Ch‘ou Jen Chuan</cite>, a biographical dictionary of famous mathematicians of all ages, including Euclid, Newton, and Ricci, the Jesuit Father. He also published a Topography of Kuangtung, specimens of the compositions of more than 5000 poets of Kiangsi, and a large collection of inscriptions on bells and vases. He also edited the Catalogue of the Imperial -Library, the large encyclopædia known as the <cite>T’ai P’ing +Library, the large encyclopædia known as the <cite>T‘ai P‘ing Yü Lan</cite>, and other important works.</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<div class="sidenote">THE KAN YING P’IEN</div> +<div class="sidenote">THE KAN YING P‘IEN</div> <p>Two religious works, associated with the Taoism of modern days, which have long been popular throughout China, may fitly be mentioned here. They are not to be bought in shops, but can always be obtained at temples, where large numbers are placed by philanthropists for -distribution gratis. The first is the <cite>Kan Ying P’ien</cite>, or +distribution gratis. The first is the <cite>Kan Ying P‘ien</cite>, or Book of Rewards and Punishments, attributed by the foolish to Lao Tzŭ himself. Its real date is quite unknown; moderate writers place it in the Sung dynasty, @@ -15437,7 +15396,7 @@ As Chu Hsi says, “Buddhism stole the best features of Taoism, and Taoism stole the worst features of Buddhism; it is as though the one stole a jewel from the other, and the loser recouped the loss with a stone.” -Prefixed to the <cite>Kan Ying P’ien</cite> will be found Buddhist +Prefixed to the <cite>Kan Ying P‘ien</cite> will be found Buddhist formulæ for cleansing the mouth and body before beginning to read the text, and appeals to Maitrêya Buddha and Avalôkitêsvara. Married women and girls @@ -15473,7 +15432,7 @@ will be carried on to the account of his descendants.</p> <div class="sidenote">THE YÜ LI CH’AO CHUAN</div> <p>The second of the two works under consideration is -the <cite>Yü Li Ch’ao Chuan</cite>, a description of the Ten Courts +the <cite>Yü Li Ch‘ao Chuan</cite>, a description of the Ten Courts of Purgatory in the nether world, through some or all of which every erring soul must pass before being allowed to be born again into this world under another form, @@ -15856,15 +15815,15 @@ of classical humour, being such as might be introduced into any serious biographical notice of the individuals concerned.</p> -<p>Ch’un-yü K’un (4th cent. <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>) was the wit already +<p>Ch‘un-yü K‘un (4th cent. <span class="smcap lowercase">B.C.</span>) was the wit already mentioned, who tried to entangle Mencius in his talk. -On one occasion, when the Ch’u State was about to -attack the Ch’i State, he was ordered by the Prince -of Ch’i, who was his father-in-law, to proceed to the +On one occasion, when the Ch‘u State was about to +attack the Ch‘i State, he was ordered by the Prince +of Ch‘i, who was his father-in-law, to proceed to the Chao State and ask that an army might be sent to their assistance; to which end the Prince supplied him with 100 lbs. of silver and ten chariots as offerings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span> -to the ruler of Chao. At this Ch’un-yü laughed so +to the ruler of Chao. At this Ch‘un-yü laughed so immoderately that he snapped the lash of his cap; and when the Prince asked him what was the joke, he said, “As I was coming along this morning, I saw a husbandman @@ -15876,7 +15835,7 @@ with grain!’ And I could not help laughing at a man who offered so little and wanted so much.” The Prince took the hint, and obtained the assistance he required.</p> -<p>T’ao Ku (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 902-970) was an eminent official whose +<p>T‘ao Ku (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 902-970) was an eminent official whose name is popularly known in connection with the following repartee. Having ordered a newly-purchased waiting-maid to get some snow and make tea in honour of @@ -15887,7 +15846,7 @@ They just put up a gold-splashed awning, and had a little music and some old wine.”</p> <p>Li Chia-ming (10th cent. <span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span>) was a wit at the Court -of the last ruler of the T’ang dynasty. On one occasion +of the last ruler of the T‘ang dynasty. On one occasion the latter drew attention to some gathering clouds which appeared about to bring rain. “They may come,” said Li Chia-ming, “but they will not venture to enter the @@ -16259,7 +16218,7 @@ Catholic missionaries (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">neo-missionariis accommodatus< <p>Another very important work, now rapidly approaching completion, is a translation by Professor E. Chavannes, Collège de France, of the famous history described in Book II. chap, iii., under the title of <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les -Mémoires Historiques de Se-ma Ts’ien</cite>, the first volume of which is +Mémoires Historiques de Se-ma Ts‘ien</cite>, the first volume of which is dated Paris, 1895.</p> <p><cite>Notes on Chinese Literature</cite>, by A. Wylie, Shanghai, 1867, contains @@ -16363,7 +16322,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="ifrst">Catalogue of the Imperial Library, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Chan Kuo Ts’ê</cite>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Chan Kuo Ts‘ê</cite>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chang Chi</span>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> @@ -16375,11 +16334,11 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chang Pi</span>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chang T’ing-yü</span>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chang T‘ing-yü</span>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ang Ch’ien</span>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ang Ch‘ien</span>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> -<li class="indx">Chao Ch’i, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> +<li class="indx">Chao Ch‘i, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chao I</span>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li> @@ -16387,31 +16346,31 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Chao Ping, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chao