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diff --git a/old/50532-0.txt b/old/50532-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 89b49f3..0000000 --- a/old/50532-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1328 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Jacquard Machines, by H. William Nelson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Jacquard Machines - Instruction Paper - -Author: H. William Nelson - -Release Date: November 22, 2015 [EBook #50532] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JACQUARD MACHINES *** - - - - -Produced by Sharon Joiner, Sam W. and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - -Transcriber's Note - -Italic text is marked with _underscores_, bold text with ~tildes~. - - - - - JACQUARD MACHINES - - INSTRUCTION PAPER - - - Prepared by - - H. William Nelson - - Head of Department of Weaving - Lowell Textile School - - - AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE - - CHICAGO ILLINOIS - - U. S. A. - - - - - Copyright 1909 by - American School of Correspondence - - Entered at Stationers' Hall, London - All Rights Reserved - - - - - [Illustration: CROSS BORDER DOUBLE-LIFT JACQUARD MACHINE - Thomas Halton's Sons] - - - - -JACQUARD MACHINES - - -The term Jacquard Weaving may be applied to all harness weaving that -is above the range of harness shafts, so that a jacquard machine is -simply a shedding motion whereby a large variety of sheds may be -formed. The greater the number of lifting hooks contained in a -machine, the greater will be the range of patterns that may be woven. -Jacquard machines range from 100 to 2600 hooks. - -Since its introduction the jacquard machine has undergone many changes -in regard to the methods of operating the different parts of the -machine, but the principles remain the same. - -Jacquard machines may be classed under four heads, as follows: -_First_, Single Action Machines, meaning single cylinder machines; -_second_, Double-Lift Single Cylinder Machines; _third_, Double Action -Machines, meaning double-lift and two cylinders; and _fourth_, Rise -and Fall Machines, which have a close-shed motion. There are also -special machines. - -When speaking of a jacquard, all the parts comprising the machine and -the harnesses are included. These may be classified as follows: - -(_a_) A number of wire hooks placed vertically in the frame of the -machine. - -(_b_) A number of wire needles placed horizontally between the wire -hooks. - -(_c_) A number of springs at one end of the needles. - -(_d_) Tail cords or neck bands attached to the bottom of the wire -hooks. - -(_e_) Harness threads which are attached to a coupling that passes -through the comber board. - -(_f_) The coupling, which is usually composed of three or four parts -as follows: - -A lingo, usually made of various weights of wire and which is at the -extreme end of the coupling; a double thread, commonly termed a -hanger, which attaches the lingo to a mail eye; and the mail eye, -through which the warp yarn is passed. When there are four parts, a -double thread termed the mid-piece or sleeper is attached to the top -of the eyelet and is then fixed to the harness threads mentioned at -_e_. - -(_g_) The cylinder and its working parts. - -(_h_) The griffe levers. - -(_i_) The griffe. - - [Illustration: Fig. 1. Hooks Resting on Perforated Board.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 2. Flat Hooks.] - -~Hooks.~ A description of the great variety of hooks and needles which -have been used and which combine different ideas as to their relative -values and adaption for the various machines in which they were or are -used, will be both interesting and instructive. - -In the old jacquard machine the hooks rested on a perforated board, -through which the neck cord passed, and the bottom of the hook was -bent up about five inches, as shown in Fig. 1. Bars were passed -through the turned up portion, as shown in the illustration, to -prevent the hooks from turning. The bars formed a frame which was -lifted when the griffe was raised. - -The next hook, as shown in Fig. 2, was flat. This also rested on a -perforated board, and, to assist in keeping the hook in position, the -needle was twisted around the hook. This kind of hook and needle -required too much time and labor when one had to be replaced. - - [Illustration: Fig. 3. Hook Sometimes Used on French Machines.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 4. Common Jacquard Hook.] - -The illustration, Fig. 3, shows the next form of hook that was used, -and which is used at the present time in many French machines. This -also rested on a perforated board. The chief object of this hook was -to remove the necessity of having springs to force back the needles. -At the point marked A, a rod passed through the hooks from one side of -the machine to the other, which kept the hooks quite firm. Near the -top of the hook at positions B and B¹, two more rods were placed, one -being at the back of the hook and the other at the front, the bottom -of the hook being held firmly, while the rod B pressing against the -back portion of the hook caused a certain amount of spring. - -The rod B¹ was to prevent the hook from swinging under the blades of -the griffe when the latter was descending. The needles used with this -hook had an elbow which pressed against the front of the hook as shown -at C. - - [Illustration: Fig. 5. Showing Deep Griffe Blades.] - -What we shall term the ordinary shaped hook, but which formerly was -much thicker, was next used. This is illustrated in Fig. 4. The lower -portion of these hooks passes through a grate, each hook passing -through a single slot. When first used, these hooks were often bent