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diff --git a/old/5078.txt b/old/5078.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a412e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/5078.txt @@ -0,0 +1,832 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of When a Man Comes to Himself, by Woodrow Wilson +#3 in our series by Woodrow Wilson + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: When a Man Comes to Himself + +Author: Woodrow Wilson + +Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5078] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 16, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHEN A MAN COMES TO HIMSELF *** + + + + +This etext was produced by Jennifer Godwin, <http://www.jengod.com/> + + + + +When a Man Comes to Himself + +Woodrow Wilson +Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. +President of the United States + +1901. + + + + + +I + +It is a very wholesome and regenerating change which a man undergoes +when he "comes to himself." It is not only after periods of +recklessness or infatuation, when has played the spendthrift or the +fool, that a man comes to comes to himself. He comes to himself +after experiences of which he alone may be aware: when he has left +off being wholly preoccupied with his own powers and interests and +with every petty plan that centers in himself; when he has cleared +his eyes to see the world as it is, and his own true place and +function in it. + +It is a process of disillusionment. The scales have fallen away. +He sees himself soberly, and knows under what conditions his powers +must act, as well as what his powers are. He has got rid of earlier +prepossessions about the world of men and affairs, both those which +were too favorable and those which were too unfavorable--both those +of the nursery and those of a young man's reading. He has learned +his own paces, or, at any rate, is in a fair way to learn them; has +found his footing and the true nature of the "going" he must look +for in the world; over what sorts of roads he must expect to make +his running, and at what expenditure of effort; whither his goal +lies, and what cheer he may expect by the way. It is a process of +disillusionment, but it disheartens no soundly made man. It brings +him into a light which guides instead of deceiving him; a light +which does not make the way look cold to any man whose eyes are fit +for use in the open, but which shines wholesomely, rather upon the +obvious path, like the honest rays of the frank sun, and makes +traveling both safe and cheerful. + + +II + +There is no fixed time in a man's life at which he comes to himself, +and some man never come to themselves at all. It is a change +reserved for the thoroughly sane and healthy, and for those who can +detach themselves from tasks and drudgery long and often enough to +get, at any rate once and again, a view of the proportions of life +and of the stage and plot of its action. We speak often with +amusement, sometimes with distaste and uneasiness, of men who "have +no sense of humor," who take themselves too seriously, who are +intense, self-absorbed, over-confident in matters of opinion, or +else go plumed with conceit, proud of we cannot tell what, enjoying, +appreciating, thinking of nothing so much as themselves. These are +men who have not suffered that wholesome change. They have not come +to themselves. If they be serious men, and real forces in the +world, we may conclude that they have been too much and too long +absorbed; that their tasks and responsibilities long ago rose about +them like a flood, and have kept them swimming with sturdy stroke +the years through, their eyes level with the troubled surface--no +horizon in sight, no passing fleets, no comrades but those who +struggled in the flood like themselves. If they be frivolous, +light-headed, men without purpose or achievement, we may conjecture, +if we do not know, that they were born so, or spoiled by fortune, or +befuddled by self-indulgence. It is no great matter what we think +of them. + +It is enough to know that there are some laws which govern a man's +awakening to know himself and the right part to play. A man is the +part he plays among his fellows. He is not isolated; he cannot be. +His life is made up of the relations he bears to others--is made or +marred by those relations, guided by them, judged by them, expressed +in them. There is nothing else upon which he can spend his spirit-- +nothing else that we can see. It is by these he gets his spiritual +growth; it is by these we see his character revealed, his purpose +and his gifts. Some play with a certain natural passion, an +unstudied directness, without grace, without modulation, with no +study of the masters or consciousness of the pervading spirit of the +plot; others gives all their thought to their costume and think only +of the audience; a few act as those who have mastered the secrets of +a serious art, with deliberate subordination of themselves to the +great end and motive of the play, spending themselves like good +servants, indulging no wilfulness, obtruding no eccentricity, +lending heart and tone and gesture to the perfect progress of the +action. These have "found themselves," and have all the ease of a +perfect adjustment. + +Adjustment is exactly what a man gains when he comes to himself. +Some men gain it late, some early; some get it all at once, as if by +one distinct act of deliberate accommodation; others get it by +degrees and quite imperceptibly. No doubt to most men it comes by +slow