Ts’ai-chi</span>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chao Ts‘ai-chi</span>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ao Ts’o</span>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ao Ts‘o</span>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ên Hao-tzŭ</span>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Hao-tzŭ</span>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ên Hung-mou</span>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Hung-mou</span>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ên Lin</span>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Lin</span>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ên P’êng-nien</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ên P‘êng-nien</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ên T’ao</span>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ên T‘ao</span>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ên T’uan</span>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ên T‘uan</span>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ên Tzŭ-ang</span>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ên Tzŭ-ang</span>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chêng Ch’iao</span>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chêng Ch‘iao</span>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chêng Hsüan</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’êng Hao</span>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘êng Hao</span>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’êng I</span>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘êng I</span>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> <li class="indx">Chi Hsi, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> @@ -16423,13 +16382,13 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Chia Yü</cite>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ien Lung</span>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ien Lung</span>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Chin Ku Ch’i Kuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Chin Ku Ch‘i Kuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> -<li class="indx">Ch’in Kuei, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ch‘in Kuei, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Ch’in P’ing Mei</cite>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Ch‘in P‘ing Mei</cite>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Ching Hua Yüan</cite>, <a href="#Page_316">316-322</a></li> @@ -16437,7 +16396,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chou Tun-i</span>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Ch’ou Jen Chuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Ch‘ou Jen Chuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chu Hsi</span>, <a href="#Page_228">228-231</a></li> @@ -16447,21 +16406,21 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chu Yung-shun</span>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch’ü Yüan</span>, <a href="#Page_50">50-53</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ch‘ü Yüan</span>, <a href="#Page_50">50-53</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Chuang Tzŭ</span>, <a href="#Page_60">60-68</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Ch’un Ch’iu</cite>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Ch‘un Ch‘iu</cite>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span></li> -<li class="indx">Ch’un-yü K’un, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ch‘un-yü K‘un, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Chung Yung</cite>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> <li class="indx">Classic of Filial Piety, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -<li class="indx">Complete collection of the poetry of the T’ang dynasty, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li class="indx">Complete collection of the poetry of the T‘ang dynasty, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> <li class="indx">Concordances, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> @@ -16554,7 +16513,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Hsi Hsiang Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> -<li class="indx">Hsi K’ang, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li class="indx">Hsi K‘ang, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Hsi Yu Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_281">281-287</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> @@ -16566,9 +16525,9 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Hsiao Lin Kuang Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_433">433-436</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Hsiao Ts’ang Shan Fang Ch’ih Tu</cite>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Hsiao Ts‘ang Shan Fang Ch‘ih Tu</cite>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hsiao T’ung</span>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hsiao T‘ung</span>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hsiao Yen</span>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> @@ -16586,7 +16545,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hsü Kan</span>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hsü Kuang-ch’i</span>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hsü Kuang-ch‘i</span>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hsü Shên</span>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> @@ -16602,9 +16561,9 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Huang-fu Mi</span>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Huang Ch’ing Ching Chieh</cite>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Huang Ch‘ing Ching Chieh</cite>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Huang T’ing-chien</span>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Huang T‘ing-chien</span>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> <li class="indx">Humour, Classical, <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li> @@ -16631,15 +16590,15 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Journalism, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li> -<li class="ifrst"><cite>Kan Ying P’ien</cite>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> +<li class="ifrst"><cite>Kan