or -"crowned" under the griffe as it descended. In some cases the trouble -was due to the wire from which the hook was made, but more often it -was due to there being too great a distance between the point where -the needle was in contact with the hook, and the griffe, causing the -hook to swing or vibrate. To overcome this defect, deep griffe blades -(shown in Fig. 5) were introduced. - -The use of these deep blades made it difficult for the fixer to -replace broken hooks, in addition to adding weight to the machine, so -another change was made, deep and shallow blades being fixed -alternately; using hooks shown in Fig. 6. In this arrangement the long -hooks had a tendency to swing back under the short blade owing to the -great length of the hook, when the loom was run at a high speed. - - [Illustration: Fig. 6. Alternate Arrangement of Griffe Blades.] - -The hook illustrated in Fig. 7 was then introduced. It will be noted -the wire extends some distance beyond the point when the wire was bent -to catch on the blade of the griffe. While they were new, these hooks -overcame the difficulty to a certain extent, but as soon as they -became worn, the top portion of the wire would bend and break, falling -into the machine. - - [Illustration: Fig. 7. Showing Hook Extending Above Griffe.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 8. Hooks Used at the Present Time.] - -In most of the jacquard machines used at the present time, the griffe -has been lowered to within approximately one inch of the top of the -needles and the hooks have been made of stronger material (shown in -Fig. 8), enabling a more compact machine to be made. - - - - -SINGLE ACTION MACHINE - - - [Illustration: Fig. 9. Single Action Jacquard Machine.] - -The illustration, Fig. 9, shows a jacquard known as the _Single Action -Machine_. The chief feature of this machine is that the same griffe -lifts the hooks for every shed, so the griffe must descend before the -next shed can be lifted. This allows all the yarn to be lifted from -the bottom shed. The single action machine is convenient and well -adapted to work when a high speed is not required; ninety to one -hundred thirty picks per minute being the most suitable speeds. - -In the silk industry the single action machine is extensively used as -there is no danger of the cards becoming crossed. This is a very -valuable feature as wrong picks are often placed in the cloth by a -double cylinder machine through the skipping of the cards. - -~Construction.~ The single action is the original idea and is the -simplest machine. Fig. 10 shows a sectional view of a 400-hook single -machine. The meaning of the term 400-hook is as follows: There are -four hundred hooks and four hundred needles in the machine which are -in rows of eight hooks and eight needles. It also means that there are -four hundred harness threads to one repeat of the maximum pattern that -can be woven by the machine. Nearly all machines have a few extra -hooks (from 16 to 26) which are often classed with the regular number -of hooks, but are chiefly used for extra work, such as selvedge, extra -harnesses, etc. A pattern of less than four hundred to a repeat can be -woven, by casting out some of the hooks. - -Referring to Fig. 10, B is the needle board or plate, through which -the points of the needles E protrude three-eighths or one-half inch. C -is the griffe which is composed of eight blades; H is the spring box, -containing four hundred brass springs which are placed against the -back or loop ends of the needles, one spring for each needle. G is the -grate through which the hooks F pass. - -_Needle Plate._ In some cases the needle plate is made of wood and in -others it is made of metal, but the former is undoubtedly the more -economical from every standpoint. Particularly is this shown in the -single cylinder machines where the cylinder travels at a faster rate -of speed than a double cylinder machine, consequently there is more -movement and a larger amount of friction between the needle and needle -board or plate, which results in rapidly wearing out the points of the -needles if a metal plate is used. Worn needle points cause a large -amount of trouble, for in single cylinder machines the cylinder has a -tendency to half-turn when the lay is pushed back by hand, and when -the cylinder returns to the needle points the corner of the cylinder -presses against them and invariably bends a number of the points down -on to the plate. This prevents some of the hooks which ought to be -lifted from being lifted, and causes some hooks to be lifted which -ought to be down. - -A composition of powdered black lead and French chalk was used to -prevent the needle points from wearing out, but it was discarded -because the dust was constantly dropping into the harnesses and yarn, -and also was very disagreeable for the weaver. - - [Illustration: Fig. 10. Showing Arrangement of Hooks, Needles, - Etc.] - -A needle board or plate for a 400-machine, has 416 holes, arranged in -52 rows with 8 holes in a row. The rows are divided by a groove into -26 rows on each side. There are also grooves at each end of the needle -board. The grooves are for the lacings which hold the cards together. - -The lacing naturally makes the card occupy more space at the ends and -center, because it passes along the upper and under sides of the card, -and if there were no grooves in the needle board, the needles would -have to be made longer so as to allow the points to protrude farther -out from the needle board; or when the card was in contact with the -needle points, the hooks would not be pressed back far enough to -prevent them from being lifted. The grooves are also a great saving on -the lacing