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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1156a40 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52930 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52930) diff --git a/old/52930-0.txt b/old/52930-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 537706c..0000000 --- a/old/52930-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12847 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Names: and Their Meaning, by Leopold Wagner - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Names: and Their Meaning - A Book for the Curious - -Author: Leopold Wagner - -Release Date: August 29, 2016 [EBook #52930] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING *** - - - - -Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - -_NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING._ - -[Illustration] - - NAMES: - AND THEIR MEANING - - _A BOOK FOR THE CURIOUS_ - - BY - - LEOPOLD WAGNER - - _THIRD AND REVISED EDITION._ - - London - T. FISHER UNWIN - PATERNOSTER SQUARE - MDCCCXCIII - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -Not the least difficult matter in connection with the present work -has been the choice of a title. The one finally determined upon is -far from satisfactory, because it scarcely suggests the scope of the -subject treated. True enough, the single word NOMENCLATURE offered -itself as a suitable title; but this is really a French word, derived, -of course, from the Latin, and although it has been admitted into our -vocabulary simply owing to the lack of an English equivalent, its use -is properly restricted to the classification of technical terms in -relation to a particular branch of science. In a scientific sense, -then, the word Nomenclature finds a ready acceptance; but for the -classification of the names of persons, of places, and of things, it -is altogether too pedantic. A young friend of the author the other -day, on being informed, in answer to his inquiry, that this work would -probably be entitled “The Curiosities of Nomenclature,” promptly asked -whether it might not be as well to explain, first of all, what the word -Nomenclature meant. Now, the author does not believe for one moment -that any intelligent person who took up this volume would be at a loss -to judge of its contents from the title, that is, supposing the word -Nomenclature appeared on the page; nevertheless, his young friend’s -suggestion reminded him that a book intended not for the scientific -and learned, but for general reference, should bear a title easily -comprehended by all classes of the community. The title originally -chosen has, therefore, been rejected in favour of one less pretentious -and more matter-of-fact: if it is not sufficiently expressive, the -fault must be attributed to the poverty of the English language. - -Of all the “Ologies,” PHILOLOGY, or the science of language, is the -most seductive; and that branch of it known as ETYMOLOGY, which -traces the derivation and combination of the words of a language from -its primary roots, possesses an interest--one might almost say a -fascination--for all, when once the attention has been arrested by it. -This fact is proved by the popularity of Archbishop Trench’s published -lectures on “The Study of Words,” which have now reached a nineteenth -edition. But it is not to an examination of the dictionary words of -the English language that the present volume is devoted. Bearing in -mind that several excellent works already exist on this subject, -the author has occupied himself in the following pages exclusively -with the etymology, and significance of NAMES--of _personal names_, -comprising Surnames, Sobriquets, Pseudonyms, Nicknames, Class Names, -and Professional Designations; of _names of places_, including the -Countries of the World, with the principal Seas, Islands, Gulfs, -Straits, &c., the United States of North America, the Counties of -England and Wales, and particularly the Districts, Streets, Squares, -Churches, and Public Buildings of London; of the names of Religious -Sects and Political Factions; of the names of Inns and Taverns; in -addition to the names of an infinite number of objects with which -everyone is familiar, but whose actual significance is comprehended -only by a few. - -As to the utility of such a work, a brief glance into these pages may -convince the reader that the subject of NAMES is fraught with much -popular interest. Take the names of London streets. How many among -the thousands who follow their daily occupations within sight of the -gilt cross of St. Paul’s, ever reflect that the name of each street -they frequent and pass by the way, points to the origin of the street -itself; and that, were they to cultivate a practical acquaintance with -those names, their knowledge of English History and Sociology might be -considerably enlarged, with a result that they would be brought to ask -themselves at length how they could have been possessed of “souls so -dead” as never to have entered upon such a profitable field of inquiry -before? Whitefriars, Blackfriars, and Austin Friars, carry us back -in imagination to the days of yore; the friars have long returned to -the dust, but the localities they inhabited are still identified with -their existence by the names they bear. Yet these are possibly the only -thoroughfares in the City--with the exception of such as have derived -their names from a neighbouring church, public building, or private -mansion--concerning which the average Londoner can express himself with -any degree of certainty: if he venture a guess at the rest, it is safe -to assert that he will be open to correction. The like observation -applies to public buildings. - -If the question were asked, for example, why the well-known Ships’ -Registry Offices over the Royal Exchange are universally referred -to as “Lloyd’s,” ninety-nine out of every hundred City men would -avail themselves of the very plausible suggestion that the system of -Marine Insurance was first established, either there or elsewhere, by -some person named Lloyd. True, a certain Edward Lloyd had a remote -connection with the enterprise; but he was a coffee-house keeper, who -probably knew no more about ships and their tonnage than “Jonathan,” -another noted London coffee-house keeper, after whom the Stock Exchange -was formerly designated, knew about “bulls” and “bears.” Again, it is -not every one who could account, off hand, for such familiar names -as Scotland Yard, Bedlam, Doctors’ Commons, the Charterhouse, the -churches of St. Mary-Axe, St. Clement-Danes, St. Hallow’s-Barking, -or St. Catherine Cree. A few barristers would, doubtless, be in a -position to inform us wherefore our seminaries for the study of the -law were originally styled “Inns of Court”; but the ordinary inquirer, -left to his own resources, might find the problem somewhat difficult -to solve. Surely they were not at one time inns? and if so, whence -came the designation Inns of Court? Did the Court flunkeys patronize -them, perhaps? Or, more likely, did the sovereign, attended by the -Court, take a fancy to sleeping beneath the roof of each for once in -a way, after the manner of Queen Elizabeth? And, speaking about inns, -every Londoner is, of course, aware of the one-time existence of “La -Belle Sauvage” on the north side of Ludgate Hill, albeit the origin of -this sign has generally been ascribed to Pocahontas, of Virginia, who -accompanied her husband, John Rolfe, back to England in the year 1616, -and, as tradition has it, put up at this famous old coaching-house. -Moreover, Messrs. Cassell and Co., whose premises occupy the site, -and are approached from La Belle Sauvage Yard, have profited by the -popular misconception to the extent of adopting the figure of a female -partly clad in skins as their trade-mark. Then, again, who has not -heard of “The Tabard”? and whence did that derive its sign? Among other -celebrated inns still preserved to us, we have “Jack Straw’s Castle” -on Hampstead Heath. But who was Jack Straw? and had he ever a castle -thereabouts? As will be shown in these pages, the answer to these -questions is associated with a very stirring moment in English History. - -A great deal of the early history of England can be gleaned from the -names of the counties into which this country is divided. The terms -Shire and County are so far synonymous in that they indicate a portion -of land distinguished by a particular name; yet, etymologically -considered, they are widely different. Although every shire is a -county, it is not every county to whose individual name the word -“shire” may be added. The latter is essentially Anglo-Saxon, denoting -a division of land possessed by an earl, and wherever it occurs it -points conclusively to the Saxon occupation of England. Certainly, -we do not speak of Essex-shire, Middle-sex-shire, or Sussex-shire, -because the Saxon territories referred to, as well as their relative -positions, are fully indicated in the names themselves. Neither are -we accustomed to allude to Surrey-shire, for the reason that the word -_Surrey_ expressed the Anglo-Saxon for the land south of the _rey_, or -river, comprising, as it did, that large tract of land described as -Wessex, or the land of the West Saxons, now divided into six southern -shires. The fact is, Wessex was the great kingdom of the Saxons in this -country, whereas Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex were but petty kingdoms. -Consequently, in the kingdom of Wessex it was that earldoms were first -created, and lands appertaining thereto were literally _scired_, or -sheared off. On the other hand, it would be ridiculous in the extreme, -quite apart from the unfamiliarity of such an expression, to speak of -Kent-shire, because there is nothing in the name that invests it with a -Saxon interest. The same remark is applicable to Cornwall. It is only -from habit, too, or because the name lends itself to the euphony, that -Devon is denominated a shire; for not only is this a Celtic name, -but the Saxons scarcely penetrated into, and certainly never occupied -any considerable portion of, the county. The England of the Saxons, -therefore, is to be distinguished wherever the word “shire” appears as -part of the name of a county. - -If the foregoing paragraph be deemed interesting to the general -inquirer, a careful digest of the chapter on “The Countries of the -World” should prove most instructive. With a few exceptions only, -the names of the different countries of the Old World afford us an -indication of their original inhabitants, or the rude tribes that -overran them. In regard to the New World, such names of countries as -are not of native origin invariably point to the nationality of the -navigators who discovered them or of the adventurers who explored and -colonized them. The maritime enterprise of the Spanish and Portuguese -is in nothing so evident as in the territories named in accordance -with their respective languages in South and Central America, to -say nothing of the islands discovered by them in the Atlantic and -Pacific Oceans. And, as a set-off against the shameful treatment by -the Spaniards of Christopher Columbus, it must not be forgotten that -the whole of the North American territory now embraced in the United -States was originally designated Columbia in his honour, which name -has been preserved in the Western portion of the continent known as -British Columbia. A few Spanish names still linger in North America, -notably California, Labrador, Florida, Nevada, Oregon, and Colorado. -But the Spaniards were rovers rather than settlers; wherefore they -contented themselves with maintaining their national reputation as -successful navigators by giving names to the countries they discovered, -and establishing a lucrative trading monopoly in that portion of the -Caribbean Sea which formerly bore the name of the Spanish Main. - -On the contrary, the English and French have distinguished themselves -always, and all the world over, as colonists; so that, saving those -States of North America which have received the native names of the -great lakes and rivers, we can discover exactly which were colonized -by the one nation and which by the other. Moreover, the English and -French have generally exercised the common trait of honouring the -mother country by naming a new colony or a newly-discovered island -after the reigning monarch or a distinguished countryman. A similar -trait in the Dutch character presents itself in the repetition of the -names of the native places of their navigators and colonists; while -the Spaniards and Portuguese have displayed a tendency for naming an -island discovered or a river explored by them in a manner commemorative -of the day that witnessed the event. At the same time, it would not be -wise to conjecture, merely from the name, that Columbus discovered the -island of Trinidad on the Feast of the Holy Trinity, because he did -nothing of the kind. Therefore, it behoves the curious inquirer to make -himself acquainted with the circumstances under which our geographical -names have arisen, so as to avoid falling into error. As well might he -maintain, without the requisite knowledge, that the Canary Islands owed -their designation to the birds that have so long been exported thence; -for although such a conclusion were extremely plausible, he would still -be at a loss to know how the canaries came by their name in the first -place. - -A like difficulty is liable to be encountered relative to the Sandwich -Islands. A particularly smart boy might, indeed, be expected to inform -us, as the outcome of a hastily-formed opinion, that the Sandwich -Islands were so called because a shipwrecked crew who once found a -refuge thereon continued to support themselves until such time as they -were rescued by a passing vessel upon sandwiches. The bare idea may be -laughed at; but it is no more preposterous than that the Canary Islands -received their name from the birds that are found there in such plenty. -The question at issue furnishes an example as to how a name may be -perpetuated in different ways. Thus, Captain Cook named the Sandwich -Islands in compliment to John Montague, fourth Earl of Sandwich and -First Lord of the Admiralty, who took his title from Sandwich, or, -as the etymology of this place implies, the “sand town,” one of the -ancient Cinque Ports in Kent. An inveterate gamester was this Lord -Sandwich; so much so that he would sit at the gaming-table for thirty -hours and more at a stretch, never desisting from the game to partake -of a meal, but from time to time ordering the waiter to bring him some -slices of meat placed between two slices of thin bread, from which -circumstance this convenient form of refreshment received the name of -Sandwiches. - -Mention of sandwiches reminds us that very few tradesmen possess -the remotest idea of the significance of the names of the various -commodities in which they deal. Ask a purveyor of ham and beef to -explain the origin of the word Sandwich, and he will be quite unable -to furnish an answer. Put a similar question to a Tobacconist, and -it will be found that he has never interested himself to the extent -of inquiring what the word Tobacco means, not to speak of the names -of the different kinds of tobacco. A Haberdasher, again, would be -sorely perplexed to account for his individual trade-name; so would a -Milliner, so would a Grocer, so would a Tailor; and so would almost -every one who passes for an intelligent citizen, yet whose reflections -have never been directed toward those trifling concerns which, as one -might be led to suppose, are most immediately interesting to him. And -so we might go on multiplying examples until this Introduction reached -an altogether inordinate length, with no other object than to arouse -the reader’s interest in the pages that follow. But the necessity for -a more extended Introduction does not arise. The scope of this work -will be sufficiently indicated by the Analytical Table of Contents; but -even there a very large number of names incidentally referred to in -the text have not been included. The Index may be somewhat more to the -purpose, inasmuch as every item set forth therein will be found not -merely alluded to but discussed in the book; and to the book itself the -reader is now referred. - - L. W. - -LONDON. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - _THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD._ - - Asia, Africa, Europe, America; Palestine, Asia Minor; Persia, - Arabia, India, Hindustan, Turkestan, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, - Kurdestan; China, Siberia, Russia, Circassia, Crimea, Finland, - Sweden, Norway; Britain, England, Scotland, Caledonia, Ireland, - The Emerald Isle, Cambria, Wales; Saxony, Gaul, France, - Normandy, Brittany; Germany, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, - Jutland, Prussia, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Servia, Montenegro, - Bosnia, Moldavia, Moravia, Bulgaria, Roumania, Turkey, Ottoman - Empire, Greece; Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal; - Algiers, Morocco, Barbary, Sahara, Soudan, Egypt, Senegambia, - Gold Coast, Guinea, Zanzibar, Zululand, Transvaal, Natal, - Orange Free States, Cape Colony, Cape of Good Hope; Cape Horn, - Patagonia, Chili, Argentine Republic, Brazil, Bolivia, Uraguay, - Paraguay, Peru, Pernambuco, Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela; - Panama, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mosquito Coast, - Yutacan, Quatemala, Mexico, California, British Columbia; - Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, Greenland, - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Florida; Virginia, Maryland, - Baltimore, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Carolina, Louisiana, Maine, - New Orleans, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Michigan, - Indiana, Alabama, Nebraska, Ohio, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, - Kansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Minnesota, - Arkansas, Illinois, Oregon, Texas, Vermont, Colorado, Nevada, - Connecticut, Iowa, Astoria, Delaware; Lake Superior, Lake - Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Niagara, Lake Michigan, Lake - Winnipeg, Great Bear Lake, Great Salt Lake; The Arctic Ocean, - Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, - Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea; German Ocean, - Indian Ocean, Irish Sea; White Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, Green - Sea, Yellow Sea, Dead Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Marmora; The - Gulf Stream, The Horse Latitudes, The Spanish Main; Hudson’s - Bay, James’ Bay, Barrow’s Strait, All Saints’ Bay, Gulf of St. - Lawrence, Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait, Botany Bay; St. - George’s Channel, The Skagerrack, Zuyder Zee; Bay of Biscay; - Strait of Gibraltar, The Bosphorus, The Dardanelles; Australia, - New Holland, New Zealand, Tasmania, Van Dieman’s Land, Society - Islands, Friendly Islands, Christmas Island, Sandwich Islands, - Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands; Papua, Java, Sumatra, - Borneo, Japan, Formosa, Ceylon, Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, - Madagascar; Tierra del Fuego, Island of Desolation, Hanover - Island, Adelaide Island, Juan Fernandez, Ladrone Islands, - Pitcairn’s Island, Easter Island, Vancouver Island, Queen - Charlotte Island, Prince of Wales Island, Aleutian Islands; - Barrow Island, Baring Island, Parry Island, Baffin Land, Banks - Land, Newfoundland, Rhode Island, Long Island, Bermuda Islands, - San Salvador, Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Barbadoes, Dominica, Porto - Rico, Trinidad, Tobago Island, St. Kitt’s Island; Ascension - Island, St. Helena, Tristan d’Acunha, Madeira, Majorca, - Minorca, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Capri, Sicily, - Malta, Candia, Cyprus, Rhodes; Belleisle, Jersey, Isle of - Wight, Gothland, Heligoland, Anglesea, Isle of Man, Hebrides, - Orkney Isles, Shetland Isles, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla 35 - - _THE MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK._ - - January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, - September, October, November, December; Sunday, Monday, - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday 59 - - _CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINATIONS._ - - Theism, Deism, Atheism, Pantheism, Agnosticism, Secularism, - Utilitarianism, Materialism, Rationalism; Monotheism, Mosaism, - Judaism, Paganism, Polytheism; Zoroastrians, Brahmins, - Buddhists, Mahommedans, Mussulmans, Islam; Christians, - Pharisees, Nazarenes, Gnostics, Aquarians, Arians, Luciferians, - Donatists, Macedonians, Apollinarians; Catholics; Greek - Church, Roman Catholic Church, Church of England, Gallican - Church, Lutheran Church; Protestants, Calvinists, Huguenots, - Wycliffites, Gospellers, Lollards, Albigenses, Waldenses, - Camisards, Hussites, Bedlamites, Moravians; Adamites, - Libertines, Jansenists, Jesuists, Gabrielites, Labadists, - Socinians, Arminians, New Christians, Old Catholics; Scotists, - Thomists, Sabbatarians, Fifth Monarchy Men, Muggletonians; - Seekers, Quakers, Shakers, Mormons, Peculiar People, Faith - Healers, Irvingites, Humanitarians, Sacramentarians, Plymouth - Brethren, Perfectionists, Hopkinsians; Scottish Covenanters, - Presbyterians, Cameronians, Macmillanites, Morisonians, Free - Church of Scotland; Puritans, Nonconformists, Conformists, - Dissenters, Sectarians, Independents, Congregationalists, - Unitarians, Trinitarians, Baptists, Anabaptists, Methodists, - Wesleyan Methodists, Primitive Methodists; High Church, Low - Church, Broad Church, Latitudinarism, Ritualists, Puseyites, - Tractarians 61 - - _TAVERN SIGNS._ - - The Green Man, The Green Man and Still, The Red Lion, The - Bear and Ragged Staff, The Boar’s Head, The Black Bull, The - Talbot, The Chequers; The White Rose, The Red Rose, The Star; - The White Swan, The White Swan and Antelope, The White Hart, - The Sun, The Three Suns, The White Lion, The Eagle, The Blue - Boar, The Red Dragon, The Greyhound, The Rose, The Thistle, The - Shamrock; The Crown, The Rose and Crown, The Crown and Sceptre, - The Crown and Anchor; The Earl of March; The Hare and Hounds, - The Tally Ho! The Fox in the Hole; The Angel, The Salutation, - The Three Kings, The Cross Keys, The Mitre; The Turk’s Head, - The Saracen’s Head, The Golden Cross, The Half Moon; The Swan, - The Pheasant, The Peacock; The St. George, The George and - Dragon, The Green Dragon, The George, The King’s Arms, The - Queen’s Arms, The Freemasons’ Arms, The Coachmakers’ Arms, The - Saddlers’ Arms, The Carpenters’ Arms; The Garter, The Star and - Garter; The Leg and Star, The Cat and Fiddle, The Bag o’ Nails, - The Goat and Compass, The Iron Devil, The Bull and Mouth, The - Bull and Gate, The Lion and Key, The Catherine Wheel, The Plume - and Feathers, The Bully Ruffian, The Blue Pig, The Pig and - Whistle; The Coach and Horses, The Pack Horse; The Bear, The - Dog and Duck, The Bowling Green; The Grapes, The Castle, The - Globe, The Spread Eagle, The Yorkshire Stingo; The Bell, The - Barley-mow, The Old Hat, The Ram and Teazle, The Bricklayers’ - Arms, The Cricketers’ Arms, The Black Jack; The Royal Oak, The - Boscobel, The Palmerston, The Marquis of Granby, The Portobello - Arms, The Nelson, The Wellington, The Trafalgar, The Waterloo, - The Ship, The King’s Head, The Queen’s Head, The Victoria, The - Prince Albert, The Prince of Wales’ Feathers 77 - - _ROYAL SURNAMES._ - - Alfred the Great, Edward the Martyr, Ethelred the Unready, - Edmund Ironsides, Edgar Atheling, Harold Harefoot, Edward - the Confessor; William the Conqueror, William Rufus, Henry - Beauclerc, Richard Cœur de Lion, William the Lion, John - Lackland, Edward Longshanks, Edward the Black Prince, John - of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke; Bluff King Hal, Defender of the - Faith, The White Queen, Bloody Mary, Good Queen Bess; The Lord - Protector, The Merry Monarch, The Sailor King; Plantagenet, - Tudor, Stuart; Charlemagne, The She-Wolf of France, Pedro the - Cruel, Ivan the Terrible, Frederick Barbarossa, Ferdinand - Bomba, Egalité Philippe 87 - - _NATIONAL NICKNAMES._ - - Brother Jonathan, Uncle Sam, Yankee; John Bull, Mrs. Grundy, - The British Matron; Tommy Atkins; Pat, Sandie, Taffy; John - Chinaman, Pigtails, Pale Faces, Redskins; Nigger, Sambo, - Mulatto 93 - - _BIRDS._ - - Cuckoo, Pewit, Curlew, Chickadee, Whip-poor-will; Trumpeter, - Nightingale, Night-jar, Mocking-bird, Humming-bird, Greenfinch, - Goldfinch, Greenlet, Jay, Blue-bird, Blackbird, Starling, - Flamingo, Oriole, Lyre-bird; Red-poll, Secretary-bird; Birds - of Paradise, Love-birds; Kingfisher; Lapwing; Wagtail, - Scissors-bird, Hangbird, Weaver-bird, Tailor-bird; Widow-bird, - Martin, Muscovy Duck; Swift, Passenger-pigeon; Skylark, - Chaffinch, Diver, Sandpiper, Chimney-swallow; Horn-bill, - Boat-bill, Spoon-bill, Duck-bill, Cross-bill; Pouter-pigeon, - Ring-dove, Wryneck, Woodcock, Woodpecker; Guinea-fowl, - Brahma-fowl, Bantam, Barb, Turkey, Baltimore-bird, Canary, - Petrel 96 - - _RELIGIOUS ORDERS._ - - Monastery, Convent, Abbey, Priory; Monk, Nun, Friar; Dominicans - or Black Friars, Franciscans or Grey Friars; Carmelites or - White Friars, Augustines or Austin Friars, Trinitarians or - Crutched Friars; Observant Friars, Conventional Friars; - Capuchin Friars, Cordeliers; Benedictines, Carthusians, - Cistercians, Cluniacs, Bernardines, Basilians, Trappists; - Jesuists, Servites, Passionists, Redemptorists 100 - - _PAPER AND PRINTING._ - - Paper, Parchment; Hand-paper, Pot-paper, Post-paper, - Crown-paper, Foolscap; Nepaul-paper, India-paper, Cap-paper, - Elephant, Cartridge-paper, Bristol-board; Folio, Quarto, - Octavo, Duodecimo; Printer’s Devil; Hansard, Blue Book, Yellow - Book; Book, Leaf, Volume, Library; Pamphlet, Brochure, Chart, - Map, Atlas, Cartoon, Broadside, Poster, Stationery 104 - - _POLITICAL NICKNAMES._ - - Whigs, Tories, Liberals, Conservatives, Radicals, Socialists, - Levellers, Democrats; Royalists, Parliamentarians, Cavaliers, - Roundheads; Orangemen, Jacobites, Peep-o’-day Boys, White - Boys, Fenians, Irish Invincibles, Ribbonmen, Emergency Men; - Separists, Nationalists, Parnellites, Boycotters; Sansculottes, - Red Republicans, The Mountain, The Plain, Girondists; The Hats, - The Caps, Nihilists, Carbonari, Black Cloaks, Lazzari, Guelphs, - Ghibellines; Federals, Republicans, Democrats, Confederates, - Corn-feds, Yanks or Yankees, Copperheads, Know-nothings, - Tammany Ring, Mugwumps; Chartists, Jingoes, Protectionists 109 - - _FLOWERS._ - - Forget-me-not, Mignonette, Carnation, Geranium, Crane’s-bill; - Pansy, Camellia, Dahlia, Fuchsia, Victoria Regia, Adonis, - Hyacinth, Aspasia, Orchid, Sweetbriar, Lilac, Lavender; - Dog-rose, Damask-rose, Cabbage-rose, Christmas-rose, - Primrose; Mayflower, Hawthorn, Gilly-flower, Tiger-flower, - Daffodil, Hollyhock, Noon-tide, Noon-flower, Convolvulus, - Daisy, Buttercup, Cowslip; Sunflower, Heliotrope, Goldylocks, - Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Rhododendron; Passion-flower, Stock 117 - - _THE BIBLE._ - - Bible, Scriptures; Septuagint, Latin Vulgate, Douay Bible, - Rheims Bible; King James’s Bible, The Bishops’ Bible, Cranmer’s - Bible, The Great Bible, Mazarin Bible, Pearl Bible, Geneva - Bible, Breeches Bible, Vinegar Bible, Beer Bible, Treacle - Bible, Whig Bible, Wicked Bible, Bug Bible; “He” Bible, “She” - Bible; Virginia Bible; Pentateuch; Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, - Numbers, Deuteronomy; Apocrypha, Apocalypse 122 - - _WINES._ - - Burgundy, Champagne, Pontac, Moselle, Johannisberg, Florence, - Falernian, Montepulciano, Malaga, Sherry, Port, Cyprus, - Malmsey, Madeira, Canary; Tokay, Claret, Tent Wine; Sillery, - Pommery, Moet and Chandon; Hippocras, Badminton, Negus, Sack; - Dry Wine, Crusted Port, Three-Men Wine 127 - - _LITERARY SOBRIQUETS._ - - Gildas the Wise, Venerable Bede, Century White, Monk Lewis, - Rainy-Day Smith; Silver-Tongued Sylvester, The Water Poet, - The Ettrick Shepherd, The Bidëford Postman, The Mad Poet, The - Quaker Poet, The Banker Poet, Anacreon Moore, Orion Home, The - Farthing Poet; The Wizard of the North, The Addison of the - North, The Minstrel of the Border, The Corn Law Rhymer 130 - - _THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES._ - - Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham, York; - Lancashire, Cheshire, Leicestershire, Worcestershire, - Gloucestershire; Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Sussex, - Middlesex; Surrey, Kent, Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, - Devon, Cornwall, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Buckingham; Oxford, - Hertford, Hereford, Stafford, Bedford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, - Northampton, Rutland, Warwick, Nottingham, Derby, Shropshire, - Monmouth; Anglesea, Glamorgan, Brecknock, Radnor, Montgomery, - Denbigh, Flint, Carnarvon, Carmarthen, Merioneth, Cardigan, - Pembroke 133 - - _CARRIAGES._ - - Phaeton, Victoria, Clarence, Brougham, Stanhope, Sociable, - Landau, Tilbury; Dog-Cart, Buggy, Gig, Sulky, Noddy, Jaunting - Car, Break; Stage-Coach, Omnibus; Hackney-Coach, Coach, Cab, - Cabriolet, Hansom Cab; Hearse, Pantechnicon 138 - - _DANCES._ - - Terpsichorean Art; Morris Dance, Saraband, Gavotte, Quadrille, - Lancers, Polka, Schottische, Mazourka, Redowa, Waltz; Country - Dance, Roger de Coverley, Minuet, Tarantella; Cinderella Dance, - Ball, Ballet, Coryphée, Phyrric Dance; Hornpipe, Reel, Jig, - Breakdown 142 - - _PIGMENTS AND DYES._ - - Umber, Sienna, Gamboge, Krems White, Prussian Blue, Saunders - Blue, Chinese Yellow, Frankfort Black, Hamburg Lake; - Ultramarine; Mazarine, Pompadour, Cardinal, Carnation, Carmine, - Pink, Purple, Scarlet, Crimson; Cassius, Magenta, Vandyke - Brown, Sepia, Sap Green, Emerald Green, Lamp Black, Ivory - Black, Isabel 146 - - _LONDON DISTRICTS AND SUBURBS._ - - London, Thames; Westminster, Belgravia, Pimlico, Knightsbridge, - Mayfair, Soho, Bloomsbury, Smithfield, Clerkenwell, Spa - Fields, Bunhill Fields, Moorfields, Finsbury; Shoreditch, - Whitechapel, Goodman’s Fields, Shadwell, Ratcliffe Highway, - Stepney, Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Hoxton, De Beauvoir - Town, Copenhagen Fields, Haggerstone, Hackney, Dalston, Stoke - Newington, Southgate, Kingsland, Abney Park, Green Lanes, - Edmonton, Ball’s Pond, Mildmay Park, Muswell Hill, Wood Green, - Hornsey, Canonbury, Highbury, Holloway, Barnsbury, Islington; - King’s Cross, St. Pancras, Agar Town, Somers Town, Camden Town, - Kentish Town, Primrose Hill, Highgate, Hampstead, Frognal, - Bishop’s Wood, Hendon; Gospel Oak, Chalk Farm, St. John’s Wood, - Kilburn, Maida Vale, Marylebone, Tyburn; Bayswater, Paddington, - Westbourne Park, Notting Hill, Shepherd’s Bush; Acton, - Gunnersbury, Kew, Brentford, Isleworth, Staines, Kingston, - Shepperton, Twickenham, Richmond, Sheen; Chiswick, Hammersmith, - Kensington, Brompton, Chelsea, Battersea, Walham Green, - Parsons Green, Fulham, Putney, Wimbledon; Wandsworth, Lambeth, - Vauxhall; Southwark, Bermondsey, Horsleydown, Walworth, The - Borough; Rotherhithe, Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Isle - of Dogs, New Cross; Lewisham, Blackheath, Eltham; Catford, - Beckenham, Sydenham, Forest Hill, Norwood, Dulwich, Honor Oak, - Nunhead, Peckham, Brixton, Camberwell, Stockwell, Kennington, - Newington, St. George’s Fields 149 - - _BATTLES._ - - The Tearless Victory, The Thundering Legion, The Hallelujah - Victory; The Battle of the Standard, The Battle of the - Herrings; The Battle of Spurs; The Battle of the Spurs of Gold; - The Battle of the Giants, The Battle of All the Nations 163 - - _NOTABLE DAYS AND FESTIVALS._ - - New Year’s Day; Whitsuntide, Lammastide, Martinmas, Candlemas - Day; Lady Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, Christmas Day; Innocents’ - Day, Epiphany, Twelfth Night, Distaff’s Day, Rock Day, Plough - Monday, Handsel Monday, Boxing Day; Lent, Shrove Tuesday, - Ash Wednesday, Passion Sunday, Passion Week, Palm Sunday, - Maunday-Thursday, Good Friday, Long Friday, Holy Saturday; - Easter, Passover, Low Sunday, Sexagesima Sunday, Quinquagesima - Sunday, Quadragesima Sunday; Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, Corpus - Christi, Rogation Sunday, Rogation Days, Ember Days; Ascension - Day, The Assumption, Holy Cross Day, All Saints’ Day, All - Souls’ Day, Allhallowes’ Day; Allhallowe’en, Cracknut Night; - St. Valentine’s Day, St. Swithin’s Day, St. David’s Day, Comb’s - Mass; Primrose Day, Royal Oak Day, Guy Fawkes’ Day; Arbor Day; - Forefathers’ Day, Independence Day, Evacuation Day; Mothering - Sunday; Grouse Day, Partridge Day, Sprat Day; Red Letter Day, - Holiday 165 - - _TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND LACE._ - - Damask, Muslin, Nankeen, Calico, Cashmere, Dimity, Valance, - Holland, Cambric, Shalloon, Tarlatan, Worsted, Cobourg, Angola, - Frieze; Cotton, Silk, Brocade, Damassin, Sarsanet, Mohair, - Moire-Antique, Chintz, Taffety, Linen, Lawn, Pompadour; - Swansdown, Moleskin, Merino, Alpaca; Kersey, Gingham, - Blankets; Plush, Velvet, Velveteen, Fustian, Grogram, Corduroy; - Pina-cloth, Grass-cloth, T-cloth, Broadcloth, Twill, Tweed, - Plaid, Check; Embroidery, Tapestry, Bayeaux Tapestry, Gobelin - Tapestry, Arras; Lace, Valenciennes, Colbertine, Point-lace, - Pillow-lace; Tulle 176 - - _LITERARY PSEUDONYMS._ - - Voltaire, Barry Cornwall, Yendys, Nimrod, Zadkiel; - Knickerbocker, Elia, Boz, Ouida, George Sand; Artemus Ward, - Mark Twain; F. M. Allen 181 - - _COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS._ - - Portrait, Photograph, Miniature, Profile, Silhouette; - Talbotype, Daguerreotype, Ferriertype; Carte-de-Visite, - Vignette, Cabinet, Kit-Kat, Kit-Kat Canvas 184 - - _LONDON INNS AND GARDENS._ - - The Tabard Inn, “La Belle Sauvage,” The Swan with Two Necks, - The Elephant and Castle, The Horse Shoe, The Blue Posts, The - Black Posts, The Three Chairmen, The Running Footman; The - Mother Red Cap, The Mother Shipton, The Adelaide, The York and - Anlaby, Jack Straw’s Castle, The Spaniards, The Whittington - Stone, The Thirteen Cantons, The North Pole, The South - Australian, The World’s End, The Fulham Bridge, The Devil, The - Three Nuns, The White Conduit Tavern, The Belvedere, The Clown - Tavern, Hummuns’s; Sadler’s Wells, Highbury Barn, Vauxhall - Gardens, Ranelagh Gardens, Cremorne Gardens 187 - - _SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES._ - - The Mother of Believers, Fair Helen, Fair Rosamond, The Fair - Maid of Kent, The Holy Maid of Kent; Black Agnes, Fair Maiden - Lilliard, The Maid of Orleans, The Maid of Saragossa; The - Lady Freemason, The Swedish Nightingale, The Jersey Lily; The - Weeping Philosopher, The Laughing Philosopher, The Subtle - Doctor, The Angelic Doctor, St. Paul of the Cross; Robin Hood, - Little John, Will Scarlet, Friar Tuck; Sixteen-string Jack, - Spring-heel Jack; Gentleman Jack, Gentleman Smith, Admirable - Crichton, Fighting Fitzgerald, Romeo Coates, Beau Fielding, - Beau Brummell, Beau Nash, The King of Bath; The Factory King, - The Railway King, The Paper King, The Nitrate King; The Man - of Ross, The People’s Friend, The Musical Small-Coal Man, Tom - Folio; The Infant Roscius; Single-Speech Hamilton, Starvation - Dundas, Orange Peel, The Heaven-Sent Minister, Finality - John; Dizzy, The Grand Old Man, Bookstall Smith; The Dancing - Chancellor, Praise-God Barebones; Sinner-Saved Huntingdon, - Orator Henley; Memory Woodfall, Memory-Corner Thompson; Dirty - Dick; Capability Brown, George Ranger, The Jubilee Plunger; - Long Peter, Magdalen Smith, Claude Lorraine, Tintoretto, Il - Furioso; The Scottish Hogarth, The Liverpool Landseer; The - Liberator; The Pathfinder; Yankee Jonathan 194 - - _THE INNS OF COURT._ - - Lincoln’s Inn, Gray’s Inn, Furnival’s Inn, Clifford’s Inn; - Serjeants’ Inn; Barnard’s Inn, Staple Inn, Clement’s Inn, - Dane’s Inn, New Inn, Thavie’s Inn; Benchers 208 - - _RACES._ - - Goodwood, Ascot, Epsom, Derby, Oaks, Doncaster St. Leger; - Hurdle Race, Steeplechase; Sweepstake 210 - - _LONDON CHURCHES AND BUILDINGS._ - - Westminster Abbey, The Temple, Savoy Chapel, St. Clement-Danes, - St. Mary-le-Bow, St. Mary-Axe, St. Catherine Cree, St. - Catherine Coleman, St. Margaret Pattens, St. Sepulchre, St. - Bride’s, St. Andrew Undershaft, Allhallowes, Barking; St. - Olave’s, The White Tower, Bloody Tower, Beauchamp Tower, - Traitors’ Gate; Newgate, St. John’s Gate, Temple Bar, London - Bridge, Billingsgate, The Mint, The Trinity House; Crosby - Hall, Memorial Hall, The Guildhall, Doctors’ Commons, St. - Martin’s-le-Grand; The Charterhouse, Christ’s Hospital, - Bartholomew’s Hospital, Guy’s Hospital, Bedlam, The Magdalen - Hospital; St. James’s Palace, Buckingham Palace, Marlborough - House, Somerset House, Whitehall, The Horse Guards, Dover - House, York House; Devonshire House, Apsley House, Chandos - House, The Albany, Burlington House, Soane Museum; Painted - Hall, Vanburgh Castle, Rye House; Bruce Castle, Lincoln House, - Sandford House, Cromwell House, Ireton House, Lauderdale House, - The Clock House, Rosslyn House, Erskine House; Strawberry Hill; - Orleans House, Essex House, Bristol House, Craven Cottage, - Munster House, Peterborough House, Holland House; The Albert - Hall, Crystal Palace, Alexandra Palace, Olympia, Egyptian Hall, - St. George’s Hall, St. James’s Hall, Willis’s Rooms, Almack’s - Assembly Rooms, Exeter Hall, Madame Tussaud’s; Scotland Yard, - Lord’s Cricket Ground, Tattersall’s; Lloyd’s Rooms; Capel - Court, The Royal Exchange, The Stock Exchange, Bankers’ - Clearing House, Railway Clearing House 212 - - _CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES._ - - Spinster, Widow, Grass Widow, Chaperon, Duenna, Dowager; Blue - Stocking, Abigail, Grisette, Colleen; Milliner, Haberdasher, - Grocer, Greengrocer, Boniface, Ostler; Cordwainer, Tailor, - Tallyman, Uncle, Barber, Barber-Surgeon; Arcadian, Mentor, - Usher, Bachelor; Beefeaters, Police, Bobbies, Peelers, Bow - Street Runners; Mohawks, Scourers; Garrotters, Sandbaggers; - Fop, Dandy, Macaroni, Masher; Gipsies, Bohemians; Teetotalers, - Rechabites, Good Templars; Jack Tar, Longshoreman, Navvy, Jehu, - Jerrybuilder, Journeyman; Dun, Man of Straw, Costermonger, - Pedlar, Hawker, Cheap Jack, Quack, Merry Andrew, Juggler, Stump - Orator; Blackguard, Scullion, Scullery Maid; Blackleg; Plunger, - Bookmaker, Welsher; Burglar, Jack Ketch; Cockney; Greenhorn, - Nincompoop, Lunatic, Dutchman, Humbug 228 - - _MALT LIQUORS._ - - Ale, Beer, Small Beer; Twopenny, Half-and-Half, Entire, Porter, - Stout, Yorkshire Stingo, X Ale; Mum, Lager-bier, Bock-bier 241 - - _DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES._ - - Diamond; The Kohinoor, Mattan, Orloff, Shah, Star of the South, - Sauci, Regent, Pitt, Pigott, Dudley, Twin Diamonds; Turquoise, - Topaz, Agate, Amethyst, Opal, Emerald, Garnet, Ruby, Pearl; - Carat 244 - - _NAVAL AND MILITARY SOBRIQUETS._ - - Manlius-Torquatus, Charles Martel, Robert the Devil, The Hammer - and Scourge of England; Black Douglas, Bell the Cat, The King - Maker, Hotspur, The Mad Cavalier; Ironsides, The Almighty Nose; - The Bloody Butcher, Corporal John, The Little Corporal; The - Iron Duke, Marshal Forward, The Iron Chancellor, Helmuth the - Taciturn; Stonewall Jackson, Old Hickory; Foul-Weather Jack, - Old Grog, The Silver Captain 246 - - _MONEY._ - - Money, Sterling Money; Guinea, Sovereign, Crown, Florin, - Shilling, Penny; Halfpenny, Farthing; Ducat, Noble, - Rose-Noble, George-Noble; Angel, Thistle-Crown, Jacobus, - Carollus, Dolphin, Louis d’or, Napoleon; Franc, Dollar, - Joachims-Thaler, Thaler, Kreuzer; Wood’s Halfpence, Greenbacks, - Bluebacks, Abraham Newlands; Bullion, Stock, Tally, Consols, - Sinking Fund, Tontine; Budget 252 - - _SPIRITS._ - - Rum, Whisky, Brandy, Gin; Hollands, Cognac, Nantes, Old Tom; - Punch, Toddy, Grog; Mountain Dew, Glenlivet, LL Whisky 257 - - _LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES._ - - Fleet Street, Salisbury Court, Whitefriars Street, Blackfriars - Road, Ludgate Hill, Old Bailey, Friar Street, Sermon Lane, - Paul’s Chain, Old Change, Paternoster Row, Ave Maria Lane, - Creed Lane, Amen Corner, Warwick Lane, Ivy Lane; Cheapside, - Bread Street, Friday Street, Milk Street; Gutter Lane, Foster - Lane, Ironmonger Lane, Wood Street, Lawrence Lane, Gresham - Street, Lad Lane, Aldermanbury, King Street, Basinghall Street, - Coleman Street, Old Jewry, Poultry, Bucklersbury, King William - Street, Queen Victoria Street; Cannon Street, Budge Row, - Watling Street, Walbrook, College Hill, Queenhithe, Dowgate, - Steelyard; Gracechurch Street, Fenchurch Street, Eastcheap, - Mincing Lane, Mark Lane, Rood Lane, Seething Lane, Billiter - Street, Minories, Crutched Friars, Aldgate; Leadenhall Street, - St. Mary-Axe, Throgmorton Street, Nicholas Lane, Lolhbury, - Threadneedle Street, Cornhill, Birchin Lane, Change Alley; - Lombard Street; Austin Friars, Old Broad Street, Bishopsgate - Street, St. Helen’s, Devonshire Square, Artillery Lane, - Houndsditch, Bevis Marks, Petticoat Lane, Wormwood Street, - Camomile Street, London Wall, Barbican, Beech Lane, Great - Winchester Street, Moorgate Street, Cripplegate, Whitecross - Street, Redcross Street, Playhouse Yard, Jewin Street, - Aldersgate Street, Bridgewater Square, Bartholomew Close, - Cloth Fair, Little Britain, Duke Street, Newgate Street, Bath - Street, King Edward Street, Giltspur Street, Knightrider - Street, Pie Corner, Farringdon Road, Saffron Hill, Ely Place, - Hatton Garden, Holborn, Holborn Bars, Leather Lane, Fetter - Lane, Brooke Street, Greville Street, Gray’s Inn Road, Furnival - Street, Dyer’s Buildings, Cursitor Street, Chancery Lane; - Southampton Buildings, Verulam Buildings; Lincoln’s Inn Fields, - Great Queen Street, Long Acre; Drury Lane, Denzil Street, - Holles Street, Clare Market, White Hart Street, Catherine - Street, Portugal Street, Serle Street, Wych Street, Holywell - Street, Strand; Essex Street, Milford Lane, Arundel Street, - Norfolk Street, Surrey Street, Howard Street, Savoy Street, - Wellington Street, Bow Street, Covent Garden, York Street, King - Street, Henrietta Street, Tavistock Street, Bedford Street, - Southampton Street, Bedfordbury, Maiden Lane, Chandos Street, - Exeter Street, Burleigh Street, Cecil Street, Salisbury Street, - Adelphi Terrace, Adam Street, John Street, Robert Street, James - Street; George Street, Duke Street, Buckingham Street, Villiers - Street; Charing Cross, Craven Street, Northumberland Avenue; - Trafalgar Square, St. Martin’s Lane, King William Street, Seven - Dials, Cranbourne Street, Leicester Square, Coventry Street, - Windmill Street, Haymarket, Jermyn Street, Arundel Street, - Orange Street, Panton Street, Suffolk Street; Spring Gardens, - Pall Mall, King Street, St. James’s Square, Bury Street; Green - Park, Hyde Park, Rotten Row, Albert Gate, Marble Arch, Rutland - Gate, Cumberland Gate, Grosvenor Gate, Stanhope Gate, Park - Lane, Portugal Street, Chapel Street, Chesterfield Street, - Grosvenor Square, Hamilton Place; Piccadilly; Curzon Street, - Charles Street, Queen Street, Shepherd’s Market, Hay Hill, - Farm Street, Berkeley Square, Stratton Street, Bruton Street, - Mount Street, Clarges Street, Half Moon Street, Arlington - Street, Bennett Street, Dover Street, Albemarle Street, Bond - Street, Clifford Street, Burlington Street, Cork Street, - Savile Row, Vigo Street, Sackville Street, Ayr Street, Swallow - Street, Vine Street; Regent Street; Conduit Street, Maddox - Street, Brook Street, Mill Street, George Street, Hanover - Square, Davies Street; Argyll Street, Great Marlborough Street, - Blenheim Street, Wardour Street, Nassau Street, Golden Square, - Shaftesbury Avenue; Old Compton Street, New Compton Street, - Dean Street, Gerrard Street, Macclesfield Street, Greek Street, - Carlisle Street; Hanway Street, Rathbone Place, Newman