processes of experience--at each stage of life a little. A +college man feels the first shock of it at graduation, when the +boy's life has been lived out and the man's life suddenly begins. +He has measured himself with boys; he knows their code and feels the +spur of their ideals of achievement. But what the expects of him he +has yet to find out, and it works, when he has discovered, a +veritable revolution in his ways both of thought and of action. He +finds a new sort of fitness demanded of him, executive, thorough- +going, careful of details, full of drudgery and obedience to orders. +Everybody is ahead of him. Just now he was a senior, at the top of +the world he knows and reigned in, a finished product and pattern of +good form. Of a sudden he is a novice again, as green as in his +first school year, studying a thing that seems to have no rules--at +sea amid crosswinds, and a bit seasick withal. Presently, if he be +made of stuff that will shake into shape and fitness, he settles to +his tasks and is comfortable. He has come to himself: understands +what capacity is, and what it is meant for; sees that his training +was not for ornament or personal gratification, but to teach him how +to use himself and develop faculties worth using. Henceforth there +is a zest in action, and he loves to see his strokes tell. + +The same thing happens to the lad come from the farm into the city, +a big and novel field, where crowds rush and jostle, and a rustic +boy must stand puzzled for a little how to use his placid and +unjaded strength. It happens, too, though in a deeper and more +subtle way, to the man who marries for love, if the love be true and +fit for foul weather. Mr. Bagehot used to say that a bachelor was +"an amateur at life," and wit and wisdom are married in the jest. A +man who lives only for himself has not begun to live--has yet to +learn his use, and his real pleasure, too, in the world. It is not +necessary he should marry to find himself out, but it is necessary +he should love. Men have come to themselves serving their mothers +with an unselfish devotion, or their sisters, or a cause for whose +sake they forsook ease and left off thinking of themselves. If is +unselfish action, growing slowly into the high habit of devotion, +and at last, it may be, into a sort of consecration, that teaches a +man the wide meaning of his life, and makes of him a steady +professional in living, if the motive be not necessity, but love. +Necessity may make a mere drudge of a man, and no mere drudge ever +made a professional of himself; that demands a higher spirit and a +finer incentive than his. + + +III + +Surely a man has come to himself only when he has found the best +that is in him, and has satisfied his heart with the highest +achievement he is fit for. It is only then that he knows of what he +is capable and what his heart demands. And, assuredly, no +thoughtful man ever came to the end of his life, and had time and +a little space of calm from which to look back upon it, who did not +know and acknowledge that it was what he had done unselfishly and +for others, and nothing else, that satisfied him in the retrospect, +and made him feel that he had played the man. That alone seems to +him the real measure of himself, the real standard of his manhood. +And so men grow by having responsibility laid upon them, the burden +of other people's business. Their powers are put out at interest, +and they get usury in kind. They are like men multiplied. +Each counts manifold. Men who live with an eye only upon what is +their own are dwarfed beside them--seem fractions while they are +integers. The trustworthiness of men trusted seems often to grow +with the trust. + +It is for this reason that men are in love with power and greatness: +it affords them so pleasurable an expansion of faculty, so large a +run for their minds, an exercise of spirit so various and +refreshing; they have the freedom of so wide a tract of the world of +affairs. But if they use power only for their own ends, if there be +no unselfish service in it, if its object be only their personal +aggrandizement, their love to see other men tools in their hands, +they go out of the world small, disquieted, beggared, no enlargement +of soul vouchsafed them, no usury of satisfaction. They have added +nothing to themselves. Mental and physical powers alike grow by +use, as every one knows; but labor for oneself is like exercise in a +gymnasium. No healthy man can remain satisfied with it, or regard +it as anything but a preparation for tasks in the open, amid the +affairs of the world--not sport, but business--where there is no +orderly apparatus, and every man must devise the means by which he +is to make the most of himself. To make the most of himself means +the multiplication of his activities, and he must turn away from +himself for that. He looks about him, studies the fact of business +or of affairs, catches some intimation of their larger objects, is +guided by the intimation, and presently finds himself part of the +motive force of communities or of nations. It makes no difference +how small part, how insignificant, how unnoticed. When his powers +begin to play outward, and he loves the task at hand, not because it +gains him a livelihood, but because it makes him a life, he has come +to himself. + +Necessity is no mother to enthusiasm. Necessity carries a whip. +Its method is compulsion, not love. It has no thought to make +itself attractive; it is content to drive. Enthusiasm comes +with the revelation of true and satisfying