of the cards, for if it came in close contact with the -needle board every time the cylinder was drawn in, the lacing would -soon be cut, and this often causes the breakage of cards. - - [Illustration: Fig. 11. Showing Loops for Springs.] - -The reason for the extra rows of needles, is to allow the selvedge to -be worked by that row of hooks; also because a jacquard sometimes has -patterns added that require additional harness at the front and back -of the comber board, and the extra needles are used for the working of -the extra harness. - -_A spring box_ is seldom used on American machines to hold the springs -that press back the needles, but where the spring box is dispensed -with, a longer loop is made on the back end of the needle (see Fig. -11) and the spring is placed on the loop, with the cotter, which holds -the needles. The spring box, however, is most certainly of value if it -is made to fit squarely in the framework of the machine. The springs -are kept cleaner and consequently will give good results; and if a -spring should break, it can be replaced more readily in a spring box -than if it were on the end of a needle. - -There is, however, one disadvantage in using the spring box, for when -the hole, through which the bolt, which holds the box in position, -passes, has become worn, some of the needles will be pressing against -the edge of the spring instead of the center, unless care is taken in -fixing on the box. This causes the needles to stick in the box, -preventing the hooks from working as they ought to do. - - [Illustration: Fig. 12. Hooks Out of Perpendicular with - Needles.] - -_When placing hooks and needles in a machine_, one row of eight -needles is placed in first; that is, the needles are passed through -the bars that extend across the machine from side to side, and into -the holes in the needle board. On the bars the loop of the needle -rests, the bars keeping each 52 needles separate. The first needle is -the one that has the half circle, through which the hook passes, -nearest the needle board at the top (see Fig. 10), and the others are -graded down until the eighth is placed in. This will be the bottom -needle with the half circle nearest the spring box H. - -When the cotter has been placed through the loop of the needles, the -hooks are placed in among the needles. The first hook is pressed -through the half circle of the needle and passes on the outside of the -others, which keeps the hook in position. The second is placed through -the half circle of the second needle, but passes on the outside of -the first needle and on the outside of the lower needles. This rule is -followed out until the eighth hook is placed in position. - - [Illustration: Fig. 13. Hooks Out of Perpendicular with - Needles.] - -The grate through which the hooks pass is sometimes made with extra -rows of holes, and is also made so that it can be moved around to help -in the setting of the hooks. For this reason, it is best, after -placing in one row of hooks, to notice if they are straight in the -grate. If they are not straight, and cannot be made straight by moving -the grate, the next row of holes must be used. If the hooks are not -straight, even though they may work freely, the needles, hooks and -grate will be worn out in a very short time. - -The hook that passes through the first needle is considered the first -thread in the pattern, although when standing in front of a single -action machine, it is the last thread. In a machine that has the -needle board divided into twenty-six rows at one side of the middle, -and twenty-five at the other side, the twenty-six rows are always at -the left-hand side of the machine, looking at the point of the -needles. (So that the number end of the cards will be at the left hand -side of the machine, looking at the top needle board.) - -When all the needles and hooks have been placed in the machine, the -frame, in which the bars that support the top of the needle are fixed, -must be made perfectly straight with the needle board. If they are not -straight with each other, there is endless trouble with the machine. -In the first place, the loop of the needle presses down the spring -when the needle is forced back by the card, instead of pressing the -spring back straight in the box. This will cause the springs to wear -out sooner and they will often stick, preventing the hooks from being -lifted. - -In the second place, the needle points will not be straight in the -needle board. This causes the hole in the board to be worn crooked, -also, the dust and oil that get into the back portion of the board has -a greater tendency to bind the needles when they are not straight. The -holes in the needle board at the back are counter sunk, which allows -the needles to be placed in more readily when the machine is being -fixed up, or when a broken needle has to be replaced. - -When the hooks and needles have been fixed, the grate, needle board -and needle frame adjusted, the spring box is attached and every needle -is tested and made to work freely. After this is done, the griffe is -placed in the machine. It is absolutely necessary that the griffe be -made to lift straight, and each blade or knife must be in exact -position relative to the hooks, or there will be a number of the hooks -either "crowned" or not lifted when they ought to be. The griffe is -made so that each side can be moved either forward or backward, but it -is sometimes necessary to bend one or two blades of the griffe so as -to have them straight with the hooks. Figs. 12, 13 and 14 show crooked -hooks and needles. - - [Illustration: Fig. 14.] - -_When the griffe is set_, the top of the blade ought to be just -touching the hook. If the hook is