Street, - Goodge Street, Castle Street, Wells Street, Berners Street, - Foley Street, Charlotte Street, Great Titchfield Street, - Grafton Street, Fitzroy Square, Euston Square, Southampton - Street, Tottenham Court Road; Oxford Street, Harley Street, - Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square, Holles Street, Henrietta - Street, Bentinck Street, Margaret Street, Duchess Street, - Portland Place, Welbeck Street, Wimpole Street, Stratford - Place, Langham Place, Mansfield Street, Vere Street, Manchester - Square, Spanish Place, Chandos Street, Hinde Street, Audley - Street, Old Quebec Street, Seymour Street, Montague Square, - Berkeley Square, Portman Square, Bryanstone Square, Blandford - Square, Dorset Square, Baker Street, Harewood Square, Lisson - Grove, Ossulton Square; Regent’s Park, Albany Street, Osnaburg - Street, Munster Square, Park Street, Brecknock Road, Great - College Street, Oakley Square, Ampthill Square, Harrington - Square, Mornington Crescent, Granby Street, Skinner Street; - Pancras Road, Battle Bridge Road, York Road, Caledonian Road, - Liverpool Street, Sidmouth Street, Burton Crescent, Judd - Street, Great Coram Street, Lamb’s Conduit Street, Harpur - Street, Bedford Row, Southampton Row, Russell Square, Tavistock - Square, Gordon Square, Torrington Square, Montague Street, - Brunswick Square, Mecklenburgh Square; Thurlow Place, Great - Ormond Street, Bloomsbury Square; Queen’s Square, Red Lion - Square, Kingsgate Street, Theobald’s Road; Coldbath Square, Ray - Street, Rosoman Street, Berkeley Street, Hockley-in-the-Hole; - Myddleton Square, Pentonville Road; St. John Street Road, - City Road, Shepherdess Walk, Curtain Road, Holywell Lane; - Nichols Square, Sutton Place, Queen Elizabeth’s Walk, Fleetwood - Road; Seven Sisters Road, Archway Road, Flask Walk; Judges’ - Walk; Fleet Road, Dale Road, Barrow Hill Place, Abbey Road; - Desborough Place, Church Street, Nottingham Place, Paddington - Street; Craven Hill Gardens; Southwick Crescent, Orme Square, - Ladbroke Grove, Norland Square, Kensington Gore, Ennismore - Place, Cromwell Road, Gloucester Road; Campden Hill, Warwick - Road, Holland Road, Earl’s Court Road, Addison Road; Cromwell - Place, King’s Road, Cheyne Walk, Justice Walk, Marlborough - Road, Keppel Street, Cadogan Square, Sloane Street, Hans Place, - Danvers Street; Grosvenor Place, Eccleston Square, Belgrave - Square, Ebury Square, Chester Square, Eaton Square, Lupus - Street, St. George’s Square, Lowndes Square, Chesham Street; - Vauxhall Bridge Road, Victoria Street; Birdcage Walk, Storey’s - Gate, Queen Anne’s Gate, Delahay Street, Rochester Row, Bridge - Street, Cannon Street, King Street, Princes Street, Parker - Street, Great George Street, Abingdon Street, Holywell Street, - Barton Street, Cowley Street, Marsham Street, Earl Street, - Romney Street, Pye Street, Great Peter Street, Vine Street, - Orchard Street, Tothill Street, Horseferry Road; Newington - Butts, Great Suffolk Street, Mint Street, Old Kent Road, Grange - Road, Spa Road, Russell Street, Tooley Street, Jamaica Road, - Cherry Gardens Pier, Evelyn Street 259 - - - - -_THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD._ - - -The oldest of the four great divisions of the world received its modern -designation =Asia= from the Sanskrit _Ushas_, signifying “land of the -dawn.” =Africa= traces its origin to the Phœnician _afer_, a black man, -and the Sanskrit _ac_, the earth, a country. =Europe= owes its name -to the Greek _eurus_, broad, and _op_, to see, or _ops_, the face, in -allusion to “the broad face of the earth.” =America= honours the memory -of Amerigo Vespucci, the Florentine navigator, who landed on the New -Continent south of the Equator, the year after Columbus discovered the -northern mainland in 1498. The name of America first appeared in a work -published by Waldsemüller at St. Die, in Lorraine, in the year 1507. -It is worthy of note that when Columbus landed in America he imagined -he had set foot on part of that vast territory east of the Ganges -vaguely known as India; therefore he gave the name of =Indians= to the -aborigines. This also accounts for the islands in the Caribbean Sea -being styled the =West Indies=. - -The cradle of the human race bears the name of =Palestine=, or in -Hebrew _Palestina_, meaning “the land of strangers,” agreeably to the -native word _palash_, to wander. Palestine is usually denominated the -=Holy Land=, because it was the scene of the birth, life, and death of -the Redeemer. =Asia Minor= is, of course, Lesser Asia. - -For the title of =Persia= we are indebted to the Greeks, who gave the -name of _Persis_ to the region (of which the capital was _Persipolis_) -originally overrun by a wild branch of the Ayrian race called the -Parsa, meaning, in the native tongue, “the Tigers” [_see_ PARSEES]. The -suffix _ia_, wherever it occurs in a geographical sense, expresses the -Celtic for land or territory. Hence, Persia signifies the territory -of the Parsa or Parsees; =Arabia=, the country of the Arabs, “men of -the desert”; =Abyssinia=, that of the Abassins, or “mixed races”; -=Kaffraria=, that of the Kaffirs, or “unbelievers”; and =Ethiopia=, -the “land of the blacks,” according to the two Greek words _aithein_, -to burn, and _ops_, the face. =India= denotes the country traversed by -the =Indus=, or rather the _Hindu_, which name is a Persicized form -of the Sanskrit _Sindhu_, “a great river,” rendered _Hindus_ in the -Greek. Synonymous with the Celtic suffix just discussed is the Persian -_stan_: consequently =Hindustan= signifies the territory traversed by -the river _Hindu_, and peopled by the Hindoos; =Turkestan=, the country -of the Turks; =Afghanistan=, that of the Afghans; =Beloochistan=, that -of the Belooches; and =Kurdestan=, properly =Koordistan=, that of the -Koords. The term =China= is a western corruption of Tsina, so called -in honour of Tsin, the founder of the great dynasty which commenced in -the third century B.C., when a knowledge of this country was first -conveyed to the Western nations. It was this Tsin who built the Great -Wall of China (or Tsin) to keep out the Barbarians. The Chinese Empire -bears the description of the =Celestial Empire= because its early -rulers were all celestial deities. =Siberia= is a term indicative of -_Siber_, the residence of Kutsheen Khan, the celebrated Tartar prince, -recognized as the ancient capital of the Tartars, the ruins of which -may still be seen. Here again the Celtic suffix _ia_ has reference to -the surrounding territory. - -=Russia= constituted the country of the Russ, a tribe who overran it -at a very early period. The Russian Empire was founded by Ruric, or -Rourik, a Scandinavian chief whose death took place in the year A.D., -879. =Circassia= denotes the country of the Tcherkes, a Tartar tribe -who settled in the neighbourhood of the river Terck. The =Crimea= -received its name from a small town established in the peninsula by the -Kimri, or Cymri, and known to the Greeks as _Kimmerikon_. =Finland= -is properly Fenland, “the land of marshes.” =Sweden= is a modern term -made up of the Latin _Suedia_, signifying the land of the Suevi, a -warlike tribe of the Goths, and the Anglo-Saxon _den_, testifying to -its occupation by the Danes. Norway shows the result of a gradual -modification of the Anglo-Saxon _Norea_, and the original _Nordoe_, -being the Scandinavian for “north island.” It is easy to understand in -this connection how the old Norsemen, deterred by the intense cold of -the Arctic Sea, took it for granted that the great northern peninsula -was surrounded by water, without actually determining the fact. The -native name of this country in modern times is _Nordrike_, _i.e._, the -north kingdom. - -=Britain= was known to the Phœnicians as _Barat-Anac_, or “the land -of tin,” as far back as the year 1037 B.C. Some five hundred years -afterwards the Island was alluded to by the Romans under the name of -Britannia, which subsequently became shortened into Britain. =England= -was originally _Engaland_, the land of the Engles, or Angles, who came -over from Sleswick, a province of Jutland. Prior to the year 258, -which witnessed its invasion by the Scoti, a tribe who inhabited the -northern portions of the country now known as Ireland, =Scotland= bore -the name of =Caledonia=, literally the hilly country of the Caels, or -Gaels. The word Cael, or Gael, is a corruption of _Gadhel_, signifying -in the native tongue “a hidden rover”; while Scot, derived from the -native _scuite_, means practically the same thing, _i.e._, a wanderer. -The Caledonians were the inhabitants of the Highlands, the termination -_dun_ expressing the Celtic for a hill, fort, stronghold; the Scots -were the invaders from =Scotia=, who appropriated the Hebrides and the -Western Islands; whereas the Lowlanders were the Picts, so called from -their description by the Romans, _picti_, painted men. These Picts were -eventually subdued by the Caledonians and Britons from their respective -sides. The Gaelic designation of what is now =Ireland= was _Ierne_, -indicative of the “western isle.” Ireland is commonly styled =The -Emerald Isle= owing to its fresh verdure. - -Wales was originally =Cambria=, so called on account of the Cymri, or -Kimri, who peopled it. The modern title of =Wales= was given to this -province by the Anglo-Saxons, because they regarded it, in common with -Cornwall, as the land of foreigners. Traces of the Wahl or Welsh still -present themselves in such names as Wallachia, Walcheren, Walloon, -Wallingford, Welshpool, &c. Thus we see that the prenomen _Wahl_, -subject to slight modifications in the spelling, denotes any foreign -settlement from the Saxon point of view. The Saxons, by the way, whose -original settlement is determined by the little kingdom of =Saxony=, -derived their name from the _seax_, or short crooked knife with which -they armed themselves. - -France was known to the Greeks as _Gallatia_, and to the Romans as -_Gallia_, afterwards modified into =Gaul=, because it was the territory -of the Celtiæ, or Celts. The modern settlers of the country were the -Franks, so called from the _franca_, a kind of javelin which they -carried, who in the fifth century inhabited the German province of -=Franconia=, and, travelling westwards, gradually accomplished the -conquest of Gaul. =France=, therefore, signifies the country of the -Franks, or, as the Germans call it, _Frankreich_, _i.e._, the Kingdom -of the Franks. All the western nations were styled Franks by the Turks -and Orientals, and anything brought to them from the west invariably -merited a prenomen descriptive of its origin, as, for example, -FRANKINCENSE, by which was meant incense brought from the country of -the Franks. =Normandy= indicates the coast settlement of the Northmen, -or Danes; while =Brittany= comprised the land appropriated by the kings -of Britain. - -=Germany= was in ancient times known as Tronges, or the country of the -Tungri, a Latin word signifying “speakers”; but the Romans afterwards -gave it the name of Germanus, which was a Latinized Celtic term meaning -“neighbours,” originally bestowed by the Gauls upon the warlike people -beyond the Rhine. =Holland= is the modern acceptation of _Ollant_, -the Danish for “marshy ground”; whereas =Belgium= denotes the land -of the Belgiæ. The fact that the term =Netherlands= is expressive -of the low countries need scarcely detain us. =Denmark= is properly -Danmark, _i.e._, the territory comprised within the _marc_, or boundary -established by Dan, the Scandinavian chieftain. =Jutland= means the -land of the Jutes, a family of the Goths who settled in this portion -of Denmark. =Prussia= is a corruption of _Borussia_, the country of -the Borussi; and =Bohemia=, the country of the Boii, just as =Hungary= -was originally inhabited by the Huns, a warlike Asiatic family, who -expelled the Goths from this territory in the year 376. These Huns were -first heard of in China in the third century B.C. under the name of -_Hiong-nu_, meaning “giants.” =Poland= is an inversion of _Land-Pole_, -the Slavonic for “men of the plains,” who first overran this territory. - -=Servia= was styled by the Romans _Suedia_, the district peopled by -the Suevi before they were driven northwards to their final settlement -in the territory now called Sweden. =Montenegro= literally indicates -“black mountain.” =Bosnia= is the country traversed by the river Bosna; -=Moldavia=, that traversed by the Moldau; and =Moravia=, that traversed -by the Morava. =Bulgaria= is a modern corruption of _Volgaria_, meaning -the country peopled by the Volsci; while =Roumania= was anciently -a Roman province. =Turkey= is more correctly written _Turkia_, the -country of the Turks. This country also bears the style of the =Ottoman -Empire=, in honour of Othman I., who assumed the government of the -empire about the year 1300. =Greece= is the modern form of the Latin -_Græcia_, from the Greek _Graikoi_, a name originally bestowed upon the -inhabitants of Hellas. - -=Austria= is our mode of describing the _Oesterreich_, literally the -Eastern Empire, in contradistinction to the Western Empire founded by -Charlemagne. =Italy= was so called after Italus, one of the early kings -of that country. =Switzerland= is an Anglicized form of the native -Schweitz, the name of the three forest cantons whose people asserted -their independence of Austria, afterwards applied to the whole country. -=Spain= expresses the English of _Hispania_, a designation founded upon -the Punic _span_, a rabbit, owing to the number of wild rabbits found -in this peninsula by the Carthaginians. The ancient name of the country -was _Iberia_, so styled from the Iberi, a tribe who settled in the -vicinity of the river Ebro =Portugal= was the _Portus Cale_, literally -“the port Cale” of the Romans, the ancient name of the city of Oporto. - -=Algiers= is a modified spelling of the Arabic _Al Jezair_, meaning -“the peninsula.” =Tunis= was anciently known as Tunentum, the land -of the Tunes; =Morocco= signifies the territory of the Moors; and -=Barbary= that of the Berbers. The term =Sahara= is Arabic for -“desert”; while the =Soudan= denotes, according to the Arabic -_Belad-ez-Suden_, the “district of the blacks.” =Egypt= expresses the -Hebrew for “the land of oppression,” alluding to the bondage of the -Israelites. =Senegambia= was originally so named owing to its situation -between the Senegal and Gambia rivers. The =Gold Coast= is that portion -of Guinea on the West Coast of Africa where gold is found. =Guinea= is -a native West African term meaning “abounding in gold.” In =Zanzibar=, -properly written _Zanguebar_, we have an inversion of the Arabic -_Ber-ez-Zing_, the “coast of the negroes.” =Zululand= is the country of -the Zulus. By the =Transvaal= is meant the territory beyond the river -Vaal; just as in Europe the Hungarians call a portion of their country -TRANSYLVANIA, from its situation “beyond the wood.” =Natal= received -its name from Vasco di Gama because he discovered it on the Feast of -the Nativity. The settlements of the Dutch Boers in South Africa are -designated the =Orange Free States= from the circumstance that their -original settlers were emigrants from the Principality of Orange, -in Holland. =Cape Colony= is the British colony in South Africa, so -called after the Dutch settlement at Cape Town, which dates from the -year 1652. The =Cape of Good Hope=, discovered by Bartholomew de Diaz -in 1487, was so named (_Cabo de Bon Esperance_) by John II., King of -Portugal, who, finding that Diaz had reached the extremity of Africa, -regarded it as a favourable augury for future maritime enterprises. - -The most southern point of South America was called Cape Hoorn -(or, according to the English, =Cape Horn=) by Schonten, who first -rounded it in 1616, after Hoorn, his native place in North Holland. -=Patagonia= was so styled by Magellan in accordance with the Spanish -word _patagon_, meaning a large, clumsy foot. It was from the fact of -seeing the impressions of the large shoes (not, as he imagined, the -feet) of the aborigines that he at once concluded the country must be -inhabited by giants. =Chili= is a Peruvian word denoting the “land of -snow.” =Argentina=, now the =Argentine Republic=, owes its name to -the silvery reflection of its rivers. =Brazil= is a Portuguese term -derived from _braza_, “a live coal,” relative to the red dye-wood with -which the country abounds. =Bolivia= perpetuates the memory of General -Simon Bolivar, “the Liberator of Peru.” =Uraguay= and =Paraguay= are -both names of rivers; the former meaning “the golden water,” and the -latter “the river of waters,” referring to its numerous tributaries. -=Peru= likewise received its name from its principal river, the Rio -Paro, upon which stands the ancient city of Paruru. The Brazilian -term _Para_, however modified, is at all times suggestive of a river. -=Pernambuco= means “the mouth of hell,” in allusion to the violent surf -always distinguished at the mouth of its chief river. =Ecuador= is -Spanish for Equator, so called by virtue of its geographical position. -=Columbia= was named in honour of Christopher Columbus. =Venezuela= -expresses the Spanish for “Little Venice,” which designation was given -to this country owing to the discovery of some Indian villages built -upon piles after the manner of the “Silent City” on the Adriatic Sea. - -The term =Panama= is Caribbean, indicative of the mud fish that abound -in the waters on both sides of the isthmus. =Costa Rica= is literal -Spanish for “rich coast”; while =Honduras= signifies, in the same -tongue, “deep water.” The name of =Nicaragua= was first given by Gil -Gonzales de Arila in 1521 to the great lake situated in the region -now called after it, in consequence of his friendly reception by the -_Cacique_, a Haytian term for a chief, whose own name was Nicaro, of -a tribe of West Indians, with whom he fell in on the borders of the -lake referred to. The =Mosquito Coast= owes its name to the troublesome -insects (Spanish _mosca_, from the Latin _musca_, a fly) which infest -this neighbourhood. =Yutacan= is a compound Indian word meaning -“What do you say?” which was the only answer the Spaniards could -obtain from the natives to their inquiries concerning a description -of the country. =Quatemala= is a European rendering of the Mexican -_quahtemali_, signifying “a decayed log of wood”; so called by the -Mexican Indians who accompanied Alvarado into this region, because they -found an old worm-eaten tree near the ancient palace of the Kings, or -_Kachiquel_, which was thought to be the centre of the country. - -=Mexico= denotes the place or seat of Mexitli, the Aztec God of War. -The name of =California=, derived from the two Spanish words, _Caliente -Fornalla_, _i.e._, “hot furnace,” was given by Cortez in the year 1535 -to the peninsula now known as Old or Lower California, of which he -was the discoverer, on account of its hot climate. =British Columbia= -is the only portion of North America that retains the name of the -discoverer of the New World; but originally the whole of the territory -now comprised in the United States bore the designation of =Columbia= -in honour of Christopher Columbus. The term =Canada= is Indian, -indicative of a “collection of huts”; =Manitoba= traces its origin from -Manitou, the Indian appellation of “The Great Spirit.” =Ontario= comes -from the native _Onontac_, “the village on the mountain,” and chief -seat of the Onondagas; while =Quebec= is an Algonquin term signifying -“take care of the rock.” =Labrador= was originally denominated _Tierra -Labrador_, the Spanish for “cultivated land,” as distinguished from the -non-fertile though moss-covered =Greenland=. =New Brunswick=, colonized -in 1785, received its name in compliment to the House of Brunswick. -=Nova Scotia=, otherwise New Scotland, was so called by Sir William -Alexander, a Scotsman who obtained a grant of this colony from James -I. in 1621. =Florida= was named by Ponce de Leon in accordance with -the day of its discovery, to wit, Easter Sunday, which in the Spanish -language is styled _Pascua Florida_. - -The first British settlement in North America was claimed by Sir Walter -Raleigh on the 13th of July, 1584, in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and -called =Virginia= in her honour. =Maryland= was so denominated by Lord -Baltimore (who gave the name of =Baltimore= to a neighbouring State), -in honour of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. =Pennsylvania= -denotes the colony founded “in the wood” by William Penn, the son of -Admiral Penn, in 1681. This is usually alluded to as the KEYSTONE -STATE, from its relative position to the other States. =Georgia= was -named after George II., in whose reign this state was colonized; and -=Carolina= (North and South) after Carolus II., the Latinized style of -Charles II., by whom this state was granted to eight of his favourites. -=Louisiana= was so called by M. de la Sale in the year 1682, in honour -of Louis XIV. of France; while =Maine= and =New Orleans= received the -names of existing French provinces. The title of =New Hampshire= was -given to the state granted to him in 1629 by John Mason, in compliment -to his native county in England; =New Jersey= complimented the scene -of action whereon Sir George Carterat distinguished himself in the -defence of Jersey Island against the Parliamentary forces in 1664; -and =New York= (State) was denominated in honour of James, Duke of -York, afterwards James II. [For =Michigan= see the great lake of -the same name.] =Indiana= derived its name from the great number of -Indians found here. =Alabama= in the native tongue, signifies “Here -we rest”; =Nebraska= means “water valley”; =Ohio= is “beautiful”; -=Massachusetts=, “about the great hills”; =Wisconsin=, “wild rushing -channel”; =Kansas=, “smoky water”; =Tennessee=, “river of the great -bend”; =Kentucky=, “at the head of a river”; =Mississippi=, “great and -long river”; =Missouri=, “muddy river”; and =Minnesota=, “white water.” -=Arkansas= conveys the same meaning as Kansas, with the addition of -the French prefix _arc_, a bow. =Illinois= is a compound of the Indian -_illum_, men, and the French suffix _oix_, a tribe. =Oregon= received -its name from the Spanish _oregano_, wild majoram, which grows in -abundance on this portion of the Pacific shore. =Texas= means “the -place of protection,” in reference to the fact that a colony of French -refugees were afforded protection here by General Lallemont in 1817; -=Vermont= is, more correctly, _Verd Mont_, so called in testimony -to the verdure-clad mountains which traverse this state; =Colorado= -expresses the Spanish for “coloured,” alluding to its coloured ranges; -while =Nevada= is Spanish for “snowy,” indicative of the character of -its mountain ridges, the _Sierra Nevada_. =Connecticut= presents itself -in the native Indian form _Quinnitukut_, meaning “the country of the -long river”; =Iowa= is a French corruption of a Sioux term, signifying -“drowsy,” or “the sleepy ones,” applied to the Pahoja, or Gray-snow -tribe; =Astoria= was founded by John Jacob Astor, of New York, as a -fur-trading station in the year 1811; and =Delaware= received its name -from Thomas West, Lord de La Warre, Governor of Virginia, who visited -the bay in 1610, and died on board his vessel at its mouth. - -=Lake Superior= denotes the uppermost and chief of the five great lakes -of North America. =Lake Erie= is the Lake of the “Wild Cat,” the name -given to a fierce tribe of Indians exterminated by the Iroquois. =Lake -Huron= owes its name to the French word _hure_, a head of hair; in -reference to the Wyandots, whom the French settlers designated Hurons -owing to their profusion of hair. =Lake Ontario= bears the denomination -of the Canadian territory already discussed. =Niagara=, or rather, to -give it its full name, _Oni-aw-garah_, expresses the West Indian for -“the thunder of waters.” =Lake Michigan= signifies in the native tongue -“a weir for fish”; and =Lake Winnipeg=, “lake of the turbid water.” The -=Great Bear Lake= is indebted for its name to its northern situation -[_see_ ARCTIC OCEAN]; and the =Great Salt Lake=, to the saline -character of its waters. - -Having disposed of the different countries, let us now consider the -nomenclature of the principal seas and islands. - -The =Arctic Ocean= received its name pursuant to the Greek _arktos_, -a bear, on account of the northern constellations of the Great and -Little Bear. The =Antarctic Ocean= denotes the ocean _anti_, against, -or opposite to, the Arctic Ocean. The =Atlantic Ocean=, known to the -Greeks by the name of _Atlantikos pelagos_, was originally so called -from the Isle of Atlantes, which both Plato and Homer imagined to be -situated beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. The =Pacific Ocean= was -so named by Magellan, owing to its calm and pacific character, in -striking contrast to his tempestuous passage through the Straits of -Magellan, from which he emerged November 27, 1520. The =Caribbean Sea= -washes the territory of the Caribbs, whose name means “cruel men.” -The =Mediterranean Sea= expresses the Latin (_medius_, middle, and -_terra_, earth) for the sea between two continents, viz., Europe and -Africa. The =Adriatic Sea= indicates the Sea of Adrian or Hadrian. The -=Baltic Sea= denotes, in accordance with the Swedish _bält_, a strait, -a sea full of belts, or straits. The =North Sea=, the =German Ocean=, -the =Indian Ocean=, and the =Irish Sea=, are names indicative of the -positions of these respective seas. The =White Sea= is so called from -its proximity to sterile regions of snow and ice; the =Black Sea=, -because it abounds with black rocks; the =Red Sea=, on account of the -red soil which forms its bottom; the =Green Sea=, owing to a strip of -green always discernible along the Arabian shore; the =Yellow Sea=, -from the immense quantity of alluvial soil continually poured into it -by the Yang-tse-Kiang river; and the =Dead Sea=, because no fish of -any kind has ever been found in its waters. The =Caspian Sea= preserves -the name of the Caspii, a tribe who originally formed a settlement on -its shores. The =Sea of Marmora= owes its designation to a small island -at its western extremity which has long been famous for its marble -(Latin _marmor_) quarries. The =Gulf Stream= is a warm current of -water that issues from the mouth of the Amazon, immediately under the -Equator, and after traversing the coast of South America, the Caribbean -Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the coast of the United States, makes -its way across the Atlantic directly for the British Isles, raising -the temperature of the water through which it passes. The =Horse -Latitudes=, situated between the trade winds and the westerly winds of -higher latitudes, and distinguished for tedious calms, received this -name because it was in this portion of the Atlantic the old navigators -often threw overboard the horses which they had undertaken to transport -to the West Indies. The southern banks of the West India Islands, and -the water extending for some distance into the Caribbean Sea, were -formerly known as the =Spanish Main=, from the fact that the Spaniards -confined their buccaneering enterprises to this locality. - -=Hudson’s Bay= and =Hudson’s Strait= were named after their -re-discovery by Captain Henry Hudson while searching for the north-west -passage in 1610. Prior to this date the Bay and the Strait had not been -navigated since their original discovery by Cabot in 1512. =James’ -Bay= honours the memory of James I., in whose reign it was completely -explored. Quite a number of straits, gulfs, and bays bear the names of -their respective navigators; therefore these need not detain us here. -An exception exists in the case of =Barrow’s Strait=, which was so -called by Captain Penny in compliment to John Barrow, the son of Sir -John Barrow the traveller and statesman, in 1850. =All Saints’ Bay= was -discovered by Vespucci on the Feast of All Saints in the year 1503. The -=Gulf of St. Lawrence= was first explored, and the navigation of the -long river of the same name commenced, on the Feast of St. Lawrence, -1500. The =Gulf of Carpentaria= preserves the memory of a Dutch captain -named Carpenter who discovered it in 1606. =Torres Strait= received the -name of the Spanish navigator, L. V. de Torres, to whom its discovery -was due, in the year 1606. =Botany Bay= was so called by Captain Cook -from the great variety of plants which he found growing on its shores -when exploring it in the year 1770. The =St. George’s Channel= was -named after the patron saint of England. The =Skagerrack= denotes -the “crooked strait between the Skagen” (so called from the Gothic -_skaga_, a promontory), which forms the northern extremity of Jutland -and Norway. =Zuyder Zee= expresses the Dutch for the “south sea,” in -relation to the North Sea or German Ocean. The =Bay of Biscay= takes -its name from the Basque or Basquan, _i.e._, mountainous provinces, -whose shores are washed by its waters. The =Strait of Gibraltar= -honours the reputation of Ben Zeyad Tarik, a Moorish general who -effected the invasion of Spain in the year 712 by obtaining possession -of the apparently impregnable rock which has ever since borne the -name, in consequence, of _Jebel al tarik_, the Mountain of Tarik. The -=Bosphorus= is a Greek term composed of _bous_, an ox, and _porus_, a -ford, alluding to the legend that when Io was transformed into a cow -she forded this strait. The =Dardanelles= derive their name from the -ancient city of Dardanus, founded by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam, -where the castle now stands on the Asiatic side. - -By the term =Australia= is meant “the South,” and by =Australasia= -“Southern Asia,” agreeably to the Latin _australis_, southern. Previous -to its settlement by the British, Australia was known as =New Holland= -owing to its discovery by the Dutch in the year 1606. The existing name -of =New Zealand= likewise bears testimony to the deep-rooted affection -of the Dutch navigators, and indeed of the Dutch people generally, for -their native country--the word _Zeeland_, denoting sea-land, being -significant of the low countries. =Tasmania= was originally known as -=Van Dieman’s Land=, the name bestowed upon it by Abel Jansen Tasman, -who discovered it in 1642, in compliment to the daughter of the Dutch -governor of Batavia. The change of title was effected in 1853. =The -Society Islands= received their name from Captain Cook in honour of -the Royal Society; the =Friendly Islands=, on account of the friendly -disposition of the natives; and =Christmas Island=, because he set foot -upon it on Christmas Day, 1777. The naming of the =Sandwich Islands= -by Cook conveyed a graceful compliment to Lord Sandwich, First Lord -of the Admiralty. The =Philippine Islands=, discovered by Magellan in -1521, were named after Philip II. of Spain; and the =Caroline Islands= -discovered by Lopez de Villalobos in 1543, after Charles V., Emperor of -Germany and first King of Spain. - -=Papua= is a Portuguese term for “frizzled,” in allusion to the -enormous frizzled heads of hair worn by the natives; =Java= is a native -Malay word signifying “the land of nutmegs;” =Sumatra=, a corruption -of _Trimatara_, means “the happy land”; while =Borneo= comes from -the Sanskrit _bhurni_, “land.” =Japan= is a European modification, -brought about through the Portuguese _Gepuen_, of the native _Niphon_, -compounded of _ni_, sun, fire, and _pon_, land, literally sun-land, -or “land of the rising sun,” and signifying “the fountain of light.” -=Formosa= is Portuguese for “beautiful”; whereas =Ceylon=, rendered in -the Portuguese tongue _Selen_, is but part of the original Sanskrit -_Sinhala-dwipa_, “the Island of Lions.” The =Mauritius=, when colonized -by the Dutch, received the name of Maurice, Prince of Orange; and the -=Isle of Bourbon=, when settled by the French, that of the Bourbon -family. =Madagascar= is properly _Malagasy_, the Island of the -Malagese, because the natives belong to the Malay race. - -=Tierra del Fuego= expresses the Spanish for “land of fire.” The -=Island of Desolation= was so designated by Captain Cook owing to the -absence of all signs of life. =Hanover Island= honours the House -of Hanover; and =Adelaide Island=, the queen of William IV.; while -=Juan Fernandez= (also known as =Selkirk’s Island=, after Alexander -Selkirk, its solitary inhabitant from September, 1704, to February, -1707), perpetuates the name of its discoverer in the year 1567. The -=Ladrone Islands= merited this designation from the circumstance that -when Magellan touched upon one of the lesser isles of the group in 1520 -the natives stole some of his goods; whereupon he called the Islands -the _Ladrones_, which is the Spanish for thieves. =Pitcairn’s Island= -was discovered by Pitcairn in 1768. =Easter Island= was so denominated -by Jacob Roggevin in consequence of his visit to its fertile shores -on Easter Sunday, 1722; the island having previously been discovered -by Captain Davis in 1686. =Vancouver Island= preserves the memory of -Captain Vancouver, a midshipman under Captain Cook, who discovered it -in 1792, while cruising about in search of a river on the west coast of -North America. The =Aleutian Islands= expresses the Russian for “bald -rocks.” =Queen Charlotte Island= was named in compliment to the queen -of George III.; and =Prince of Wales Island=, after the Prince Regent, -afterwards George IV. =Barrow Island=, discovered by Captain Penny in -1850, received the name of John Barrow, son of Sir John Barrow, the -eminent statesman; while =Baring Island=, also discovered by Penny -in the course of the same voyage, received the name of Sir Francis -Baring, First Lord of the Admiralty. The =Parry Islands= and =Baffin -Land= indicate the names of the famous Arctic navigators to whom their -discovery was due. =Banks Land= was so called in compliment to Sir -Joseph Banks, the eminent naturalist and President of the Royal Society. - -=Newfoundland= is the only territory discovered by Cabot which has -been allowed to retain its original name. =Rhode Island=, a corruption -of the Danish _rood_, red, signifies Red Island, in allusion to its -reddish appearance; whereas =Long Island= has reference to its long -and narrow conformation. The =Bermuda Islands= were discovered by Juan -Bermudez in 1522. =San Salvador= means “Holy Saviour.” This was the -first land sighted by Columbus (October 11, 1492); he therefore gave -it this name, as a token of thanksgiving. =Jamaica= is a corruption of -_Xaymaco_, a native West Indian name signifying “the country abounding -in springs.” =Cuba= and =Hayti= are also native names, the latter -meaning “mountainous country.” The Island of =Barbadoes= derived its -name from the Latin _barba_, a beard, in allusion to the beard-like -streamers of moss always hanging from the branches of the trees. -=Dominica= is indicative of the day of its discovery by Columbus, -namely, Sunday, November 2, 1493; and =Porto Rico= is likewise Spanish -for “rich port.” When Columbus first sighted the Isle of =Trinidad= -he discerned three mountain peaks rising from the sea, thus conveying -the impression of three distinct islands; but on approaching nearer -he discovered that they formed one piece of land only; wherefore he -gave the island the name of the Trinity, of which it was so eminently -an emblem. But perhaps the most interesting of the West Indies in -connection with the subject we are now discussing is =Tobago Island=, -so called by Columbus from its fancied resemblance to the _Tobaco_, -or inhaling tube of the aborigines, whence the word TOBACCO has been -derived. =St. Kitt’s Island= is an abbreviation of St. Christopher’s -Island, so called by Columbus in 1493 after his patron saint. - -=Ascension Island= was discovered by the Portuguese on Ascension Day, -1501; and the =Isle of St. Helena= on the Feast of St. Helena, 1502. -=Tristan d’Acunha= received the name of the Portuguese navigator who -discovered it in 1651. The =Canary Islands= were originally so called -on account of the numerous dogs, as well as of their unusual size -(Latin _canis_, a dog), bred here. =Madeira= is a Portuguese term -signifying timber; the inference being that this island was formerly -covered by an immense forest. =Majorca= and =Minorca=, literally in -accordance with the Latin _major_ and _minor_, the Greater and Lesser -Island, are denominated also the =Balearic Islands= from the Greek -_ballein_, to throw, because their inhabitants were anciently noted -slingers. =Corsica= is a Phœnician word denoting “the wooded island”; -=Sardinia= expresses the “land of the Sardonion,” a Greek term for -a plant indigenous to this island; =Capri= signifies the “island of -goats,” agreeably to the Latin _caper_, a he-goat; =Sicily= received -its name from the _Siculi_, a tribe who settled upon it in early -times; =Malta= was anciently _Melita_, “the place of refuge”; =Candia= -comes from the Arabic _Khandæ_, “the island of trenches”; and =Cyprus= -from the Greek _Kupros_, the name of a herb with which the island -abounded; while =Rhodes= indicates an “island of roses,” in conformity -with the Greek _rhodon_, a rose. - -=Belleisle= is French for “beautiful island”; =Jersey= was originally -_Czar’s-ey_, meaning “Cæsar’s Island,” so called by the Romans in -honour of Julius Cæsar; the =Isle of Wight= denoted in the long, long -ago the Island of the Wyts, or Jutes; just as =Gothland= indicated a -settlement of the Goths. =Heligoland= expresses the Danish for “holy -island settlement.” =Anglesea= is really a corruption of _Anglesey_, -signifying, in accordance with the suffix _ey_, the Isle of the Angles -[_see_ CHELSEA]. The =Isle of Man= is the modern designation of =Mona -Island=, by which was meant, agreeably to the Celtic _mæn_, a stone -“rocky island.” The =Hebrides= were anciently referred to by Ptolemy -as the _Ebudæ_, and by Pliny as the _Hebudes_, denoting the “Western -Isles”; the =Orkney Isles= expresses the Gaelic for the “Isles of -Whales,” alluding to their situation; and the =Shetland Isles=, the -Norse for the “Viking Island,” conformably with their native prenomen -_Hyalti_, a Viking. The term VIKING, by the way, meaning a pirate, was -derived from the _Vik_, or creek, in which he lay concealed. The name -of =Iceland= needs no comment, further than that, perhaps, the north -and west coasts of the island are frequently blockaded with ice, -which has drifted before the wind from Greenland. =Spitzbergen= is -literal Dutch for “sharp-pointed mountains,” referring to the granite -peaks of the mountains, which are so characteristic of this group of -islands; while =Nova Zembla= presents a strange mixture of the Latin -and Slavonic, literally “new land.” - - - - -_THE MONTHS, AND DAYS OF THE WEEK._ - - -The titles of the months are modernized forms of those in use among -the Romans, namely:--=January=, in honour of Janus, a deity who -presided over the beginning of everything; =February=, from the Latin -word _febru_, to purify, because the purification of women took -place in this month; =March=, after Mars, the God of War; =April=, -from _aperio_, to open, this being the month in which the buds shoot -forth; =May=, after Maia, the mother of Mercury, to whom sacrifices -were offered on the first day of this month; =June=, from Juno, the -queen goddess; =July=, the name given to this month by Marc Antony -in honour of Julius Cæsar, who was born in it; =August=, named by -Augustus Cæsar after himself, because in this month he celebrated three -distinct triumphs, reduced Egypt to subjection, and put an end to the -civil wars; while =September=, =October=, =November=, and =December= -literally express the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months of -the old Roman Calendar, counted from March, which commenced the year -previous to the addition of January and February by Numa in the year -713 B.C. - -The Egyptian astronomers were the first to distinguish the days by -names, when, as might have been expected, they called them after the -Sun, the Moon, and the five planets, viz., Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, -Venus, and Saturn. Of these the two first and the last survive, but for -the rest the names of as many gods of the Scandinavian mythology have -been substituted. Nowadays, then, we have the following:--=Sunday=, -originally signifying the day upon which the sun was worshipped; -=Monday=, the day of the moon; =Tuesday= devoted to Tiw, the God of -War; =Wednesday=, set apart for the worship of Odin, or Wodin, the God -of Magic and the Inventor of the Arts; =Thursday=, the day of Thor, the -son of Odin (or Wodin), and the God of Thunder; =Friday=, allotted to -Frigga, the wife of Odin, and the Goddess of Marriage; and =Saturday=, -the day of Saturn, one of the planets of the solar system. - - - - -_CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINATIONS._ - - -=Theism= and =Deism= both express a belief in God; the former term -being derived from the Greek _Theos_, God, and the latter from the -Latin, _Deus_, God. The =Theist=, however, admits the =Theocracy= or -Government of God (Greek _Theos_, God, and _kratein_, to govern); the -=Deist=, on the contrary, maintains that God in the beginning implanted -in all His works certain immutable laws, comprehended by mankind under -the name of the “Laws of Nature,” which act of themselves, and are no -longer subject to the supervision of the Creator. =Pantheism= (from -the Greek _pan_, all, everything, and _Theos_, God) is the religion -which rejects a belief in a personal God, but recognizes Him in all -the processes, and works, and glories, and beauties of Nature, and -animated creation. Briefly, the =Pantheist= holds the doctrine that -“God is everything, and everything is God.” The word =Atheism= comes -from the Greek _Theos_, God, and the prefix _a_, without. An =Atheist=, -therefore, practically answers to the description given by David in -the opening line of _Psalm_ xiv., “The fool hath said in his heart, -There is no God.” =Agnosticism= is also Greek, in accordance with the -prefix _a_, without, and _gnomi_, to know. An =Agnostic= is one whose -belief is confined to that which he _knows_ and sees, and who rejects -everything at all beyond his understanding. =Secularism=, derived from -the Latin _seculum_, an age, a generation, is the term given to the -principles advocated by Messrs. Holyoake in 1846, which professed an -entire independence of religion, except so far as it pertains to this -life. The =Secularist= aims at promoting the happiness of the community -during the present life. His religion is that of this world, without -troubling himself about possibilities concerning a life hereafter. -Such views are closely allied to those set forth by John Stuart Mill -(born 1806, died 1873) under the name of =Utilitarianism=, by which was -meant, “the happiness of the greatest number.” This term was based upon -the Latin _utilitas_, usefulness. =Spiritualism= expresses a belief in -the soul’s immortality, as opposed to the doctrine of =Materialism=, -which contends that the soul, or thinking part of man, is the result -of some peculiar organization of matter in the body, with which it -must necessarily die. =Rationalism= constitutes the doctrine which -accepts the test of Reason and Experience in the pursuit of knowledge, -particularly in regard to religious truth, rejecting the gift of -Faith, Revelation, and everything connected with the supernatural or -miraculous. This was the religion (!) of the French Revolutionists, who -set up an actress to be publicly honoured as the “Goddess of Reason” in -the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame on the 10th of November, 1793. - -The earliest form of religion on the face of the earth was -=Monotheism=, so called from the Greek _monos_, alone, only, and -_Theos_, God; therefore signifying a belief in, and the worship of, one -Only God. The word =Religion= is derived from the Latin _religare_, -to bind. Hence, Religion implies obedience, submission, and an -acknowledgment of certain orthodox doctrines regarding our duty to a -Supreme Power. =Mosaism=, otherwise =Judaism=, denotes the religion -of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. But even during that -favoured period when God manifested Himself in various ways to the -children of Israel, Idolatry prevailed. Let us consider what this -word =Idolatry= really means. _Idol_ is a contraction of the Greek -_eidolon_, the diminutive of _eidos_, a figure, an image, or that which -is seen, derived from the verb _eidein_, to see; while =Idolater= -is made up of the two Greek words, _eidolon_, and _latres_, one who -pays homage, a worshipper. An Idolater, therefore, is a worshipper -of images, or that which he sees. The Israelites, who prostrated -themselves before the Golden Calf, were strictly Idolaters; so were -the Egyptians, who worshipped the sun, the moon, the ox, the dog, -the cat, the ibis, and the ichneumon; but the Greeks and Romans were -scarcely Idolaters, because the mythological deities they worshipped -were unseen--as unseen as is the True God Himself. Neither were -they =Pagans=, which term, from the Latin _paganus_, a countryman, -a peasant, based upon _pagus_, a country, a district, has nothing -whatever to do with religion. The Greeks and Romans were, in fact, -=Polytheists=, and their religion was =Polytheism=, signifying, in -accordance with the Greek _polus_, many, and _Theos_, God, a belief in -more gods than one. The more general description of the religion of the -ancients is comprised in the term =Mythology=, written in the Greek -_muthologia_, from _muthos_, a fable, and _logos_, a discourse. - -Alluding to the =Fire Worshippers= of the East, who fall prostrate in -adoration of the sun, it should be noted that these do not actually -worship the sun, but God, whom they believe to reside in it. This Sun -or Fire Worship, the religion of the =Parsees=, otherwise denominated -=Zoroastrianism=, was introduced into Persia by Zoroaster about five -hundred years before the Christian era. In short, the Parsees are -the descendants of those who, in Persia, adhered to the Zoroastrian -religion after the Moslem or Mahommedan conquest of their country, -whence they were at length driven by Moslem persecution to migrate to -India. The =Brahmins= are the priests or higher caste of the Hindoos, -who, like the Burmese, the inhabitants of the adjacent country, -=Burmah=, claim to be descended from _Brahma_, the supreme deity of the -Hindoo religion. The =Buddhists= are the followers of Buddha, a Hindoo -sage who founded the doctrine of =Buddhism= in the sixth century B.C. -=Mahommedanism= is the religion founded by Mahommed, or Mahomet (born -571, died 632). The term =Koran=, or more properly _Al Koran_, “The -Koran,” which constitutes the Bible of the Mahommedans, is Arabic for -a “Reading,” a “thing to be read.” The native name of the Mahommedan -religion is =Islam=, resignation and obedience to God, founded upon the -verb _aslama_, to bend, to submit, to surrender. The Mahommedans of -Turkey and Persia usually bear the style of =Mussulmans=, a corruption -and the plural of the Arabic _muslim_, rendered into English as -=Moslem=, and meaning a true believer, or one who holds the faith of -Islam. - -Our reference to Mahommedanism having carried us some six hundred years -beyond the foundation of =Christianity= by Christ, we must of necessity -retrace our steps. Reverting to the Jewish people contemporary with -Jesus Christ and His disciples, a certain portion of these styled -themselves =Pharisees= because they affected a greater degree of -holiness than their neighbours. The name was derived from the Hebrew -word _pharash_, separated. The =Nazarenes=, so called after “Jesus of -Nazareth,” were a sect of semi-converted Jews, who, while believing -Christ to be the long-promised Messiah, and that His nature was Divine -as well as human, nevertheless continued the rites and ceremonies -peculiar to Judaism. The =Gnostics=, otherwise the “Knowers,” pursuant -to the Greek _gnomi_, to know, were those who tried to accommodate the -Scriptures to the speculations of Plato, Pythagoras, and other ancient -philosophers; having done which to their own satisfaction they refused -all further knowledge on the subject. The =Aquarians= (Latin _aqua_, -water) insisted upon the use of water in the place of wine in the -Communion. The =Arians= were the followers of Arius, a presbyter in the -Church of Alexandria, universally regarded as the first heretic. Soon -after his death (in 336), which was ignominious in the extreme, the -Arians renounced their errors, and were readmitted into the Church; but -this gave offence to another section of the Christians under Lucifer, -Bishop of Cagliari, styling themselves the =Luciferians=, who refused -all communication with the reconverted heretics. The =Donatists= -were the followers of Donatus, Bishop of Numidia; the =Macedonians=, -of Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantinople; the =Apollinarians=, of -Apollinarius, Bishop of Laodicea and Greek Christian philosopher. These -various sects arose in the fourth century of the Church. - -The term =Catholic=, derived from the Greek _Katholos_, compounded out -of _Kata_, throughout, and _olos_, whole, signifies One, Universal. -During the first nine centuries of Christianity the =Catholic Church= -was indeed universal; but at that epoch it became necessary to -distinguish between the Eastern or Greek Church, and the Western or -Church of Rome, by adding the word “Roman” to the original Church -founded by St. Peter and perpetuated by his successors the Popes. The -=Greek Church=, which constitutes the orthodox religion of Greece, -Moldavia, and Russia, differs principally from the Roman Catholic -in regard to the Papal supremacy, and the doctrine of Holy Ghost -proceeding from the Father and the Son. The employment of the full -title of =Roman Catholic Church= is at all times necessary in England -when alluding to Christian doctrine in order to avoid probable -confusion with the Established Church of this country which retains -in its Creed the designation of “The Holy Catholic Church.” This is -because at the Reformation the =Church of England=, then styled the -=Anglican Church=, professed to be the Catholic Church governed by the -reigning monarch instead of the Pope of Rome. - -The =Gallican Church= is the so-called Church of France or Gaul, the -ancient name of the country. Père Hyacinth, its founder, whose church -was opened in Paris February 7, 1870, originally separated from the -Church of Rome owing to his disapproval of the enforced celibacy -of the clergy. The =Lutheran Church= of Germany took its name from -Martin Luther (born 1483, died 1546), the monk who became the pioneer -of =Protestantism=. In the year 1529 the Emperor Charles V. summoned -a Diet at Spiers for the avowed object of enlisting the aid of the -German Princes against the Turks, but really to devise some means -of tranquillizing the disturbances which had grown out of Luther’s -opposition to the Church of Rome, and restoring the national religion. -Against a decree drawn up at this Diet six princes and the deputies -of thirteen imperial towns offered a vehement _protest_, and ever -afterwards the =Lutherans= were in consequence styled =Protestants=. -The first Standard of Faith, according to the doctrines of Luther, is -known as =The Augsburg Confession=, because it was presented by Luther -and Melancthon to Charles V., during the sitting of the Imperial Diet -at Augsburg in the year 1530. - -The =Calvinists= were the followers of John Calvin (born 1509, died -1604), the zealous reformer of Switzerland. In due time these also -styled themselves Protestants. From Switzerland Protestantism spread -into France through the energy of a Genevese Calvinist named Hugh -or Hugue, after whom the French Protestants adopted the name of -=Huguenots=. - -But Luther and Calvin were by no means the earliest of the reformers. - -In England the =Wycliffites=, or followers of John Wycliffe (born -1324, died 1387), became known as =Gospellers=, after their leader had -completed the translation of the Bible in 1377. Eventually they adopted -the title of =Lollards=, in imitation of a sect of German reformers -headed by Walter Lollard, a dissolute priest, who turned theologian -and was publicly burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. In France the -precursors of the Huguenots were the =Albigenses= of Languedoc, so -called because their capital was Albi, and its people were called the -Albigeois, early in the twelfth century; and in 1170, the =Waldenses=, -inhabiting the wooded districts of Valdois and Piedmont. The latter -received their designation in accordance with the German _walden_, -forests. The =Camisards=, or wearers of the _Camisè_, a peasant’s -smock, to conceal their armour, comprised a body of Protestant -insurgents who took up arms in the district of the Cevennes after -the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., October 22, -1685. As these always conducted their attacks upon the soldiery under -cover of the darkness the term “Camisard” in military parlance soon -came to imply a night attack. The Protestants of Bohemia were styled -=Hussites=, after John Huss (born 1373, burned 1415); they were also -known as =Bethlemites= from the Church of Bethlehem in Prague, in which -Huss used to hurl forth his denunciations against the Church of Rome. -The =Moravians=, otherwise =The United Brethren=, who were driven by -persecutions from Moravia and Bohemia in the last century, claimed to -be descendants of the original Hussites. - -Having now traced the rise of Protestantism generally, let us at -once dispose of the various sects and denominations before confining -ourselves to the Established Church and its offshoots. - -The =Adamites= were the fanatical followers of one Picard, in Bohemia, -self-styled “Adam, Son of God,” who, about the year 1400, proposed to -reduce mankind to a state of primitive innocence and enjoyment. No -clothes were worn, wives were held in common, and many other violations -of Nature were committed ere they finally disappeared from the face of -the earth. A similar sect were the =Libertines=, in Holland, These -contended that nothing could be regarded as sinful in a community -where each was at full liberty to act up to his natural dictates and -passions. The =Jansenists= favoured the doctrines of Jansenius, Bishop -of Ypres, in France (born 1585, died 1638). For a long period these -maintained an open warfare with the =Jesuists=, properly, soldiers -of the “Society of Jesus” [_see_ RELIGIOUS ORDERS], until they were -finally put down by Pope Clement in 1705. The =Gabrielites= were a -sect of Anabaptists of Germany in the sixteenth century, named after -Gabriel Scherling, their founder. The =Labadists= were a sect of -Protestant ascetics of the seventeenth century who conformed to the -rules laid down by Jean Labadie, of Bourg, in Germany. The =Socinians=, -a sect corresponding to the modern =Unitarians=, owed their existence -to Lælius Socinus, an Italian theologian in 1546. The anti-Calvinists -of Holland were styled =Arminians=, after the Latinized name (Jacobus -Arminius) of their leader, James Harmensen (born 1560, died 1609). The -=New Christians= comprised a number of Portuguese Jews in the fifteenth -century, who, although they consented to be baptized under compulsion, -still practised the Mosaic rites and ceremonies in secret. The =Old -Catholics= of Germany are the followers of the late Dr. Döllinger, of -Munich (born 1799, died 1890), who refused to accept the dogma of the -infallibility of the Pope promulgated July 18, 1870. - -In our own country the =Scotists= were those who adopted the opinions -of John Duns Scotus (born 1272, died 1308), concerning the doctrines -of the Immaculate Conception, in opposition to the =Thomists=, or -followers of St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, died 1274), who denied -that the Virgin was conceived without sin. The =Sabbatarians=, -known also as the =Seventh Day Baptists=, founded by Brabourne, a -clergyman who, about the year 1628, maintained that the seventh -day was the real Sabbath as ordained at the beginning. The =Fifth -Monarchy Men=, who came into existence during the reign of Charles -I., believed in the early coming of Jesus Christ to re-establish -the four great monarchies of the ancient world, viz., the Assyrian, -Persian, Macedonian, and Roman, contemporaneously with the fifth, the -Millennium. The =Muggletonians= were the followers of one Ludovic -Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, who set himself up as a prophet in -1651. The =Society of Friends= originally styled themselves =Seekers=, -because they sought the truth after the manner of Nicodemus, the Jewish -ruler, as narrated in _St. John_ iii. 1-21. They were first designated -=Quakers= by Justice Bennet of Derby, in 1650, in consequence of George -Fox, the founder, having admonished him and all present to quake on -hearing the Word of the Lord. The Seekers came into existence in -1646. The =White Quakers=, who seceded from the main body about 1840, -are distinguished by their white clothing. The original sect of the -=Shakers=, first heard of in the time of Charles I., received its name -from the convulsive movements indulged in by its members as part of -their peculiar form of worship. The modern sect sprang from a body of -expelled Quakers, headed by James Wardley, in 1747. They emigrated to -America in May, 1772, and formed a permanent settlement near Albany, -New York, two years afterwards. The =Mormons= derived their designation -from “The Book of Mormon,” claimed to be a lost portion of the Bible -written by the angel Mormon, the last of the Hebrew line of prophets, -and found inscribed in Egyptian characters upon plates of gold by -Joseph Smith, the founder of the sect, in the year 1827. This work was -really written by the Rev. Solomon Spalding, who died in 1816. Joseph -Smith died in 1844. The =Peculiar People= are so styled because they -believe in the efficacy of prayer on the part of their elders, and the -anointing with oil in the name of the Lord for the cure of sickness as -set forth in _James_ v. 14. This sect was first heard of in London in -1838. The =Faith Healers=, or those who uphold the doctrine of Healing -by Faith, lately sprung up in our midst, may be regarded as an offshoot -of the Peculiar People. The =Irvingites= are the followers of Edward -Irving, a Scottish divine (born 1792, died 1834), who maintained that -Christ was liable to commit sin in common with the rest of mankind. The -=Humanitarians= incline to the same belief. The =Sacramentarians= are -those who deny the Real Presence in the Holy Eucharist: the Calvinists -were originally known by this title. The =Plymouth Brethren= first -appeared at Plymouth about the year 1830; they so style themselves -because they confess Christ as a fraternal community and do not -recognize any order of priesthood. The =Perfectionists= of North -America are so called owing to their rejection of civil laws, on the -plea that the guidance of the Holy Spirit suffices for all earthly as -well as spiritual affairs. Another body of co-coreligionists peculiar -to North America are the =Hopkinsians=, named after Samuel Hopkins, of -Connecticut, their founder. The doctrines which they hold are mainly -Calvinistic. - -The =Scottish Covenanters= were those who subscribed to a solemn league -or covenant to stand by each other in opposition to the religious and -political measures of Charles I. This occurred in 1638. In less than -ten years afterwards the Covenanters, having increased in numbers and -power, assumed the entire direction of their own ecclesiastical affairs -and styled themselves =Presbyterians=, a term derived from the Greek -_presbuteros_, an elder, because they contended that the government -of the Church as set forth in the New Testament was by presbyters, -equal in office, power, and order. The national Church of Scotland, -therefore, when at length it was recognized by the English Parliament, -bore the title of the =Scottish Presbyterian Church=. It was, however, -not long before dissensions became rife. The strictest body of the -Presbyterians adopted the style of =Cameronians=, after the name of -their leader, Archibald Cameron, who was executed in 1688 on account -of his religious opinions; while an equally numerous body, headed -by John Macmillan, became known as =Macmillanites=, and also as =The -Reformed Presbytery=. A much later sect was that founded in 1841 by -James Morison, under the designation of the =Morisonians=. But the most -alarming split in the Presbyterian Church took place May 18, 1843, when -Dr. Chalmers, with a large following, established a separate community, -entitled =The Free Church of Scotland=. - -The =Puritans= of England were to the Established Church what the -Pharisees were to the Jews. And not only did these Puritans profess -a greater purity of doctrine, of morals, and of living, than their -neighbours, but they embraced the earliest opportunity of separating -themselves from the Church of England altogether. They were, in fact, -the first of the Dissenters. On August 24, 1662, which date witnessed -the secession of nearly two thousand ministers from the Church of -England through their non-compliance with the “Act of Uniformity,” the -Puritans joined forces with the latter, and the combined body assumed -the name of =Nonconformists=. The Protestants were, consequently, -divided into two great parties--the =Conformists=, or those who -conformed to the requirements laid down in the “Act of Conformity,” -and the =Nonconformists=. The latter have in more recent times borne -the name of =Dissenters=, because they dissent from the Established -Church. The =Sectarians= are Dissenters who attach themselves to one -or other of the numerous sects and denominations which exist outside -the Church of England. The =Congregationalists= and the =Independents= -are one and the same. They maintain that each congregation is an -independent religious community entitled to exercise the right of -appointing its own ministers and managing its own affairs. These tenets -were first publicly advanced by Robert Brown, a violent opponent of -the Established Church, in Rutlandshire, as early as the year 1585. -The =Unitarians= are the modern =Socinians= already alluded to. They -are opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity; and, consequently, to the -=Trinitarians=. The =Baptists= not only reject infant baptism, but -hold that the adult subject should be baptized after the manner in -which Christ was baptized by St. John. On this account the original -Baptists, who arose about 1521, received the name of =Anabaptists=, -because, having been already baptized during infancy, they of necessity -went through the ceremony a second time on arriving at full age. The -prefix _ana_ is Greek, signifying twice. The followers of John Wesley -(born 1703, died 1791) and his brother, Charles Wesley (born 1708, died -1788), were styled =Methodists=, owing to the methodical strictness -of their lives and religious exercises. They were also denominated -=Wesleyans=, or =Wesleyan Methodists=, in contradistinction to the -=Primitive Methodists=, or =Ranters=, who separated from the original -sect under Hugh Bourne, in 1810, and retained the style of open-air -preaching peculiar to John Wesley in his early itinerant days. - -The terms “High Church” and “Low Church” first came into prominence -during the reign of Queen Anne. Nowadays, as then, that section is -styled =High Church= which regards the Church of England as the only -ark of salvation, while the less apprehensive and more moderate -section is called =Low Church=. Those who take a still more liberal -and comprehensive view of orthodox doctrine belong to what is known as -the =Broad Church=, which is but another name for =Latitudinarianism=, -as originally professed by a number of divines opposed alike to the -Puritans and the High Church party in the time of Charles I. On the -other hand, the =Ritualists= comprise the extreme High Church party who -are anxious to return to the ritual of public worship in vogue during -the reign of Edward VI. Prior to 1866, in which year the term arose, -these High Churchmen bore the name of =Puseyites=, because they agreed -with the views set forth by Dr. Pusey in his celebrated “Tracts for -the Times,” published at Oxford between 1833 and 1841. Those scholars -who assisted Dr. Pusey in the composition of these =Oxford Tracts=, as -they were called, as well as the public at large who believed in their -teaching, were styled =Tractarians=; while the great Roman Catholic -revival that took place in the Church of England at this period -universally bore, and still bears, the name of the =Oxford Movement=. - - - - -_TAVERN SIGNS._ - - -=Hotel= is a French term, derived from _hostil_, a lordly house, a -palace. The designation =Public House=, signifying a house of public -resort for refreshment and conviviality, is a modern substitute for -=Tavern=, derived from the Latin _taberna_, a hut, a wooden booth; -frequently also for =Inn=, or rather, as originally written, _Inne_, -which expressed the Anglo-Saxon for a mansion. And here we may at once -observe that by far the majority of our mediæval inns and =Hostelries= -[_see_ HOTEL] grew out of the mansions of the nobility during the -prolonged absence of their owners. At such times the privilege of -utilizing the mansion for his own profit naturally fell to the family’s -most trustworthy dependent, viz., the head gamekeeper, whose green -costume gave existence to the sign of =The Green Man=, when, after -quitting the family’s service, he set up an inn on his own account -either in connection with his own cottage or abutting on the public -highway. Nevertheless, this sign had nothing in common with that of -=The Green Man and Still=, expressive of a herbalist bringing his herbs -to a distillery, and which was doubtless the sign of a herbalist turned -innkeeper. - -As the family arms always occupied a prominent position on the front -of the mansion these soon became known far and wide, though scarcely -in accordance with their full heraldic significance. Briefly, the -most conspicuous object in them sufficed to impress itself upon the -minds of travellers as the distinguishing sign of the establishment; -so that, instead of speaking of _lions gules_ and _lions azure_, &c., -they simplified matters by referring to red and blue lions, &c. Such -was the origin, then, of =The Red Lion=, =The Blue Lion=, and many -another familiar sign of this character. Moreover, as a variation -of the same device entered into the arms of different families, it -happened that the most conspicuous object in them became popular in -different parts of the country at the same time. Another fruitful -source of the rapid multiplication of a particular sign throughout -the same county, and even upon the same estate, was the fact that as -often as a retired dependent of a nobleman’s family turned innkeeper, -he was pretty certain to name his establishment in accordance with the -popular description of the original inn or mansion. If it chanced, -however, that that sign had already been appropriated by another -innkeeper in the immediate vicinity, the full cognizance of the ground -landlord was adopted. Thus, in the Midland Counties there is no sign -so common as =The Bear and Ragged Staff=, which was the cognizance of -the Earl of Warwick, the King Maker. Similarly, =The Boar’s Head= was -the cognizance of the Gordons; =The Black Bull=, that of the House -of Clare; and =The Talbot=, that of the House of Shrewsbury. Another -oft-to-be-met-with sign is =The Chequers=, which comprised the arms of -the Earls of Fitzwarren who, in the time of the Plantagenets, held the -right of granting the vintners their licences. Later in our history the -same cognizance was adopted by the Stuarts. As every one is aware, =The -Red Rose= was the recognized badge of the Lancastrians, and =The White -Rose= that of the Yorkists. It may be assumed that these two signs were -naturally more popular throughout the country at large during the =Wars -of the Roses= than at any subsequent period. During that turbulent -period of English history, too, the devices of the several adherents -of the rival houses were not unfrequently chosen in commemoration -of a particular event; as, for example, after the Battle of Barnet, -when =The Star=, the badge of the Earl of Oxford who decided the fate -of that day, sprang up as an inn-sign in all directions, except, of -course, upon Yorkist ground. - -Where the innkeeper was not bound by any ties of gratitude or regard to -the ground landlord he evinced his loyalty to the reigning monarch by -adopting a portion of the royal arms. As examples of this class:--=The -White Swan= was the badge of Edward III. and of Henry IV.; =The White -Swan and Antelope=, of Henry V.; =The White Hart=, and =The Sun=, both -of Richard II.; =The White Lion=, of Edward IV. as Earl of March, and -=The Three Suns=, of Edward IV. as King of England; =The Eagle=, of -Queen Mary; =The Blue Boar=, of Richard III.; =The Red Dragon=, that -of Henry VII., chosen for his standard after the Battle of Bosworth -Field, and =The Greyhound=, his original badge as King. =The Rose= -is the symbol of England, just as =The Thistle= stands for Scotland, -=The Shamrock= for Ireland, and =The Leek= for Wales. A very general -expression of loyalty, again, was conveyed in the sign of =The Crown=, -which, by the way, was shrewdly complimentary to the reigning house -without offering offence to the partisans of a rival claimant to the -throne. =The Rose and Crown= had reference originally to the union of -the red and white roses in the House of Tudor by the marriage of Henry -VII. with Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV., in the year 1486; =The -Crown and Sceptre= must have originated in the mind of one who had been -witness to the elaborate ceremonial peculiar to a coronation; while -=The Crown and Anchor= signified the reliance which was placed in the -exalted person that wore the crown. - -If, on the other hand, our mediæval innkeeper chose to flatter the -ground landlord without actually adopting his cognizance, he invariably -named his establishment after his lordship’s family title, _e.g._, =The -Earl of March=, in compliment to the Duke of Richmond, or else set up -some such sign as =The Hare and Hounds=, =The Tally Ho!=, =The Fox in -the Hole=, &c., in allusion to the sporting tastes of his patron. At -times he even went so far as to enter into the religious enthusiasm -of the latter by exhibiting a preference for =The Angel= or =The -Salutation=, both referring to the Annunciation of the Virgin; =The -Three Kings=, meaning the Magi who presented themselves to the Infant -at Bethlehem; or =The Cross Keys=, the symbol of St. Peter, and the -badge of the Archbishop of York. The sign of =The Mitre= was generally -adopted by an innkeeper whose establishment stood in the vicinity of a -cathedral; consequently, this particular sign abounds in cities, but is -rarely to be met with in the rural districts. - -During the period of the Holy Wars, if the innkeeper did not content -himself with the sign of =The Turk’s Head= or =The Saracen’s Head=, -that of =The Golden Cross=, which was the ensign carried by the -Crusaders, was usually chosen. The modern sign of =The Half-Moon= -originated in the crescent, the ensign of the Infidel. The signs of -=The Swan=, =The Pheasant=, and =The Peacock= arose in the days of -knight-errantry, when every knight selected one of these birds as -an emblem of chivalry, and exerted a pride in the association. For -example, one of the principal characters in the “Niebelungen Lied” is -called “The Knight of the Swan.” Then, again, many innkeepers assumed a -sign in honour of the patron saint of England, or in commemoration of -his combat with the dragon, viz., =The St. George=, =The St. George and -Dragon=, =The George and Dragon=, =The Green Dragon=, &c. =The George=, -a common sign enough in our own day--it would be difficult to name a -town that has not its “George” in the High Street--was originally -connected with the dragon too; but at the commencement of the -Hanoverian succession the heraldic device was painted out altogether, -and the words THE GEORGE were put up in its place. The like observation -applies to all such signs as =The King’s Arms=, =The Queen’s Arms=, -=The Freemasons’ Arms=, =The Coachmakers’ Arms=, =The Saddlers’ Arms=, -=The Carpenters’ Arms=, &c., nowadays identified by name only, instead -of their distinctive badge or crest. We must not omit to mention also -that, since the especial function of tavern and other signs was to -call attention to the character of an establishment in days when the -people were unable to read, and when, therefore, the display of the -owner’s name or of the name of the house would have been useless, the -misapprehension of the painted device was of common occurrence. Hence -the corruption of many signs from their original meaning. - -Perhaps the most glaring instance of this kind originated in the sign -of =The Garter=, or the insignia of the Order of the Garter represented -in its proper position on a leg (whence we have the intelligible -sign of =The Star and Garter=); yet the vulgar mind quite failed -to grasp the idea, with a result that a house exhibiting this sign -was invariably referred to as =The Leg and Star=. Corruptions of a -different character are of later date, when the name of the house -instead of the device began to make its appearance on an innkeeper’s -signboard. Chief among these are:--=The Cat and Fiddle=, a perversion -of “Caton le Fidele,” in honour of Caton, the faithful Governor of -Calais; =The Bag o’ Nails=, of “The Bacchanals,” in reference to Pan -and the Satyrs; =The Goat and Compasses=, of the Puritan motto “God -encompass us”; =The Iron Devil=, of “The Hirondelle,” or swallow; =The -Bull and Mouth=, and =The Bull and Gate=, of “The Boulogne Mouth” -and “The Boulogne Gate,” in compliment to Henry VIII., who effected -the siege of Boulogne and its harbour in 1544; =The Lion and Key=, -of “The Lion on the Quay,” meaning a house bearing the sign of _The -Lion_, and situated by the water-side, in order to distinguish it from -other _Lions_ in the same port; =The Cat and Wheel=, of “The Catherine -Wheel,” the instrument of St. Catherine’s martyrdom; =The Plume and -Feathers=, of “The Plume of Feathers,” in allusion to the Prince of -Wales; =The Bully Ruffian=, of “The Bellerophon,” the vessel on board -of which Napoleon surrendered his sword to Captain Maitland after -his defeat at Waterloo; and =The Blue Pig=, a mere modification of -“The Blue Boar.” =The Pig and Whistle= is a very old sign, the term -_whistle_ being a corruption of “wassail,” and _pig_, the Old English -for a bowl or cup. Surely there could be no more fitting sign for a -tavern than that which suggested the drinking of healths! - -The original character of many of our country inns is at once indicated -by their signs. Thus, =The Coach and Horses= was clearly, before the -introduction of railways, a coaching establishment; while =The Pack -Horse= announced the fact that pack-horses were let out on hire. -Again, =The Bear=--subject to sundry modifications, such as =The Brown -Bear=, =The Black Bear=, =The Grizzly Bear=--informed the frequenters -of such resorts that bear-baiting might be witnessed on the premises; -exactly as, nearer to our own day, =The Dog and Duck= called attention -to the popular diversion of duck-hunting by spaniels in a pond. =The -Skittles= and =The Bowling Green= indicated a more rational kind of -sport. Once more, =The Grapes= conveyed the intelligence that a vinery -existed in connection with the establishment; whereas =The Castle=, -which constitutes the arms of Spain, =The Globe=, the arms of the King -of Portugal, and =The Spread Eagle=, the arms of Germany, told that -the wines of those respective countries were to be had there. In the -north of England the sign of =The Yorkshire Stingo= is very common, the -allusion being to an old beer of particular strength and sharpness for -which the county of York has won considerable celebrity. - -Among other familiar country inn and tavern signs may be mentioned =The -Bell=, referring to the silver bell that formed the prize at races -previous to the Restoration; =The Barley Mow=, denoting the premises -where the barley was housed, _mowe_ being the Saxon term for “a heap”; -and =The Old Hat=, which in the olden time may have been the shop of a -hatter rejoicing in the sign of “The Hat,” and subsequently converted -into a place of refreshment. Another distinctly tradesmanlike sign is -=The Ram and Teazle=, which was originally chosen in compliment to the -Clothiers’ Company; the lamb with the golden fleece being emblematical -of wool, and the teazle, a tool used for raising the nap of the wool -when woven into cloth. =The Bricklayers’ Arms= merely indicate a house -of call for bricklayers; while =The Cricketers’ Arms= derives its title -from a neighbouring cricket-ground. The significance of =The Tankard=, -=The Bottle=, and similar signs, need not detain us. We may, however, -state that =The Black Jack= refers to a leathern pitcher for holding -beer, which took its name from the defensive breastplate of strong -leather formerly worn by horsemen, and known as a _Jacque_, whence the -term JACKET has been derived. - -Signs that betray a political bias, such as =The Royal Oak=, =The -Boscobel=, =The Jacobite=, =The Hanover=, &c., are altogether too -numerous to mention. In the early part of the present century, too, the -names of political leaders were largely drawn upon as an attraction for -tavern signs, as were those also of distinguished naval and military -commanders, and of the battles won by them. =The Canning=, =The -Palmerston=, =The Nelson=, =The Wellington=, =The Marquis of Granby=, -=The Portobello Arms=, =The Trafalgar=, =The Waterloo=, and a host of -others of the like character, are everywhere to be encountered; while -the old sign of =The Ship= carries us back to the days of Elizabeth, -when the circumnavigation of the globe by Sir Francis Drake was -regarded as an exploit that could scarcely be too highly honoured. - -Before concluding, let us add a few words of comment upon the signal -loyalty of the English people in the times we live in; for whereas our -forefathers were for the most part content to express their loyalty -to the throne by the choice of such vague tavern signs as =The King’s -Head=, or =The Queen’s Head=, we of the nineteenth century are not -nearly so half-hearted. Not only are =The Victoria=, =The Prince -Albert=, =The Prince of Wales=, and =The Prince of Wales’ Feathers= -honoured on every hand in the course of a day’s perambulation, but =The -Duke of Edinburgh=, =The Duke of Cambridge=, =The Duke of Connaught=, -and other members of the Royal Family, are similarly memorialized. -Perhaps in the future, when the Prince of Wales shall occupy the -British Throne, his descendants may also in their turn form the subject -of many a tavern sign in our midst. - - - - -_ROYAL SURNAMES._ - - -=Alfred the Great= (reigned 871 to 901) fully merited his surname -because he expelled the Danes, established a navy, founded schools, -and effected the restoration of law and order during one of the most -critical periods of early British history. Taking the remainder of the -Saxon monarchs in chronological order, we have:--=Edward the Martyr= -(975 to 978), treacherously murdered at Corfe Castle; =Ethelred the -Unready= (978 to 1016), who, lacking _rede_, or council, fled to -Normandy to escape the consequences of a threatened invasion by the -Danes; =Edmund Ironsides= (reigned 1016), whose habitual precaution -of wearing a complete suit of mail availed him nothing against the -fatality of assassination; =Edgar Atheling= (born 1017, died 1120), -otherwise “Edgar of Royal Descent”; =Harold Harefoot= (1035 to 1039), -swift of foot as a hare; and =Edward the Confessor= (1042 to 1066), so -called on account of his holy life. The distinction between a CONFESSOR -and a MARTYR in the early days of Christianity was simply this: both -made an open confession of their faith, and expressed their readiness -to die for it; the former, however, was never called upon to do so, -whereas the latter actually suffered martyrdom. - -William I. (reigned 1066 to 1087), was styled =The Conqueror= because -he defeated the Saxons at the Battle of Hastings, and founded the -Norman Dynasty in England. William II. (1087 to 1100), received the -name of =Rufus= from his florid complexion; _rufus_ being Latin for -ruddy. Henry I. (1100 to 1135), was surnamed =Beauclerc=, or good -clerk, in recognition of his scholarly attainments. Richard I. (1189 -to 1199), styled =Cœur de Leon=, otherwise “The Lion Hearted,” is -traditionally said to have torn the living heart out of the mouth of -a lion to whose fury he was exposed by the Duke of Austria for having -killed his son in battle. This extraordinary exploit surpasses the -bounds of reason; still there is no doubt that he performed prodigies -of valour during the Wars of the Crusades. Another British monarch -who rejoiced in a surname of the leonine order was =William the -Lion=, King of the Scots (1165 to 1214), so called because he chose a -red lion rampant for his crest. It is from this king that the lions -distinguished in the Royal Arms of Scotland trace their origin. - -King John (reigned 1199 to 1216) received the surname of =Lackland= -on account of his improvidence, which at the time of the death of -his father (Henry II.) left him entirely without provision. Edward -I. (1272 to 1307) was styled =Longshanks= from his spindle legs. The -eldest son of Edward III., known as =The Black Prince= (born 1330, -died 1376), was not exclusively addicted to the wearing of black -armour, as he is usually represented in waxwork shows and picture -toy-books; consequently he did not derive his surname from such an -association; but, as the historian Froissart informs us, “he received -his name by terror of his arms.” Seeing that at the age of sixteen he -won his knightly spurs at Crecy, and ten years later took the French -king prisoner at Poictiers and brought him in triumph to London, the -military renown of this young warrior must have been sufficient to -command respect from his enemies. =John of Gaunt=, Duke of Lancaster -(born 1340, died 1399), took his title from the town of Ghent, in -Flanders, where he was born. In like manner his son, Henry IV. (1399 to -1413), was styled =Bolingbroke=, after his native place. - -Henry VIII. (reigned 1509 to 1547) was surnamed =Bluff King Hal= on -account of his bluff manners; he also received the title of =Defender -of the Faith= from Pope Leo X., in recognition of the tract he -published against the heresy of Martin Luther. Mary, Queen of Scots -(born 1542, died 1587), was known as =The White Queen= because she -adopted white mourning for her husband, Lord Darnley. Our own Queen -Mary (1547 to 1558) has been handed down to posterity under the -opprobrious title of =Bloody Mary=, in consequence of the wholesale -burnings of the Protestants under her reign. The religious persecutions -of her time admit of no denial, yet they were fully equalled by those -brought to light during the reign of her successor, Elizabeth, while -they fell infinitely short of those characterized by the reign of -Henry VIII. In one sense Elizabeth (1558 to 1603) was appropriately -styled =Good Queen Bess=, inasmuch as she exercised due regard to the -interests of the realm and the welfare of her people. Her enemies -she speedily removed, but she was just as ready to bestow honours -and rewards upon her nation’s worthies. Oliver Cromwell was called -=The Lord Protector= (born 1599, died 1658) because he protected -the interests of the Commonwealth. The reason why Charles II. (1660 -to 1685) was dubbed =The Merry Monarch= must be sought in the -licentiousness of the times in which he lived. Much nearer to our own -day, William IV. (1830 to 1837) was distinguished by the title of =The -Sailor King=, from the circumstance of his having entered the navy as -a midshipman and worked his way upwards until he attained the rank of -Lord High Admiral. - -The family name of =Plantagenet=, derived from the Latin _planta_, a -plant, and _genista_, broom, was originally assumed by Fulke Martel, -Earl of Anjou, the great grandfather of Henry II., in commemoration -of the incident, while on his pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre, of -having offered himself to be scourged with the stems of the broom -plant by his two attendants as an atonement for the murder of the Earl -of Brittany. The =Tudor= Dynasty was founded by Owen Tudor, a Welsh -soldier stationed at Windsor, who contracted a secret marriage with -Catherine, the widowed queen of Henry V. The first of the long line of -the =Stuart= sovereigns (Scottish and English) was Walter, the Lord -High Steward of Scotland, whose wife was the daughter of King Robert -the Bruce. As this Walter was the sixth member of his family that had -held the post of Lord High Steward, he was popularly said to belong to -the _Stewards_, until in course of time this word became corrupted into -_Stuarts_, and was adopted as a family name. - -Charles I., Emperor of Germany (born 742, died 814), was surnamed -=Charlemagne=, otherwise Charles the Great. =The She-Wolf of France= -was Isabella (born 1290, died 1357), daughter of Philip IV. of France, -and queen of Edward II. of England, whom she, in concert with the Earl -of Mortimer, her paramour, murdered by thrusting a red-hot iron into -his bowels. =Pedro the Cruel=, King of Castille and Leon in 1350, -merited his surname owing to his cruel treatment of his two brothers, -whom he murdered, and his queen, whom he poisoned. Ivan II., Czar of -Russia (reigned 1533 to 1584), was styled =The Terrible= on account -of the cruelties he inflicted upon all who offended his autocracy. -Frederick I., of Germany (reigned 1152 to 1190), was surnamed -=Barbarossa= from his red beard, _barba_ being Latin for beard; while -for his bombardment of Messina in 1848 Ferdinand, King of Naples, -was nicknamed =Bomba=. Philippe, Duc d’Orleans, the father of Louis -Philippe, King of France, assumed the name of =Egalité= when he joined -the Republican party in 1789. Of a truth, if “Equality” was what this -not unworthy Prince aspired to, he enjoyed it to the full, for he lost -his head under the guillotine in common with more than twenty thousand -of his fellow-citizens. - - - - -_NATIONAL NICKNAMES._ - - -=Brother Jonathan=, the popular nickname of the United States, arose -out of the person of Jonathan Trumbull, the Governor of Connecticut, -whom General Washington never failed to consult in cases of emergency. -“We must refer the matter to Brother Jonathan!” he was wont to exclaim -when no other officer could offer any practical suggestion to aid him -out of a difficulty; and true enough, “Brother Jonathan” proved himself -in every instance equal to the confidence reposed in him. Another stock -nickname for the United States is =Uncle Sam=. This originated from a -vulgar misconception of the initial letters “U. S.” (United States) for -those of the well-known sobriquet of an official whose business it was -to mark them on all Government property. The numerous acquaintances of -this person understood that the goods so marked had passed through the -hands of “Uncle Sam,” and the joke becoming public it spread far and -wide, until in the end it was considered far too good to be allowed -to drop. The term =Yankee= finds its origin in the native attempt to -pronounce the word “English,” but approaching no nearer to the sound -than _Yengees_, the name bestowed upon the English colonists by the -Indians of Massachusetts, and afterwards