Ying P‘ien</cite>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K’ang Hsi</span>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K‘ang Hsi</span>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>K’ang Hsi Tzŭ Tien</cite>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>K‘ang Hsi Tzŭ Tien</cite>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kao Chü-nien</span>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kao Tsê-ch’êng</span>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kao Tsê-ch‘êng</span>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> <li class="indx">Kao Tzŭ, <a href="#Page_37">37-39</a></li> @@ -16661,19 +16620,19 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kung-yang</span>, <a href="#Page_29">29-31</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K’ung An-kuo</span>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K‘ung An-kuo</span>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K’ung Chi</span>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K‘ung Chi</span>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K’ung Jung</span>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K‘ung Jung</span>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> -<li class="indx">K’ung Tao-fu, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> +<li class="indx">K‘ung Tao-fu, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K’ung Ying-ta</span>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">K‘ung Ying-ta</span>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kuo Hsiang</span>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kuo P’o</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kuo P‘o</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Kuo Yü</cite>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> @@ -16726,7 +16685,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Liu An, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Liu Ch’ê</span>, <a href="#Page_99">99-101</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Liu Ch‘ê</span>, <a href="#Page_99">99-101</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Liu Chêng</span>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> @@ -16758,7 +16717,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lü Pu-wei</span>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Lü Shih Ch’un Ch’iu</cite>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Lü Shih Ch‘un Ch‘iu</cite>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Lun Hêng</cite>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> @@ -16785,7 +16744,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mêng Hao-jan</span>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> -<li class="indx">Mêng T’ien, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span></li> +<li class="indx">Mêng T‘ien, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span></li> @@ -16803,19 +16762,19 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Mo Ti, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Mu T’ien Tzŭ Chuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Mu T‘ien Tzŭ Chuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> <li class="ifrst">Nearing the Standard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="indx">New History of the T’ang Dynasty, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> +<li class="indx">New History of the T‘ang Dynasty, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> <li class="indx">Nine Old Gentlemen of Hsiang-shan, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> <li class="indx">Novel, The Chinese, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> -<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">O-êrh-t’ai</span>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> +<li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">O-êrh-t‘ai</span>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> <li class="indx">Odes. See Book of Odes</li> @@ -16836,17 +16795,17 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Pear-Garden, The, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>P’ei Wên Yün Fu</cite>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>P‘ei Wên Yün Fu</cite>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>P’i Pa Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_325">325-328</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>P‘i Pa Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_325">325-328</a></li> <li class="indx">“Picking up Gold,” <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>P’ien Tzŭ Lei P’ien</cite>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>P‘ien Tzŭ Lei P‘ien</cite>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Ping Fa</cite>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>P’ing Shan Lêng Yen</cite>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>P‘ing Shan Lêng Yen</cite>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Po Chü-i</span>, <a href="#Page_163">163-175</a></li> @@ -16858,7 +16817,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Proverbs and Maxims, <a href="#Page_437">437-439</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">P’u Sung-ling</span>, <a href="#Page_338">338-355</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">P‘u Sung-ling</span>, <a href="#Page_338">338-355</a></li> <li class="ifrst">Record of the Buddhistic Kingdoms, <a href="#Page_111">111-114</a></li> @@ -16880,7 +16839,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Seven Scholars of the Chien-An Period, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Shan T’ao</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Shan T‘ao</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Shanghai News</cite>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li> @@ -16916,9 +16875,9 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Spring and Autumn Annals, <a href="#Page_25">25-31</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ssŭ-k’ung T’u</span>, <a href="#Page_179">179-188</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ssŭ-k‘ung T‘u</span>, <a href="#Page_179">179-188</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ssŭ-ma Ch’ien</span>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102-108</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ssŭ-ma