objects of devotion; +and it is enthusiasm that sets the powers free. It is a sort +of enlightenment. It shines straight upon ideals, and for those +who see it the race and struggle are henceforth toward these. +An instance will point the meaning. One of the most distinguished +and most justly honored of our great philanthropists spent the +major part of his life absolutely absorbed in the making of +money--so it seemed to those who did not know him. In fact, he had +very early passed the stage at which he looked upon his business as +a means of support or of material comfort. Business had become +for him an intellectual pursuit, a study in enterprise and +increment. The field of commerce lay before him like a chess-board; +the moves interested him like the manoeuvers of a game. More money +was more power, a great advantage in the game, the means of shaping +men and events and markets to his own ends and uses. It was his +will that set fleets afloat and determined the havens they were +bound for; it was his foresight that brought goods to market at the +right time; it was his suggestion that made the industry of +unthinking men efficacious; his sagacity saw itself justified at +home not only, but at the ends of the earth. And as the money +poured in, his government and mastery increased, and his mind was +the more satisfied. It is so that men make little kingdoms for +themselves, and an international power undarkened by diplomacy, +undirected by parliaments. + + +IV + +It is a mistake to suppose that the great captains of industry, the +great organizers and directors of manufacture and commerce and +monetary exchange, are engrossed in a vulgar pursuit of wealth. Too +often they suffer the vulgarity of wealth to display itself in the +idleness and ostentation of their wives and children, who "devote +themselves," it may be, "to expense regardless of pleasure"; but we +ought not to misunderstand even that, or condemn it unjustly. The +masters of industry are often too busy with their own sober and +momentous calling to have time or spare thought enough to govern +their own households. A king may be too faithful a statesman to be +a watchful father. These men are not fascinated by the glitter of +gold: the appetite for power has got hold upon them. They are in +love with the exercise of their faculties upon a great scale; they +are organizing and overseeing a great part of the life of the world. +No wonder they are captivated. Business is more interesting that +pleasure, as Mr. Bagehot said, and when once the mind has caught +its zest, there's no disengaging it. The world has reason to be +grateful for the fact. + +It was this fascination that had got hold upon the faculties of the +man whom the world was afterward to know, not as a prince among +merchants--for the world forgets merchant princes--but as a prince +among benefactors; for beneficence breeds gratitude, gratitude +admiration, admiration fame, and the world remembers its +benefactors. Business, and business alone, interested him, or +seemed to him worth while. The first time he was asked to subscribe +money for a benevolent object he declined. Why should he subscribe? +What affair would be set forward, what increase of efficiency would +the money buy, what return would it bring in? Was good money to be +simply given away, like water poured on a barren soil, to be sucked +up and yield nothing? It was not until men who understood +benevolence on its sensible, systematic, practical, and really +helpful side explained it to him as an investment that his mind took +hold of it and turned to it for satisfaction. He began to see that +education was a thing of infinite usury; that money devoted to it +would yield a singular increase to which there was no calculable +end, an increase in perpetuity--increase of knowledge, and therefore +of intelligence and efficiency, touching generation after generation +with new impulses, adding to the sum total of the world's fitness +for affairs--an invisible but intensely real spiritual usury beyond +reckoning, because compounded in an unknown ratio from age to age. +Henceforward beneficence was as interesting to him as business--was, +indeed, a sort of sublimated business in which money moved new +forces in a commerce which no man could bind or limit. + +He had come to himself--to the full realization of his powers, the +true and clear perception of what it was his mind demanded for its +satisfaction. His faculties were consciously stretched to their +right measure, were at last exercised at their best. He felt the +keen zest, not of success merely, but also of honor, and was raised +to a sort of majesty among his fellow-men, who attended him in death +like a dead sovereign. He had died dwarfed had he not broken the +bonds of mere money-getting; would never have known himself had he +not learned how to spend it; and ambition itself could not have +shown him a straighter road to fame. + +This is the positive side of a man's discovery of the way in which +his faculties are to be made to fit into the world's affairs, and +released for effort in a way that will bring real satisfaction. +There is a negative side also. Men come to themselves by +discovering their limitations no less than by discovering their +deeper endowments and the mastery that will make them happy. It is +the discovery of what they can not do, and ought not to attempt, +that transforms reformers into statesmen; and great should be the +joy of the world over every reformer who comes to himself. The +spectacle is not rare; the method is