given to the New Englanders by -the British soldiers during the American War. - -The nickname of the typical Englishman, =John Bull=, was derived from -Dr. Arbuthnot’s satire of this title published in 1721. There was also -a real person of the name of John Bull, well known as the composer -of “God Save the King”; but he died just a hundred years before Dr. -Arbuthnot’s performance was heard of. Of a still later date is the -national English nickname, =Mrs. Grundy=, which arose out of the -passage, “What will Mrs. Grundy say?” from Thomas Morton’s drama, -“Speed the Plough,” produced in 1798. The proverbial prudishness of -the English people in matters affecting art, could scarcely be better -expressed than under the style of =The British Matron=. The British -soldier is popularly referred to under the general designation of -=Tommy Atkins=, because “Thomas Atkins” was a fictitious name that -figured in the soldiers’ monthly statement of accounts. - -The Irish as a nation are invariably alluded to as =Pat= or =Paddy=, -being short for Patrick, their most common Christian name, selected in -honour of St. Padhrig, or Patrick (born 373, died 466); the Scots as -=Sandie= or =Sawney=, a contraction of Alexander, their most popular -Christian name; and the Welsh as =Taffy=, a corruption of Davy, and -short for David, the name of their Archbishop and Saint (born 490, died -554). - -The national nickname of the Chinese is =John Chinaman=, in imitation -of our own characteristic “John Bull.” Even now a Chinaman addresses -every Englishman he meets as “John,” which is his idea of our most -popular name. Hence, British sailors in the Chinese waters from the -first returned the compliment, so to speak, by alluding to each -Celestial with whom they came in contact as “John Chinaman.” - -The Chinese are also called =Pigtails=, on account of their Tartar -tonsure and braided _queue_. By the Indians of North America Europeans -are styled =Pale Faces=; while the Europeans designate the Indians -=Red Skins=, both terms having reference to the complexion. The word -=Nigger= is a corruption of =Negro=, derived from _niger_, the Latin -for black. The reason why a negro generally bears the name of =Sambo= -is because _Zambo_ is the native term used to designate the offspring -of a black person and a mulatto. The word =Mulatto= is Spanish, derived -from the Latin _mulus_, a mule, and signifying a mixed breed. A Mulatto -may be either the offspring of a negress by a white man, or of a white -woman by a negro. - - - - -_BIRDS._ - - -The following owe their names to their characteristic note:--the -=Cuck-oo=, the =Pee-wit=, the =Cur-lew=, the =Chick-a-dee=, and the -=Whip-poor-will=. The =Trumpeter= of South America is so called -on account of its loud, clear, and trumpet-like cry. The word -=Nightingale= is a modern form of the Anglo-Saxon _nihtegale_, -indicative of a bird that sings by night, agreeably to its component -parts, _niht_, night, and _gale_, a songster. The =Night-Jar= bears -its name because the sound it emits resembles the whirring of a -spinning-wheel. The =Mocking-bird= possesses the power of imitating the -notes of other birds; while the =Humming-bird= is remarkable for the -humming sound that proceeds from its wings as it speeds through the air. - -Several birds are named after the colour or some other characteristic -of their plumage. Among these we have the =Greenfinch= and the -=Goldfinch=, the term =Finch= from the Anglo-Saxon _finc_, denoting -a small singing bird; the =Greenlet= expressing a tiny green bird -peculiar to South America; the =Jay=, a corruption of _gai_, its -French name, alluding to its gay or showy appearance; the =Blue-bird=, -common in the United States, the upper half of which is blue; the -=Blackbird=, so called from its sable aspect; the =Starling=, owing -to the specks at the extremities of its feathers; the =Flamingo=, -of South America and Africa, from its flaming colour; the =Oriole=, -an Australian bird of golden-yellow plumage, agreeably to the Latin -_aureolus_, golden; and the =Lyre-bird=, also a native of Australia, -so denominated on account of the sixteen feathers of the tail which -when folded form in appearance a perfect lyre. The British song-bird -known as the =Red-poll= receives its name from the tuft of red feathers -upon its head; whereas the South African =Secretary-bird= is so called -because a tuft of feathers on each side of its head are supposed to -resemble quill pens stuck behind the ear. The South American =Birds -of Paradise= are indeed a beautiful species, all the colours of the -rainbow being represented in their plumage; and the same may be said of -the =Love-birds=, so designated from the extraordinary affection which -they exhibit towards one another. The =Kingfisher= is regarded as the -king of fisher-birds, or those that dive for fish as their prey, by -reason of his gay plumage. - -The =Lapwing= derives its name from the loud flapping noise made by -its wings during flight; the =Wagtail=, from the incessant wagging of -its tail; and the =Scissors-tail=--found only in South America--from -the peculiar nature of its tail, which, like a pair of scissors, opens -and shuts in the course of its rapid passage through the air and so -entraps the flies upon which it preys. The =Hangbird= is so called -from its habit of suspending its nest from the limb of a tree; the -=Weaver-bird=, from the wonderful intertwining of twigs and grass -displayed in the construction of its nest; and the =Tailor-bird=, from -the skill it displays in constructing its nest by stitching together -the leaves of plants. - -Among corruptions of the names of birds it will be sufficient to -mention the =Widow-bird=, properly the _Whydaw-bird_, after the -territory in Africa of which it is a native; the =Martin=, from the -Latin _murustenco_, or wall-swallow, shortened into _murten_, and -mispronounced _marten_; and the =Muscovy Duck=, which, so far from -claiming a Muscovite origin, is merely a _musk duck_, a species -somewhat larger than our common duck. - -The =Swift= derives its name from its rapid flight; the -=Passenger-pigeon=, from its migratory habits; the =Skylark=, from -mounting to the sky and singing as it flies; and the =Chaffinch=, from -its preference for chaff above every other kind of food. The =Diver= -is remarkable for its habit of diving; the =Sandpiper= inhabits the -sea-beach; and the =Chimney-swallow= builds his nest in an ordinary -house chimney. The =Horn-bill=, the =Boat-bill=, the =Spoon-bill=, and -the =Duck-bill= are respectively so named on account of the resemblance -of their bills to the articles, and in the last-mentioned case to the -bird, indicated; while the =Cross-bill= has its mandibles crossed in -opposite directions. The =Pouter-pigeon= is so called from the pouting, -or bulging out, of its breast; the =Ring-dove=, from the white ring -around its neck; and the =Wryneck=, from the curious manner in which -it turns its neck over its shoulder when surprised. The =Woodcock= is -found in the underwood of a forest, while the =Woodpecker= pecks holes -in the bark of trees in search for insects. - -Chief among the birds which derive their names from the countries -to which they originally belonged are the =Guinea-fowl=, brought -from Guinea, West Africa; the =Brahma-fowl=, from the neighbourhood -of the Brahmapootra River in India; the =Bantam=, from Bantam in -Java; the =Barb=, from Barbary, and the =Turkey=, which, although an -American bird, was long believed to have been imported from European -Turkey. Another native of North America received its name of the -=Baltimore-bird= from the fact that its colours corresponded with those -which occurred in the arms of Lord Baltimore, the Governor of Maryland, -in which State it principally abounds. The =Canary= was first brought -from the Canary Islands in 1500. The =Petrel=, a sea-bird usually -associated with storms, expresses the Anglicized form of the Italian -_petrillo_, a diminutive of Peter, in allusion to St. Peter walking on -the sea, and the frequent appearance of this bird standing as it were -on the surface of the water. - - - - -_RELIGIOUS ORDERS._ - - -Strictly speaking, the members of the various Religious Orders, in -this country at least, are not =Monks=, but Friars. Only those who -live completely isolated from the rest of mankind, as did St. Anthony, -are entitled to the former designation, which, in common with the -term =Monastery=, comes from the Greek _monos_, alone. Consequently, -a Religious House is incorrectly described as a Monastery unless each -individual within its walls occupies a separate cell, both by night -and by day, and never suffers himself to have the least communion -with his neighbour. Failing compliance with such a rule, the term -=Convent=, derived from the Latin _con_, together, and _venire_, to -come, is more fittingly applicable. This designation, however, is now -borne by an institution reserved for a community of =Nuns=, so called -from the Italian _nonna_, a grandmother, because they originally -comprised only very aged women; albeit it was formerly the custom to -speak of Monasteries and Convents without discrimination. An =Abbey= -always indicated a Religious House in connection with a Church, as, for -example, Westminster Abbey, the abode of the community attached to the -West Minster, presided over by an =Abbot=, so styled in accordance -with the Syriac and Latin _abba_, a father, or, in the case of a -female community, by an =Abbess=; whereas a =Priory= denoted a lesser -or branch establishment placed at some distance from the Abbey, and -controlled by a =Prior= (or =Prioress=), signifying one who had a prior -claim over the rest to the office of Abbot (or Abbess) in the original -community. - -A =Friar=, on the other hand, is--conformably to the Latin _fratre_ -and the French _frère_, a brother--what the term implies, viz., one -of a brotherhood. In olden times there existed four distinct and -powerful Orders of Friars. These were the =Dominicans=, founded by St. -Dominic to preach away the Albigensian heresies, also known as the -=Black Friars=, on account of their black habits, and in France as the -=Jacobins=, because their first convent was situated in the Rue St. -Jacques, Paris; the =Franciscans=, or =Grey Friars=, named after St. -Francis d’Assissi; the =Carmelites=, or =White Friars= of Mount Carmel; -and the =Augustines=, or =Austin Friars=, whose origin is ascribed to -St. Augustin or Austin, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, who died in -605. Eventually a fifth Order, styled the =Trinitarians=, or Friars of -the Holy Trinity, otherwise the =Crutched Friars=, so called from the -cross (Latin _cruciati_, crossed) embroidered on their habit, came into -existence. - -Referring to the Franciscans, those who conformed to the austere -rules laid down by their founder were denominated =Observant Friars=, -while those who, as time wore on, began to live in convents and -coveted lands, chapels, and books, received the name of =Conventional -Friars=. Out of the Franciscans there have sprung two lesser Orders, -so to speak, chiefly distinguished by a slight change in the details -appertaining to the habit worn by them. These are the =Capuchins=, -so called from the _capuce_, or pointed cowl, that they wear, and -the =Cordeliers=, from the knotted cord which encircles their waist -in place of a girdle. In effect, however, these two offshoots of the -Franciscans are the same, and subject to the like rules, as the parent -institution. - -Having disposed of the Friars, let us now turn to the Monks properly -so called. Originally the sole existing order of monks was that of -the =Benedictines= as established by St. Benedict, who introduced -the monastic system into Western Europe in the year 529. No less -than twelve large Monasteries were raised by him before he died; -but notwithstanding the austere rules which obtained among the -Benedictines, these were yet considered too lax by some individual -members of the Order, with the result that first one and then another -“Reformed Order” sprang into existence, the latest being in each -case distinguished for a still more rigorous rule than that of its -immediate predecessor. Thus, we now have the =Carthusians=, our -English designation for the monks of La Chartreuse near Grenoble, -by whom the celebrated liqueur known as =Chartreuse= is prepared; -the =Cistercians=, or monks of Citeau; and the =Cluniacs=, or monks -of Cluny, respectively named after the vicinity of their original -monastery in France; while the =Bernardines= received their title from -St. Bernard, who founded the famous Hospice of Mont St. Bernard in the -year 962. From the Carthusians, also, there have sprung the =Basilians= -founded by St. Basil, and from the Cistercians, the =Trappists=, or -monks of La Trappe, originally established in the French district so -denominated. - -Foremost among the Religious Orders not comprised in any of the -brotherhoods cited above are the =Jesuists=, properly styled “The -Society of Jesus,” an organization founded upon a military basis by -St. Ignatius Loyola in 1534, which extends its influence all over the -globe. Next in point of importance come the =Servites=, otherwise -“The Religious Servants of the Holy Virgin,” established by seven -Florentine merchants in 1283; the =Passionists=, a community of priests -solemnly agreed to preach “Jesus Christ and Him crucified,” founded -by Paul Francis, better known as St. Paul of the Cross, in 1737; and -the =Redemptorists=, or preachers of the Redemption, also styled the -=Liguorians=, after St. Francis Liguori, who originated this Order -in 1732. Each of these, except, of course, the lay members of the -Jesuists, are professedly Monks; and yet these are not really Monks, -but _Friars_, because they live in community, and at times mingle -freely with the people. In short, they are =Missionary Friars=. - - - - -_PAPER AND PRINTING._ - - -The word =Paper= comes from the Latin _papyrus_, and Greek _papyros_, -the designation of an Egyptian plant from whose reeds the earliest kind -of writing material was obtained. =Parchment= is an Anglicized form of -the French _parchemin_, from the Greek _pergamenos_, named after the -ancient city of Pergamos, in Asia Minor, where the skins of goats were -first prepared for writing upon at a time when Ptolemy prohibited the -exportation of the papyrus from Egypt. - -=Hand-paper= was originally so called from its watermark, which was -that of a hand; =Pot-Paper=, of a pot; =Post-paper=, of a post-horn; -=Crown-paper=, of a crown; and =Foolscap=, of a fool’s head with the -cap and bells. =India-paper= formerly came from the Far East, whereas -=Nepaul-paper= is made in the district of Nepaul, Northern India. -=Cap-paper= is so designated because, prior to being used by grocers -for wrapping up sugar and other commodities sold by weight, it is -folded into a cap-like form. Among papers of a stiffer kind, that -are chiefly intended for drawing upon, we have =Elephant=, so called -from its large size (28 inches by 23), =Cartridge-paper=, originally -manufactured for soldiers’ cartridges, and =Bristol-board=, formerly -made only at Bristol. - -By the term =Folio=, derived from the Latin _folium_, a leaf, is meant -a sheet of paper folded but once, thus making two leaves or four pages; -a =Quarto= (written 4to), is a sheet folded into quarters or four -leaves, making eight pages; an =Octavo= (8vo), so styled in accordance -with the Latin _octa_, eight, one folded into eight leaves or sixteen -pages; a =Duodecimo= (12mo), the Latin for “two and ten,” one making -twelve leaves or twenty-four pages, and so forth. - -When Caxton set up the first printing press in this country, in the -year 1476, there were many among the vulgar who regarded it as an -invention of the devil; and the clergy, no doubt, fostered this idea, -foreseeing that in the event of the Bible being distributed to the -masses by this means, the way would be thrown open to the production -of spurious editions of Sacred Writ, and the perversion of religious -doctrine, which up to that period had been free to all who chose to -attend daily instruction in the monasteries. Hence, printing was -popularly described as “The Black Art,” while the boys who took the -sheets off the press, from the fact of generally smearing their faces -with ink, came to be known as Imps or Devils. This will explain why a -printer’s errand-boy still bears the nickname of a =Printer’s Devil=. - -Our Parliamentary Records, Debates, Reports of Meetings, and Accounts, -have received the name of =Hansards= because they are printed by -the large printing firm established by Luke Hansard in 1752; whereas -a =Blue Book= is so called on account of its stiff cover of blue -paper. The French Government reports are styled =Yellow Books= for -a similar reason. The term =Book= comes from the Danish _bog_, a -beech-tree, which abounds in Denmark and whose wood is much used for -engraving-blocks. The =Leaf= of a book is in allusion to the ancient -custom of writing on the bark of trees; while =Volume= is derived from -the Latin _volvo_, I roll, relative to the Egyptian papyri, each one of -which when rolled up formed a document or volume complete in itself. -A storehouse for books is styled a =Library=, in accordance with the -Latin _librarium_, a book-case, derived in the first instance from -_liber_, a book. - -A =Pamphlet= owes its description to Pamphila, a Greek lady who left -behind her a kind of commonplace book containing notes, epitomes, and -anecdotes. The French equivalent for a pamphlet is a =Brochure=, so -called from the verb _brocher_, to stitch, because such a book consists -only of a few pages stitched together. The word =Chart= comes from the -Latin _charta_, a leaf of paper; a chart, therefore, is not printed -on canvas like a map, but on a single sheet of paper. =Map= traces -its origin from _mappa_, a Punic word which signified a signal-cloth, -also a napkin, because in ancient times military and other landmarks -were sketched upon a cloth in the absence of parchment and paper. -Nowadays, a book of maps designed for school use is called an =Atlas=, -after the fabled King of Mauritania of this name, who was believed -by the ancients to support the world on his shoulders. The figure of -Atlas with the globe first appeared as a frontispiece to “Mercator’s -Projections,” published about the year 1560. - -A =Cartoon=, as we understand the term, is a representation of -political significance, usually coloured and printed on stiff paper. To -some extent this kind of publication owes its origin to the celebrated -‘Cartoons’ of Raffaelle, now in the South Kensington Museum, so called -because they were drawn upon _cartone_, the Italian for pasteboard. -A =Broadside= consists of a large sheet of paper having the matter -printed straight across, instead of in columns, so as to admit of being -read at one broad view. The reverse side of the sheet is left blank. -A =Poster= bears its name from the fact that formerly the sidewalks -of London streets, instead of being paved as now, were distinguished -from the centre, or sedan-chair and riding way, by a series of posts; -and upon these, theatrical and other announcements were _posted_. -In France, the theatre bills are exhibited upon the lamp-posts on -the Boulevards in a similar manner. In conclusion, the distinction -between BOOKSELLERS and STATIONERS was originally this: the former were -itinerant sellers of books, like hawkers, and pedlars, whereas the -latter had stalls at the corners of streets or in open market; and as -the _stationarii_, or stationary booksellers, were enabled to display -a more varied stock than the itinerants who carried books only, such -articles as writing-paper, pens, ink, and other materials in course of -time received the name of =Stationery=. - - - - -_POLITICAL NICKNAMES._ - - -The utmost difficulty exists in reconciling the various opinions -expressed by different authors concerning the origin of the terms -=Whig= and =Tory=. And yet, if we but consider the reasons why these -nicknames were first bestowed upon the two great political factions of -this country during the reign of Charles II., we may possibly attain a -much-desired end. In the year 1648 (_temp._ Charles I.) there occurred -a rising, or sally, of the peasantry inhabiting the south-western -districts of Scotland against the Royalists. This was known as the -=Whigamore Raid=, the term _whigamore_ being applied to the teamsters -and ploughmen of those parts because they used the twin-syllabic cry of -“Whi-gam!” to drive their horses. When, therefore, in the early days of -the Restoration, the ultra-Protestant party opposed certain measures -of the Government, the Catholics reproached them with favouring the -fanatical opinions of the Scottish Covenanters and Whigamores, and -styled them =Whigs=. In return the Protestants bestowed upon their -opponents the nickname of =Tories=, the familiar designation of a band -of Irish outlaws who sought refuge in the bog districts of Ireland. -The word Tory, or rather _Toree_, is Irish, signifying a robber. -From that time down to the present =Toryism= has been considered to -denote a steadfast adherence to constitutional principles and the -maintenance of royalty and the peerage, as opposed to the progressive -and more _liberal_ views appertaining to =Whiggism=, which advocates -constitutional reform and a moderate extension of democratical powers. -The word =Liberal= was first employed by Lord Byron and his friends -as the title of a periodical intended to set forth the political aims -of the advanced Whig party in 1828. The term =Conservative= (derived -from the Latin _con_, together, and _servare_, to keep, to preserve) -first appeared in an article in _The Quarterly Review_, January, 1830, -and was permanently adopted by the Tory party on the passing of the -Reform Bill two years afterwards. The still more advanced section -of the Whig party which came into prominence in 1816 were styled -=Radicals=, or =Radical Reformers=, from their desire to institute -a _thorough_ reformation in the national policy. In our own day the -Radicals and the Democrats may be set down as one and the same party; -while the =Socialists= eminently carry out the principles of the -primitive Radicals of the time of Charles I., who styled themselves -=Levellers= because they strove to reduce society to a common level. -The word =Democrat= is derived from the Greek _demos_, people, and -_kratein_, to govern; therefore denoting one who upholds the principle -of government by the people themselves, and diametrically opposed to -an =Aristocracy= (Greek, _aristos_, best, and _kratein_, to govern), or -government by the bravest and best. These terms were first brought into -notice by the French Revolutionists of 1790. - -Adverting to the protracted struggle between the =Royalists= under -Charles I. and the =Parliamentarians= under the Cromwellian Parliament, -no two nicknames could have been more suggestive of their origin than -those respectively of the =Cavaliers= and the =Roundheads=. The latter -arose out of the Puritan fashion of cropping the hair close round -the head, the former from the cavalier manner in which a number of -gentlemen offered themselves as a permanent escort to the King after -he had been subjected to insult in December, 1641. The word Cavalier -is synonymous with the French _chevalier_, a mounted knight, from -_cheval_, a horse, derived from the Latin _caballus_, and the Greek -_kaballes_, an inferior horse. - -The Protestants in Ireland received the name of =Orangemen= owing to -their adherence to William III., Prince of Orange, while the Roman -Catholics were styled =Jacobites= from their adhesion to James II., -_Jacobus_ being the Latin form of the King’s name. The =Peep o’ Day -Boys= were so called because they broke into the houses of the people -at dawn of day in quest of arms; and the =White Boys=, from the white -smocks they wore over their clothing. The depredations of both these -insurgents were finally put an end to by the Insurrection Acts, passed -in 1786-7. The secret brotherhood of the =Fenians=, organized for -the overthrow of the English rule in Ireland, derived its name from -Fiona Mac Cumhal, better known as Fingal, after whom FINGAL’S CAVE is -designated. The correct interpretation of the Gaelic word _Fenian_ is -“a hunter.” Another secret society of quite recent origin is that of -the =Irish Invincibles=, established, as was publicly stated by Carey -the Informer, for the “making of history by killing tyrants.” Their -title is due to the boast that they defy extermination. The =Ribbonmen= -take their name from the distinctive badge which they wear. =Emergency -Men= are the more active members of the Irish Defence Association. -The =Separists= and the =Parnellites= are one and the same, sworn to -support the measures of Mr. Parnell and the Irish National Party in -promoting Home Rule for Ireland. The now familiar word =Boycotting=, in -connection with Irish affairs, arose out of the troubles experienced -by Captain Boycott, of Lough Mask Farm, near Ballinrobe, County Mayo, -the land agent of Lord Erne. His house was besieged, his labourers were -threatened, his crops remained ungathered, and tradesmen refused to -supply him with goods. This occurred on the 11th and 12th of November, -1880, after which the military was despatched to his aid, and a -“Boycott Fund” subscribed for his benefit. The expression “to boycott” -a man practically means to place him beyond the pale of civilization. - -The lowest order of the French Revolutionists were denominated -=Sansculottes=, literally, “without breeches,” because they rejected -those very serviceable articles of attire as being emblematical of the -aristocracy. The same term was also applied to the Republican leaders -as a reproach for the negligence of their dress; but after a time they -themselves adopted the title with pride. The =Red Republicans= were so -called for a two-fold reason. In the first place, they did not hesitate -to steep their hands in human blood to accomplish their political -aims; and, secondly, they wore the red cap, symbolical of Liberty from -the days of the Romans downwards. The two antagonistic parties of the -Revolution were styled =The Mountain= and =The Plain= for the reason -that the former sat upon the most elevated benches in the Hall of -Assembly, while the latter occupied the ground floor. The Plain was -for the most part composed of the =Girondists=, or deputies from the -Department of the Gironde. - -The =Hats= and the =Caps= were the two great political factions in -Sweden, so called on account of the French _chapeaux_ worn by the -partisans of the French interest on the one side, and the Russian caps -worn by the partisans of the Russian interest on the other. _Apropos_ -of Russia, the word =Nihilist= (derived from the Latin _nihil_, -nothing), originally denoted a social rather than a political party -opposed to the tyranny of custom. Its significance is well expressed -by Turgeneff, who first introduced it in his novel “Fathers and Sons,” -published in 1862:--“A Nihilist is a man who bows before no authority, -who accepts no principle without examination, no matter what credit -the principle has.” At the present day a Nihilist is a revolutionary -Socialist of the most pronounced degree. - -The Italian =Carbonari=, being the plural of _carbonaro_, a coal-man, -a charcoal-burner, who first came into notice in 1820, assumed their -designation from the fact of their meetings being originally held -in the huts of the charcoal-burners, and because they held charcoal -to be the symbol of purification. The =Black Cloaks= were the upper -classes of Naples, distinguished by the colour and quality of their -cloaks from the =Lazzari=, or beggars. Regarded as a political party, -the Neapolitan Black Cloaks no longer exist; but the =Lazzaroni=, so -called from the Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves for their refuge, -are still to be met with in all quarters of the city. Then, again, we -must not omit mention of the =Guelphs= and the =Ghibellines=, names of -two powerful families whose rival partisanship of the Papal and the -Imperial supremacy in Italy threatened the peace of Europe during the -long period embraced between the years 1250 and 1500. - -The word =Federal= comes from the Latin _fœdus_, a league or compact. A -federal form of government is one under which a number of States, while -retaining their individual institutions and autonomy, unite together -for purposes of defence and for a larger national existence, delegating -to a representative national government certain specified powers. -The most noteworthy examples in history of this form of government -are the Achaean League, the Swiss Republic, and the United States of -America. In the early history of the United States the term “Federal” -was applied to that one of the two great political parties which was -supposed to be more particularly in sympathy with English standards -and to favour an English alliance, and which desired a strong central -government. Their opponents, who preferred a French alliance, and who -opposed a strong central government, were then termed “Republicans.” - -About 1830 the “Federals” became =Whigs=, and in 1856 they assumed -the name of =Republicans= (from _res publica_, the State), the -States-rights party having in the meantime taken the name of -“Democrats” (from _demos_, the people). During the civil war of -1861-1865 the Northerners were all termed “Federals” (or by their -opponents “Yankees” or “Yanks”), while the Southerners had taken the -name of =Confederates=, because their Constitution instituted a weaker -central government and favoured the independent action of the several -States. - -The Southerners were also given the nickname of “Corn-feds,” in -allusion to the chief article of their diet. The term =Yankee= above -alluded to dates back to the seventeenth century, and is a modification -of the name “Yengees,” an attempt by the Massachusetts Indians to -pronounce the name “English.” - -By the residents of the Northern States, the term is limited to the -inhabitants of the six States of New England. During the civil war of -1861-1865, the members of a political faction in the North received the -name of =Copperheads=, because they were regarded as secret foes to the -national cause. The allusion was to the poisonous copperhead serpent, -which gives no warning of its approach. The =Know-nothings= were a -secret political party in the United States (1848-1860), whose chief -aim was the checking of foreign immigration and the political influence -of foreigners by the repeal of the Naturalization Laws, and the -reserving of public appointments for native-born Americans. The answer -given by its members to all questions about the party organization was, -“I don’t know.” - -The =Tammany Ring= was the name used to designate an organization -among certain officials and their backers in the city of New York in -1870-1871, who succeeded for a time in enriching themselves at the -expense of the city. The ring was overthrown in 1871, and its leaders -imprisoned or banished. The name of the ring arose from Tammany -Hall, the headquarters of a society originally founded (in 1805) for -benevolent purposes, but which had become a political power, and which -is again (1892) controlling the government of New York. - -The term =Mugwump= first came into political use in 1884. It was then -applied to voters who had been “Republicans,” but who, on various -grounds, preferred the Democratic candidate Cleveland to the Republican -Blaine, and who succeeded in electing the former. It has since been -given generally to citizens, who, while actively interested in -politics, refuse to be bound closely by party ties, considering causes -such as free trade, civil service reform, honest money, &c., as more -important than party labels or party success. The name “Mugwump” is -said to be derived from an Indian word signifying “wise chief.” - -The =Chartists= constituted an enormous body of the people of this -country who, soon after the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, loudly -clamoured for “The People’s Charter,” of which the six principal points -were these:--Universal Suffrage, Vote by Ballot, Annual Parliaments, -Payment of the Members, Abolition of the Property Qualification, and -the Equalization of Electorial Rights. William Lovett, the author -of this document, died in August, 1877. The English war party, who -sided with the Turks in the Russo-Turkish struggle of 1878 received -the nickname of =Jingoes=, or =The Jingo Party=, from the chorus of -Macdermott’s famous music-hall song, commencing-- - - “We don’t want to fight, but, _by Jingo_, if we do!” - -“Jingo” is a corruption of _Jainko_, the Basque term for God. Hence the -expression, “By Jingo!” is properly a direct appeal to the Deity. A -=Protectionist= is one who advocates the protection of home-produce and -manufactures against foreign competition by the imposition of import -duties. - - - - -_FLOWERS._ - - -The name of =Forget-me-not= originated in the following legend:--A -German knight and his lady were walking on the bank of the Danube, when -the fair one saw a beautiful tuft of _Myosotis palustris_ growing in -the water, and expressed a wish to have it. With chivalrous alacrity -the knight at once plunged into the river and gathered his prize; but -before he could regain the steep and slippery bank, encumbered as he -was by his heavy armour, he was drawn by the treacherous eddy into a -deep pool. Finding he could not save himself, he threw the flowers -ashore to his mistress as he sank, and uttered with his last breath the -words “_Vergess mein nicht!_” (“Forget-me-not!”) Hence this flower has -come to be universally regarded as the emblem of fidelity. - -=Mignonette=, the diminutive of _Mignon_, the French for “darling,” -is so called on account of its delicate fragrance. The =Carnation= -owes its name to the Latin _caro_, flesh, in relation to its colour. -=Geranium= comes from the Greek and Latin _geranos_, a crane; this -genus of plants having a beak-like torus, or receptacle. It is also -known as =Crane’s-bill= for the same reason. =Pansy= is an Anglicized -form of the French _pensée_, “thoughts,” this being the sentiment -expressed by the flower. - -The =Camellia= was named after G. J. Camelli, the German botanist and -missionary (died 1690), by whom it was introduced into Europe from -the East; the =Dahlia=, after Andrew Dahl, the Swedish botanist, who -discovered it in Mexico in 1784; and the =Fuchsia=, after Leonard -Fuchs, who brought it from Mexico about the year 1542. The =Victoria -Regia= was so called because it was introduced into this country from -British Guiana soon after the accession of Queen Victoria. The =Adonis= -is said to have sprung out of the blood of Adonis, the beautiful youth -who was gored to death by a boar; and the =Hyacinth= is supposed -to have originated in a similar manner after Hyacinth had fallen a -victim to the jealousy of Zephyr. The =Aspasia= bears the name of -Aspasia of Miletus, the mistress of Pericles. The term =Orchid= comes -from the Greek _orchis_, a testicle, all plants of this family being -distinguished by double testicles. The =Sweetbriar= is literally a -“fragrant thorn”; the =Lilac= betrays its Eastern origin in the Turkish -_leilak_, and Persian _lilaj_; while the term =Lavender= is derived -from the Latin _lavere_, to wash, because the essential oil obtained -from this shrub enters into the composition of a favourite scent. - -The =Dog-rose= was so called by the Greeks from the belief that the -root of this particular rose-tree was efficacious in curing the bite -of a mad dog. The =Damask-rose= was brought to England from Damascus -by Dr. Linacre in 1540. The =Cabbage-rose= is thick and compact -like a cabbage. The =Christmas-rose= makes its appearance about -Christmas-time. The word =Primrose=, agreeably to the Latin _prima -rosa_, signifies the first rose, or flower, of spring. - -The =Mayflower=, otherwise the =Hawthorn=, the Anglo-Saxon for -“hedge-thorn,” appears in flower in the month of May, while -=Gilly-flower= is merely a corruption of “July flower.” The -=Tiger-flower= is streaked like a tiger. =Daffodil= is a corruption of -“d’Asphodele,” the French name of this flower. =Hollyhock= is not “Holy -Oak,” but the Anglo-Saxon _holi-hoc_, or marsh mallow. The =Noon-tide=, -or =Noon-flower=, closes its petals at noon; the =Convolvulus=, so -called from the Latin _con_, together, and _volvere_, to roll, does the -like at sunset, in common with the ordinary field =Daisy=, which owes -its name, a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon _doeges-eaye_, literally “the -day’s eye,” to this circumstance. The =Buttercup= was originally so -designated in accordance with an old-established idea that the yellow -hue of butter was attributable to the fact of these flowers being eaten -by cattle. However, as the buttercups are invariably avoided by the -cattle, the proverbial wisdom of our forefathers must for once in a way -be discredited. =Cowslip= is a corruption of “cows’ leek.” - -The very common supposition that the =Sunflower= inclines towards the -sun is entirely erroneous, as has been proved by observation. This -flower merely takes its name from its form and colour. On the other -hand, if its etymology be correct, the =Heliotrope= does actually turn -towards the sun, the word _helios_ being Greek for sun, and _tropos_, -to turn. The =Goldylocks= is so called on account of its tufts of -yellow flowers; whereas the =Marigold=, which bears yellow flowers, was -named in honour of Queen Mary. Both these, with the Sunflower, belong -to the =Chrysanthemum= (Greek _chrusos_, gold, and _anthemos_, flower) -family. The word =Rhododendron=, we may add, comes from the Greek -_rhodon_, rose, and _dendron_, tree. - -The =Passion-flower= symbolizes in its tints and several parts the -various attributes of Christ’s Passion, as follows:--The white tint, -purity; the blue tint, heaven; the leaf, the spear; the five anthers, -the five wounds; the tendrils, the whips and cords; the column of the -ovary, the pillar of the cross; the stamens, the hammers; the three -styles, the nails; the fleshy thorns within the flowers, the crown of -thorns; the calyx, the nimbus, or glory. In addition to the foregoing -the passion-flower remains open for three days, and this is supposed to -correspond with the three years’ ministry of the Redeemer. - -Lastly, the flower known as the =Stock= received its name from the fact -that it was principally sold in the old STOCKS MARKET displaced by the -building of the present Mansion House in the year 1737; the market -itself having derived its title from a pair of stocks that stood there. - - - - -_THE BIBLE._ - - -In the estimation of many millions of human beings the Bible is very -properly regarded as the “Book of Books.” And a Book of Books it truly -is; not only THE Book above all others, but comprising a number of -distinct works from the pens of various Inspired Writers according to -the Old Law and the New. For this reason precisely the earliest Saxon -version of the Sacred Volume was called the =Bible= in accordance with -the Greek and Latin word _biblia_, the plural of _biblion_, a book, -derived from biblos, the inner bark of the papyrus, which was the first -kind of writing material known. “Bible,” therefore, is a collective -term for the =Scriptures=, which designation comes from the Latin -_scriptura_, a writing, based upon the verb _scribere_, to write. Here, -again, note the correct use of the plural. - -The original translation of the Hebrew Testament into Greek, about the -year 260 B.C., bore the title of the =Septuagint= because it employed -the labours of seventy, or rather of seventy-two, translators. More -than six hundred years afterwards, viz., in the Year of Our Lord -405, when St. Jerome (born 346, died 420) rendered the whole of the -Scriptures--to be sure the New Testament had not an existence at the -time of the Greek translation--into the Latin tongue, his performance -was styled the _Vulgatus_, or =Vulgate=, from _vulgare_, to make known -to the _vulgus_, the multitude. This =Latin Vulgate= constitutes the -Bible of the Roman Catholics as authorized by the Council of Trent in -the year 1546. It was first printed for the use of the Christian world -generally in 1462. The English translation of the Old Testament portion -of the Vulgate bears the title of the =Douay Bible= because it was -first printed and published at the English College at Douay, in France, -in 1609. The New Testament portion, known as the =Rheims Bible=, was -issued at Rheims twenty-seven years earlier, viz., in 1582. - -The =Authorized Version= of the Bible appointed to be read in the -Church of England is called =King James’s Bible=, after James I., who -ordered it to be prepared, and in whose reign (in the year 1611) it was -first given to the people. The =Bishops’ Bible=, published in parts -between 1568 and 1572, derived its name from the seven bishops that -assisted Archbishop Parker with his revision of =Cranmer’s Bible=, -otherwise =The Great Bible=, so called because Archbishop Cranmer’s -version of the text, published in 1539, was of large size, specially -printed for the purpose of being displayed and read by the people in -the churches. To the 1540 edition of this version Cranmer prefixed a -lengthy Introduction. One of the earliest Latin Bibles, printed by -Gutenberg between the years 1450 and 1455, and, indeed, one of the -earliest perfect printed books from separate types, is known as the -=Mazarin Bible=, from a copy being discovered in Cardinal Mazarin’s -library. The =Pearl Bible= was so called because it was printed in -pearl type by Field in 1653. The =Geneva Bible=, printed at Geneva in -1560, also bears the singular title of the =Breeches Bible=, owing -to the substitution of the word “breeches” for “aprons” in _Genesis_ -iii. 7. Similarly, the =Vinegar Bible= is indebted for its title -to the misprinting of the word “vineyard” in the running headline -to _Luke_ xx. at the Clarendon Press in 1717; the =Beer Bible=, to -the substitution of the words “the beer” for “strong drink” in the -twenty-fourth chapter of _Isaiah_, ninth verse; the =Treacle Bible=, to -the rendering of the passage, “Is there no balm in Gilead?” into “There -is no more triacle at Gilaad” (_Jeremiah_ viii. 22); the =Whig Bible=, -to the misprinting of the word “peacemakers,” so that the sentence -reads, “Blessed are the placemakers”; the =Wicked Bible=, from the -omission of a word in _Exodus_ xx. 14, which caused the verse to read, -“Thou shalt commit adultery”; and the =Bug Bible=, printed by John Daye -in 1551, from the peculiar rendering of the fifth verse in _Psalm_ -xci., which reads, “So thou shalt not need to be afraid for any _bugs_ -by night, nor for the arrow that flieth by day.” The first edition of -the Authorized Version is called the =“He” Bible=, because it contains -a misprint in _Ruth_ iii. 15, the passage reading, “And he went into -the city.” A subsequent issue published in the same year, in which the -mistake is rectified, is known as the =“She” Bible=. The =Virginia -Bible= is a rare version of the Scriptures translated into the native -language of the North American Indians of Virginia. The first edition -of this Bible was printed in 1661-3, copies of which are said to be -worth £200. - -The first five books of the Old Testament written by Moses bear the -collective title of the =Pentateuch= on account of the two Greek -words _penta_, five, and _teuchos_, an implement, a tool, alluding -to the Books being the direct instrument of communication between -God and His people. The titles of these five Books themselves are -as follows:--=Genesis=, which expresses the Greek for origin or -production, describes the history of the world from its beginning; -=Exodus=, derived from _ex_, out, and _odus_, a way, narrates the -departure of