pressing too hard against the blade, -either the needle point must extend farther out from the needle board, -or the cylinder has to press hard against the needle board when the -hooks have to be pressed off the griffe. Either case is detrimental to -the machine. In the first instance, the cylinder requires to pass -farther out from the needle board, to allow the cards to clear the -needle points when the cylinder is being turned, or there is a -possibility of the edge of the card catching on the needle points, -preventing the cylinder from turning, and causing misspicks. In the -second instance, if the cylinder presses too hard against the needle -board, the lacing is often cut, and the needles have a tendency to -pierce the card where it is blank. - - [Illustration: Fig. 15. Showing Overhead Lever Lift and - Independent Batten Motion.] - -Having set all the inner parts of the machine, the next in order is -the tying on of the neck cords. Carelessness in the setting of the -inner parts so far mentioned cannot afterwards be rectified, and means -the loss of years of work from the machine besides having endless -trouble during the time it is working. - -~The Outer Workings of the Machine.~ There are five distinct methods -of operating the movable parts of the machine: _First_, top or -overhead lever lift and independent batten or swing cylinder motion; -_second_, overhead lever and spindle cylinder motion; _third_, -overhead lever and independent slide cylinder motion; _fourth_, bottom -or cradle lever lift, and independent spindle cylinder motion; and -_fifth_, bottom or cradle lever lift and spindle cylinder motion. - -The first method is illustrated by Fig. 15. It consists of a lever at -the top of the machine, or in some instances suspended from the beam -that supports the ceiling. The inner end of the lever is connected by -a link to the crossbar of the griffe. This must be fixed exactly in -the center of the crossbar so as to give a straight lift to the -griffe. To the outer end of the lever, a long driving rod is attached. -The bottom end of the driving rod is placed on a stud attached to the -hand wheel, which is fixed on the crank shaft of the boom when the -machine is a single lift. The overhead lever is from thirty-six to -forty inches long, according to the width of the loom. On the -thirty-six inch lever the inner end, which is attached to the crossbar -from the link to the supporting stud, fixed in the bracket attached to -the framework of the machine, is about ten and one-half inches long, -and the longer end, which is attached to the lifting rod, is -twenty-four to twenty-five and two-thirds inches long. The throw from -the center of shaft to the stud fixed to the hand wheel is four -inches. This gives an eight inch stroke on the hand wheel. - - 10½ × 8 - ------- = 3⅓ inches - 25 - -Allowing for the fall of the griffe below the bend of the hook the -movement will give about a three-inch shed in the harnesses. - -The batten or swing cylinder movement is shown in detail in Fig. 16. -It is composed of five distinct parts as follows: - -(_a_) Two small arms are fixed at the top of the machine, one at each -side. Two pointed set screws with lock nuts are set in the arms and -the batten or swing is supported on these points. - -(_b_) The batten, which is in the form of a square iron frame. - - [Illustration: Fig. 16. Details of Batten or Swing Cylinder - Motion.] - -(_c_) Two cups set in the batten frame, which support the cylinder. -The cups are made of iron or brass and are held in place by a bolt -with thumb screw on the outside of the frame of the batten. Set into -the bottom of the batten frame and pressing upwards against the cups, -are two set screws whose purpose is to raise or lower the cylinder. - -(_d_) The cylinder. This is a square prism with a number of holes -bored on each side to correspond with the needles in the machine. On -each of the four sides of the cylinder and near each end there is a -small brass peg (shown in Fig. 17) for the purpose of holding the card -in the correct position on the cylinder. (The perforations in the -cards should be over the holes in the cylinder). The pegs are set so -they can be adjusted to the right or left. At the ends of the cylinder -square iron castings with rounded edges are fixed. - -(_e_) A spring hammer, the flat end of which rests on the casting on -the end of the cylinder. What might be termed the handle of the hammer -passes through the lower cross rail of the bottom frames and through -the top frame. A spring is placed between the two rails and around the -handle of the hammer. The object of the hammer is to keep the cylinder -perfectly level so that the cylinder will strike the board level. - - [Illustration: Fig. 17. Spring Peg.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 18. Cylinder Out of True with Needle Board.] - -Flat springs also are attached to the inside of the batten, the lower -end of the spring pressing the card to the cylinder. It is impossible -to overestimate the value of these springs, especially on single -cylinder machines, for it would be almost impossible to work without -them. Their great value is shown when the cylinder is leaving the -needle board by preventing the card from swinging on to the points of -the needles, and also preventing the cards from slipping off the pegs -as the cylinder is drawn over by the catch. - -The catch is fixed to the framework of the machine, and rests on the -square casting fixed to the end of the cylinder. As the cylinder moves -out, the catch comes in contact with the rounded edges of the square -and in this manner the cylinder is turned. There is also another catch -fixed underneath, but it is not in contact