not hidden. The practicability +of every reform is determined absolutely and always by "the +circumstances of the case," and only those who put themselves into +the midst of affairs, either by action or by observation, can known +what those circumstances are or perceive what they signify. No +statesman dreams of doing whatever he pleases; he knows that it does +not follow that because a point of morals or of policy is obvious to +him it will be obvious to the nation, or even to his own friends; +and it is the strength of a democratic polity that there are so many +minds to be consulted and brought to agreement, and that nothing can +be wisely done for which the thought, and a good deal more than the +thought, of the country, its sentiment and its purpose, have not +been prepared. Social reform is a matter of cooperation, and if it +be of a novel kind, requires an infinite deal of converting to bring +the efficient majority to believe in it and support it. Without +their agreement and support it is impossible. + + +V + +It is this that the more imaginative and impatient reformers find out +when they come to themselves, if that calming change ever comes to them. +Oftentimes the most immediate and drastic means of bringing them to +themselves is to elect them to legislative or executive office. That +will reduce over-sanguine persons to their simplest terms. Not because +they find their fellow-legislators or officials incapable of high +purpose or indifferent to the betterment of the communities which they +represent. Only cynics hold that to be the chief reason why we approach +the millennium so slowly, and cynics are usually very ill-informed +persons. Nor is it because under our modern democratic arrangements we +so subdivide power and balance parts in government that no one man can +tell for much or turn affairs to his will. One of the most instructive +studies a politician could undertake would be a study of the infinite +limitations laid upon the power of the Russian Czar, notwithstanding the +despotic theory of the Russian constitution--limitations of social +habit, of official prejudice, of race jealousies, of religious +predilections, of administrative machinery even, and the inconvenience +of being himself only one man, caught amidst a rush of duties and +responsibilities which never halt or pause. He can do only what can be +done with the Russian people. He cannot change them at will. He is +himself of their own stuff, and immersed in the life which forms them, +as it forms him. He is simply the leader of the Russians. + +An English or American statesman is better off. He leads a thinking +nation, not a race of peasants topped by a class of revolutionists +and a caste of nobles and officials. He can explain new things to +men able to understand, persuade men willing and accustomed to make +independent and intelligent choices of their own. An English +statesman has an even better opportunity to lead than an American +statesman, because in England executive power and legislative +initiative are both intrusted to the same grand committee, the +ministry of the day. The ministers both propose what shall be law +and determine how it shall be enforced when enacted. And yet +English reformers, like American, have found office a veritable +cold-water bath for their ardor for change. Many a man who has made +his place in affairs as the spokesman of those who see abuses and +demand their reformation has passed from denunciation to calm and +moderate advice when he got into Parliament, and has turned +veritable conservative when made a minister of the crown. Mr. +Bright was a notable example. Slow and careful men had looked upon +him as little better than a revolutionist so long as his voice rang +free and imperious from the platforms of public meetings. They +greatly feared the influence he should exercise in Parliament, and +would have deemed the constitution itself unsafe could they have +seen foreseen that he would some day be invited to take office and a +hand of direction in affairs. But it turned out that there was +nothing to fear. Mr. Bright lived to see almost every reform he had +urged accepted and embodied in legislation; but he assisted at the +process of their realization with greater and greater temperateness +and wise deliberation as his part in affairs became more and more +prominent and responsible, and was at the last as little like an +agitator as any man that served the queen. + +It is not that such men lose courage when they find themselves +charged with the actual direction of the affairs concerning which +they have held and uttered such strong, unhesitating, drastic +opinions. They have only learned discretion. For the first time +they see in its entirety what it was that they were attempting. +They are at last at close quarters with the world. Men of every +interest and variety crowd about them; new impressions throng them; +in the midst of affairs the former special objects of their zeal +fall into new environments, a better and truer perspective; seem no +longer so susceptible to separate and radical change. The real +nature of the complex stuff of life they were seeking to work in is +revealed to them--its intricate and delicate fiber, and the subtle, +secret interrelationship of its parts--and they work circumspectly, +lest they should mar more than they mend. Moral enthusiasm is not, +uninstructed and of itself, a suitable guide to practicable and +lasting reformation; and if the reform sought be the reformation of +others as well as of himself, the reformer