the Israelites out of Egypt; =Leviticus= sets forth the -regulations affecting the priests and Levites; =Numbers= contains the -census of the Israelites; and =Deuteronomy=, from the Greek _deuteros_, -second, and _nomos_, law, comprises the second giving of the Law by -Moses. - -The designation =Apocrypha=, signifying hidden or spurious, is applied -to those Books whose authenticity as Inspired Writings is not admitted; -in other words, to those portions of the Scriptures which, inasmuch as -they do not establish any doctrine, are not held to be canonical, yet -are such as, in the words of the Prayer Book, “the Church doth read -for example of life and instruction of manners.” On the other hand, -the =Apocalypse=, signifying disclosure, is synonymous with the “Book -of Revelation,” and specifically applies to the concluding Book of the -Bible. - - - - -_WINES._ - - -With one or two exceptions only, the different kinds of wines owe -their names to the places where they are produced. Thus, =Burgundy= -and =Champagne= respectively come from the French provinces, =Pontac= -from the town, and =Moselle= from the vineyards extensively cultivated -on the banks of the river, so designated. Rhenish wines are popular -all over Europe; yet none are probably more celebrated than the -=Johannisberg=, produced at the Castle of Johannisberg (literally, John’s -Rock), near Wiesbaden, and =Hock=, produced at Hockheim. Among Italian -wines, =Florence= comes from the historic “City of Flowers,” whereas -=Falernian=, celebrated by Martial, Horace, and other Latin authors, -was made from grapes grown in the district around the ancient city -of Falernum. A justly celebrated Tuscan wine is the =Montepulciano=, -produced at the old city so denominated. As its name implies, =Malaga= -is imported from Malaga, in Spain; =Sherry= is our English rendering -of the place-name Xeres, near Cadiz; while =Port= constitutes the -native wine of Oporto, the capital of Portugal. Of Mediterranean -wines, =Cyprus=, brought from the now British island of that name, -and =Malmsey=, an English corruption of =Malvasia=, so termed after -the district in the island of Candia, where it is produced, are the -chief. =Madeira= and =Canary= are imported from the islands so called, -situated on the great ocean highway to the Cape of Good Hope. An -excellent wine greatly sought after on the Continent, though somewhat -unknown in this country, is =Tokay=, produced from white grapes -cultivated in the district of Tokay, Upper Hungary. =Claret= owes its -designation to the French _clair_, clear, because it is a clarified -wine; whereas =Tent Wine= is a mere corruption of the Spanish _vino -tinto_, signifying a white wine coloured. The sparkling champagne -known as =Sillery= popularizes the name of the Marquis de Sillery, the -proprietor of the vineyards where this particular species is produced; -just as =Pommery= is destined to perpetuate the memory of Madame -Pommery, mother to the Duchess de Polignac, and sole proprietress of -the vineyards and subterranean Pommery vaults near Rheims. =Moet and -Chandon= similarly denotes the champagne brewed by the well-known -French firm trading under the style of “Moet et Chandon.” - -Among concoctions of the vinous order we have =Hippocras=, so called -because it is said to have been first made according to the recipe of -Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine; =Badminton=, originally prepared -at Badminton, the seat of the Duke of Beaufort; and =Negus=, named -after Colonel Francis Negus, who invented it. Formerly, our countrymen -set great store by =Sack=, which was simply the designation of a dry -wine, derived from the French word _sec_, dry. Wine is said to be a -=Dry Wine= when it is neither sweet nor sparkling. It cannot be sweet -because, the fermentation being complete, the sugar contained in it is -fully decomposed; moreover, it is dry because the carbonic acid has -escaped. For the like reason, a certain evidence that port wine has -completed the process of fermentation is the collection of tartar in -the interior of the bottle, forming a crust; hence the term =Crusted -Port=. A very bad wine of whatever kind usually bears the name of -=Three Men Wine=, owing to the idea that it requires one man to hold -the drinker, and another to pour it down his throat, while the third -is the unfortunate individual himself. The derivation of the term -=Wine= is the Anglo-Saxon _vin_ from the Latin _vinum_, allied to -_vinea_, a vine. - - - - -_LITERARY SOBRIQUETS._ - - -Gildas, the earliest chronicler of British history (born 511, died -570), was surnamed =The Wise= on account of his learning, which -must have excited the wonder of the semi-barbarian inhabitants of -these islands in the sixth century. Later, the Saxon historian Beda, -incorrectly called Bede (born 673, died 735), was surnamed =The -Venerable= because he was also an ecclesiastic. Approaching more -modern times, we meet with John White, a Nonconformist lawyer, who, in -consequence of being the author of a work entitled “The First Century -of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, made and admitted into Benefices -by the Prelates, &c.,” merited the popular description of =Century -White=. Still nearer our own day, Matthew Gregory Lewis (born 1775, -died 1818) became the recipient of the name of =Monk Lewis=, after the -publication of his famous novel, “The Monk”; just as John Thomas Smith, -the antiquary (born 1766, died 1833), was indebted to his chatty, -albeit valuable work, “A Book for a Rainy Day,” for his sobriquet of -=Rainy-Day Smith=. - -Turning to the poets, John Sylvester, the translator of Du Barta’s -“Divine Weeks and Works” (born 1563, died 1613), is popularly referred -to as =Silver-tongued Sylvester= on account of the sweet melody of -his verse. John Taylor, =The Water Poet= (born 1580, died 1654), was -a Thames waterman; James Hogg, =The Ettrick Shepherd= (born 1772, -died 1835), followed the employment of a shepherd in the forest of -Ettrick, Selkirkshire; and Edward Capern, =The Bidëford Postman= (born -1819), was for several years a letter-carrier in the little town of -Bidëford, Devonshire. Nathaniel Lee (born 1655, died 1691) received the -name of =The Mad Poet= from the fact of his four years’ confinement -in a mad-house. =The Quaker Poet= was Bernard Barton, the friend of -Charles Lamb (born 1784, died 1849); while Samuel Rogers, =The Banker -Poet= (born 1763, died 1855), divided his time pleasantly between the -counting-house and the study. Thomas Moore (born 1779, died 1852) -merited the style of =Anacreon Moore= by his translations from the -Greek poet Anacreon, and the circumstance that his own original verses -were constructed upon the same classic model. Richard Horne, the -poet and critic (born 1802, died 1884), was known as =Orion Horne=, -and also as =The Farthing Poet=, on account of his principal work -“Orion,” published at one farthing, as a satire on the poverty of the -book-buying public. - -Sir Walter Scott (born 1771, died 1832) was surnamed =The Wizard of -the North= owing to the magic influence which he exerted over all -classes of the people, and the widespread fascination of his novels; -while Henry Mackenzie, the author of “The Man of Feeling” (born 1745, -died 1831), enjoyed the signal honour of being designated =The Addison -of the North=, owing to the purity and excellence of his style. No -more flattering recognition of the genius of William Wordsworth (born -1770, died 1850) could ever have been desired than the title of =The -Minstrel of the Border=, bestowed upon him by Sir Walter Scott. =The -Corn Law Rhymer= was Ebenezer Elliott (born 1781, died 1849) who, by -the dedication of his numerous versified philippics to the opponents -of Free Trade, indirectly, if not directly, prepared the way for the -repeal of the obnoxious Corn Laws in the year 1846. Reference to the -word “Philippics” carries us back in imagination to Demosthenes, who -directed one of his most famous orations against Philip, King of -Macedon; hence, any indignant invective or vehement denunciation is -characteristically styled a PHILIPPIC. - - - - -_THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES._ - - -=Northumberland= originally denoted the land north of the Humber; -=Cumberland=, the land occupied by the Cymri; and =Westmoreland=, the -land of the Westmorings, or people of the Western moors. =Durham= is -a corruption of _Dunholm_, signifying a hill-fort on an island in the -river; _dun_ being Celtic for a hill, or fort on a hill, and _holm_ the -Scandinavian for an island. The Shire, or County, of =York=, in common -with the majority of the Midland and Welsh counties, is named after -its chief town; or rather, in this case, the ancient city described in -documents as _Eurewic_, but pronounced _Yorric_, from its position on -the river Eure, now known as the Ouse. - -=Lancashire= indicates the Shire of =Lancaster=, the _caester_, or -camp-town, on the Lune. This Anglo-Saxon word _Caester_, derived from -the Latin _castra_, a camp, fortress, appears also in the names of -=Cheshire=, a contraction of _Caestershire_, the Shire of =Chester=, -the town built on the site of the old Roman _castra_, or camp; in -=Leicestershire=, the Shire of the camp-town on the river _Leire_, now -called the Soar; in =Worcestershire=, the Shire of _Hwic-ware-shire_, -or fortress-town, of the Huiccii; and in =Gloucestershire=, the Shire -of the camp-town in which _Gloi_, a son of the Emperor Claudius, was -born during the Roman occupation of Britain. - -=Lincoln= is a contraction of the Latin _Lindumcolonia_, signifying the -colony formed by the Romans on the _Llyn-dun_, literally “the fortified -hill by the pool,” originally occupied and so called by the ancient -Britons [_see_ LONDON]. The names =Norfolk= and =Suffolk= respectively -indicate those portions of the eastern coast settled by the Angles, -who separated into two distinct tribes, viz., the north folk and the -south folk. =Essex= is a contraction of _East-seaxe_, denoting the -territory occupied by the East Saxons; =Sussex=, of _Suth-seaxe_, or -South Saxons; and =Middlesex=, of _Middle-seaxe_, or the inhabitants of -the district between Essex and =Wessex=, the land of the West Saxons, -which, under the Heptarchy, extended to the westward as far as Devon. -=Surrey= is a modification of the Anglo-Saxon _Suth-rey_, south of the -river, _i.e._, the Thames. =Kent= was formerly _Cantium_, indicating -the land bestowed upon Canute, one of the companions of Brute, an early -King of Britain, who, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, settled in -England and eventually founded the Danish dynasty. - -=Hampshire=, also written =Hants=, expresses the Shire of _Hantone_, or -_Hantune_, now known as =Southampton=, the south town on the river Ant, -or Southampton Water. =Dorset= was originally _Dwrset_, a compound -of the Celtic _dwr_, water, and the Anglo-Saxon _set_, a settlement, -alluding to the early settlement of this district by a tribe of Britons -who styled themselves _Dwr-trigs_, or “water-dwellers.” =Somerset= -is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon _Suthmorset_, literally “the -south-moor-settlement.” =Devon= is a modified form of _Dwfuient_, the -Celtic for “the deep valleys.” An earlier name for this portion of -Britain was _Damnonia_, the territory of the Damnonii, a Celtic tribe. -=Cornwall= denotes the territory of the “foreigners in the horn,” -agreeably to the Latin _cornu_, a horn, referring to its numerous -promontories, and its inhabitants the _Wahl_, the Saxon term for -“foreigners.” Like Wales, this portion of our island was never invaded -by the Anglo-Saxons; consequently its people, the Cymri, a branch of -the Celts, were left in undisturbed possession [_see_ WALES]. The -Duchy of Cornwall is still included in the Principality of Wales. -=Wiltshire= only partly expresses the Shire of =Wilton=, a contraction -of _Willy-town_, or the town on the river Willy. =Berkshire= is a -modern spelling of the Anglo-Saxon _Bearoc-scire_, “forest shire,” -in allusion to the forest districts of Bagshot and Windsor; while -=Buckingham= was originally described as _Boccenham_, the Anglo-Saxon -for “beech-tree-home,” this county being especially noted for its -beeches. - -=Oxford= derived its name from the _Ox-ford_ over the Isis; =Hertford=, -from the ford crossed by harts; =Hereford=, from the army ford; and -=Stafford=, from the ford crossed by means of staves or stilts. -=Bedford= is a contraction of _Bedican ford_, the Anglo-Saxon for “the -protected ford.” =Cambridge= owes its name to the University town -by the bridge over the _Cam_, or crooked river [_see_ CAMBERWELL]. -=Huntingdon= was anciently a great deer forest, and therefore -much resorted to for hunting. =Northampton= is a corruption of -_North-avon-town_, alluding to its position north of the river _Neu_, -in olden times known as the Avon. =Rutland= expresses the Anglo-Saxon -for “red land,” referring to the colour of its soil. =Warwick= is -the modern description of the Anglo-Saxon _Waer-wic_, signifying the -garrison, or war town. =Nottingham= is a corruption of _Snotingaham_, -“the place of caves,” so called on account of the soft sandstone -which so greatly facilitated the formation of caverns during the -early history of our country; as _e.g._, “Mortimer’s hole,” and the -subterranean passage that led thereto from Nottingham Castle in the -reign of Edward III. =Derby= is a contraction of the Saxon _Deer-by_, -or “wild-beast village,” doubtless so designated from its frequent -invasion by strange animals from the mountainous district of “The Peak” -in search of prey. =Shropshire= denotes the Shire of _Scrobbesburgh_, -the Anglo-Saxon for “shrub-town,” modified by the Normans into -_Sloppesburie_ (from which the present town of =Salop= derived its -name), and corrupted in modern times into =Shrewsbury=. =Monmouth= -indicates the county that includes the mouth of the _Mon_, originally -described as the _Mynwy_, “the border river.” - -=Anglesea=, properly _Anglesey_ [_see_ CHELSEA, &c.], is one of the -three counties of Wales whose names are not essentially Welsh. Thus, -=Glamorgan= signifies the _Gwlad-Morgan_, or territory of Morgan, a -chieftain who lived in the tenth century; =Brecknock= is the hill of -Brecon, or Brychan, a Welsh prince; =Radnor= is a modern spelling -of _Rhiadnwr-Gwy_, meaning “the Cataract of the Wye”; =Montgomery= -refers to the fortress built on the _mont_, or height, by Roger de -Montgomerie, in 1093; =Denbigh= was originally _Dinbach_, the Celtic -and Cymric for “a little fort”; =Flint= was so called from the -quantity of quartz found in this county; =Carnarvon= owes its origin -to _Cær-yu-ar-Fon_, the _cær_, or fortress, on the _arfon_, or water; -=Carmarthen= denotes the fortress erected by Merlin; =Merioneth= was -named after Merion, an early British saint; =Cardigan= indicates the -territory of Ceredig, a Welsh chieftain; while =Pembroke= signifies the -_pen_, or head of the _broc_, the Celtic and Cymric for a district, so -called because this promontory was virtually the Land’s End. - - - - -_CARRIAGES._ - - -The =Phaeton= owes its designation to the mythological personage of -that name who received permission to drive the sun-car of Helios, -his father, for one day, with the result that, being overthrown, he -nearly set the world on fire. The =Victoria= was introduced in the -year that witnessed the coronation of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. -The =Clarence= was the favourite conveyance of the Duke of Clarence, -afterwards William IV. The =Brougham=, invented in 1839, received its -name from Lord Brougham, who was the first to permanently adopt it; -and the same may be said of the =Stanhope=, so called in compliment -to Lord Stanhope. The =Sociable= is an appropriate name enough for an -open carriage of which the facing seats afford opportunity for pleasant -conversation. The =Landau= was first made at Landau in Germany; whereas -the =Tilbury= perpetuates the name of a celebrated London sportsman who -introduced this particular species of carriage during the early part of -the present century. - -The small, light, one-horse vehicle known as a =Dog-cart= is so -called because such a one was originally constructed for sportsmen to -drive their pointers and setters (which they kept in a box under the -seat) to the scene of the sport. The term =Buggy= is a corruption of -_Bourgeois_, a French name indicating a vehicle intended for the middle -classes so denominated; while =Gig= is a contraction of the Italian -_giga_, a romp, and the French _gigue_, a lively dance, a jig, in -allusion to its jumping and rocking motion. The like derivation applies -to the long, light ship’s wherry which passes under the same name. The -term =Sulky=, as applied to a light two-wheeled conveyance, owed its -origin to the fact that, when it was introduced, people hazarded the -opinion that none but sulky, morose, and selfish people would ride in -such a carriage, because it had only accommodation for one person. The -=Noddy=, peculiar to Dublin, derives its title from the jolting motion -which keeps its riders continually nodding; and the =Jaunting Car=, -from the jaunts and country outings for which, on the other side of the -Irish Sea, these vehicles are largely employed. The English =Break= -bears its name because it partakes of the character of the four-wheel -vehicle used by horse-breakers; indeed, it differs from the latter only -in the addition of the upper portion containing the seats. - -=Stage-coaches= were originally so called on account of the different -stages at which they stopped to change horses and refresh the -passengers. =’Bus= is short for =Omnibus=, a Latin word signifying “for -all.” The step at the back of an omnibus is facetiously styled the -=Monkey-board=, in consequence of the capers usually executed thereon -by the conductor. The board on either side of the roof of the vehicle, -upon which theatrical and other advertisements are exhibited is known -as the =Knife-board=, from its fancied resemblance to that article of -domestic utility. So far from having derived its name from one of the -northern suburbs of London, a =Hackney-coach= is simply an English -rendering of _coche-a-haquence_, the literal French for a coach drawn -by a hired horse. The word =Coach= (French, _coche_, the diminutive -of the Italian _conchula_, a shell) really means a shell-like -contrivance upon wheels. =Cab= is a contraction of the =Cabriolet=, -from _cabriole_, a goat’s leap, in allusion to its lightness and -springiness, first introduced in Paris. This vehicle, after undergoing -sundry changes and improvements, was patented in the year 1883 as the -“Safety Cab” by Joseph Aloysius Hansom, from which circumstance it has -in more recent times come to be generally designated the =Hansom Cab=. - -The term =Hearse= traces its origin through the German _hirsch_ -from the Gothic _hersa_, a sepulchral mound. At a later date it -implied a temporary monument, but nowadays it denotes the funeral -car. The word =Funeral=, by the way, is a contraction of the Latin -_funeralis_, signifying a torchlight procession, from _funis_, a -torch, because interments among the Romans always took place by night. -=Pantechnicon= is a Greek word, composed of _pan_, all, and _techne_, -art, indicative of the place where every kind of industrial art was -exhibited or exposed for sale. In modern days the term has come to -be exclusively applied to a vehicle constructed for the removal of -household furniture. Lastly, the cloth that covers the box-seat of a -carriage of any kind is called the =Hammer-cloth=, because in the old -coaching days it concealed the box which contained a hammer, nails, and -other implements useful for repairs in the event of a breakdown on the -journey. - - - - -_DANCES._ - - -Dancing is styled the =Terpsichorean Art= in honour of Terpsichore, -the daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, whom the ancients regarded as -its inventress. The =Morris Dance=, from which our “Jack in the Green” -and his fellow May-day revellers trace their origin, was the military -dance of the Moors, or Moriscoes, introduced into this country by John -of Gaunt on his return from Spain in the reign of Edward III. Five men -and a boy took part in it, and from the fact of the boy wearing an -ill-fitting helmet called a _morione_, he received the name of “Mad -Morion,” which was subsequently corrupted into =Maid Marian=. The -=Saraband= was invented by Zarabanda, a famous dancer of Seville in -the sixteenth century. The =Gavotte= arose among the Gavots, a people -who inhabited the department of the Upper Alps and the province of -Dauphiny, in France. =Quadrille= is the literal French for “a little -square,” so called from the position taken up by the dancers; while the -Lancers derived their name from a company of =Lancers= who originally -improvised this variation of the Quadrille for their own amusement -while seated in their saddles. The =Polka=, of Polish origin, is so -designated on account of the Bohemian word _pulka_, a half, in allusion -to the half step occurring in it; the =Schottische= is a variation -of the Polka; the =Mazourka= is the national dance of Poland--all -of which, with the addition of the =Redowa=, are native terms. The -=Waltz= is a contraction of the German =Waltzer=, derived from the -verb _waltzen_, to roll, to revolve, alluding to the revolutions -made by the pairs of dancers placed _vis-à-vis_. The =Country -Dance=, so far from being a peasants’ dance, is nothing more than a -corruption of the French _contre-danse_, signifying that the parties -place themselves opposite to each other during the dance. Strictly -speaking, the Contre-danse and the Quadrille are one and the same. -The =Roger de Coverley= derived its name from the great-grandfather -of Roger de Coverley, or rather, to be precise, of Roger of Cowley, -near Oxford, who invented it. The =Minuet= (Latin _minutus_, small) -is so called wholly on account of the short steps peculiar to this -dance. The =Tarantella= was invented in Italy out of the supposition -that the profuse perspiration which it induced was a certain cure for -the poisonous bite of the TARANTULA SPIDER, named after the city of -Taranto, where its baneful presence was first manifested. =Cinderella -Dances= are those which terminate before midnight, in allusion to -Cinderella of nursery renown. - -The origin of the word =Ball=, in its application to a dancing-party, -is somewhat singular. Centuries ago there was in vogue on the Continent -a three-fold game, in which the players danced to the sound of their -own voices while they threw to one another a ball. In all probability -this arose out of the curious “Ball-Play in Church” by the Neapolitans -during the Saturnalia, or “Feast of Fools,” corresponding to our -Easter-tide. There is even now a statute in existence which regulated -the size and character of the ball to be used on such occasions. In -opening the ceremony, the Dean took the ball in his left hand, and -commenced an antiphon, which the organ took up; whereupon he tossed the -ball to first one and then another of the choir-boys, as they joined -hands, sang, and danced around him. When, therefore, the three-fold -game alluded to above divided and its three sets of dancers became -independent of each other, the dance itself took the name of the -article that was, as if by common consent, discarded--to wit, _the -ball_; and the song was styled the _Ballata_, or, according to the -modern English, a BALLAD indicative of a dancing-song; while the verb -_ballare_, to dance, gave existence to the French =Ballet=, signifying -a dance tune. _Apropos_ of the Ballet, the term =Coryphée=, as applied -to a ballet-dancer, traces its origin from the Greek _coryphœus_, -the designation of one who danced to the lute in the theatres of the -ancients. _En passant_, the famous war dance of the Greeks, executed in -very quick time and known as the =Phyrric Dance=, was so denominated -after Pyrrichos, a celebrated Dorian flautist. - -The =Hornpipe= is an inversion of _pib-gorn_, the name of the old -Welsh instrument consisting of a _pib_, or pipe, with a _gorn_, or -horn, at each end, to which this dance was originally stepped; the -=Reel= has reference to the whirling evolutions performed by the -dancer, as of winding cotton on a reel; whereas the =Jig= comes -from the French _gigue_, a lively dance, and _gige_, a stringed -instrument, the usual accompaniment to this rough-and-ready style of -pedal exhilaration. The term =Breakdown= is an Americanism, denoting -the last boisterous dance before the breaking _up_ of a dancing-party -towards early morning. Appropriately enough, such a dance invariably -constitutes the final item of a negro-minstrel entertainment. - - - - -_PIGMENTS AND DYES._ - - -The word =Pigment= is a contraction of the Latin _pigmentum_, based -upon the verb _pingere_, to paint. =Dye= traces its origin to the -Anglo-Saxon _deag_, a colour, remotely derived from the Latin -_tingere_, to stain. Several of the pigments most generally used owe -their names to the places whence they are, or were originally, brought. -As examples: =Umber= was first obtained in the district of =Umbria=, -in Italy, and =Sienna=, properly called _Terra di Sienna_, or Sienna -Earth, from Sienna; =Gamboge= comes from Cambodia, formerly known as -Gambogia, in Siam; =Indigo=, from Indicus, the ancient description of -India; and =Krems White=, from the city of Krems, in Austria, where -it is exclusively manufactured. =Prussian Red=, =Brunswick Green=, -=Brunswick Black=, =Frankfort Black=, =Hamburg Lake=, =Venetian Red=, -and =Chinese Yellow=, speak for themselves. =Prussian Blue=, also -called =Berlin Blue=, was first made by a native colourman of Berlin -in the year 1710; whereas =Saunders Blue= is merely a corruption of -_cendres-bleus_, the French for blue ashes, this pigment being obtained -from calcined bluestone. Another name for the latter is =Ultramarine=, -because it was originally brought from _ultra_, beyond, and _marinus_, -the sea. - -The deep blue known as =Mazarine= was named after Cardinal Mazarin, the -Prime Minister of France (born 1602, died 1661), in whose time it was -first prepared; while the puce colour known as =Pompadour= received -its designation from Madame le Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV. -(born 1721, died 1764), who popularized it. =Cardinal= is so called -because it expresses the exact shade of the red habit worn by the -cardinals of the Church; the term =Carmine= owes its origin to the -Italian _carminio_, purple; while =Carnation= denotes a flesh tint, -in accordance with the Latin _caro_, flesh. The colour which results -from the combination of a vivid red with more or less white is styled -=Pink=, owing to its resemblance to the flower so designated. - -The origin of the word =Purple= must be sought in connection with the -circumstance in which this dye, or colour, was discovered. It appears -that one day a favourite dog belonging to Hercules of Tyre chanced to -eat a species of fish known to the ancients as the _purpura_; and upon -returning to his master, the latter found the lips of the animal tinged -with the colour that was shortly afterwards imitated and denominated -_purple_. The term =Scarlet= is a modification of _sakarlat_, the -Persian description of a bright red colour; while =Crimson= traces its -existence through the Old English _crimosyn_ to _garmaz_, the Arabic -term for the cochineal insect, from whose dried body, found upon a -species of cactus, this vivid dye-stuff is obtained. The beautiful -purple obtained from chloride of gold bears the name of =Cassius= after -its inventor. - -=Magenta= was named in commemoration of the Battle of Magenta, fought -in 1859; and =Vandyke Brown=, from its having been so frequently -used by Vandyk (born 1599, died 1641) that it forms a characteristic -colour in all his portraits. =Sepia= is the Greek designation of the -cuttle-fish, and the pigment so called is obtained from the dark juice -secreted by the glands of the Indian species of this fish. =Sap-Green= -is prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the buckthorn; -whereas =Emerald Green= denotes the particular shade of green that -characterizes the emerald. =Lamp Black= is so called because it was -originally obtained from the burning of resinous matter over a lamp. -=Ivory Black= is a pigment formerly obtained from charred ivory, but -nowadays from bones. The origin of =Isabel=, a dull brownish-yellow, -with a mixture of red and grey, is as follows:--When the Duke of -Austria was besieging Ostend in 1601, Isabella, his wife, the daughter -of Philip II. of Spain, vowed that she would not change her linen -until the town had been taken. Unfortunately for her personal comfort, -the town held out for two years, at the end of which period her linen -assumed the characteristic hue that was afterwards imitated by the -ingenious colourman who sought to honour her by perpetuating the -incident. - - - - -_LONDON DISTRICTS AND SUBURBS._ - - -At that remote period when the first rude huts were established on the -banks of the Thames, the surrounding scene could have presented nothing -more inviting to the eye than an extensive marsh or morass. That such -was undoubtedly the case the existing names of FENCHURCH Street and -FINSBURY, furnish ample evidence. The former marks the site of an -ancient church situated among the fens, while the latter is an easy -corruption of _Fensbury_, the Anglo-Saxon designation for “a town among -the fens.” Therefore it was not surprising that the barbaric Britons, -who founded what we now call =London=, should have given the name of -_Llyn-dun_ [_see_ LINCOLN] to their colony beside the Thames. _Apropos_ -of the =Thames=, the name of our noble river is merely a slight -contraction of the Latin _Thamesis_, signifying “the broad Isis.” -=Isis= is the Celtic for water. - -=Westminster= was denominated after the Abbey [_see_ WESTMINSTER -ABBEY]. =Belgravia= is the name given to the fashionable district -of which Belgrave Square is the common centre. =Pimlico= owed its -designation to an attempt on the part of the tavern-keepers of this -neighbourhood to rival the celebrated nut-brown ales of one Ben -Pimlico, who kept a pleasure-garden near Hoxton, the road to which was -known as =Pimlico Walk= (still in existence), and the garden itself, -first as “Pimlico’s,” and subsequently as “Pimlico.” The name of -=Knightsbridge= carries us back to the time when two knights, on their -way to receive a blessing from the Bishop of London at Fulham, engaged -in a deadly combat on the bridge that spanned the Westbourne, exactly -on the spot where Albert Gate now stands. Prior to this incident the -bridge had borne the name of Fulham Bridge. =Mayfair= occupies the site -of an annual six days’ fair held in May, originally at the instance of -Edward I., for the benefit of the leper hospital of St. James the Less, -Bishop of Jerusalem, now St. James’s Palace. The district of =Soho= was -known by its present name as long ago as the sixteenth century; “_So -ho!_” being the cry of the huntsmen when calling off their harriers in -the days when the whole of London west of Drury Lane was open country. -=Bloomsbury= is a corruption of “Lomesbury Village,” of which the -Manor House stood on the site of Bloomsbury Square. =Smithfield= is a -modern perversion of “Smoothfield,” an extensive tract of meadow land -where horses were sold and tournaments were held as far back as the -twelfth century. The first recorded English horse-race was witnessed -in Smoothfield in the year 1154. =Clerkenwell= derived its name from -an ancient well (now marked by an iron pump let into the wall at -the south-east end of Ray Street) beside which the parish clerks -performed their Miracle Plays. =Spa Fields=, now built over, owed -their designation to a medicinal well, or Spa, discovered in 1206, -and subsequently known as “The London Spa.” The proper description of -=Bunhill Fields= is _Bonhill_, _i.e._, “good hill” Fields, so styled -because the victims of the Great Plague were buried here in 1665. -=Moorfields= was formerly a bleak moor skirting the northern portion of -the marshy land known as Fensbury, now =Finsbury=, already referred to. - -=Shoreditch= did not receive its name from Jane Shore, neither is the -word a corruption of “Sewer Ditch,” as some writers have suggested. -This district really comprised the manor of Sir John Soerditch, a -wealthy London citizen and a valiant knight who fought by the side -of Edward the Black Prince at Crecy and Poictiers. =Whitechapel= -was designated after the White Chapel of St. Mary, built in 1673. -=Goodman’s Fields= perpetuated the name of the owner of the land now -known as the Minories, upon which a Priory of the Nuns of St. Clare -was afterwards built. =Shadwell= is a corruption of St. Chad’s Well, -discovered in this neighbourhood in ancient times. The once-notorious -=Ratcliffe Highway= derived its name from the Manor of Ratcliffe, -belonging to the adjoining parish of Stepney. The title has now been -changed to St. George’s Street. =Stepney= was anciently described as -_Stebenhithe_, signifying that it contained a wharf or haven belonging -to one Steben or Steven. =Spitalfields= marks the site of the ancient -Priory of St. Mary of the Spittle, dissolved in 1534. The French -refugees established the silk manufacture here in 1685. =Bethnal -Green= recalls the existence of the old family of the Bathons, whose -history is first recorded in connection with their property situated -in this neighbourhood during the reign of Edward I. =Hoxton= is a -corruption of _Hogsdon_, meaning hog’s town. In proof of this statement -we may add that HOG LANE still exists in the vicinity. =De Beauvoir -Town= preserves the family name of the De Beauvoirs, whose original -ancestor, Richard de Beauvoir, of Guernsey, resided here in princely -style. =Copenhagen Fields= were so called after a tea-house opened -by a Dane, about the time when the King of Denmark paid a visit to -James I. =Haggerstone= is a corruption of “Hergotestan,” the literal -Saxon for “Our God’s Town.” =Hackney= was originally described as -_Hackoneye_, signifying an _ey_, or portion of well-watered pasture -land, appropriated by a Danish chief named Hacon [_see_ CHELSEA, &c.]. - -=Dalston= is properly _Daleston_, or Vale-town. This was a quiet -suburban village situated in a valley during the days when the northern -districts of the Metropolis were more or less wooded--as witness =Stoke -Newington=, or the new town in the meadow by the wood. The word _Stoke_ -comes from the Anglo-Saxon _stoc_, a wood or stockade; _ton_ is the -Old English for town, and _ing_ the Anglo-Saxon for a meadow, also a -family settlement. =Southgate= is expressive of the southern entrance -to the enclosure, anciently known as Enfield Chase; and =Kingsland= -the royal domain adjacent to it. =Abney Park= owes its name to ABNEY -HOUSE, recently converted into a Conservative Club, but originally -the residence of Sir Thomas Abney (born 1639, died 1722), Lord Mayor -and a distinguished Nonconformist, knighted by William III. Dr. Isaac -Watts died at Abney House in 1748. =Green Lanes= indicates the rural -character of this neighbourhood in bygone times. =Edmonton= is properly -_Edmond’s-town_. The name of =Ball’s Pond= is all that remains to -remind us of the one-time existence of “The Salutation” house of call -which had a pond for dog and duck sports, kept by John Ball. =Mildmay -Park= is so called after MILDMAY HOUSE, the family seat of Sir Henry -Mildmay, who came into possession of the estate by his marriage with -the daughter of William Halliday, an Alderman of the City in the time -of Charles I. =Muswell Hill= is a slight corruption of _Mustwell Hill_, -derived from the Latin _mustus_, new, fresh; because on this hill there -was anciently discovered a well of clear, fresh water by the friars -of St. John’s Priory, Clerkenwell, who had a dairy hereabouts. That -portion of the hill which has been cut through for the construction of -the line of railway to Enfield, Barnet, and the north, bears the name -of =The Hog’s Back=, in allusion to its shape. The name of =Wood Green= -is self-explanatory. =Hornsey= is a corruption of “Harringe,” or meadow -of hares. =Canonbury= received its title from the residence of the -Prior of the Canons of St. Bartholomew, built in this neighbourhood -soon after the Conquest. _Bury_ is Saxon for a town or enclosed -habitation, equivalent to the Celtic _don_, and Old English _ton_. In -days of old, =Highbury= contained a Priory of the Knights of St. John -of Jerusalem, built in 1271. The establishment was called _High-bury_, -because it stood upon higher ground than their previous residence which -had borne the name of _Tolentone_, or lower town. =Holloway= reminds -us that this was once a miry hollow between Highgate and Islington. -=Barnsbury= is a corruption of _Berners-bury_, originally a manor -belonging to Lady Juliana Berners, Abbess of St. Albans. =Islington= -has always been a favourite suburb in modern times, and even our -mediæval ancestors must have been delighted with its situation, lying -high and dry beyond the fens and the sloughy neighbourhood of the “old -bourne.” Its name signifies “the settlement of the Islings.” - -=King’s Cross= derived its name from a wretched statue of George IV., -set up in honour of his accession in 1820, and demolished to make -way for the London terminus of the Great Northern Railway in 1842. -The parish of =St. Pancras= is so called after the church dedicated -to the boy-saint who was martyred by Diocletian in the early days -of Christianity. =Agar Town=, now entirely swept away by modern -improvements, was designated after William Agar, a miserly lawyer -who acquired the lease of the land for building purposes in 1840. -=Somers Town= is the property of Lord Somers, and =Camden Town=, of -the Earl of Camden. =Kentish Town= was formerly written “Kestestown”; -but even that was a corruption of “Kantelowes Town,” erected upon -the Manor of Kantelowes. The modern spelling of this family name is -_Cantlowes_. =Primrose Hill= is still a pleasant eminence whereon -primroses grow, despite the encroachments of bricks and mortar all -around. =Highgate= is a title expressive of the elevated situation -of the village that sprang up around the toll-gate established on -the common highway from Barnet to Gray’s Inn Road about the year -1400. =Holly Village=, Highgate, was so called by its foundress, the -Baroness Burdett-Coutts-Bartlett, after her residence, Holly Lodge, -hard by. =Hampstead= signifies a farmhouse or homestead. The word is -Saxon: _ham_, a home, and _stede_, a place. In its wider sense, _ham_ -denotes a town. The western slope of Hampstead bears the name of -=Frognal=, after Frognal Priory, an ambitious edifice built here by -Memory-Corner Thompson (born 1757, died 1843), in imitation of Horace -Walpole’s toy village on Strawberry Hill. =Bishop’s Wood=, Hampstead, -comprised the private estate of the Bishop of London, at the time -when that ecclesiastic resided at Highgate. =Gospel Oak= received its -designation from the oak that marked the boundaries of Hampstead and -St. Pancras, and under which, in accordance with an ancient custom, the -Gospel was read once a year. John Whitfield is said to have preached -under this oak. =Chalk Farm= is a corruption of “Chalcot Farm,” a -picturesque farmhouse in whose vicinity duels were usually fought -during the century gone by. =St. John’s Wood= was anciently a thickly -wooded district sheltering an “Abbey of the Holy Virgins of St. John -the Baptist.” =Kilburn= owes its name to the _Kil_, the Celtic word for -a cell, occupied by “one Godwyne, a holy hermit,” beside the _bourne_, -or brook. =Maida Vale= was so called in commemoration of the Battle -of Maida, in which the English defeated the French, July 4, 1806. -=Marylebone= does not signify “Mary the Good,” as the majority of -Londoners imagine, but “St. Mary of the Bourne,” alluding to the church -of St. Mary within sight of the bourne that ran from the hermit’s cell -at _Kilbourne_ down to =Tyburn=, or rather _Twa-burne_; so called -because two different bournes, or streams, met in the neighbourhood -where the Marble Arch now stands. - -The name of =Bayswater= has undergone considerable change from the -original. Not so very long ago the whole of this district was known as -=Bayswater Fields=; during the last century it bore the name of “Bear’s -Watering,” and previously that of _Baynard’s Watering_. By the last was -meant the land dotted with pools held from the Manor of Westminster, -by Ralph Baynard, the favourite of William the Conqueror, who resided -at BAYNARD’S CASTLE, at Blackfriars, on the north bank of the Thames. -These pools, together with the Tyburn were converted into what is now -styled the SERPENTINE, owing to its form, in 1733. =Paddington=, -originally written _Padynton_, was the settlement or town of the -Pædings, a branch of the family who originally established themselves -at, and gave their name to, _Padendene_, in Surrey. =Westbourne Park= -derived its name from the west bourne, or stream, that wended its -way from the hermit’s cell at “Kilbourne,” in the direction of the -“Baynard’s Watering,” and thence, after passing under Fulham (or -Knights’) Bridge, emptied itself into the Thames. =Notting Hill= is -a corruption of _Knolton Barn (Hill)_, a manor held by the De Veres, -and subsequently by Robert Fenroper, an Alderman of the City, in the -reign of Henry VIII. The name of =Shepherd’s Bush= once more puts us in -mind of the pastoral character of the environs of London in the days -gone by. =Acton= is an Anglo-Saxon name for “Oak town,” signifying -the town built in the vicinity of the large Oak Forest. =Gunnersbury= -denotes the town, or enclosed habitation, named after Gunylda, the -niece of King Canute, who resided here during the Danish occupation -of England. =Kew= was anciently described in documents as _Kay-hoo_, -meaning a quay situated on a _hoo_, or _hoe_, the Scandinavian for -a spit of land. =Brentford= signifies the ford over the Brent, a -tributary of the Thames that takes its rise near Hendon. =Isleworth= -means a manor beside the water. The first portion of the word comes -from the Celtic, _Isis_, water; the second is Anglo-Saxon for a manor. -=Staines= owes its name to the boundary stone (Saxon _stane_, a stone) -by the river, which displays the words “God preserve the City of -London.” The date of this stone is 1280. =Kingston= was designated -after the King’s stone, now preserved within railings near the Town -Hall, upon which the Saxon monarchs sat to be anointed. =Shepperton= -is Old English for _Shepherd’s Town_, or the abode of shepherds. The -name of =Twickenham= denotes a hamlet situated between two tributaries -of the Thames. =Richmond= was anciently known as =Sheen=, a Saxon term -for “resplendent,” in allusion to the palace erected by Edward I. When -Henry VII. rebuilt the palace, after its destruction by fire in 1479, -he changed the name of the village to Richmond, in perpetuation of his -title of Earl of Richmond prior to ascending the throne. This king died -here in 1509. - -=Chiswick= is a corruption of “Cheoselwick,” derived from the -Anglo-Saxon _ceosel_, sand, gravel, and the Teutonic _wick_, a reach, -from the root waes, a moist meadow. =Hammersmith= was originally -_Hammersmeide_, a Saxon village distinguished for the number of its -smithies. The forename, _Hammer_, is Scandinavian for a village -or small town. =Kensington= derived its name, or rather that of -_Kynsington_, the Saxon for King’s meadow, with the Old English suffix -_ton_, a town, from a royal residence erected here in very early -times. =Brompton= was so called from the broom-trees that grew in the -neighbourhood of this healthy _ton_ or town. =Chelsea= is described in -old documents as “Chevelsey,” meaning shingle island. The first portion -of the word claims the same