with the cylinder, and is -adjusted so that it can be raised up in contact and the top catch -raised from contact with the cylinder. This permits the cylinder to be -turned back when a lost pick has to be found. - - [Illustration: Fig. 19. Iron Bar Supporting Batten Frame.] - -At each side of the batten frame toward the lower end, an arm is -fixed. To these arms rods that extend downward are attached, and each -rod is fixed to an arm that is set-screwed on a shaft supported by -brackets fixed to the arch of the loom. At the end of this shaft -another arm is fixed and is connected to the eccentric rod that is -attached to the clamp that encircles the cam or eccentric. The cam is -for the purpose of imparting motion to the batten. The cam generally -used to operate the batten is about three and one-half inches from -center of movement to extreme outside length of cam. The cylinder is -moved out from the needle board from two to three inches. - -_For the saving of cards_, a great deal depends upon the movement that -is imparted to the cylinder. The less movement that can be given to -the cylinder, the better; that is, of course, when obtaining the -results required. The cylinder ought to be about one-quarter inch from -the needle points when commencing to turn. Sometimes it is necessary -to have the cylinder a little farther out, especially when the cards -have been stored in a damp place and become warped so that they do not -lie flat on the cylinder. In this case, unless the cylinder is a -little farther out from the needle points when commencing to turn, the -edge of the card will catch on the needle points. This will throw the -cards off the pegs and cause a pick-out. If the distance traveled by -the cylinder is too short, it causes too sharp a turning of the -cylinder, which has a tendency to jump the cards from the pegs; and if -the cylinder moves out too far, there is too much friction on the -working parts, as the larger distance has to be traveled in the same -space of time as the shorter distance. - - [Illustration: Fig. 20. Spindle Cylinder Motion.] - -When setting the batten frame by either the set screws or the arms to -which the set screws are attached, the principal point is that the -cylinder must be flat against the needle board, both at the top and -bottom of the board, and have the needle points as near the center of -the holes in the cylinder as possible. It is particularly desirable -that all points be square and straight with the batten motion, because -the batten, moving from a top connection, performs an arc movement, -and if the cylinder does not lie flat against the needle board, some -of the hooks will not be pressed far enough off the griffe, or the -points of the needles will come in contact with the sides or bottom of -the holes in the cylinder and in that case, hooks will be down when -they ought to be lifted. Fig. 18 shows the cylinder set crooked with -the needle board. - -The set screw support for the batten frame is a very objectional -feature as will readily be seen, for the frame resting and working on -two points is a great strain and some part of the screw soon becomes -worn. This, of course, lowers the cylinder. When the cylinder is -adjusted by turning the set screw, the frame is not only raised higher -but is moved to the right or left, which throws the cylinder out of -place, thus making double the amount of work to adjust it. - -The method of supporting a batten frame on an iron bar is by far the -best, as by this arrangement, the cylinder can be directly adjusted. -The illustration given in Fig. 19, shows this method of supporting the -cylinder. - -In the second method of operating the movable parts (see Fig. 20) the -top motion remains the same as in the first, but the method of -operating the cylinder is different. Fixed to each side of the square -iron frame that supports the cylinder, is an iron spindle, which -passes through two brackets which act as slides for the spindle and -are fixed to the frame of the machine. Attached to this cylinder -spindle is a two-inch cranked slotted arm. Attached to the spindle of -the griffe is a small extension on which an iron roller is placed. -This iron roller sets in the slot of the cranked arm; the slot arm -being about seven inches long. The seven inches is divided into three -parts, the top and lower portions being perpendicular, to allow a rest -for the cylinder when it is out from the needle board, and also when -it is in contact with the needle board. As the griffe is lifted, the -roller passing up the slot of the cranked arm forces out the cylinder. -The distance the cylinder is moved cannot be changed to any great -extent, neither can the time of the cylinder be changed, so that when -a warped set of cards is being used, there is always the tendency for -the cards to catch on the needle points. - -In the third movement (see Fig. 21), the top motion is the same as the -first and second, but the cylinder movement is distinct. A flat, iron -casting which acts as a slide, is placed on each side of the machine. -These slides are supported by small iron rollers, which are placed in -brackets fixed to the frame of the machine. At the end of the slide, a -brass cup for the cylinder and the spring hammer is fixed. A stud is -attached to the slide. The rod connected to the clamp of the cam (or -what is called the eccentric rod) extends upwards and is attached to -an arm that is set-screwed on a shaft, but extends upwards. This -movement is one of the best. The brackets that support the rollers -are adjustable but seldom in the life of a harness do they require -adjusting, for if the rollers are well oiled they last many years, -because the friction is at the