should look to it that he +knows the true relation of his will to the wills of those he would +change and guide. When he has discovered that relation, he has come +to himself: has discovered his real use and planning part in the +general world of men; has come to the full command and satisfying +employment of his faculties. Otherwise he is doomed to live for +ever in a fool's paradise, and can be said to have come to himself +only on the supposition that he is a fool. + + +VI + +Every man--if I may adopt and paraphrase a passage from Dr. South-- +every man hath both an absolute and a relative capacity: an absolute +in that he hath been endued with such a nature and such parts and +faculties; and a relative in that he is part of the universal +community of men, and so stands in such a relation to the whole. +When we say that a man has come to himself, it is not of his +absolute capacity that we are thinking, but of his relative. He has +begun to realize that he is part of a whole, and to know what part, +suitable for what service and achievement. + +It was once fashionable--and that not a very long time ago--to speak of +political society with a certain distaste, as a necessary evil, an +irritating but inevitable restriction upon the "natural" sovereignty and +entire self-government of the individual. That was the dream of the +egotist. It was a theory in which men were seen to strut in the proud +consciousness of their several and "absolute" capacities. It would be as +instructive as it would be difficult to count the errors it has bred in +political thinking. As a matter of fact, men have never dreamed of +wishing to do without the "trammels" of organized society, for the very +good reason that those trammels are in reality but no trammels at all, +but indispensable aids and spurs to the attainment of the highest and +most enjoyable things man is capable of. Political society, the life of +men in states, is an abiding natural relationship. It is neither a mere +convenience nor a mere necessity. It is not a mere voluntary +association, not a mere corporation. It is nothing deliberate or +artificial, devised for a special purpose. It is in real truth the +eternal and natural expression and embodiment of a form of life higher +than that of the individual--that common life of mutual helpfulness, +stimulation, and contest which gives leave and opportunity to the +individual life, makes it possible, makes it full and complete. + +It is in such a scene that man looks about to discover his own place and +force. In the midst of men organized, infinitely cross-related, bound by +ties of interest, hope, affection, subject to authorities, to opinion, +to passion, to visions and desires which no man can reckon, he casts +eagerly about to find where he may enter in with the rest and be a man +among his fellows. In making his place he finds, if he seek +intelligently and with eyes that see, more than ease of spirit and scope +for his mind. He finds himself--as if mists had cleared away about him +and he knew at last his neighborhood among men and tasks. + +What every man seeks is satisfaction. He deceives himself so long +as he imagines it to lie in self-indulgence, so long as he deems +himself the center and object of effort. His mind is spent in vain +upon itself. Not in action itself, not in "pleasure," shall it find +its desires satisfied, but in consciousness of right, of powers +greatly and nobly spent. It comes to know itself in the motives +which satisfy it, in the zest and power of rectitude. Christianity +has liberated the world, not as a system of ethics, not as a +philosophy of altruism, but by its revelation of the power of pure +and unselfish love. Its vital principle is not its code, but its +motive. Love, clear-sighted, loyal, personal, is its breath and +immortality. Christ came, not to save Himself, assuredly, but to +save the world. His motive, His example, are every man's key to his +own gifts and happiness. The ethical code he taught may no doubt be +matched, here a piece and there a piece, out of other religions, +other teachings and philosophies. Every thoughtful man born with a +conscience must know a code of right and of pity to which he ought +to conform; but without the motive of Christianity, without love, he +may be the purest altruist and yet be as sad and as unsatisfied as +Marcus Aurelius. + +Christianity gave us, in the fullness of time, the perfect image of +right living, the secret of social and of individual well-being; for +the two are not separable, and the man who receives and verifies +that secret in his own living has discovered not only the best and +only way to serve the world, but also the one happy way to satisfy +himself. Then, indeed, has he come to himself. Henceforth he knows +what his powers mean, what spiritual air they breathe, what ardors +of service clear them of lethargy, relieve them of all sense of +effort, put them at their best. After this fretfulness passes away, +experience mellows and strengthens and makes more fit, and old age +brings, not senility, not satiety, not regret, but higher hope and +serene maturity. + + + +THE END + + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's When a Man Comes to Himself, by Woodrow Wilson + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WHEN A MAN COMES TO HIMSELF *** + +This file should be named 5078.txt or 5078.zip + +This etext was produced by Jennifer Godwin, <http://www.jengod.com/> + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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