etymology as Chiswick, viz., _ceosel_, -sand, gravel; while the suffix _ey_, or _ea_, is also Anglo-Saxon, -derived from _oe_, the Scandinavian for running water. These terminals -always indicate water, and not unfrequently an island, properly so -called; as, for example, Anglesey, the Isle of the Angles. In the case -of Hackney the terminal is expressive of a well-watered pasture, as has -already been seen; whereas in the cases of Chelsea and Battersea the -allusion is not merely to their proximity to the Thames, but to their -partial isolation in ancient times from the adjacent land on account of -the creeks and inlets of the river. =Battersea=, we may here remark, is -described in Domesday Book as “the Manor of Patricesy”; but even this -early name was a corruption of Petersey, or St. Peter’s-ey, because it -had belonged to the Abbey of St. Peter’s, Westminster, from time out -of mind. To return: =Walham Green= denotes a settlement of foreigners; -_wal_, being a modification of _wahl_, the Celtic for foreign, and -_ham_, the Old English for a home. =Fulham= was formerly written -“Fullenhame,” the Anglo-Saxon for a habitation of water-fowl. =Parson’s -Green= received its name from the parsonage in connection with Fulham -Church that stood here previous to 1740. =Percy Cross=, Fulham, is a -corruption of “Parson’s Cross,” referring to a cross on the roof of the -parsonage on Parson’s Green. =Putney= was originally “Puttaney,” the -Saxon for Putta’s Isle; whereas =Wimbledon= was _Wibbandun_, a Celtic -term signifying the _dun_, or hill-fort, belonging to one Wibba. The -name of =Wandsworth= denotes a manor watered by the Wandle. =Lambeth= -is a corruption of “Loamhithe,” the Anglo-Saxon for haven of the loamy -soil. =Vauxhall= is described in a document dated 1282 as the Manor -of Faukeshall. As, however, this manor was originally held by Fulke -de Breante soon after the Conquest, it is highly probable that the -designation was more correctly _Fulke’s Hall_, afterwards corrupted -into _Faukeshall_. The present spelling of the name may be traced back -to the year 1615, when the Hall, or Manor House, was occupied by Jane -Vaux. - -=Southwark= is a modification of the Anglo-Saxon “Suthwerk,” and the -Danish _Sydrike_, literally the south fortification. During the Danish -occupation of England this was a very strong position. =Bermondsey= was -anciently written _Beormundsey_, signifying that the _ey_, or strip of -land intersected by creeks [_see_ CHELSEA, &c.], belonged to Beormund, -a prominent Anglo-Saxon lord. =Horselydown= is properly _Horsadown_, -so called because this district was originally a down used for grazing -horses. =Walworth= was named in honour of Sir William Walworth, Lord -Mayor in 1380, who resided here. The =Borough= recalls the fact that -the inhabitants of London south of the Thames were _Burghers_, and, -therefore, entitled to the rights and privileges of Corporation. - -=Rotherhithe= is Saxon for red haven, alluding to the colour of -the soil. The name of =Deptford= indicates the deep ford over the -Ravensbourne, which is now spanned by a bridge. =Greenwich= means -the green town, or, more precisely, the verdant settlement beside the -_wick_, or reach of the river [_see_ CHISWICK]; whereas =Woolwich= -was originally _Hylwich_, _i.e._, hill town. The =Isle of Dogs= is -a corruption of “Isle of Ducks,” so described in ancient documents -on account of the number of wild-fowl always to be found there. -=New Cross= derived its name from “The Golden Cross,” a famous old -coaching-house, rebuilt and renamed “The New Cross.” =Lewisham= is -properly _Leawreham_, or meadow-home. =Blackheath= is a corruption of -_Bleakheath_. =Eltham= was formerly written “Ealdham,” the Anglo-Saxon -for the old home or dwelling, referring to the palace occupied by the -English kings down to the time of James I. =Catford= is a contraction -of _Cattleford_, signifying a shallow portion of the Ravensbourne -easily forded by cattle. [The University town on the Isis received -its present name of OXFORD for a similar reason.] =Beckenham= denotes -a home beside the beck or brook. Here again the Ravensbourne comes -into notice. =Sydenham= means the home or habitation in the south. The -names of =Forest Hill=, =Norwood=, a contraction of Northwood, and -=Westwood= remind us that the whole of this district was formerly a -large tract of wooded land. =Dulwich= is a corruption of _Dalewich_, -the town in the dale. =Honor Oak= owes its designation to the boundary -oak, under whose umbrageous shade Queen Elizabeth is said to have -dined. =Nunhead= derived its name from “The Nuns’ Head,” a place of -holiday resort for Londoners, dating back more than two hundred years. -=Peckham= was originally _Beckham_, a home distinguished for its becks -or brooks. =Brixton= is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon “Brigestan,” -the bridge of stone. =Camberwell= derived its name from a miraculous -well discovered close by the parish church dedicated to St. Giles, -the patron of cripples. _Cam_ is Celtic for crooked. In this instance -the word applies to the cripples, or rather to their patron saint. -[On the other hand, the University town of CAMBRIDGE was so called -from the bridge over the CAM, a river distinguished for its winding -course.] =Stockwell= is in allusion to the well found in the _stoc_, -or wooded place, in Anglo-Saxon times. =Kennington= means a settlement -in the King’s meadow. One of the palaces of Henry VIII. stood here. -=Newington= denotes the new town in the meadow. Finally, the name of -=St. George’s Fields= was derived from the neighbouring church of St. -George the Martyr. - - - - -_BATTLES._ - - -=The Tearless Victory= was the name given by Plutarch to the victory -won by Archimadus, King of Sparta, over the Argives and Arcadians in -the year 367 B.C. without the loss of a single Spartan soldier. =The -Thundering Legion= is the historical designation given to the Roman -legion that overthrew the Alemanni in the year 179 A.D., during a -thunderstorm, which was supposed to have been sent in answer to the -prayers offered up by the Christians. Not only did the storm strike -terror into the minds of their enemies, but it also enabled the Romans -to relieve their long-protracted thirst. =The Hallelujah Victory= -received its name from the battle-cry of the newly-baptized Bretons, -who were led to the attack by Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, in the year -429. - -=The Battle of the Standard=, fought between the English and the Scots -at Northallerton, August 29, 1138, was so called because the standard -of the former consisted of a tall crucifix borne upon a wagon. From the -crucifix itself there was suspended the Consecrated Host enclosed in a -pyx, while floating beneath were the bannerets of SS. Peter, Wilfrid, -and John of Beverley. =The Battle of the Herrings= (February 12, 1429) -obtained its title from the defeat suffered by the Duc de Bourbon -when attempting to intercept a convoy of salted herrings on their way -to the English besieging Orleans. =The Battle of Spurs= is the more -familiar designation of the Battle of Guinnegate, in which Henry VIII. -defeated the Duc de Longueville (August 16, 1513), because the French -were said to have used their spurs more than their swords. This event, -however, must not be confounded with =The Battle of the Spurs of Gold=, -which took place between the French and the Flemish at Courtray, in -Belgium, July 11, 1302. In this engagement the French were completely -routed, and the spurs of upwards of eight thousand of the vanquished -knights were left upon the field. These were collected and preserved as -trophies of war in the Church of Notre Dame de Courtray. - -The Battle of Marignano (September 13, 1515) also bears the name of -=The Battle of the Giants=, owing to the defeat by Francis I., King of -France, of 1,200 Swiss Guards, the allies of the Milanese. The Battle -of Leipsic (October 16-18, 1813) is known as =The Battle of All the -Nations=, because, in addition to signalizing the overthrow of Napoleon -and the deliverance of Germany, it was the champion battle of the -nations of Europe. - - - - -_NOTABLE DAYS AND FESTIVALS._ - - -That =New Year’s Day= is the first day of the recurring year goes -without saying. Previous to 1752, when the year commenced on the 25th -of March, its four recognized quarters were Whitsuntide, Lammastide, -Martinmastide, and Candlemastide; at the present time they are Lady -Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, and Christmas. Let us at once consider the -meaning of these terms. - -=Whitsuntide= is the season ushered in by =Whit Sunday=, a corruption -of =White Sunday=, because, during the primitive ages of the Church, -all newly-baptized persons were required to attend Mass in white -garments on this day. As every one knows, Whit Sunday commemorates -the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles in the form of fiery -tongues. It is highly probable, therefore, that the true meaning of -Whit, or White, Sunday remains to be sought in connection with the -wisdom symbolized by these fiery tongues. After all, the original -spelling of this festival-name may have been Witan Sunday, the -Anglo-Saxon for Wisdom Sunday; just as the earliest English parliaments -were styled WITANAGEMOTES, or “meetings of the wise men.” But to -proceed. =Lammastide= literally signified the season of First Fruits; -since on =Lammas Day=, a term compounded out of the Anglo-Saxon _hlaf_, -a loaf, and _mœsse_, a feast, (Aug. 1st), it was formerly the custom to -offer bread made of new wheat in the churches. =Martinmas Day= (Nov. -4th), latterly corrupted into =Martlemas Day=, denotes the Feast of -St. Martin, Bishop of Tours in the fourth century. =Candlemas Day=, -or the =Feast of the Purification= (Feb. 2nd), which commemorates -the presentation of the Infant in the Temple in accordance with the -Jewish Law instituted 1490 B.C., because the early Christians walked -in procession to Mass with lighted candles in their hands on this day. -This religious observance was introduced by Pope Gelasius in the fifth -century, as a literal bearing out of the words spoken by Holy Simeon -when he took the child Jesus in his arms: “Lord, now lettest Thou Thy -servant depart in peace, according to Thy word; For mine eyes have seen -Thy salvation, which Thou hast prepared before the face of all people: -_A light to lighten the Gentiles_, and the glory of Thy people Israel” -(_Luke_ ii. 29-32). It is still the practice in the Roman Catholic -Church to make offerings of candles for the use of the altar on this -day. =Lady Day= (Mar. 25th) is but another name for the =Feast of the -Annunciation=, or the day upon which “the angel of the Lord appeared -unto Mary,” and announced that she was to become the Mother of the Son -of God. =Midsummer Day= (June 24th) expresses the midday of the year; -while =Michaelmas Day= (Sept. 29th) is the Feast of St. Michael, the -patron saint of the Roman Catholic Church. As the latter feast falls -upon the first day of autumn, the hiring of labourers and domestics in -the rural districts takes place at this time. =Christmas Day= is, to -put it literally, the Feast Day of Christ, being the anniversary of the -Nativity of the Blessed Redeemer. - -=Innocents’ Day=, formerly known as =Childermas Day= (Dec. 28th), -commemorates the Massacre of the Innocents by Herod. =Twelfth Day= -(Jan. 6th), signifying the twelfth day after Christmas Day, bears the -ecclesiastical name of the =Epiphany=, from the Greek _Epiphaneia_, -a showing or appearance, because on this day the Infant manifested -Himself to the Three Wise Men from the East who came to adore Him. In -olden times the Feast of the Epiphany was kept with great solemnity -in the churches during the day, followed by a festival of a more -social character in the evening, thus accounting for the old-fashioned -appellation of =Twelfth Night=. The 7th of January was formerly called -=Distaff’s Day=, because the Christmas festivities having come to an -end with Twelfth Night, the women were expected to return to their -distaffs and other regular occupations on this day. Another name for -the same occasion was =Rock Day=, _rock_ being the Anglo-Saxon term -for a distaff. Similarly, the first Monday after the Epiphany bore -the designation of =Plough Monday=, on account of the men returning -to the plough and the ordinary labours of the field on this day. -=Handsel Monday=, the first Monday in the New Year, was so called by -the Anglo-Saxons because then it was that _handsels_, or presents, -were bestowed upon domestics and children. To the best of our knowledge -the custom no longer exists in any portion of this country; or perhaps -it may be more correct to say that its observance has been universally -transferred to =Boxing Day= (Dec. 26th), originally so styled from the -opening of the various alms-boxes in the churches, and the distribution -of their contents, which bore the name of a =Christmas Dole=, to the -poor by the clergy on this day. Moreover, since heads of families -usually gave their children and domestics small sums of money to drop -into the boxes for the latter purpose on Christmas morning, we here -trace the origin of the term =Christmas Box=, which nowadays applies to -a present received by servants and others during the Christmas season. - -The word =Lent= is a contraction of the Old English _lenten_, and -the Anglo-Saxon _lencten_, the spring, both derived from _lencgan_, -to lengthen, because the long fast of the Christian Church occurs -when the days begin to lengthen. =Shrove Tuesday=, also known as -=Pancake Tuesday=, derived its name from the shriving or confessing -imposed upon the faithful on this day. The custom of eating pancakes -originated from the fact that this species of food afforded a stay to -the appetite during the long hours of waiting in church to be shrived. -The distribution of ashes on =Ash Wednesday= commemorates the passage -in the third chapter of _Genesis_, where the Lord curses Adam in these -words: “In the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat bread till thou return -to the ground; for dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return.” -=Passion Sunday=, which precedes Palm Sunday, is devoted to a general -commemoration of the subject of Christ’s Passion. =Palm Sunday= owes -its name to the distribution of palms in the Roman Catholic Church, -in allusion to the palms borne by the populace who accompanied the -Redeemer into Jerusalem shortly before His betrayal by Judas. The week -following Palm Sunday is called =Passion Week=, and also =Holy Week=, -because it contains the days upon which the incidents of Christ’s -Passion are particularly commemorated. =Maunday Thursday= is the -first, not at all on account of the _maund_, the Saxon term for an -alms-basket, formerly presented to the poor by the Lord (or rather by -the Lady, “the loaf-giver”) of the Manor, but from the ancient ceremony -of washing the feet of poor persons, in imitation of Christ at the Last -Supper, when He said, “Mandatum novum do vobis,” &c., the French for -_Mandatum_ being _Maundé_. The ecclesiastical designation of this day -is =Holy Thursday=, in commemoration of the Agony and Bloody Sweat of -the Saviour in the Garden of Gethsemane. =Good Friday=, the anniversary -of the Crucifixion, was originally known as “God’s Friday.” The -Anglo-Saxons usually called this day =Long Friday=, in consequence of -the length of the Church service. =Holy Saturday= is the day upon which -the Church commemorates the Burial of Christ. - -The word =Easter= bears in itself no Christian significance whatever, -having been derived from _Eoster_, the goddess of light, or spring, in -whose honour a festival was anciently held in the month of April. The -Jewish festival corresponding to our Easter is called the =Passover=, -in commemoration of the Destroying Angel having _passed over_ the -houses of the Israelites whose door-posts were marked with the blood of -a lamb killed the previous night in accordance with the Divine command, -when He smote the firstborn of the Egyptians in the year 1491 B.C. -Returning to the Christian Church, the Sunday after Easter is called -=Low Sunday=, because it stands at the bottom of the Lenten Calendar; -being the last day upon which Roman Catholics may fulfil their Easter -obligation of receiving the Holy Communion. =Sexagesima Sunday=, -=Quinquagesima Sunday=, and =Quadragesima Sunday= are situated in the -Calendar respectively sixty, fifty, and forty days before Easter; the -terms expressing the Latin for those round numbers. - -The Feast of Whitsuntide, which we have already discussed, also bears -the name of =Pentecost=, from the Greek _pentekoste_, the fiftieth -day, in commemoration of the gift of the Law to the Israelites fifty -days after their deliverance out of Egypt. =Trinity Sunday=, so -called from the Latin _trinitas_, three, is the Festival of the Holy -Trinity, _i.e._, the unity of the three persons, the Father, the Son, -and the Holy Ghost, under one Godhead. =Corpus Christi= expresses -the Latin for the Body of Christ, especially alluding to the Last -Supper. As the Church considered it out of keeping with the solemnity -peculiar to Holy Week, the celebration of this High Festival has -been transferred to the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. The Sunday -preceding Ascension Day is called =Rogation Sunday= because it ushers -in the three =Rogation Days=, or days of preparation, conformably to -the Latin _rogare_, to beseech, for the Feast of the Ascension. We may -conveniently add here that =Ember Days= are those days of especial -fasting and prayers that occur in each of the four seasons of the year, -viz., the Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in -Lent, and the corresponding three days after the Feast of Whitsuntide, -the 14th of September, and the 13th of December. The weeks in which -these days occur are styled =Ember Weeks=; the allusion to embers -(Anglo-Saxon, _ämyrie_, hot ashes) being commemorative of the ancient -custom of doing penance by the wearing of sackcloth and ashes. - -On =Ascension Day= the Church celebrates the Ascension of our Saviour; -while the =Feast of the Assumption= similarly reminds Roman Catholics -of the consummation of the Virgin’s mission upon earth by being assumed -into Heaven. =Holy Cross Day=, =Holy Rood Day=, and the =Feast of the -Exaltation of the Cross= are one and the same, the term Rood being Old -English, derived from the Anglo-Saxon _rôd_, for cross. This festival, -which occurs on the 14th of September, celebrates the restoration of -the Holy Cross of Calvary to Jerusalem in the year 628. =All Saints’ -Day= (Nov. 1st), is the day dedicated to those whose sanctification -during life merited their canonization by the Church after death; -while =All Souls’ Day= (Nov. 2nd) is the day set apart for special -prayers, having for their object the liberation of the suffering souls -in Purgatory. The older designation of the first-named was =Allhallowes -Day=, in accordance with the Anglo-Saxon word _haligan_, holy. -=Allhallowe’en= denoted the evening before, generally attended with -sundry amusements in the social circle; conspicuous among which was the -cracking of nuts in large quantities in the fire, whence it received -the name of =Cracknut Night=. - -=St. Valentine’s Day= (Feb. 14th) is sacred to the memory of Bishop -Valentine, a Christian martyr beheaded at Rome on this day in the year -278. The custom among young people of sending poetical souvenirs to -their sweethearts on the birthday of St. Valentine originated from -the old notion that birds commenced to couple on this day: hence, a -sweetheart chosen on the 14th of February anciently bore the name of -a VALENTINE. Nowadays, alas! the paper VALENTINES are all that remain -to remind us of the fact. =St. Swithin’s Day= (July 15th) perpetuates -the memory of St. Swithin, the preceptor of King Ethelwulf and Bishop -of Winchester, who died July 2, 862. The vulgar belief that if it -rains on this day it will continue to rain for forty successive days -is attributed to the tradition that when, despite the saint’s dying -request to be buried in the churchyard, the clergy took steps to -disinter his body in order to remove it within the cathedral, a heavy -downpour of rain necessitated a postponement of their efforts on -thirty-nine successive days, whereupon, after the fortieth attempt, -they determined to allow the saint to remain where he lay. =St. David’s -Day= (Mar. 1st) commemorates the victory won by the Welsh over the -Saxons on the birthday of their Archbishop (born 490, died 554), in the -year 540. It was in consequence of the Archbishop having ordered them -on this occasion to place a leek in their caps, so as to distinguish -one another from the invaders, that the Welsh afterwards adopted the -leek as their national emblem in his honour. =Comb’s Mass=, which in -the north of Scotland, and Caithness more particularly, takes the -place of our Whitsuntide, is the colloquial term for the Feast of St. -Columba, Abbot of Iona (born 521, died 597). - -=Primrose Day= (April 19th) is the anniversary of the death of Lord -Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881). The abundant display of primroses -on this day, particularly on the part of the members of the Primrose -League, established in 1884 in his honour, originated in the Queen’s -primrose wreath sent to the funeral of the great statesman, thus -inscribed--“His favourite flower.” The custom of displaying a sprig -of oak on =Royal Oak Day= (May 29th) perpetuates the manner in which -the Royalists welcomed the return to England of Charles II. on his -birthday, May 29, 1651, in allusion to his concealment in the oak -at Boscobel, after the Battle of Worcester, on the 3rd of September -previous. =Guy Fawkes’ Day= keeps alive the incident of the Gunpowder -Plot, by the timely discovery of which, November 5, 1605, the -wholesale destruction of King James’s Parliament was averted. The name -of the chief conspirator was not Guy, but Guido Fawkes; his execution -took place January 13, 1606. - -=Arbor Day= is an expression scarcely understood in this country, -except, perhaps, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where the Transatlantic -ceremony of planting trees, shrubs, and flowers within the school -precincts, was publicly performed for the first time by the Mayor, -June 11, 1888. This annual observance prevails not only throughout -the United States and Canada, but also in certain portions of British -Columbia, where the trees have to be coaxed into growing. =Forefathers’ -Day= (Dec. 20th) is kept as a high holiday in New England, -commemorative of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at New Plymouth in -the year 1620. =Independence Day= (July 4th), perpetuates the memory of -the American Declaration of Independence, 1776; and =Evacuation Day= -(Nov. 25th), the date of the evacuation of New York City by the British -army, at the conclusion of the American War of Independence, 1783. - -The Sunday in Mid-Lent when the Pope blesses the Golden Rose, and -children and domestics out at service visit their mothers to feast -upon MOTHERING CAKES, really owes its name of =Mothering Sunday= to -the ancient custom of making offerings to “Mother Church” on the -afternoon of this day. =St. Grouse’s Day= is a popular nickname given -to the 12th of August (=Grouse Day=), when grouse shooting commences; -and =St. Partridge’s Day=, to the 1st of September (=Partridge Day=), -which opens the season for partridge shooting; while =Sprat Day= (Nov. -9th) is the first day for selling sprats in London. The expression -=Red Letter Day=, signifying a past event generally referred to with -pleasure, found its origin in the old almanacks, where the Festivals -and Saints’ Days were printed in red ink and the rest in black. This -arrangement still obtains in Roman Catholic countries. - -=Holiday= is a corruption of Holy Day, or a day originally set apart -by the Roman Catholic Church for the celebration of some feast in -commemoration of an important event, or in honour of a particular -saint. The word =Almanac=, also written =Almanack=, is derived from the -Arabic _al manah_, to count; whereas =Calendar= is a contraction of the -Latin _calendarium_, an account-book. - - - - -_TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND LACE._ - - -Several of our textile fabrics are indebted for their names to the -places where they were first manufactured. As examples: =Damask Linens -and Silks= originally came from Damascus; =Muslin= from Moosul, in -Mesopotamia; =Nankeen= from Nankin, in China; =Calico= from Calicut, -on the Malabar Coast; =Cashmere= from the valley of Cashmere, in -India; =Dimity= from Damietta, in Egypt; =Valence= from Valencia, in -Spain; and =Holland= from the Netherlands. =Cambric= was first made at -Cambray; =Shalloon= at Chalons; and =Tarlatan= at Tarare: each of these -towns being situated in France. =Worsted= formerly comprised the staple -industry of a town of that name in Norfolk; =Cobourg= is brought from -Cobourg, in Germany; while =Angola= comes from the Portuguese territory -so called on the West Coast of Africa. The coarse woollen cloth known -as =Frieze= was originally imported from Friesland. - -The name of =Cotton= is a modification of the Arabic _qoton_; =Silk= is -derived from the Latin _sericus_, soft; and =Satin= from the Italian -_seta_, a species of silk distinguished for its gloss and close -texture. Variegated silk or other stuff bears the name of =Brocade= -in accordance with the Italian verb _broccare_, to prick, to stitch, -to figure; =Damassin= is a damask cloth interwoven with flowers, or -silver, or gold; =Sarsanet= is a fine silk, originally made by the -Saracens; =Mohair= is properly Moorhair, or the hair of the Angola -goat introduced into Spain by the Moors; whereas =Moire Antique= is -the French description of a watered silk worked up in the manner of -that worn in the olden time. =Chintz= is a Persian word signifying -spotted or stained; =Taffety=, or =Taffeta=, is a modification of -the Persian _tâftah_, derived from _taftan_, to spin; =Linen= is an -Anglo-Saxon rendering of the Latin _linum_, flax; and =Lawn= is simply -fine linen bleached upon a lawn instead of the customary drying-ground. -=Pompadour= received its name from Madame le Pompadour, the mistress -of Louis XV. of France (born 1721, died 1764), who was the first to -introduce it. - -=Swansdown= is, of course, made from the down of swans; =Moleskin= -is not the skin of the mole, but a strong cotton fabric or fustain -having a smooth surface like the mole-skin; =Merino= is manufactured -from the wool of the Merino sheep; and =Alpaca= from that of the -alpaca, a species of _llama_ found in Peru. =Kersey= is a corruption -of =Jersey=, indicative of the place where this favourite woollen -material was first produced. The dyed cotton stuff known as =Gingham=, -out of which umbrellas were formerly made--hence the slang term for -those articles--is so called after the native Javanese name pronounced -ginggang. We may also conveniently add here that =Blankets= received -their designation from Thomas Blanket, who first made them at Bristol -as long ago as the year 1340. - -The name of =Velvet= traces its origin from the Latin _villus_, shaggy -hair; and =Plush= from _pilus_, a hair. =Velveteen= is a cotton velvet -or a cloth in imitation of velvet. =Fustian=, derived from the Spanish -_fustan_, is a generic term for the twilled cotton stuffs of which -velvet, corduroy, &c., are the chief. =Grogram= is a corruption of -the French _gros-grain_, meaning coarse-grained; whereas =Corduroy= -is properly _Cord du roy_, King’s Cord, so called because, owing to -its ribbed or corded surface, it was at one time considered superior -to any other kind of cloth intended for masculine wear. =Pina-cloth=, -a material much used for ladies’ dresses, is manufactured from the -fibres of the pine-apple leaf; just as =Grass-cloth= is extensively -worked up into light jackets for Indian wear from the Grass Cloth -plant which abounds in China, Assam, and Sumatra. =T-cloth= comprises -a special kind of cloth expressly manufactured in this country for -exportation to India, and distinguished by a _T_ marked upon it; -while =Broadcloth= simply bears its name on account of its unusual -width. The name of =Twill= is a modification of the German _Zwillich_, -signifying trellis-work, and founded upon _twillen_, to separate in -two, since this cloth presents the appearance of diagonal lines or -ribs upon its surface. =Tweed= is a cloth made in the neighbourhood -of the river Tweed; but it did not always bear this name. The cloth -is really _twill_, and the altered designation arose out of the word -being blotted in an invoice sent to James Locke, of London, who, -conceiving it to look like “Tweed,” suggested that it might as well -stand for the name of the cloth as any other. =Plaid= owes its name to -the Gaelic _peallaid_, a sheepskin out of which the over-garments of -the Highlanders were originally made. =Check= is but another name for -Plaid, meaning checkered, _i.e._, marked with variegated or crossed -lines; as, for example, a draught-board, of which the counters are, on -account of their cross movements, called CHECKERS or CHEQUERS. - -The word =Embroidery= is a modern substantive evolved out of the old -verb “Embordering,” by which was meant the adornment of any material -with a border. =Tapestry= is derived, through the French _tapisserie_, -from the Latin _tapes_, a carpet. The celebrated =Bayeaux Tapestry=, -supposed to have been the work of Matilda, queen of William the -Conqueror, and her maidens, took its name from the Norman town where -it was discovered in 1728. =Gobelin Tapestry= preserves the memory of -the Brothers Gobelin, the great French dyers (flourished 1470) whose -house in Paris was acquired in 1662 by Louis XIV. for the production -of tapestry and other works of ornamental design suitable for the -adornment of palaces under the direction of M. Colbert. The more -ancient name for Tapestry was that of Arras, in allusion to the town -situated in the French Netherlands whence it chiefly came. - -Having regard to Lace, it will suffice to observe that =Lisle=, -=Chantilly=, =Brussells=, =Honiton=, &c., severally identify the Lace -with the local centres where its manufacture is principally carried -on; that =Valenciennes= is made at Valenciennes, in France; and that -=Colbertine= derives its name from M. Colbert, the superintendent -of the French Royal Lace Factories established by Louis XIV. in the -seventeenth century. Lace is styled =Point-lace= when it is worked -with the point of a needle; and =Pillow-lace= when produced by twisted -threads around a series of pins arranged on a cushion. The latter, -which has so greatly superseded the more costly point-lace, is said -to have been the invention of Barbara Uttmann, of St. Annaberg, in -the year 1561. The word =Lace= itself comes from the Latin _laques_, -a noose or snare. =Tulle=, a species of network or lace, is indebted -for its designation to the French town of that name where it was first -made. - - - - -_LITERARY PSEUDONYMS._ - - -So far from being chosen at random these are frequently the result of -much premeditation. =Voltaire= (born 1694, died 1778), whose proper -name was Arovet, composed out of this and the initials L. I. (_le -jeune_) the anagram by which all his writings are identified. Again, -=Barry Cornwall= is an imperfect anagram founded upon Bryan Waller -Procter (born 1790, died 1874), the poet’s real name; whereas =Yendys=, -the signature of Sydney Dobell (born 1824, died 1874), was merely the -Christian name reversed. To cite an instance of another class: Charles -James Apperley, of Denbighshire, author of “The Chase, the Turf, and -the Road,” and a regular contributor to _The Quarterly Review_ could -scarcely have hit upon a more fitting pseudonym than that of =Nimrod=, -who “was a mighty hunter before the Lord,” alluded to in _Genesis_ x. -9. Such a choice will be the better understood, perhaps, when it is -mentioned that out of regard for the sporting tastes of his esteemed -contributor, Mr. Pittman, the proprietor of the _Quarterly_ kept a stud -of hunters for his especial use. Equally appropriate was the pseudonym -=Zadkiel=, denoting the angel of the planet Jupiter, adopted by -Lieutenant Richard James Morrison, author of “The Prophetic Almanack,” -which still survives as an annual publication. - -Washington Irving selected the _nom de plume_ of =Knickerbocker= for -his “History of New York,” in allusion to the wide breeches worn by the -original settlers of that city. The true account of how Charles Lamb -(born 1775, died 1834) adopted the name of =Elia= for his “Essays” is -as follows:--His first contribution to the “London Magazine” being a -description of the Old South Sea House, in which he had spent several -months of his noviciate as a clerk, he at the very moment of appending -his signature, bethought himself of a gay, light-hearted foreigner -who used to flutter about there; and, as a mere matter of whim, he -wrote down the name of that individual instead of his own. =Boz=, -the early _nom de plume_ of Charles Dickens (born 1812, died 1870), -arose out of the nickname of Moses conferred by him upon a younger -pet brother in honour of Moses Primrose in the “Vicar of Wakefield.” -The other children of the family, however, found it impossible to -utter a nearer pronunciation to the name than “Bozes,” which presently -became shortened in “Boz”; and the latter hit the fancy of our young -author sufficiently to lead him to its adoption at that period of his -literary career when he lacked the confidence to appear before the -world under his own name. Out of an analogous incident sprang =Ouida=, -the pseudonym of one of the most widely-read lady novelists of the -present day. Her actual name is Louise de la Ramée (born in 1840); -but remarking the infantile conversion of Louise into “Ouida,” she was -struck by the novelty of such a _nom de plume_, and immediately adopted -it. Another lady novelist of probably higher attainments assumed the -name of =George Sand= (born 1804, died 1876) as the outcome of her -attachment to a young student named Jules Sand, or rather Sandeau, with -whom she collaborated in the production of “Rose et Blanche,” her first -novel. The real name of this lady was Mdlle. Dupin, afterwards changed -by marriage to Madame Dudevant. - -It may be deemed interesting to learn also that =Artemus Ward= was an -actual name borne by an eccentric showman with whom Charles Farrar -Browne, the American humorist (born 1834, died 1867) often came into -personal contact; and, further, that Samuel Langhorne Clemens (born in -1835) owes his singular pseudonym to the fact of having been employed -in early life as a pilot on one of the Mississippi River steamboats. -The nautical phrase for taking soundings, =Mark Twain=, or, in other -words, “mark two fathoms,” suggested the name under which the works of -the latter have become widely popular on both sides of the Atlantic. - -Finally, not every one is aware that =F. M. Allen=, the pseudonym of -Mr. Edmund Downey, author of “The Voyage of the Ark,” “Through Green -Glasses,” and some other books of Irish humour, was his wife’s maiden -name. - - - - -_COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS._ - - -A =Portrait=, so called from the Latin _protrahere_, to draw forth, is -produced by the individual skill of an artist; whereas a =Photograph=, -conformably to the two Greek words _photos_, light, and _graphein_, to -write, is obtained by the action of sunlight upon a chemically prepared -surface, such as silver, zinc, copper, glass, or paper. - -The earliest examples of portraiture were styled =Miniatures= because -they originated from the head of the Virgin or of some well-known -saint introduced into the initial letters of illuminated rubics by the -_Miniatori_, a number of monks noted for their skill in painting with -_minium_, or red lead. The reason why the portraits of monarchs are -represented on coins and medals in =Profile= dates back to Antigonus, -one of the generals of Alexander the Great, who, having lost one eye, -ordered his likeness to be drawn from a side view. This occurred in the -year 330 B.C. The term is a corruption, by way of the French _profil_, -of the Latin _perfilum_, compounded out of _per_, through, by, and -_filum_, a line, a thread. A profile cut out of black paper bears the -name of a =Silhouette= in honour of Etienne de Silhouette, the French -Comptroller of Finance under Louis XV. (born 1709, died 1767), who was -the first to have his features outlined in this manner. - -The earlier descriptions of photographs were respectively styled -=Talbotypes=, =Daguerreotypes=, and =Ferriertypes=, after the names -of their inventors. The smaller-sized photographs at present in use -were originally described as =Cartes-de-Visite= from the practice of -the Duc de Parma, who, while staying at Nice in the year 1857, had his -photograph produced on the back of his visiting cards. The designation -=Vignette=, which expresses the French diminutive of vine or tendril, -owes its origin to the vine-leaves or branches that properly surround -the photographs produced in this style. A photograph of the larger size -is called a =Cabinet= because it forms a picture suited to the walls -of a cabinet or very small room. A three-quarter-length photograph -or portrait is styled among artists a =Kit-Kat=, in allusion to the -portraits of the original members of the “Kit-Kat Club,” which were -painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for Jacob Tonson, the secretary, to -suit the dimensions of the room in which the Club was latterly held at -his villa at Barn Elms. Similarly, a canvas measuring 28 inches by 36 -inches is styled a =Kit-Kat Canvas= because this was the uniform size -of the famous “Kit-Kat Club portraits.” We may as well add here that -the KIT-KAT CLUB derived its name from Christopher Kat, a pastrycook -of King Street, Westminster, in whose house the thirty noblemen -and gentlemen who formed themselves into a Club for the purpose of -promoting the Protestant Succession in the year 1703 held their first -meetings. - - - - -_LONDON INNS AND GARDENS._ - - -In our article on TAVERN SIGNS we confined ourselves to a general -survey of the subject; we now purpose to consider the significance of -a few Inn Signs that are, or were once, peculiar to London. Commencing -with the celebrated =Tabard=, in Southwark, so dear to the memory -of Chaucer and his Canterbury Pilgrims, that sign was derived from -the rich tunic or mantle of the same name worn by military nobles -over their armour and emblazoned with heraldic devices. The Tabard -still forms part of the costume of the heralds. =La Belle Sauvage=, -on Ludgate Hill, was, as is evident from a legal document dated the -thirty-first year of the reign of Henry VI., known both as “Savage’s -Inn” and “The Bell and the Hoop.” The latter was the actual sign, -representing a bell within a hoop, of the Inn which was kept by -Isabelle Savage; and the combination of these two names resulted in -the punning title of “La Belle Sauvage.” =The Swan with Two Necks=, -in Lad Lane, was a corruption of “The Swan with Two Nicks.” As most -Londoners are aware, it has long been the custom of the Vintners’ -Company, in their annual “swan-upping” expeditions on the Thames, to -mark their swans with a couple of nicks or notches in the bill, so -as to distinguish them from the royal swans, whose nicks are five in -number, viz., two lengthways and three across on the bill. That this -characteristic mark of the Vintners’ Company should have been chosen -for a London Inn Sign is scarcely extraordinary. - -The sign of =The Elephant and Castle=, on the south side of the river, -was adopted from the crest of the Cutlers’ Company, into whose trade -ivory, and consequently elephants’ tusks, enters very considerably. -With regard to the “Castle,” this was in mediæval times inseparable -from the idea of an elephant, owing to the part which these huge -animals anciently took in the Punic wars. Another “Elephant and Castle” -exists in the parish of St. Pancras, near King’s Cross; but this sign -originated from the discovery, in 1714, of the skeleton of an elephant -in the neighbourhood of Battle Bridge. A flint-headed spear lay beside -the remains, and from this it is reasonable to conjecture that the -animal must have been killed by the Britons who were led by Queen -Boadicea against the Romans in the year 61 A.D. - -=The Horse Shoe=, Tottenham Court Road, came into existence as a sign -from the large horse-shoes nailed up at the entrance of Messrs. Meux’s -brewery adjoining. The shoes are also conspicuous on the trappings -of the dray-horses belonging to that establishment; in short, they -comprise the trade-mark of the firm. =The Blue Posts=, at the corner -of Hanway Street, nearly opposite the “Horse Shoe,” arose out of the -fancy of an old innkeeper to distinguish his hostelry from all others -by causing the chain-posts abutting on the road to be painted blue -instead of white, which eccentricity fully served the purpose of a -sign. There is another “Blue Posts” in Cork Street, Piccadilly, and -yet another in Southampton Buildings, Holborn; but the first-named -is the oldest of the three, and therefore the original. =The Black -Posts=, Bond Street, may also be regarded as a modified imitation of -the example set by the original “Blue Posts.” =The Three Chairmen=, at -the foot of Hay Hill, Berkeley Square, and =The Running Footman=, in -Hayes’ Mews, close by, were so denominated from being the resort of -gentlemen’s servants in the days when SEDAN CHAIRS (these chairs were -first made at Sedan, in France, which accounts for their name, exactly -as BATH CHAIRS were originally introduced at Bath during the last -century, when fashionable invalids flocked to the West of England to -drink the Bath and Cheltenham waters) and Running Footmen preceded the -use of private carriages by the wealthy. - -=The Mother Red Cap=, Camden Town, perpetuates the memory of a -notorious poisoner known as “Mother Damnable, the Consort of the -Devil,” who lived at Hungerford Stairs during the period of the -Commonwealth. =The Mother Shipton=, Haverstock Hill, was built at -the time when the prophecies of Mrs. Evan Preece, of Glamorganshire, -South Wales, were in everybody’s mouth. This old woman was said to -have had a son by the devil, whereupon, in return for the sacrifice of -her honour, she was accorded the gift of prophecy. When we state that -she correctly predicted the deaths of Lord Percy, Wolsey, and other -historical personages, the existence of Mother Shipton in this country -must be regarded as a time-honoured if not exactly as a well-founded -institution. =The Adelaide=, Haverstock Hill, was named in honour of -the consort of William IV., and =The York and Albany= after the title -of Frederick, the second son of George III. - -=Jack Straw’s Castle=, Highbury, as also the celebrated hostelry of -the same name on Hampstead Heath, was so called after Jack Straw, -one of the leaders in Wat Tyler’s insurrection, who pulled down the -Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem at the former place, and -whose habitation was a hole formed out of the hill-side on the site of -the present Inn at the latter place. =The Spaniards=, Highgate, was -originally the private residence of the Spanish Ambassador to James I. -=The Whittington Stone=, Highgate Hill, took its sign from the stone -upon which the world-famous Dick Whittington sat down to rest the while -he listened to the bells of Bow Church pleasantly chiming across the -open fields. The stone is still to be seen on the edge of the pavement -exactly opposite the public-house. - -The sign of =The Thirteen Cantons=, King Street, Golden Square, -was adopted in compliment to the thirteen Protestant cantons of -Switzerland, and to the