lowest possible point. - - [Illustration: Fig. 21. Showing Overhead Lever Lift and Slide - Cylinder Motion.] - -In the fourth movement a square cradle lever is placed in brackets -near the feet of the machine, and connected to the top of the griffe -spindle by means of an arm attached to the end of the cradle lever. -This is shown in the double-lift machine, Fig. 22. There is an arm at -each side of the machine that is connected to the cradle lever. To the -outer end of the lever the long lifting rod is attached. The length of -the square lever is generally twenty-eight inches from fulcrum to -connection of long lifting rod, and ten inches on the shorter end. -This gives about a four-inch lift to the griffe. The cylinder is -driven by an independent spindle motion. An iron spindle is attached -to the frame that supports the cylinder. The spindle passes through -two slide brackets fixed to the sides of the machine. Between the two -brackets and set-screwed on the spindle is an extension with a stud -attached to the top of it. On this stud, the connecting arm from the -lever is placed. The lever is supported at the top of the same bracket -that supports the square lifting lever. To the outer end of the lever -the eccentric rod is attached, but instead of using a cam to give -motion to the cylinder, one part of a double crank is used, the other -portion is used for lifting the griffe. - -The fifth method is the same as the fourth with the exception that the -cylinder is operated by the slotted crank arm same as in the second -method. - - - - -DOUBLE-LIFT AND SINGLE CYLINDER MACHINES - - -The illustration, Fig. 22, shows a machine of this type. The same -methods are used to operate this kind of machine as are used with the -single action with this exception that there must be two lifting -levers, either overhead or cradle levers. The reason for using this -kind of machine is to have an open shed motion, and to gain a little -extra speed; but this naturally drives the cylinder faster, -consequently there is a greater damage done to the cards unless great -care is taken with them and additional appliances used to prevent them -from jumping off the pegs. - -The needles and hooks used in this kind of machine are shown in Fig. -23. Each needle has two eyes or curves. The reason for two eyes is as -follows: There is but one cylinder and two griffes, one of which is -descending while the other is ascending. The cylinder has to pass in -for every pick; that is, for each lift of the griffe, which -necessitates the use of double the number of hooks; so that in a -400-machine, there are 800 hooks, without the extra ones. The top bend -of every hook is turned in the same direction, that is, toward the -needle board. - -The hook that is used on this machine requires a deep bend at the top -so as to have a firm grip on the griffe blade. This is necessitated by -the method of controlling two hooks with one needle, for it sometimes -happens that one hook is lifted while the other is pressed back by the -cylinder, so that the same thread will not be lifted for the next -pick. - -The bottom of the hook is made in the form of a capital letter V. The -reason for this is that it saves a considerable amount of friction by -allowing the bottom of the hook that is lifted to move back a little -as the "partner" hook is being pressed by the needle. This shape of -hook saves the grate through which the bottom of the hook passes. Fig. -23 shows the position occupied by the hooks when one hook is lifted -and the other hook (which passes through the same needle) is pressed -off. The dotted lines show the original positions of the hooks. - - [Illustration: Fig. 22. Double-Lift and Single Cylinder - Machine.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 23. Needles and Hooks Used in Double-Lift - and Single Cylinder Machines.] - -In addition to the added friction on the needles and hooks, it takes -considerably more time to replace a worn needle than it does in -machines where single needles are used, for a rod has to be -temporarily inserted that will press to one side the two hooks around -which the needle has to go, and it is often necessary to take out the -hooks until the needle has been replaced, particularly if the machine -is an old one, or if deep blades are used in the griffe. - - - - -DOUBLE ACTION MACHINE - - -This means that there are two griffes and two cylinders. The same -methods are used to operate the moving parts, as are used on the -single action machines, but the lever and arms are used in a compound -manner. This machine is undoubtedly the best, where large reproduction -is aimed at, for it can be run 170 or 180 picks per minute. The -illustration, Fig. 24, shows a double action machine. - - [Illustration: Fig. 24. Double Action Jacquard Machine.] - -~The shedding motion~ is obtained by means of a double crank fixed on -the end of the pick cam shaft, and to which the long lifting rods are -attached. This is shown in Fig. 25. Cams have been used to take the -place of the double crank, so as to allow a dwell for the shed while -the shuttle is passing through. It is particularly desirable in a -broad loom to have the shed full open for a longer period in order to -give clearance for the shuttle, but the cam motion was proven to be -somewhat detrimental, owing to the quick rise and fall of the -harnesses, which causes the lingoes to jump and to be constantly -breaking off. The neck cords also were constantly breaking. The cam -movement could be used successfully with a jacquard that had not many -harness threads attached to the neck cords, and had heavier lingoes -fixed to the harnesses, but for general use, the double crank is best, -as it gives a more even