Ch‘ien</span>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102-108</a></li> <li class="indx">Ssŭ-ma Hsiang-ju, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> @@ -16940,7 +16899,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Su Tai, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> -<li class="indx">Su Tung-p’o, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> +<li class="indx">Su Tung-p‘o, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Su Wu</span>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> @@ -16948,7 +16907,7 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Sun Tzŭ</span>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Sung Ch’i</span>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Sung Ch‘i</span>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Sung Chih-wên</span>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> @@ -16967,29 +16926,29 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">—— the Younger, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tai T’ung</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tai T‘ung</span>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’ai Hsüan Ching</cite>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘ai Hsüan Ching</cite>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’ai P’ing Kuang Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘ai P‘ing Kuang Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’ai P’ing Yü Lan</cite>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘ai P‘ing Yü Lan</cite>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> <li class="indx">Tan Ming-lun, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">T’an Kung</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45-47</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">T‘an Kung</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45-47</a></li> -<li class="indx">T’ang the Completer, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> +<li class="indx">T‘ang the Completer, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> <li class="indx">Taoism, <a href="#Page_56">56-74</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Tao Tê Ching</cite>, <a href="#Page_56">56-60</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">T’ao Ch’ien</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128-132</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">T‘ao Ch‘ien</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128-132</a></li> -<li class="indx">T’ao Ku, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li> +<li class="indx">T‘ao Ku, <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li> -<li class="indx">T’ao Yüan-ming, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li class="indx">T‘ao Yüan-ming, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> <li class="indx">Ten Courts of Purgatory, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li> @@ -16999,43 +16958,43 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Topography of Kuangtung, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> -<li class="indx">Ts’ai Ch’ien, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ts‘ai Ch‘ien, <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts’ai Yung</span>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts‘ai Yung</span>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Ts’ang Chieh, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li class="indx">Ts‘ang Chieh, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts’ao Chih</span>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts‘ao Chih</span>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts’ao Ts’ao</span>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278-280</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts‘ao Ts‘ao</span>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278-280</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts’ên Ts’an</span>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts‘ên Ts‘an</span>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts’an</span>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts‘an</span>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Tso Chuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26-29</a>, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts’ui Hao</span>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Ts‘ui Hao</span>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tsung Ch’ên</span>, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tsung Ch‘ên</span>, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tu Ch’in-niang</span>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tu Ch‘in-niang</span>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tu Fu</span>, <a href="#Page_156">156-158</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Tu Yu</span>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’u Shu Chi Ch’êng</cite>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘u Shu Chi Ch‘êng</cite>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> <li class="indx">Tung-fang So, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’ung Chien</cite>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘ung Chien</cite>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’ung Chien Kang Mu</cite>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘ung Chien Kang Mu</cite>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’ung Chien Kang Mu San Pien</cite>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘ung Chien Kang Mu San Pien</cite>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>T’ung Tien</cite>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>T‘ung Tien</cite>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> <li class="indx">Twenty-four Dynastic Histories, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> @@ -17052,13 +17011,13 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Chien</span>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Ch’ung</span>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Ch‘ung</span>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Jung</span>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Po</span>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> -<li class="indx">Wang Pu-ch’ing, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li