numerous natives of that country who at one -time took up their residence in the parish of Soho. During the last -decade or two the Swiss population has given way in a large degree to -French immigrants. =The North Pole=, Wardour Street, dates back to -the time when our national interest in Arctic discovery was at its -height; exactly in the same manner as =The South Australian=, Hans -Place, Chelsea, was established in the year that first witnessed the -colonization of Southern Australia. - -=The World’s End=, in the King’s Road, Chelsea, a favourite house -of entertainment during the Restoration period, received its name -on account of its distance from town. =The Fulham Bridge=, at -Knightsbridge, recalls the original name of the structure which -crossed the Westbourne in this neighbourhood (_see_ KNIGHTSBRIDGE). -=The Devil=, Fleet Street, received its name from its situation, -nearly opposite the Church of St. Dunstan, and the traditional account -of that saint having seized the Evil One by the nose with a pair of -hot pincers. =The Three Nuns=, Aldgate, well serves the purpose of -reminding us of the existence of an ancient priory inhabited by the -nuns of St. Clare in this neighbourhood (_see_ MINORIES). =The White -Conduit Tavern=, Islington, occupies the site of the famous old =White -Conduit House=, a popular place of resort previous to its demolition in -1849. This was the Conduit which had served the Carthusian Friars with -water from ancient times. The prenomen “white” applied to the house -and was derived from the appearance of its exterior. =The Belvedere=, -Pentonville Hill, originally contained a small structure on the roof -known by this name for sitting under and enjoying the prospect across -the fields. The term _Belvidere_ is Italian, signifying “a fine -prospect,” and is equally applicable to a summer arbour and the flat -roof of a house. =The Clown Tavern=, St. John Street Road, Clerkenwell, -owes its sign to the fact that it was formerly kept by a clown engaged -at Sadler’s Wells Theatre, in its immediate vicinity. The well-known -=Hummuns’s Hotel=, generally alluded to as =Hummuns’s=, Covent Garden, -derived this title from its erection on the site of a _Hummuns_, the -Arabic name for a sweating bath, kept by a Mr. Small some time during -the seventeenth century. - -Reference to the above Inns and Taverns peculiar to London compels us -almost to say a few words concerning those popular places of outdoor -resort of which we have all read and heard so much. =Sadler’s Wells= -marks the position of an ancient holy well whose waters were famous -for working extraordinary cures. In the year 1683, after having been -stopped up since the Reformation, a Mr. Sadler, while digging for -gravel in his garden, discovered this well, and thereafter it bore -his name. In order to profit by the re-established fame of this well, -Sadler converted his residence into a house of entertainment under -the title of “Sadler’s Musick House.” Here were provided tight-rope -dancing, conjuring, tumbling, and a variety of other diversions, -always accompanied by music. Sixty years later, probably after the -death of Mr. Sadler, the property passed into the hands of Mr. -Rosoman, who turned it into a theatre, but retained the name of the -old proprietor. The present theatre was built by Mrs. Bateman in 1879. -=Highbury Barn=, first a small ale and cake house, and afterwards a -place of public entertainment, including a theatre, was so called from -its occupying the site of a barn-like structure originally belonging -to the ancient Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and -left standing after the incursion of Jack Straw and his rebellious -companions [_see ante_, JACK STRAW’S CASTLE]. =Vauxhall Gardens= -derived their title from the Hall, or Manor-house, of Jane Vaux, which -they displaced [_see_ VAUXHALL]; =Ranelagh Gardens= occupied the site -of Ranelagh House, the seat of an Irish nobleman of that title; while -=Cremorne Gardens= were named after Thomas Dawson, Lord Cremorne, whose -town house and grounds they covered. Whatever may have been the moral -character of these places, their removal has had the effect of effacing -one phase of Metropolitan amusement entirely; but it has also been -instrumental in introducing another--namely, the Music-Halls. The first -London music-hall was “The Canterbury,” Westminster Bridge Road, which -grew out of =The Canterbury Arms=, displaying the arms of the city of -Canterbury in the year 1848. - - - - -_SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES._ - - -The list of historical personages whose sobriquets and nicknames are -even better known than their proper names is very large; we must, -therefore, content ourselves with a random selection of the principal. - -Commencing with the ladies: Ayesha (born 610, died 677), the second and -favourite wife of Mahomet, was called =The Mother of Believers= because -the prophet styled himself “The Father of Believers.” =Fair Helen= was -the wife of Menelaos, King of Sparta, by whose guest, Paris, the Trojan -prince, she was carried off. This incident was the immediate cause -of the famous siege of Troy which lasted ten years. =Fair Rosamond= -(died 1154) was the mistress of Henry II., who kept her in a secluded -bower that could be approached only by a labyrinth or maze in the -neighbourhood of the royal palace at Woodstock. One day, however, the -queen artfully discovered her way thereto by means of a silken thread -attached to the garment of the faithless husband, after which she soon -procured the removal of her rival by poison. Joan, the wife of Edward -the Black Prince, was styled =The Fair Maid of Kent= (died 1385) on -account of her beauty and being the only daughter of the Earl of Kent. -=The Holy Maid of Kent= was Elizabeth Barton, a religious enthusiast, -hanged at Tyburn in 1534. A brave, if not a beautiful, woman of -historic renown was the Countess of Dunbar and March, who, in the year -1337, completely defied the attempt of the Earl of Salisbury to capture -Dunbar Castle during a siege of nineteen weeks, at the end of which -the latter was forced to retire with ignominy. This warlike heroine is -generally alluded to under the name of =Black Agnes=, in consequence of -her swarthy complexion. A less fortunate Scottish heroine who fell at -the Battle of Ancrum Moor beside her English adversary, General Evers, -whom she had killed, was =Fair Maiden Lilliard=. She was buried on the -site of the conflict; and her epitaph, as follows, is known to every -man, woman, and child in that part of the country:-- - - “Fair Maiden Lilliard lies under this stene, - Little was her stature, but great was her fame; - Upon the English loons she laid many thumps, - And when her legs were cutted off, she fought upon her stumps.” - -The spot where she fell still bears the name of “Lilliard’s Edge.” -Then, of course, we have the celebrated Joan of Arc, =The Maid of -Orleans= (born 1412, burnt at the stake 1431), who placed herself at -the head of the attacking party and effected the capture of the city -of Orleans from the English. Neither must we omit a passing allusion -to Augustine Zaragossa, better known as =The Maid of Saragossa=, owing -to the signal heroism which she displayed during the siege of her -native city in 1808-9. The Honourable Elizabeth St. Leger, the niece -of Colonel Anthony St. Leger, who founded the Stakes named after him -in connection with Doncaster races, is known to posterity as =The Lady -Freemason=, because on one occasion she overheard the proceedings of an -assembly of Freemasons, and, being discovered, was, as the only way of -meeting an unprecedented difficulty, duly elected a member of the craft -and initiated into its peculiar rites and ceremonies. Madame Jenny Lind -Goldschmidt (born 1821, died 1887) was styled =The Swedish Nightingale= -on account of her vocal genius and her birth in the city of Stockholm. -The now popular society actress, Mrs. Langtry, bears the somewhat -punning though highly complimentary sobriquet of =The Jersey Lily=, -because she was born in Jersey and her Christian name is Lillie. - -Heraclitus of Ephesus (flourished 500 B.C.) was known as =The Weeping -Philosopher=, because he spent the latter years of his life in grieving -over the folly of men; on the other hand, Democritus of Abdera -(born 460 B.C., died 357 B.C.) merited the surname of =The Laughing -Philosopher=, because he jeered at the feeble powers of man, whose -every act was in the hands of fate. Duns Scotus, the Scottish schoolman -(born 1272, died 1308), was styled =The Subtle Doctor= by reason of -his learning; while St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, died 1274) was -denominated =The Angelic Doctor= because he belonged to the priesthood. -=St. Paul of the Cross= is the name by which Paul Francis (born 1694, -died 1775), founder of the religious Order of the Passionists, is best -known. - -The famous English outlaw who flourished between the years 1180 and -1247, and whose real name was Robert Fitz-ooth, Earl of Huntingdon, -adopted the style of =Robin Hood=, in deference to the example set -by the people of Nottinghamshire, who, while dropping the _Fitz_, -corrupted the _Robert_ into Robin and the _ooth_ into Hood. =Little -John= was properly called John Little, but being a great, stalwart -fellow, the outlaw chief took a fancy to invert his name for the sake -of the contrast. We can quite understand “the merry men of Sherwood -Forest” cultivating an objection to hard-sounding words; therefore it -could not have been long before William Scathelocke, another prominent -member of Robin Hood’s band, found his name reduced to the more -euphonious form of =Will Scarlet=. =Friar Tuck= was so called because -his habit was _tucked in_ around the waist by a girdle. - -=Sixteen-string Jack= was the name popularly bestowed upon Jack Rann, a -notorious highwayman hanged in 1791, owing to the sixteen tags he wore -on his breeches, eight at each knee. Another notorious representative -of the great family of Jacks, good, bad, and otherwise, was the Marquis -of Waterford, commonly known as =Spring-heel Jack=, from his habit of -frightening people by springing upon them out of obscure corners after -nightfall during the early part of the present century. =Gentleman -Jack= and =Gentleman Smith= were the titles respectively borne by John -Bannister and William Smith, both actors of the century gone by. The -former was noted for his straightforward dealings with his fellow-men -in private life, the latter for his gentlemanly deportment on the stage. - -Who has not heard of =Admirable Crichton=? This extraordinary Scottish -prodigy, James Crichton (born 1560, died 1583), is said to have given -such early proofs of his learning that the degree of Master of Arts was -conferred upon him at the age of fourteen. In addition to his classical -knowledge, he was a poet, a musician, a sculptor, an artist, an actor, -a brilliant conversationalist, a good horseman, and an excellent -fencer. Surely the possessor of such varied accomplishments deserved a -better fate than that which befell him in the very prime of his life! -He was stabbed by a band of masked desperadoes led by his own pupil, -Vincenzo Gonzaga, the son of the Duke of Mantua. A genius of a totally -different stamp was George Robert Fitzgerald, better known, owing to -his duelling proclivities, as =Fighting Fitzgerald=. This individual -was one of the most infamous characters of the last century. No enemy -ever escaped him with life; being a sure shot and an expert swordsman, -his intense love of gambling and duelling, united to a haughty and -overbearing disposition, habitually prompted him to shed the blood of -his fellow-men without the least compunction. - -A celebrated leader of fashion during the early part of this century -was Robert Coates, popularly styled =Romeo Coates= in consequence of -his fondness for playing the part of Romeo at amateur theatricals. -Among other past notabilities of fashion we may mention =Beau -Fielding=, =Beau Brummell=, and =Beau Nash=, severally so styled from -the foppishness of their attire. The last-named (born 1674, died 1761) -was a notorious diner-out, and for some time Master of the Ceremonies -at the fashionable Assembly Rooms at Bath, where he provided a series -of entertainments the like of which had never been known. On this -account he was surnamed =King of Bath=. Alas! though literally the -“monarch of all he surveyed” during the brief period of his popularity, -when at length Death claimed him for his own he was as poor as the -meanest of King George’s subjects. - -But Richard “Beau” Nash was not the only British subject who has -rejoiced in the erstwhile title of King. As examples: Richard Oastler, -of Bradford (born 1789, died 1861), merited the style of =The Factory -King=, in recognition of his success in promoting the “Ten Hours’ -Bill”; George Hudson, of Yorkshire (born 1800, died 1871), chairman -of the Midland Railway Company, was denominated =The Railway King=, -because in one day he cleared the large sum of £100,000 by fortunate -railway speculations; John Law, the projector of the Mississippi -Scheme (born 1671, died 1729), bore the name of =The Paper King=, than -which, by the way, nothing could have been more appropriate. The -huge fortunes anticipated by the subscribers to this wholesale fraud -appeared promising enough upon paper, or, to put it more precisely, in -the prospectus; but hard cash there was none, saving such as passed -into the pockets of the wily promoter. In our own decade we have -=The Nitrate King=, the sobriquet of Colonel J. T. North, of Eltham, -consequent upon his successful speculations in the commodity with which -his name has become associated. - -John Kyrle, of Ross, Herefordshire (born 1637, died 1754), well known -for his artistic tastes and acts of benevolence, was styled by Pope -=The Man of Ross=, because he was constantly effecting improvements -for the public good in the neighbourhood of his estate. Another local -philanthropist was Dr. William Gordon, of Hull (born 1801, died 1849), -whose surname, =The People’s Friend=, so well merited during life, -literally followed him to the grave, where it appears chiselled on -his tombstone. Perhaps the greatest benefactor of the human race with -whom we have become practically acquainted in modern times, was Father -Mathew (born 1790, died 1856), universally styled =The Apostle of -Temperance=, beside whom, judging from results, all our latter-day -temperance advocates sink into insignificance. He was also made the -recipient of the sobriquet =The Sinner’s Friend=, on account of the -special interest he took in the fallen and the outcast; even the most -degraded always met with a welcome at his hands. - -=The Musical Small-coal Man= was the popular designation of Thomas -Britton (born 1650, died 1714), a vendor of small coals, which -he carried in a sack over his shoulder and cried in the streets, -who on Thursday evenings gave a series of high-class instrumental -concerts in the room over his shed in Clerkenwell, assisted by the -best talent he could procure, that attracted all fashionable London. -This gifted person was actually frightened to death by the freak -of a ventriloquist. Thomas Rawlinson, the bibliopolist (born 1681, -died 1725), was appropriately enough styled =Tom Folio=. =The Infant -Roscius= (born 1791, died 1874) was William Henry Betty, a histrionic -prodigy named after the greatest actor of antiquity. His _début_ took -place at Belfast, August 19, 1803; and three months later he appeared -at Covent Garden (then under the management of the elder Macready) for -twelve nights at a salary of fifty guineas a night and a clear benefit. -During this brief season the public excitement was so great that the -military had to be called out every night to preserve order. His last -appearance as a boy-actor occurred at Bath in the year 1808. - -William Gerard Hamilton, the Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer (born -1729, died 1756), has been handed down to posterity under the name -of =Single-speech Hamilton=, because he delivered but one speech in -the House, and that was such a marvellous outburst of rhetoric that -it electrified all who heard it. This memorable incident took place -November 13, 1755. Henry Dundas, afterwards Lord Melville (born 1740, -died 1811), merited the sobriquet of =Starvation Dundas= in consequence -of his repeated use of the word “starvation” in the course of a debate -on American affairs in the year 1775. Sir Robert Peel (born 1750, -died 1830), during the time he was Chief Secretary for Ireland (1812 -to 1816), was popularly denominated =Orange Peel=, on account of his -strong anti-Catholic spirit [_see_ ORANGEMEN]. William Pitt, Earl of -Chatham (born 1708, died 1778), was styled =The Heaven-sent Minister= -because the most splendid triumphs of British arms were achieved during -his administration. John Russell, afterwards created Earl Russell (born -1792, died 1878), received the nickname of =Finality John= from the -fact of his maintaining that the Reform Bill of 1832 was a _finality_. -The late Earl of Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881) owed his popular -name of =Dizzy= to his own habit of setting forth his early novels -during the lifetime of his father under the authorship of “D’Israeli -the Younger.” In course of time this became shortened into “Dizzy,” and -it clung to him ever afterwards. - -Mr. W. E. Gladstone (born 1809) first received the nickname of =The -Grand Old Man= on the occasion of the unseating in the House of Commons -of Mr. Charles Bradlaugh (June 1880), through his refusal to take the -oath after his election as member for Northampton. At this time Mr. -Bradlaugh found a strong champion in Mr. Labouchere; and the nickname -arose out of the latter’s conversation in the tea-room of the House “I -told some friends,” said Mr. Labouchere, referring to the incident of -Mr. Bradlaugh’s expulsion, “that before I left Mr. Gladstone came to -me, and that _grand old man_, with tears in his eyes, took me by the -hands and said, ‘Mr. Labouchere, bring me Mr. Bradlaugh back again.’” - -Mr. William Henry Smith, M.P., the present First Lord of the Treasury -(born 1825), is popularly known by the name of =Bookstall Smith= -because he originated the idea of railway bookstalls, and founded the -now widely-popular firm of “W. H. Smith and Sons.” - -Sir Christopher Hatton (born 1540, died 1591) was styled =The Dancing -Chancellor= because he first attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth -by his graceful dancing at one of the Court masques. In recognition -of this accomplishment he was created a Knight of the Garter and -subsequently made Chancellor of England. =Praise-God Barebones=, or, -rather, Barebon, who died in 1680, was a leather-seller and the leader -of the celebrated “Barebones Parliament.” It was a common custom among -the Puritans to nickname people in accordance with their habits and -peculiarities; consequently this individual must have been addicted -to praising God in the hearing of his neighbours. William Huntingdon, -the preacher and theologian (born 1744, died 1813), called himself -=Sinner-saved Huntingdon= for reasons doubtless best known to himself. -=Orator Henley=, otherwise John Henley (born 1692, died 1756), was -an English divine who in 1726 delivered a course of lectures on -theological subjects on Sundays, and on secular subjects on Wednesdays, -in a kind of “oratory” or chapel in Newport Market, which attracted -large congregations. - -=Memory Woodfall= was the sobriquet of William Woodfall (born 1745, -died 1803), brother to the reputed author of the famous “Letters of -Junius.” This person’s memory was so perfect that he was able, after -listening to a Parliamentary debate, to report it the next morning word -for word without the assistance of any notes whatever. Of another kind -was the memory possessed by John Thompson, the son of a greengrocer in -the parish of St. Giles, popularly known as =Memory-corner Thompson= -(born 1757, died 1843) on account of his astounding local knowledge. -Within twenty-four hours, and at two sittings, he drew entirely from -memory a correct plan of the parish of St. James’s. This plan contained -all the squares, streets, lanes, courts, passages, markets, churches, -chapels, houses, stables, and angles of houses, in addition to a number -of minor objects, such as walls, trees, &c., and including an exact -plan of Carlton House and St. James’s Palace. He also, on another -occasion, made a correct plan of St. Andrew’s parish, and offered to -do the same with the parishes of St. Giles, St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, -and St. Clement-Danes. If a particular house in any given street -were named, he would tell at once what trade was carried on in it, -the appearance and position of the shop, and its contents. In going -through a large hotel completely furnished, he was able to retain a -recollection of everything he saw, and afterwards make an inventory of -the whole. But, perhaps more wonderful than all, he could, after having -read a newspaper overnight, repeat any desired portion of its contents -_verbatim_ the next morning. Nowadays such a one would be exhibited at -the Royal Aquarium as a natural curiosity. - -Another well-known London character was =Dirty Dick=, otherwise -Nathaniel Bentley, the miser, who never washed himself. This -extraordinary individual died in the odour of dirt in the year 1809, -leaving an ample fortune to console his heirs for his loss (?). The -house which he inhabited in Bishopsgate Street Without has now been -converted into a modern wine and spirit establishment, under the style -of THE D.D. CELLARS. Laurence Brown, the English landscape gardener -(born 1715, died 1783) was nicknamed =Capability Brown= owing to his -habitual use of the word _capability_. At the present day the Duke -of Cambridge (born 1819) is usually denominated =George Ranger= in -allusion to his appointment as Ranger of the Royal Parks. Ernest -Benzon, author of “How I Lost £250,000 in Two Years,” rejoiced in the -title of =The Jubilee Plunger= because he entered upon his gambling -career in 1887, the Jubilee year of Queen Victoria [_see_ PLUNGER]. - -A few of the more celebrated painters may now detain us. Peter Aartsen, -the Flemish painter (born 1507, died 1573), bore the name of =Long -Peter= on account of his extraordinary height; while Gaspar Smitz, -the Dutch portrait painter (died 1689), was styled =Magdalen Smith= -because his pictures comprised mostly “Magdalens.” The real name of the -French landscape painter, =Claude Lorraine= (born 1600, died 1682), was -Claude Gelée _of_ Lorraine; that of Paolo Veronese, or =Paul Veronese= -(born 1528, died 1588), was Paolo Cagliari, his birth having taken -place in Verona; and that of Jacopa da Bassano, called =Il Bassano= -(born 1510, died 1592), was Jacopa da Ponte, whose native place was -Bassano, in the Venetian State. Pietro Vanucci (born 1446, died 1524), -though recognizing Città della Pieve as his birthplace, was all his -life established in the neighbouring city of Perugia, where he claimed -the right of citizenship; hence the origin of his more common name -=Il Perugino=. Francesco Rossi (born 1510, died 1563), adopted the -name of =Del Salviati=, in honour of his patron, Cardinal Salviati, -who was his own age exactly, and, strangely enough, died in the same -year as himself. Giuseppe Ribera (born 1588, died 1656), was popularly -surnamed =Lo Spagnoletto= (“the Little Spaniard”), from the shortness -of his stature and his birth at Xativa, in Spain; while Tommaso Guidi -(born 1402, died 1428), merited his better-known name of =Masaccio=, -owing to the slovenliness of his habits, the direct consequence of an -all-absorbing attention to his studies. Jacopo Robusti (born 1512, died -1594) received his now far more popular name of =Tintoretto= because -his father followed the occupation of a _tintore_, or dyer. During -his lifetime, this celebrated Italian painter merited the additional -sobriquet of =Il Furioso= owing to the rapidity with which he produced -his work. Quintin Matsys (born 1466, died 1530), whose masterpiece, -“The Taking Down from the Cross,” has achieved a world-wide reputation, -is equally known to fame by the name of =The Smith of Antwerp=, owing -to the circumstance of having followed for a time, and with great -distinction, his father’s occupation of a blacksmith. His attachment -to the pretty daughter of a painter, however, caused him eventually to -forsake the anvil for the palette. Nearer home the historical portrait -painter, David Allan (born 1744, died 1796) was surnamed =The Scottish -Hogarth= in compliment to his excellence; and William Huggins (born -1821, died 1884), =The Liverpool Landseer=, in favourable comparison -with the celebrated English animal painter of that name. - -Simon Bolivar, the South American hero (born 1783, died 1830), -justly merited the dignified title of =The Liberator=; while General -John Charles Fremont (born 1813, died 1890) won the surname of =The -Pathfinder= after his fourth successful exploring expedition across -the Rocky Mountains in 1842. Lastly, Jonathan Hastings, a farmer -of Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., was styled =Yankee Jonathan= in -consequence of his addiction to the word _Yankee_ in the place of -“excellent.” Thus he would say, “A Yankee good horse,” “A Yankee good -cider,” &c. This individual, however, must not be confounded with -“Brother Jonathan,” the nickname of the typical American, to which -reference is made in another portion of this work. - - - - -_THE INNS OF COURT._ - - -As by reference to our article on TAVERN SIGNS it will be seen how -the word _Inn_ originally denoted a private mansion, it will suffice -to state here that the various colleges of the law students in London -are styled =Inns= because the chief of them were at one time the -residences of the nobility whose family names they still bear. Thus, -=Lincoln’s Inn= was the town mansion of the Earls of Lincoln, =Gray’s -Inn=, of the Earls Gray, =Furnival’s Inn=, of the Lords Furnival, and -=Clifford’s Inn=, of the Lords Clifford. The two first-named, together -with the Inner and Middle Temple, are the principal =Inns of Court=, -so called because the earliest seminaries for the study of the law -were established in one of the courts of the King’s palace. The Inns -of lesser import are:--=Serjeants’ Inn=, originally the establishment -of the “Frères Serjens,” or Serving Brothers to the Knights Templars -who occupied =The Temple= close by; =Barnard’s Inn=--sold and abolished -in 1881--named after its ancient owner; =Staple Inn=, formerly the -Hall of the Merchants of the Staple, _i.e._, wool; =Clement’s Inn= and -=Dane’s Inn=, so designated from their proximity to the Church of St. -Clement-Danes; and =New Inn=, the latest of all the Inns erected in -the early part of the last century. =Thavie’s Inn= no longer exists, -but the title still adheres to a range of modern buildings erected -upon its site. No person of the name of Thavie ever owned or occupied -the original premises; nevertheless, when the Inn was established as -an appendage to Lincoln’s Inn, about the middle of the fourteenth -century, the Benchers unanimously agreed to perpetuate the memory of -one John Thavie, an armourer who, dying in the year 1348, bequeathed -a number of houses in Holborn, representing considerable rentals, to -the neighbouring church of St. Andrew, and named it “Thavie’s Inn” -accordingly. - -The senior members of the Inns of Court are styled =Benchers= by reason -of the benches on which they formerly sat. - - - - -_RACES._ - - -=Goodwood Races= are held once a year in Goodwood Park, the property -of the Duke of Richmond; =Ascot Races=, on Ascot Heath, in Berkshire, -and =Epsom Races=, on Epsom Downs, near London. The =Derby Stakes=, at -Epsom, were named after Edward Smith Stanley, twelfth Earl of Derby, -who founded them in 1780, the year after he established the =Oaks -Stakes=; so called from an inn known as “Lamberts’ Oaks,” originally -erected by the Hunters’ Club and rented by a family named Lambert upon -land which subsequently passed into the possession of the Derby family. -The =St. Leger Stakes=, otherwise the =Doncaster St. Leger=, annually -run for at Doncaster, were established by Colonel Anthony St. Leger in -1776. - -A =Hurdle Race= is one in which hurdles are placed at different points -along the course. A =Steeplechase= is confined to thoroughbred hunters -whose riders are bound to make for the winning-post straight across -the country, guided by flags displayed on the highest points along the -line, and to clear whatever ditches, fences, walls, or other obstacles -that may lie in their course. The term originated from the incident of -an unsuccessful hunting-party agreeing to race to the village church, -of which the steeple was just in sight; and he who touched the building -first with his whip was to be declared the winner. A =Scratched Horse= -is one whose name has been struck out of the final list of runners in -a particular race. A =Sweepstake= is a term used to denote the whole -amount staked by different persons upon one race, and cleared literally -“at one sweep” by the fortunate individual who has backed the winner. - - - - -_LONDON CHURCHES AND BUILDINGS._ - - -In all probability the name of =Westminster Abbey= would never have -come into existence had it not been necessary to distinguish the -Abbey Church lying to the west of St. Paul’s (founded by Ethelbert -in 610) from another Abbey Church that stood upon the rising ground -now known as Tower Hill. Consequently, the one was described as the -_West Minster_, the other the _East Minster_; and when, in course of -time, the latter was swept away, the western edifice not only retained -the description of “The West Minster,” but gave its name also to the -district around. The earliest mention of West Minster occurs in a Saxon -charter dated 785. - -The =Temple= comprised the chief seat in this country of the Knights -Templars after their return from the Holy Land. The =Savoy Chapel= is a -modern edifice built by the Queen to replace the original, destroyed by -fire July, 7, 1864, which formed the only remaining portion of the old -=Savoy Palace= erected by Peter of Savoy, the uncle of Eleanor, queen -of Henry III., in 1249, on land granted to him by that monarch. - -The Church of =St. Clement-Danes= owes its compound title to the -fact of being dedicated to St. Clement, and of Harold, a Danish king, -together with several other Danes lying buried within its walls. The -Church of =St. Mary-le-Bow=, Cheapside, otherwise =Bow Church=, was so -denominated because it was the first church ever built upon bows or -arches. The Church of =St. Mary Woolnoth=, at the corner of Lombard -Street and King William Street, is supposed to be a corruption of St. -Mary Woolnough, so called by way of distinction from a neighbouring -church of “St. Mary of the Wool,” that stood beside the beam or -wool-staple. The Church of =St. Mary-Axe=, now vanished, received -this name from its situation opposite to a shop that displayed an axe -for its sign. The Church of =St. Catherine Cree=, Leadenhall Street, -is properly St. Catherine and Trinity, being originally a chapel -dedicated to St. Catherine in the churchyard of the priory church of -Holy Trinity, afterwards merged into the parishes of Christ Church, St. -Mary Magdalen, and St. Michael. The Church of =St. Catherine Coleman=, -Fenchurch Street, dedicated to St. Catherine, is so designated because -it was built in a large garden belonging to a person named Coleman. -The Church of =St. Margaret Pattens=, Rood Lane, did not receive -its denomination from the patten-makers who congregated in this -neighbourhood, but because its roof was formerly decorated with gilt -spots or _patines_; a patine being the name of a small circular dish -of gold used to cover the chalice at the altar. Lovers of Shakespeare -may recollect the passage in the _Merchant of Venice_ where Lorenzo, -referring to the stars, says:-- - - “Sit, Jessica: Look how the floor of heaven - Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold; - There’s not the smallest orb which thou behold’st, - But in his motion like an angel sings, - Still quiring to the young-ey’d cherubins; - Such harmony is in immortal souls, - But whilst this muddy vesture of decay - Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.” - -The original =Church of St. Sepulchre=, founded during the time of -the Crusades, was so denominated in honour of the Holy Sepulchre -at Jerusalem. The name of =St. Bride’s Church=, Fleet Street, is -a contraction of St. Bridget’s Church. The Church of =St. Andrew -Undershaft=, Leadenhall Street, dedicated to St. Andrew, was originally -so called because its steeple was of lesser altitude than the tall -shaft or maypole which stood opposite the south door. Hence, the church -was literally “under the shaft.” The parish of St. Mary-Axe is now -united to that of St. Andrew Undershaft. The Church of =St. Helen’s=, -Bishopsgate, was built and dedicated to St. Helena, the mother of -Constantine, in 1180, just thirty years before William Fitzwilliam, a -rich goldsmith, founded in connection therewith a priory of Benedictine -nuns, dedicated to the Holy Cross and St. Helena. The neighbouring -Church of =St. Ethelburga= was so named in honour of the daughter of -King Ethelbert. The Church of =Allhallowes Barking=, at the bottom of -Mark Lane, derived the second portion of its title from the fact that -it belonged to the ancient abbey and convent at Barking, in Essex. =St. -Olave’s Church=, Tooley Street, is properly described as =St. Olaf’s -Church=, being dedicated to Olaf, a Norwegian prince of great renown, -who came over to this country at the invitation of the King Ethelred, -and rendered good service in expelling the Danes. - -The central portion of the Tower of London, supposed to have been built -by Julius Cæsar, is known as the =White Tower= on account of the white -stone employed in its construction. In the =Bloody Tower= the Infant -Princes were murdered by order of their uncle, Richard III.; and in the -=Beauchamp Tower=, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, was imprisoned -by Richard II. for leading the conspiracy of the Barons for the removal -of Sir Simon de Burley, the young King’s favourite. At the accession -of Henry IV. the Earl obtained his liberty. =Traitors’ Gate= denotes -the river gate by which all State prisoners convicted of high treason -were admitted into the Tower. =Newgate Prison= derived its name from -its original situation next to the newest of the five principal gates -of the City. The prison is first mentioned in history under date 1207. -The present gloomy edifice was built in 1782. The open space between -the prison and the Old Bailey was formerly known as the =Press Yard=, -because here it was that prisoners who refused to plead upon trial were -barbarously pressed to death. The =Old Bailey= Sessions House received -its name from the street in which it stands [_see_ OLD BAILEY in the -article “LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES.”] The old =Marshalsea Prison=, -Southwark, abolished and pulled down in 1842, was so called because it -contained the Court of the Knight-Marshal, whose duty it was to settle -disputes occurring between the members of the Royal Household. This -office now belongs to the Steward of the Royal Household. =Bridewell= -was a corruption of “St. Bridget’s Well,” discovered in the grounds -attached to an ancient hospital, afterwards converted into a house -of correction for females. An iron pump let into the wall of the -churchyard at the upper end of Bride Lane indicates the exact spot -where the dames of old were wont to drink the virtuous waters. The -=Fleet Prison= took its name from the river, now a common sewer, near -which it stood. The northern boundary of the prison is now defined by -=Fleet Lane=, which runs from Farringdon Street to the Old Bailey. - -=St. John’s Gate=, Clerkenwell, is the sole remaining portion of the -priory of St. John of Jerusalem, the seat in this country of the -Knights Hospitallers, instituted by Godfrey de Boulogne. The Gate now -forms the headquarters of the St. John’s Ambulance Association. =Temple -Bar= was not one of the City fortifications, but the ordinary gateway -of the Temple. It was popularly known as =The City Golgotha=, owing to -the spiked heads of traitors exposed thereon--_Golgotha_ being Hebrew -for “the place of skulls.” The Bar was taken down in 1878. =London -Bridge=--that is to say, the original structure--was the first bridge -over the Thames. The present structure was thrown open August 1, 1831. -=Billingsgate= traces its origin to Belin, one of the early kings of -Britain, who built a gate on the site of the present market and gave it -his name. =St. Katherine’s Docks= received their title from an ancient -hospital dedicated to St. Katherine, swept away by their construction -in the year 1828. =The Mint= is so called in accordance with the -Anglo-Saxon _mynet_, coin [_see_ MONEY]. The =Trinity House=, the seat -of the Trinity Corporation, which controls the pilotage of the Thames -and the various lighthouses, buoys, harbour-dues, &c., around our -coast, owed its foundation to Sir Thomas Spert, Comptroller of the Navy -of Henry VIII., and commander of the _Harry Grace de Dieu_, originally -situated at Deptford; it was incorporated in 1529 under the style of -“The Master-Wardens and Assistants of the Guild, or Fraternity, or -Brotherhood, of the most glorious and undivisible Trinity, and St. -Clement, in the parish of Deptford, Stroud, in the County of Kent.” -The present edifice was built in 1795. =Crosby Hall=, Bishopsgate, -at one time a palace, but now converted into a restaurant, was built -by Sir John Crosby about the middle of the fifteenth century. The -=Congregational Memorial Hall=, Farringdon Road, which occupies part -of the site of the old Fleet Prison, was built in 1872 to memorate -the ejection of more than two thousand Church of England ministers -from their charges, August 24, 1662, consequent upon their refusal -to subscribe to the “Act of Uniformity” [_see_ NONCONFORMISTS]. The -=Guildhall= is the hall of the City guilds; the word GUILD being -derived from the Anglo-Saxon _gildan_, to pay, alluding to the fee -paid for membership. =Doctors’ Commons=, originally established as a -college for the Professors of Canon and Civil Law, received its name -from the rule which required the Doctors to dine at a common table. -That sombre-looking structure, the =College of Arms=, otherwise -=Heralds’ College=, is the office where the records of the genealogical -descent of all our noble families are preserved, and where searches -for coats-of-arms may be instituted. The Corporation of the College -dates back to the year 1484. The General Post Office is officially -denominated =St. Martin’s-le-Grand= because it occupies the site of a -collegiate church and sanctuary of that name founded by Within, King of -Kent in 750, and chartered by William the Conqueror in 1068. - -The =Charterhouse=, originally a monastery of the Carthusians, is a -corruption of _La Chartreuse_, the name of the district in France where -this religious Order first came into existence. =Christ’s Hospital=, -also known as the =Blue Coat School=, from the colour of the coats -worn by the boys, retains the ancient designation of a church and -school belonging to the Grey Friars. It is only in modern times, by -the way, that the term =Hospital= has come to be exclusively applied -in this country to a refuge for the sick. Properly understood, a -hospital denotes a house intended for the reception and accommodation -of travellers; the source of the word being the Latin _hospitalis_, -pertaining to a guest, based upon _hospes_, a stranger, a guest, -and from which we derive the word HOSPITALITY. The great Bernardine -monastery on the summit of the Alps, devoted to the good work of -rescuing snow-bound travellers, is appropriately denominated a -=Hospice=, which answers to our Hospital. =St. Bartholomew’s Hospital= -was founded by Rahare, a monk attached to the neighbouring Priory of -St. Bartholomew in 1123; whereas =Guy’s Hospital= arose out of the -bequest of £238,292, by the will of Thomas Guy, a benevolent bookseller -of Lombard Street, who died in 1722. =Bedlam= is a contraction of -=Bethlehem Hospital=, a lazar-house named after the Hospital of St. -Mary at Bethlehem, and converted into a lunatic asylum in 1815. This -was the common designation in ancient times for a refuge for the poor, -the word =Bethlehem= expressing the Hebrew for “a house of bread”; -but in more modern times the synonym =Lazar-house= was substituted in -allusion to Lazarus, who picked up the crumbs under the table of Dives. -A refuge for fallen women has always borne the name of a =Magdalen -Hospital= in honour of Mary Magdalen. - -=St. James’s Palace= marks the site of an ancient leper hospital -dedicated to St. James the Less, Bishop of Jerusalem. The present -edifice was built by Henry VIII. in 1530. =Buckingham Palace= -displaced old Buckingham House, the town mansion of John Sheffield, -Duke of Buckingham, in the year 1825. The total cost to the nation -of this “desirable residence” was £1,000,000. =Marlborough House= -was originally the town residence of John, Duke of Marlborough, -erected by Sir Christopher Wren in 1709. =Somerset House= reverted -to the Crown by the attainder of its owner, Edward Seymour, Duke of -Somerset, the Lord Protector of Edward VI., executed January 22, -1552. =Whitehall= received its name from the fresh appearance of its -exterior as contrasted with the ancient buildings on the opposite -side of the way. The present fabric, viz., =The Banquetting Hall=, -is merely a vestige of the palace originally set apart by Cardinal -Wolsey for the London See of York: whence he gave it the name of “York -House.” The =Horse Guards= is so called because a troop of Horse -Guards are regularly quartered here. =Dover House= was named after -its owner, the Hon. George Agar Ellis, afterwards created Lord Dover; -and =York House=, after the Duke of York and Albany who bought it in -1789. =Devonshire House=, Piccadilly, is the town residence of the -Duke of Devonshire. =Apsley House=, Hyde Park Corner, well known as -the residence of the Duke of Wellington, received its name from Henry -Apsley, Lord Chancellor, afterwards created Lord Bathurst, who built it -in 1784. =Chandos House=, Cavendish Square, was the residence of James -Brydges, “the Princely Duke of Chandos.” The =Albany=, Piccadilly, -perpetuates the memory of the Duke of York and Albany, who acquired it -from Lord Melbourne in exchange for his older residence, York House, -in Whitehall. =Burlington House=, the home of the Royal Academy of -Arts and quite a number of learned societies, was built by Sir John -Denham, the poet and judge, in 1718, and refronted by the celebrated -amateur architect, Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington and Cork, in -1731. This palatial edifice was purchased by the State in 1854. The -=Soane Museum=, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, was the private collection of -Sir John Soane, the architect and antiquary, who died in 1837. =The -Rolls Chapel=, Chancery Lane, bears this name because it was annexed -by patent to the office of the Master of the Rolls of Chancery after -the banishment of the Jews from England in the year 1290. The history -of the chapel dates from 1283, when Henry III. founded it for the -reception of the Jewish rabbis converted to Christianity. - -The =Painted Hall=, Greenwich Hospital, owes its name to its -magnificently decorated ceiling. =Vanburgh Castle=, Blackheath, was -built in the castellated style by Sir John Vanburgh, in 1717. =Rye -House=, famous for being the scene of the conspiracy to assassinate -Charles II., which was discovered June 12, 1683, is so called