movement. There is also a short dwell while -passing around the extended part of the crank. - - [Illustration: Fig. 25.] - -The time to set the crank is to have it level, that is, the two -extreme points horizontal, when the crank shaft is a little ahead of -the bottom center, or to have the reed about 1½ inches from the cloth -when the shed is level. - - [Illustration: Fig. 26. Showing Connection of Neck Cords to - Hooks.] - -Owing to the general formation of the double action machine, that is, -the use of two hooks for one set of harness threads, there is a -somewhat uneven movement to the harnesses. When a griffe is descending -and some of the hooks that are on the griffe are to be lifted for the -next shed, and the hooks are passing each other at the center of -movement, the angle of the harness threads is changed, for as one hook -is lifted from the top shed, the neck cord attached to the hook that -is at the bottom is slack. When this hook is raised for the next pick, -at the point when all the slack cord is taken up, the uneven movement -is caused, the harnesses swinging over into the line with the lifting -hook. The results from this movement are not so harmful if the -jacquard is tied up proportionally and run at the right speed; but -when the machine is run too fast and the lingoes are too light, also -when the neck cord is too short, a large amount of trouble is caused. -Instead of connecting the harnesses to the hooks, by means of two neck -cords, one is used as shown in Fig. 26. The link answers the purpose -for which it is intended, that is, to take away the slack neck cord. -It also reduced the uneven movement. However, unless the hooks are -kept perfectly straight, the link will not work, and it is common for -a hook to be bent a little underneath the grate. - - [Illustration: Fig. 27. Arrangement of Needles and Hooks in - Double Action Machine.] - -When one neck cord breaks on the ordinary double action machine, the -defect is not readily seen, because the harness cord will be lifted by -the other hook, unless it is a pattern where that particular hook from -which the cord has broken is lifted very often. When the link is used, -all the harness threads that are attached to the link will fall, owing -to the use of only one neck cord; this also occurs on the single -action machine. - -~Needles.~ The illustration Fig. 27 shows the arrangement of needles -in a double action machine. The first needle at the top marked A, -controls the hook B, passing down in regular order until the bottom -needle in the right hand needle board, marked C, controls the hook D. -The first needle in the left hand or bottom needle board, marked E, -controls the hook F, which is the partner to D, that is, F and D -control the same harness threads, as will be noticed by the connection -at the bottom G. The eighth needle in the bottom needle board, marked -H, controls the hook K, which is the partner hook to B. The bottom set -of needles is exactly like the top set. They are placed in the same -relative position, but work from the opposite direction. - -There being two cylinders on this type of machine, one passes in as -the other is going out. Both cylinders turn toward the machine as -indicated by the arrows, and a glance at the two cards A and B with -holes marked 1 and 2, and needles marked the same will show the two -hooks F and D control the same harness threads. - - [Illustration: Fig. 28. Showing Levers, Supports and Studs.] - -It will be noticed that one hook has the top bend bent backward, while -the other bends forward in the same direction as the lower bend of the -hook. The reason for this latter is that it would require more space -in the grate and the needles would have to be longer, which would make -a broader machine if the same shape of hook were used; so that by the -use of these hooks, considerable space is gained. - -When cutting cards for a double action machine, each card is cut from -the design singly, just the same as if cutting cards for a single -action machine. After the cards are cut, they are divided, the odd -numbers from the even numbers, so that when laced they form, as it -were, two sets of cards, one set being placed at one side of the -machine and the other set at the other side of the machine. - -A double action machine is composed of double the number of working -parts that are on a single action machine, but they are placed so as -to work in different directions, with the exception that with an -independent cylinder motion only one eccentric rod is used, and the -eccentric is placed on the pick cam shaft. But if the cylinders are -operated by a spindle motion, a slotted crank arm is attached to the -lifting rod of each griffe and the cylinder is moved out as the griffe -to which it is attached is raised, one cylinder moving out from -contact with the needle board as the griffe, that comes in contact -with the hook controlled by the needles of that board, is raised, at -the same time the other cylinder is passing in towards the needle -board while the second griffe is descending. - - [Illustration: Fig. 29. Rack Method of Lifting Griffe.] - -When using the cradle lever on a double action machine, it is -necessary to have two different sizes of lifting cranks to allow extra -lift for the difference in length of the levers, owing to one of the -levers working on the inside of the other. The length of levers used -is about 30 inches for the longer end, from fulcrum to connection of -lifting rod, and 13 inches for the shortest end on the longer lever. -Fulcrum to connection of lifting arm on the shorter lever is 25 -inches, and 10 inches on the shorter end. The double crank is made so -that the one with the 12-inch stroke