class="indx">Wang Pu-ch‘ing, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> <li class="indx">Wang Shih-chêng, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> @@ -17066,11 +17025,11 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx">Wang Su, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Tao-K’un</span>, <a href="#Page_303">303-305</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Tao-K‘un</span>, <a href="#Page_303">303-305</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Ts’an</span>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Ts‘an</span>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> -<li class="indx">Wang Tzŭ-ch’iao, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li class="indx">Wang Tzŭ-ch‘iao, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wang Wei</span>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> @@ -17078,11 +17037,11 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wei Chêng</span>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Wên Hsien T’ung K’ao</cite>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Wên Hsien T‘ung K‘ao</cite>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Wên Hsüan</cite>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> -<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wên T’ien-hsiang</span>, <a href="#Page_248">248-250</a></li> +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Wên T‘ien-hsiang</span>, <a href="#Page_248">248-250</a></li> <li class="indx">Wên Tzŭ, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> @@ -17133,13 +17092,13 @@ Anæsthetics, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Yü Chiao Li</cite>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Yü Li Ch’ao Chuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Yü Li Ch‘ao Chuan</cite>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Yüan Chi</span>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> <li class="indx"><cite>Yüan Chien Lei Han</cite>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li> -<li class="indx"><cite>Yüan Ch’ü Hsüan Tsa Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li class="indx"><cite>Yüan Ch‘ü Hsüan Tsa Chi</cite>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Yüan Hsien</span>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> @@ -17344,12 +17303,12 @@ occupy.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> A poet of the T’ang dynasty, whose eyebrows met, whose nails were very +<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> A poet of the T‘ang dynasty, whose eyebrows met, whose nails were very long, and who could write very fast.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This is another hit at the ruling classes. Hsi K’ang, the celebrated poet, +<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> This is another hit at the ruling classes. Hsi K‘ang, the celebrated poet, musician, and alchemist (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 223-262), was sitting one night alone, playing upon his lute, when suddenly a man with a tiny face walked in, and began to stare hard at him, the stranger’s face enlarging all the time. “I’m not going @@ -17390,16 +17349,16 @@ hungry devils, brute beasts, and tortured sinners.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The work of a well-known writer, named Lin I-ch’ing, who flourished +<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The work of a well-known writer, named Lin I-ch‘ing, who flourished during the Sung dynasty.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The great poet Tu Fu dreamt that his greater predecessor, Li T’ai-po, +<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The great poet Tu Fu dreamt that his greater predecessor, Li T‘ai-po, appeared to him, “coming when the maple-grove was in darkness, and returning while the frontier pass was still obscured,”—that is, at night, when no one could see him; the meaning being that he never came at all, and that -those “who know me (P’u Sung-ling)” are equally non-existent.</p></div> +those “who know me (P‘u Sung-ling)” are equally non-existent.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> @@ -17434,37 +17393,37 @@ to cause the people to have no litigations” (Legge).</p></div> <li>P. 170 "<i>Feather Jacket</i>" changed to "<i>Feather Jacket.”</i>"</li> -<li>p. 171 "Ssŭchuan" changed to "Ssŭch’uan"</li> +<li>p. 171 "Ssŭchuan" changed to "Ssŭch‘uan"</li> <li>p. 173 "<span class="smcap">spirit-Land.</span>" changed to "<span class="smcap">Spirit-Land.</span>"</li> -<li>p. 179 "Tu" changed to "T’u"</li> +<li>p. 179 "Tu" changed to "T‘u"</li> <li>p. 184 "<span class="smcap">Seclusion</span>" changed to "<span class="smcap">Seclusion.</span>"</li> -<li>p. 212 "C’hi" changed to "Ch’i"</li> +<li>p. 212 "C’hi" changed to "Ch‘i"</li> -<li>p. 222 "Tung-po" changed to "Tung-p’o"</li> +<li>p. 222 "Tung-po" changed to "Tung-p‘o"</li> -<li>p. 233 "CH’ÊN TUAN" changed to "CH’ÊN T’UAN"</li> +<li>p. 233 "CH’ÊN TUAN" changed to "CH’ÊN T‘UAN"</li> -<li>p. 249 "Tien-hsiang" changed "T’ien-hsiang"</li> +<li>p. 249 "Tien-hsiang" changed "T‘ien-hsiang"</li> <li>p. 275 "villain" changed to "villain."</li> <li>p. 283 "aswered" changed to "answered"</li> -<li>p. 338 "P’u Sung-lang" changed to "P’u Sung-ling"</li> +<li>p. 338 "P‘u Sung-lang" changed to "P‘u Sung-ling"</li> <li>p. 366 "of elm." changed to "of elm,"</li> <li>p. 444 "386, 41" changed to "386, 418"</li> -<li>p. 445 "Mèng T’ien" changed to "Mêng T’ien"</li> +<li>p. 445 "Mèng T‘ien" changed to "Mêng T‘ien"</li> <li>p. 446 "<i>Shiu Hu Chuan</i>" changed to "<i>Shui Hu Chuan</i>"</li> -<li>p. 447 "<span class="smcap">Tseng Ts’an</span>" changed to "<span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts’an</span>"</li> +<li>p. 447 "<span class="smcap">Tseng Ts‘an</span>" changed to "<span class="smcap">Tsêng Ts‘an</span>"</li> </ul> @@ -17484,393 +17443,12 @@ to cause the people to have no litigations” (Legge).</p></div> <li>oft-times and ofttimes</li> -<li><span class="smcap">Tao-k’un</span> and <span class="smcap">Tao-K’un</span></li></ul> +<li><span class="smcap">Tao-k‘un</span> and <span class="smcap">Tao-K‘un</span></li></ul> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of Chinese Literature, by -Herbert A. 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