is attached to the shorter lever, -and the 10-inch stroke operates the longer lever. - - [Illustration: Fig. 30. Pulley and Belt for Lifting Griffe.] - -The cradle lever lift is used only on machines that have the harnesses -attached to them by the cross tie system, because by the straight tie -system the machine is turned in the opposite direction; that is, one -set of cards would be over the cloth in the loom, and the other set -over the warp; and in the cross tie system the cards are over the -sides of the loom or over shuttle boxes. - -The top lever lift is considered by many to be the best method of -operating the griffes, and this method can be used whether the -harnesses are attached by the straight tie or the cross tie system. -All that is required to be changed is that where as in the straight -tie both the levers are on the same stud, and fixed to one support, -the levers for the cross tie are placed on separate studs with -separate supports. The reason for using separate supports and studs is -to meet the different positions of the griffe bar. (See Fig. 28.) - -Other lifting methods have been successfully tried on double action -machines; one being a rack movement shown in Fig. 29 and another a -pulley and belt lift shown in Fig. 30. - -The rack movement is as follows: A 1½-inch iron shaft is supported in -bearings fixed to the top of the machine. This shaft extends over the -end of the machine. The supports are bolted to the cross rail of the -griffe, and on these supports the racks are fixed. The shaft passes -between the two racks, and the gear is fixed on the shaft in contact -with the rack. An arm is set-screwed on the outer end of the shaft, -and to this arm a long lifting rod is attached. The bottom of the rod -is placed on a stud attached to the face of a round iron plate that is -set-screwed on the pick cam shaft. - - [Illustration: Fig. 31. Type of Rise and Fall Machine.] - -In Fig. 30 the pulley A is supported on a shaft in the same position -as the gear for the rack motion, and to the pulley a strip of belting -B is attached, each end being fixed to the cross rail of the griffe at -C. The belt motion is a simple arrangement, but the griffe must act -freely and perfectly straight or the griffe will not descend low -enough to allow the hooks to be pressed off by the cylinder. - - - - -THE RISE AND FALL OR CLOSE SHED MACHINE - - -The illustration, Fig. 31, shows a machine of this type. Its purpose -is to have all the harnesses level at the center movement. The same -working parts are used on this machine as are used on the single -action, the distinctive difference being that cranked levers are -attached to the usual lifting levers so that the grate through which -the hooks pass can be raised and lowered, and so that the griffe is -raised only half the usual distance. - -After the cylinder has pressed off the hooks that are not to be -lifted, the grate descends with these hooks, and at the same time the -griffe raises the hooks that are to be lifted. - -On some rise and fall machines, a batten cylinder motion is used, but -is fixed in the opposite position from the usual batten motion; that -is, the batten swings from the bottom instead of from the top of the -machine, the set screws that hold it in position being placed in -brackets fixed near the feet of the machine. - -These machines cannot be run at a high speed, 130 being considered -average, but faster speed is obtained when the pattern is equally -balanced so that about the same number of ends are raised, as are -falling. This style of machine is now extensively used for weaving -table cloths, silk goods, etc. - - - - -EXAMINATION PAPER - - -JACQUARD MACHINES - -~Read carefully:~ Place your name and full address at the head of the -paper. Any cheap, light paper like the sample previously sent you may -be used. Do not crowd your work, but arrange it neatly and legibly. -_Do not copy the answers from the Instruction Paper; use your own -words, so that we may be sure that you understand the subject._ - - - 1. To what may the term "Jacquard Weaving" be applied? - - 2. What are the classifications of Jacquard machines? - - 3. What are the chief features of the single action machine? - - 4. In what industry is the single action machine most extensively - used? - - 5. What is the use of the extra row of needles in the single - action machine? - - 6. How many methods are there for operating the movable parts of - a machine, and what are they? - - 7. What are the reasons for using "double-lift" and "single - cylinder" machines? - - 8. Why do the needles of double-lift and single cylinder machines - have two eyes? - - 9. Why does the hook on a double-lift and single cylinder machine - require a deep band at the top? - - 10. Why is the bottom of the hook made like the capital letter V? - - 11. Describe in detail a double action machine. - - 12. Why are two different sizes of lifting cranks necessary in - using a cradle lever on a double action machine? - - 13. What is the "rack" movement? - - 14. Describe the rise and fall machine. - - 15. Describe fully the working of the Jacquard machine. - - 16. How are the cords handled in a Jacquard machine? - - -~After completing the work, add and sign the following statement:~ - - I hereby certify that the above work is entirely my own. - - (Signed) - - - - -Transcriber's Note - -Minor punctuation errors have been corrected. Hyphenation has been -made consistent. - -The following amendment has been made: - - Page 20--extention amended to extension--... is a small - extention on which an iron roller is placed. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Jacquard Machines, by H. 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