from the -rye on which it stands; RYE being an Old English term for a common, -derived from _ree_, a watercourse: hence PECKHAM RYE. - -=Bruce Castle=, Tottenham, has a history all its own. The present -structure dates back to the latter part of the seventeenth century; but -the original building was erected by Earl Waltheof, whose marriage -with Judith, the niece of William the Conqueror, brought him portions -of the earldoms of Northumberland and Huntingdon. Their only daughter, -Maud, on becoming the wife of David I., King of Scotland, placed him -in possession of the Huntingdon estates, and, as appended to that -property, the manor of Tottenham, in Middlesex. Ultimately these -possessions descended to Robert Bruce, the brother of William III., -King of Scotland. The contention between Robert Bruce and John Baliol -for the Scottish throne being decided in favour of the latter, the -former retired to England, and settling on his grandfather’s estate -at Tottenham, repaired the castle to which he gave the name of “The -Castle Bruce.” =Lincoln House=, Enfield, was the residence of the -second and third Earls of Lincoln in the seventeenth century. =Sandford -House=, Stoke Newington, is interesting as having been the residence -of Thomas Day, the author of “Sandford and Merton” (born 1748, died -1789). =Cromwell House=, Highgate, now a Convalescent Hospital for sick -children, was occupied for some time by Oliver Cromwell, who built -=Ireton House=, close by, for Henry Ireton, his son-in-law, in 1630; -while =Lauderdale House=, lately a Convalescent Home in connection -with St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, was the residence of the Earls of -Lauderdale during the seventeenth century. WATERLOW PARK, in this -neighbourhood--in fact, comprising among other valuable property the -grounds appertaining to Lauderdale House--was generously presented to -the London public by Sir Sydney Waterlow, in November, 1890. The =Clock -House=, Hampstead, originally displayed a clock in place of the present -sun-dial. =Rosslyn House=, Hampstead, which gives the name to ROSSLYN -HILL PARK, was erected by Alexander Wedderburn, first Earl of Rosslyn -and Lord Chancellor of England, in 1795. =Erskine House=, Hampstead, -adjoining “The Spaniards,” was the residence of Lord Erskine, Lord -Chancellor of England, who died here in 1823. - -=Strawberry Hill=, the celebrated palace of curiosities built by Horace -Walpole in 1750, received its name from the rising ground upon which it -stood. The building was sold by public auction, and purchased by Baron -H. de Stein, in July, 1883. =Orleans House=, Twickenham, now a club, -was named after Louis Philippe of France, who resided in it when he -was simply Duc d’Orleans. =Essex House=, Putney, was one of the many -residences of Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, the favourite of Queen -Elizabeth. =Bristol House=, Putney, was, until recently, the property -of the Bristol family. =Craven Cottage=, Fulham, was built by the -Countess of Craven, afterwards created Margravine of Anspach. =Munster -House=, Fulham, derived its title from its one-time resident, Melesina -Schulenberg, created Duchess of Munster in 1716. =Peterborough House=, -Parson’s Green, was formerly the mansion of the Mordaunts, Earls of -Peterborough. =Sussex House=, Hammersmith, was the favourite residence -of the late Duke of Sussex. =Holland House=, Kensington, owes its name -to Henry Rich, Earl of Holland, by whose father-in-law, Sir William -Cope, it was built in 1607. Here Charles James Fox, the eminent orator -and statesman (born 1749, died 1806), passed many of his earlier years; -here also Joseph Addison, the poet and essayist, died in the year 1719. - -The =Albert Hall=, =Albert Memorial=, =Albert Bridge=, and =Albert -Palace=, each preserve the memory of the Prince Consort, whose death -took place in 1861. The =Crystal Palace=, opened by the Queen, June -10, 1854, derived its title from its glass structure, which, when the -sun shines upon it, glistens like crystal. The =Alexandra Palace= was -named after the Princess of Wales, who was to have opened the original -building, May 24, 1873; but, for some unexplained reason, she did -not perform that ceremony. =Olympia=, opened December, 1886, is an -appropriate designation for a huge edifice eminently adapted for every -variety of popular amusement. The allusion is to Olympia, in Greece, -where the celebrated “Olympian Games” were anciently held every fourth -year. The =Polytechnic Institution=, Regent Street (now the Y. M. C. -A.), was designated in strict conformity with its set purpose as an -educational establishment, viz., from the two Greek words _polus_, -many, and _techne_, an art. =St. George’s Hall= was originally, when -opened in 1867, St. George’s Opera House, so styled because situated in -the fashionable parish of St. George’s, Hanover Square. The =Egyptian -Hall=, built in 1812, is a particularly well-chosen title; at least, -it appears so at the present day, since the regular performances of -those modern magicians, Messrs. Maskelyne and Cooke, have long ago -become one of the institutions, if not actually one of the sights, of -the Metropolis. =St. James’s Hall= was named after the parish church -just opposite. =Willis’s Rooms=, so called after their late proprietor, -were originally opened by a Scotsman named Almack, under the style of -=Almack’s Assembly Rooms=, February 12, 1765. =Exeter Hall= was built -in the year 1830 in the grounds of Exeter House, which also gave the -name to =Exeter ’Change=, erected in 1680 and pulled down in 1829 -[_see_ EXETER STREET]. The world-famous waxworks exhibition known as -=Madame Tussaud’s= retains the name of its foundress (born 1760, died -1850) who first set up her figures at the old Lyceum Theatre in 1802, -and after undergoing a variety of misfortunes settled down permanently -in Baker Street in the year 1833. - -=Scotland Yard=, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police, -received its name from an ancient palace erected on this spot for the -accommodation of the Scottish kings in the days when they were annually -required to pay homage to the Crown of England at Westminster. The -first monarch so accommodated was Kenneth II. (died 854); the last was -Margaret, Queen of Scots, the sister of Henry VIII. =Lord’s Cricket -Ground=, familiarly styled =Lord’s=, owes its existence to Thomas -Lord, who established, upon land of his own, first on the site of -Dorset Square in 1780, and subsequently on its present site, the only -cricketing ground where genteel players could meet to enjoy this game -without fear of rubbing shoulders with the City apprentices. Previous -to his enterprise the formation of a private Cricket Club had never -been thought of. =Tattersall’s=, the well-known rendezvous for the sale -of horses, was opened by Richard Tattersall near Hyde Park Corner in -1766, and removed to Knightsbridge April 10, 1865. - -=Lloyd’s Rooms=, better known as =Lloyd’s=, derived this title from -Edward Lloyd, a coffee-house keeper in Abchurch Lane, whose premises -became the regular resort of merchants and others interested in -shipping. The original location of a special office for the transaction -of mercantile business over the Royal Exchange took place in 1775; -but the name of the genial coffee-house keeper was by common consent -transferred with it. On the destruction by fire of the first Royal -Exchange, in 1838, “Lloyd’s” was temporarily removed until the -completion of the present building in 1844. - -The entrance to the privileged precincts of the Stock Exchange is -called =Capel Court=, because it marks the residence of Sir William -Capel, Lord Mayor of London in the year 1504. The term =Exchange= owes -its origin to the French _echanger_, to trade, to barter. The object -of the original =Royal Exchange=, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham in -1506 and opened by Queen Elizabeth amid sundry public rejoicings over -the event (which accounts for the prenomen “Royal”), January 31, 1571, -was to provide a convenient place where the merchants, bankers, and -brokers of the City could meet throughout the day for the transaction -of business. The =Stock Exchange= is the great money mart of the world -[_see_ STOCK in the article “MONEY”]. - -The =Bankers’ Clearing House=, in Lombard Street, is the establishment -where all cheques, drafts, and bills drawn upon the various bankers are -sorted, distributed, and balanced up. The =Railway Clearing House=, -adjoining Euston Railway Station, is a similar establishment devoted -to the adjustment of the value represented by the tickets issued by -the different Railway Companies. In conclusion, the title of =Mansion -House=, though somewhat suggestive of tautology, may be accepted as -denoting _the_ house of all other houses, since it is the official -residence of the Lord Mayor. - - - - -_CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES._ - - -An unmarried female originally received the designation of =Spinster= -from her employment at the distaff or spindle. According to the -practical notions of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, a female was not -considered fit to enter the married state until she had made for -herself a complete set of body, bed, and table-linen. Hence the -significance of the term =Wife=, derived from the Anglo-Saxon _wif_, -by virtue of the verb _wyfan_, to weave. The designation =Widow= is -an Indo-European importation, derived from the Sanskrit _vid-hava_, -without husband. =Grass Widow=, denoting a woman temporarily separated -from her husband, is a corruption of “Grace Widow”--in other words, a -widow by grace, or courtesy. The word =Chaperon= is French, derived -from the chapeau, or cap, worn by the duennas of Spain. =Duenna=, -signifying a guardian, is Spanish, founded upon the Latin _domina_, -a mistress. The title of =Dowager=, which distinguishes a widow left -with a jointure from the wife of her late husband’s heir, comes from -the French _douairière_, built upon the verb _douaire_, to dower. The -name of =Blue Stocking= arose from the colour of the stockings worn by -the members of the lady clubs in England during the days of Boswell. -Gentlemen were not excluded from these assemblies, but the wearing of -blue stockings was a _sine quâ non_ of admittance. The last surviving -member of the original BLUE STOCKING CLUB, founded by Mrs. Montague -in 1780, died in 1840. The earliest Blue Stocking assembly came into -existence at Venice, under the title of _Della Calza_ in the year -1400. A lady’s-maid is familiarly styled an =Abigail=, in allusion to -the handmaid who introduced herself to David (1 _Samuel_ xxv. 23). -This class-name came into particular prominence during the early part -of the eighteenth century, in compliment to Abigail Hill, the maiden -name of Mrs. Mashem, the waiting-woman of Queen Anne. A Parisian shop -or work-girl is known as a =Grisette= on account of the grey cloth of -which her dress is made. In olden times all inferior classes in France -were expected to be clad in _gris_, _i.e._, grey. =Colleen= is the -native Irish for girl; and =Colleen Bawn= for a blonde girl. How little -the latter expression is understood by actresses is shown by the way -in which some of them essay to impersonate (?) the heroine of Dion -Boucicault’s well-known drama whilst wearing their own dark hair or a -dark wig. Truly, a little knowledge is a useful thing! - -As nowadays comprehended, a =Milliner= is one who retails hats, -feathers, bonnets, ribbons, and similar appurtenances to female -costume. The name is really a corruption of _Milaner_, alluding to -the city of Milan, which at one time set the fashion to the north of -Europe in all matters of taste and elegance. =Haberdasher= is a modern -form of the Old English word _Hapertaser_, or a retailer of hapertas -cloth, the width of which was settled by Magna Charta. =Grocer= is a -contraction and modified spelling of =Engrosser=, the denomination -of a tradesman who, in the Middle Ages, claimed a monopoly for the -supply of provisions. A vendor of vegetables is appropriately called -a =Greengrocer=. An innkeeper is facetiously styled a =Boniface= -in honour of a devout and hospitable man whom St. Augustine caused -to be canonized, and who subsequently became the patron saint of -Germany. Shakespeare, Dante, Bacon, and Lamb never tired of referring -to Boniface. =Ostler= is a corruption of the French _hostelier_, an -innkeeper; hence we sometimes speak of an inn as a HOSTELRY. The term -=Carpenter=, from the Latin _carpentum_, a waggon, originally denoted -a mechanic who constructed the wooden body of a vehicle of any kind, -as distinguished from the =Wheelwright=; but in process of time the -same term came to be applied to artificers in timber generally. The -provincial name for such a one is a =Joiner=, literally a joiner of -wooden building materials. In some districts of England a shoemaker -still bears the name of =Cordwainer=. Formerly all shoemakers were -styled Cordwainers, because they were workers in CORDWAIN, a corruption -of CORDOVAN, which was the name of a particular kind of leather -brought from Cordova. The designation =Tailor= is an Anglicized form -of the French _Tailleur_, derived from the verb _tailler_, to cut. -[For =Tallyman= _see_ TALLY, in the article “MONEY.”] A Pawnbroker is -familiarly called =Uncle=, in perpetuation of an ancient pun on the -Latin word _uncus_, a hook. For, whereas in modern times the spout -is employed as a means of communication between the pawnshop and the -store-rooms overhead, the Roman pawnbrokers used a large hook; and -accordingly, the expression “Gone to the _uncus_,” was equivalent to -our slang phrase “Up the spout.” A =Barber= derives his class-title -from the Latin _barba_, a beard. Rude and semi-civilized tribes -were anciently called =Barbarians=, because they belonged to no -order of society. Between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries the -hairdressers of this country combined the practice of surgery, and were -accordingly styled =Barber-Surgeons=. The surviving “Barber’s Pole” -attests this fact. The separation of the two professions took place in -1540. - -A shepherd or an ideal farmer bears the poetical description of an -=Arcadian=, in allusion to the Arcadians, who were a pastoral people. -A friendly adviser is designated a =Mentor=, in memory of the wise and -faithful counsellor of Telemachus so named. The word =Usher= signifies -a doorkeeper, agreeably to the Old French _huisher_, a door. =Bachelor= -comes from the Welsh _bach_, small, young. This name originally meant -one inexperienced in anything. The title of =Bachelor of Arts= denotes -a degree next below that of =Master of Arts=. - -=Beefeaters= is a vulgar perversion of _Buffetiers_, as the Yeoman -of the Guard were styled during the reign of Henry VIII., on account -of their attendance upon the King’s _Buffet_, or side-table. The -word BUFFET is French, derived from the Spanish _búfia_, a wineskin. -The civic guardians of law and order are denominated =Police= in -accordance with the Greek _polis_, the city. For many years after -the establishment of the Police through the measures of Sir Robert -Peel (in Ireland, as the national constabulary in 1814; in London as -a regular force in 1829), all =Policemen= were nicknamed =Bobbies= -and =Peelers=, in allusion to their founder. =Bow Street Runners= -were the original London detective force; so called because their -headquarters was Bow Street, whence they were despatched to any part -of the country in quest of the perpetrator of a particular crime. The -predecessors of the Police were a set of decrepit old watchmen whose -regular habit was to fall asleep in their boxes with their lanthorns -beside them. These were derisively nicknamed =Old Charlies=; while -their natural enemies, who loved nothing so much as to turn their -boxes upon them, to molest defenceless females, mutilate males, and -in many other ways to terrorize the peaceable inhabitants of the -Metropolis, styled themselves first of all =Scourers=, and at a later -date =Mohocks=, after the North American Indian tribe of that name. -During the years 1859 and 1860 an even more grievous terror haunted -the streets of London in the persons of =The Garrotters=, so called -from the _Garrotte_, the instrument with which condemned malefactors -are strangled in Spain. The punishment of the “cat o’ nine tails” for -“Garrotting,” which came into operation July 13, 1861, gradually put an -end to the practice. The latest terror of the streets which, unhappily, -abounds in American cities, are the =Sandbaggers=, so called because -they stun their victims with an ordinary sand-bag, such as is used to -keep the draught from penetrating between a pair of window-sashes; -after which robbery becomes an easy matter. - -Pleasanter it is to turn from the birds of night to the fops and -dandies by day. The word =Fop= comes from the German _foppen_, to make -a fool of; and =Dandy= from the French _dandin_, a ninny. Between these -two poor specimens of humanity there is no perceptible difference. -The =Macaronies= of the last century derived their designation from -the fashionable “Macaroni Clubs” to which they belonged. The modern -class-title of =Masher= finds its origin in the Romany or gipsy word -_mâsha_, signifying “to fascinate the eye.” _En passant_, the term -=Gipsy= is a corruption of _Egyptian_, so called because the original -family or tribe of low caste Hindoos expelled by Timour about the year -1399 eventually travelled into Europe by way of Egypt. The =Gipsies= -were also in former times known as =Bohemians=, from the district in -which they first attracted popular attention before they scattered -themselves over Western Europe. Hence, any individual whose habits are -unconventual, and to a certain extent nomadic, is styled a =Bohemian=. -The name of =The Upper Ten= applied to the aristocracy, is short for -“The Upper Ten Thousand,” a term originally applied by N. P. Willis, -the American poet (born 1807, died 1867), to the fashionables of New -York who, at the time he introduced it, numbered about ten thousand. A -distinctly latter-day expression conveying much the same signification -is =The Four Hundred=, by which we are left to conclude that the -“select” society of New York must have undergone a considerable -weeding-out during the last twenty years. - -The temperance terms =Teetotal= and =Teetotaler= originated in the -stuttering exhortation of one Richard Turner, an artizan of Preston, -who, while addressing a meeting of abstainers in September, 1833, -observed that “Nothing but t-t-t-total abstinence will do!” Several -bodies of total abstainers from alcoholic beverages in England and -America style themselves =Rechabites=, after the descendants of -Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who lived in tents and foreswore wine. -Others rejoice in the name of =Good Templars=, after the Templars of -old. The =Good Templar Movement= cannot be accurately described as a -_crusade_ against drink; but the =League of the Cross=, established by -the Roman Catholics for the total suppression of drunkenness, is, in -title and in fact, one of the most powerful crusades ever distinguished -in modern times. - -A sailor is called a =Jack Tar= because he puts on _tarpaulin_ -“overalls” in “dirty weather.” =Longshoreman= is a corruption of -_alongshoreman_, _i.e._, a wharfinger, &c. =Navvy= is a contraction of -_Navigator_, which name was first given to the labourers employed in -the construction of canals for inland navigation. A cabman is popularly -styled a =Jehu= in allusion to one of the kings of Israel noted for his -furious driving. A =Jerry Builder= is so called after one Jeremiah, a -London builder who amassed a fortune by putting up houses with inferior -materials in order to sell them at a large profit. A =Journeyman= is -properly one who hires himself out to work by the day, agreeably to the -first portion of the word _Jour_, the French for day. A debt-collector -is known as a =Dun=, and his persistence is styled “Dunning,” in -memory of Joe Dun, a famous bailiff of Lincoln, who was so successful -in the discharge of his duties that it became quite customary when an -individual refused to pay his debts to exclaim, “Why don’t you _Dun_ -him for it?” which was tantamount to saying, “Why don’t you send _Dun_ -to arrest him?” Whilst on the subject of law, we may here add that -the expression =A Man of Straw=, employed to denote a person without -capital or means, originated in the days when a certain class of men, -chiefly ruined tradesmen, found it a profitable occupation to hire -themselves out as witnesses in the law courts. The recognized mark of -these persons was a wisp of straw protruding from their shoes; and as -often as a lawyer stood in need of a convenient witness to prove his -case, he knew by the presence of “a pair of straw shoes” in court that -the owner of the said shoes would recollect and swear to any incident -in consideration of a fee. - -=Costermonger= is a corruption of _Costardmonger_, a seller of the -famous costard apple introduced into this country by the Dutch in 1736. -Both these terms are used by Shakespeare; nevertheless, they bore a -totally different signification in his time. The word =Monger= comes -from the Anglo-Saxon _mongere_, one who trades. An itinerant salesman -in the olden time was styled a =Pedlar=, in accordance with the Latin -_pedes_, the feet, because he travelled on foot; whereas =Hawker= comes -from the German _hoken_, to carry on the back, to retail. Hawkers and -Pedlars were first licensed in England in 1698. An itinerant salesman -of another kind is known as a =Cheap Jack= on account of the word -“cheap” which is Saxon for market, derived from _ceapan_, to buy. -A travelling medicine-vendor originally received the nickname of -=Quack-doctor=, or =Quack=, from _Quacksalber_, the German term for -quicksilver, because, differing from the regular practitioners, he -resorted to mercury and other dangerous ingredients. At times a Quack, -or any other individual gifted with humorous colloquial powers, is -dubbed a =Merry Andrew=, in allusion to Andrew Borde, a physician of -the time of Henry VIII., noted for his facetious manners and sayings. -=Juggler= is a corruption of _jongleur_, the French designation of -one of the companions of the troubadours, whose business it was to -supplement the lyrical accomplishments of the latter with feats of -sleight-of-hand and other tricks for the amusement of the company. A -=Stump Orator= is properly one who delivers a speech from the stump of -a tree; the literal meaning of a STUMP SPEECH being thus explained. - -The now approbrious name of =Blackguard= was formerly given to the -scullions or dirty dependants of the English Court who washed out -the saucepans, carried coals up to the kitchens, and performed other -menial duties. As the “Guards of Honour” in the Royal Household were -distinguished by their fine appearance, so these kitchen-men were -equally distinguished by their grimy appearance; consequently the -latter were styled “Black Guards.” The origin of the word =Scullion= -was the Norman-French _esculle_, a porringer or dish. The place where -the dishes are cleansed is still called a SCULLERY, while the domestic -who performs such work bears the name of =Scullery Maid=. A rascal or -sharper is designated a =Blackleg=, because such a one was generally -to be found among the lower orders of turf and sporting men at the -time these were especially characterized by the wearing of black -top-boots. A =Plunger= is one who bets heavily either on the turf or -at the gaming-table, without consideration for the risks he incurs. -A =Bookmaker= is so called because he arranges his book, _i.e._, his -bets, in such a manner that his losses and gains upon each day’s racing -must balance themselves. The Bookmaker who absconds after a race in -order to avoid paying those who have entered bets with him and won -is styled a =Welsher=, in allusion to the thieving propensities of a -certain race of people, as set forth in the old song, which begins, -“Taffy was a Welshman, Taffy was a thief,” &c. The word =Burglar= is -made up of the Old English _burgh_, a borough, derived from the German -_burg_, a fortified place, and the French _lair_, a thief; the allusion -being that such a one breaks into a private dwelling for purposes of -theft. Down to a comparatively recent date the common hangman in this -country bore the nickname of =Jack Ketch=, really a corruption of -Richard Jacquett, to whom the manor of Tyburn, where our malefactors -were executed prior to the year 1783, belonged. - -A native of London is popularly styled a =Cockney=, pursuant to the Old -English _cockeney_, an effeminate person, or rather one who has been -rendered effeminate by the luxuries of the table; this term tracing -its origin directly from the Latin verb _coquere_, to cook, whence we -have the Italian _cuchina_, the French _cuisine_, the German _küche_, -and the English _kitchen_. A popular satiric poem of the thirteenth -century, entitled “The Land of Cockaygne,”--_i.e._, Kitchen Land, draws -a picture of an imaginary Fool’s Paradise, where there is nothing but -eating and drinking, where care, trouble, and toil find no place--a -desirable country for those monks of the Church who delight in the -pleasures of the table rather than the observance of their spiritual -exercises. After this performance the term =Cockaigne= or =Cockaygne= -gradually came to be applied to our capital city, where _cockenies_, -or kitchen-servants, abounded, and where the luxury of good living was -supposed to attain its highest development. - -A raw youth, or a countryman new to the ways of the world, is dubbed -a =Greenhorn=, in reference to the undeveloped horns of a young ox; -the word “Green” being derived from the Anglo-Saxon _grêne_, that -which is in process of growing. =Nincompoop= is a corruption of the -Latin phrase _non compos [mentis]_, not in sound mind. A person of -defective mind is called a =Lunatic=, from the Latin _luna_, the moon, -in accordance with the Roman idea that the mind was affected by the -changes of the moon. A person addicted to making foolish mistakes is -styled a =Dutchman=, in allusion to the dull comprehensions supposed -to be possessed by the inhabitants of the Low Countries. The term -first came into use as an epithet of derision during the wars with -Holland. A =Humbug= is one whose representations, though sounding -plausible enough, are not to be relied upon. The origin of this word -is as follows: In olden times there resided in the neighbourhood of -the Mearns, in Scotland, a gentleman of landed property whose name was -Hume, and whose estate was known as “The Bogue.” Owing to the great -falsehoods which this “Hume of the Bogue” was in the habit of relating -about himself, his family, and everything connected with his affairs, -it became customary, as often as the people of that district heard -anything at all remarkable or absurd to exclaim, “That is a Hume of -the Bogue.” The word spelt in its present form first appeared on the -title-page of “The Universal Jester: a choice collection of _bonmots_ -and _humbugs_,” published by Fernando Killigrew about the year 1736. -The assurance that Humbug is of such old date can scarcely tend to our -satisfaction. - - - - -_MALT LIQUORS._ - - -At the present day the terms =Ale= and =Beer= are used somewhat -confusedly. The former, derived from the Gaelic and Irish _ól_, drink, -is the real name of our national beverage, which, to judge from its -intoxicating effects, must, in the days of our forefathers, have been a -very strong drink indeed. The latter, on the other hand, is essentially -a Saxon word, from the same root as _barm_, signifying “fermented -drink,” and used to denominate the lighter kinds of fermented liquors -generally, as well as other drinks obtained from the roots or leaves of -plants, such as GINGER-BEER, SPRUCE-BEER, &c. We still speak of =Old -Ales=; whereas =Small Beer= indicates a liquor of very poor quality. - -In former times the only varieties of malt liquor in this country were -=Ale= and =Beer=, the one strong, the other comparatively weak. To -these a third, popularly described as =Twopenny=, was eventually added. -However, it was rare that any one of these three was demanded singly; -it being the custom, particularly in London, for the working-classes to -call either for =Half-and-Half= or =Three Thirds=, meaning a tankard -filled with equal portions of ale and beer, or of ale, beer, and -twopenny. This custom remained in vogue until the year 1730, when -it occurred to Mr. Harwood, a brewer of East London, to prepare a -liquor analogous to the mixture of ale, beer, and twopenny; and thus -save the time of the tavern-keepers, who were compelled to serve each -customer from three different casks. Almost immediately, therefore, -he introduced the malt liquor known as =Entire=, because it was drawn -_entire_ from one cask. It was first retailed at the sign of “The Blue -Last,” in Curtain Road, Shoreditch, where it soon came to be in active -demand by the City porters, who made this house their regular resort, -whereupon the enterprising publican adroitly called it =Porter=. The -word “Entire” still appears upon the facia-boards of numerous taverns -throughout the Metropolis; but who thinks of calling for _Entire_ at -the present day? By the term =Stout= is implied a malt liquor of the -stoutest quality, _i.e._, having the most body in it. - -=Stingo= expresses an old beer of particular sharpness, in allusion -to its _stinging_ properties; while =Yorkshire Stingo= is, of course, -peculiar to the county of York. Originally the single X displayed on -beer-barrels denoted that the liquor had paid a ten shillings’ duty. -The additional X’s are merely brewers’ trade-marks, indicating various -degrees of strength over and above that of the single X ale. - -Concerning German beers, we need only allude to =Mum=, or =Mumm=, -which is peculiar to Brunswick, and named after Christoph Mumme, who -first brewed it in 1492; =Lager-Bier=, so called because it is kept -in a lager or cellar; and =Bock-bier=, a liquor which causes the -inconsiderate tippler to caper about like a bock, or goat. - - - - -_DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES._ - - -The word =Diamond= is a corruption of, and synonymous with, =Adamant=, -derived from the Greek _adamas_, untamable, infrangible, not to be -subdued, in accordance with the prefix _a_, without, and _damas_, to -tame, to subdue. As every one must be aware, the diamond is capable of -resisting fire. - -The great diamonds of the world are the following:--=The Kohinoor=, or -“Mountain of Light,” weighing 106 carats, came into the possession of -Queen Victoria on the annexation of the Punjaub in 1849; the =Mattan= -(367 carats) belongs to the Rajah of Mattan; the =Orloff= (194 carats) -preserves the family name of Catherine II. of Russia, who purchased -it in 1775; the =Shah= (86 carats), presented by Chosroes I., Shah of -Persia, who died in the year 579, to the Czar of Russia; the =Star of -the South= (254 carats), discovered in Brazil by a poor negress in -1853; the =Sauci= (106 carats), originally the property of a French -gentleman of this name, and bought by the Russian Czar for half a -million roubles in 1835; the =Regent=, also known as the =Pitt= (137 -carats), first acquired by Mr. Pitt, the grandfather of the Earl of -Chatham, and subsequently sold to the Duc d’Orleans, Regent of France, -for £135,000; the =Pigott= (82¼ carats), brought from India by Lord -Pigott sometime previous to 1818, when it came into the possession -of Messrs. Rundell and Bridge; the =Dudley= (44½ carats), found at -the Cape by a black shepherd in 1868, and, after various changes of -ownership, bought by the Earl of Dudley for £30,000; and the =Twin -Diamonds=, both found in the bed of the river Vaal at the Cape in 1872. - -With regard to precious stones:--the =Turquois= derived its name -from Turkey, where it was first found; the =Topaz=, from Topazos, an -island in the Red Sea; and the =Agate=, from the Greek _Achates_, a -river in Sicily, in the bed of which it was anciently discovered. The -term =Amethyst= comes from the Greek _amethustos_, a precious stone, -and =Opal=, through the Latin _opalus_, from the Sanskrit _opula_, -a precious stone. =Emerald= traces its origin through the French -_emerande_ to the Latin and Greek _omaragdus_; =Garnet=, through the -French _grenat_, from the Latin _granatus_; and =Ruby=, from the Latin -_ruber_, red. =Pearl= is an Anglo-Saxon word derived from the Latin -_pirula_, a diminutive of pear. - -We may conveniently add that the weight of precious stones, as well as -that of gold, is regulated by =Carats=, because formerly carat seeds, -or the seed of the Abyssinian coral flower were employed for this -purpose. - - - - -_NAVAL AND MILITARY SOBRIQUETS._ - - -The Roman Manlius (appointed Consul in the year 224 B.C.) received -the name of =Torquatus= from the incident of having torn the golden -torque or collar from the neck of his adversary in the field. Charles, -the son of Pepin d’Heristal, was surnamed =Martel= in recognition of -his victory over the Saracens, who attempted the invasion of France -in the year 732. According to the chronicler, “he knocked down the -foe and crushed them between his axe, as a martel or hammer crushes -what it strikes.” Robert, Duke of Normandy, the father of William -the Conqueror (died 1035), bore the name of =Robert le Diable=, or -=Robert the Devil=, on account of his courageous cruelty in war. The -Scottish outlaw, Sir William Wallace (born 1270, beheaded 1305), was -styled =The Hammer and Scourge of England= by reason of his patriotism. -William Douglas, Lord of Nithsdale (died 1390), was known as =Black -Douglas= because his frame was tall, strong, and well-built, while his -hair was dark and his complexion swarthy. Archibald Douglas, Earl of -Angus (died 1514), merited the sobriquet of =Bell the Cat= for having -put to death the upstart favourites of James III., and so prevented -the creation of nobles out of architects and masons whom the king -particularly patronized. At a meeting convened in the Church of Lauder -by the Scottish nobles for the purpose of taking measures to obtain -the removal of these persons, Lord Gray had put the question, “But who -will bell the cat?” “That will I!” answered Douglas on the instant; -and he kept his word, for in the very presence of the king he slew the -obnoxious minions with his own hand. - -Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick (born 1420, died 1471), was surnamed -=The King Maker= for the reason that while he espoused the cause -of the Yorkists, Edward IV. succeeded in his efforts to gain the -English Crown; and when, subsequently, he transferred his influence -to the Lancastrians, Henry VI. was restored and the usurper deposed. -Harry Percy (born 1364, died 1403) was styled =Hotspur=, and Prince -Rupert (born 1619, died 1682) =The Mad Cavalier= because they found -it impossible to restrain their rash courage in time of war. The -soldiers of Cromwell, after the Battle of Marston Moor, received the -popular name of =Ironsides= on account of their armour and their iron -resolution. The sobriquet of =The Almighty Nose= was bestowed upon -Oliver Cromwell (born 1599, died 1658), in allusion to his nasal -enormity. Strange, indeed, that he who had attained to the highest -position in the land by the sheer force of arms should have been so -continually taunted with the length and colour of his nose! Yet so it -was. Nevertheless, there have been others whose peace of mind was daily -threatened by popular malice in this selfsame respect. Even the great -Roman poet Ovid suffered a lifelong martyrdom, and became the recipient -of the sobriquet of =Naso=, owing to the possession of an unusually -large nose; just as in modern times Wilson, the painter, and Cervetto, -the violincellist of Drury Lane Theatre, never succeeded in putting -their heads out of their own doors without being greeted with shouts of -“=Nosey!=” from the mob. - -The Duke of Cumberland (born 1721, died 1765) rightly deserved the -opprobrious surname of =The Bloody Butcher= on account of his merciless -slaughter of the vanquished adherents of the Young Pretender after -the Battle of Culloden. The soldiers of the Duke of Marlborough (born -1650, died 1722) familiarly styled their leader =Corporal John= because -he had risen from the rank of Corporal; while General Bonaparte, -afterwards Emperor of the French (born 1769, died 1821), bore the -name of =The Little Corporal=, in allusion to his original rank, -his low stature, youthful appearance, and extraordinary courage. As -most readers are aware, Wellington (born 1769, died 1852) earned the -name of =The Iron Duke= by his iron will and resolution; and Blucher -(born 1742, died 1819) that of =Marshal Forward=, by his dash and -readiness to attack the enemy in the campaign which terminated in -the Battle of Waterloo. Prince Bismarck, the late Chancellor of the -German Empire (born 1815) owed his surname of =The Iron Chancellor= -to his extraordinary vigour and indomitable will. Helmuth, Count von -Moltke, Field-Marshal of the German armies (born 1800, died 1891), was -popularly surnamed =Helmuth the Taciturn=, because though a master of -half a dozen languages, he was never known to betray himself in one -of them. The sobriquet of =Stonewall Jackson=, possessed by Thomas -Jonathan Jackson, the Confederate General in the American War of 1861 -to 1865, originated with General Lee, who, after rallying his troops -at the Battle of Bull Run, exclaimed, “There is Jackson, standing like -a stone wall!” A less complimentary sobriquet bestowed upon General -Andrew Jackson, President of the United States (born 1767, died 1845), -by his own soldiers, was that of =Old Hickory=, in allusion to his -tough, unyielding disposition. The circumstance is thus commented upon -by Parton, the author of Jackson’s Life:--“The name of _Old Hickory_ -was not an instantaneous inspiration, but a growth. First of all, the -remark was made by some soldier, who was struck with his commander’s -pedestrian powers, that the General was tough. Next, it was observed -that he was as tough as hickory. Then he was called _Hickory_. Lastly, -the affectionate adjective ‘old’ was prefixed, and the General -thenceforth rejoiced in the completed nickname, usually the first-won -honour of a great commander.” - -Of naval sobriquets we shall mention only three. Commodore John Byron, -the circumnavigator (born 1723, died 1786), was popularly known as -=Foul Weather Jack= because, it was said, he never enjoyed a fine -passage throughout the whole of his experience. Admiral Edward Vernon -(born 1684, died 1757), to whom reference is made in our article on -“Spirits,” was called =Old Grog=, because he wore a “Grogram” coat -in “dirty weather” [_see_ GROGRAM]. Admiral Sir Henry Digby received -his well-known sobriquet of =The Silver Captain= under the following -interesting circumstances:--On the October 14, 1799, when commanding -the frigate _Alcmene_, on a cruise off the Spanish coast, he shaped his -course for Cape St. Vincent, and was running to the southward, in the -latitude of Cape Finisterre. Twice during the night he rang his bell to -summon the officer on the watch, and asked him if any person had been -in the cabin. “No, sir; nobody,” was the answer. “Very odd,” rejoined -Sir Henry. “Every time I dropped asleep I heard somebody shouting -in my ear, ‘Digby! Digby! go to the northward; Digby! Digby! go to -the northward!’ I shall certainly do so. Take another reef in your -topsails, haul your wind, tack every hour till daybreak, and then call -me.” These orders were strictly carried out, and the frigate was tacked -at four, at five, at six, and at seven o’clock. She had just come round -for the last time when the man at the masthead called out, “Large ship -on the weather-bow, sir!” On nearing her a musket was discharged to -bring her to. She was quickly boarded, when she proved to be a Spanish -vessel laden with dollars, in addition to a large cargo of cochineal -and spices. By this capture therefore, the fortunate dreamer secured, -as his (Captain’s) share of the prize-money, the sum of £40,730 18s.; -the lieutenants each £5,091 7s. 3d.; the warrant officers each £2,468 -10s. 9½d.; the midshipmen each £791 17s. 0¼d.; and the seamen and -marines each £182 14s. 9½d. The captured treasure was said to have been -so weighty that sixty-three artillery tumbrils had to be requisitioned -for the purpose of transporting it from the vessel to Plymouth Citadel. - - - - -_MONEY._ - - -The word =Money= owes its existence to _Moneta_, one of the surnames -of Juno, in whose temple the first coinage of the Romans took place. -=Mint= claims the same etymology, being a contraction of the Latin -_moneta_, brought about through the Anglo-Saxon _mynet_. By =Sterling -Money= is meant the standard coin of Great Britain, and for this -reason:--During the reign of King John the merchants of the Hansa -Towns, of which the inhabitants were commonly described as Esterlings, -because they resided in the eastern portions of Germany, having -long been noted for the purity of their coinage, the king invited -a number of them over to this country for the purpose of reforming -and perfecting our coinage. The invitation was accepted; and ever -afterwards good English money received the name of Esterling or -sterling money. - -A =Guinea= was an English gold piece first struck in 1663 out of gold -brought from the coast of Guinea, West Africa. Its value has been -subject to fluctuations at different periods. Thus, in 1663 it was -worth 20s.; in 1695, 30s.; in 1717, 21s.; in 1810, 22s. 6d.; and in -1816, 26s. The coinage of guineas was discontinued July 1, 1817. A -=Sovereign= is so called because when originally coined, during the -reign of Henry VIII., it bore a representation of that sovereign in -his royal robes. A =Crown-piece= when first introduced displayed a -crown on its reverse side. The =Florin= took its name from Florence, -in which city it was struck as long ago as the thirteenth century. Its -reverse side has always borne a representation of a lily, emblematical -of “The City of Flowers.” The term =Shilling= traces its origin in -the Anglo-Saxon _scilling_, the Icelandic _skillinge_, and the Gothic -_skilliggs_, in each case denoting the twentieth part of a pound, as -at present. A =Penny=, so called from the Anglo-Saxon _penig_, and -Danish _pennig_ (whence the modern German =Pfennig= has been derived), -originally denoted a copper coin of full value; a =Halfpenny=, the -half of a penny; and a =Farthing=, a corruption of the Old English -_fourthling_, denotes a penny divided into four parts. We must not -omit to mention that in olden times only penny-pieces were struck; and -these were deeply indented in the form of a cross--exactly, in fact, -after the manner of our Good Friday buns; so that when half-pennies or -farthings were required the pennies could be broken into two or four -portions without difficulty. - -Among coins other than those now current in this country we may mention -the =Ducat=, or Duke’s Money, specially struck for circulation in -the Duchy of Apulia in the year 1140, and which bore this beautiful -inscription: “Sit tibi Christi, datus, quem tu regis, iste ducatus” -(“May this duchy which You rule be devoted to You, O Christ”); and the -=Noble=, so called on account of the superiority of its gold. During -the reign of Henry III. this gold piece found its way into England -under the name of =Rose-Noble=, owing to the impression of a rose -on its reverse side; but in the reign of Henry VIII., simultaneous -with the substitution of the figure of St. George, it was designated -a =George-Noble=. The value of this coin at both periods was -six-and-eightpence. The current value of an =Angel=, so styled from -the angel on its reverse side, was, when introduced in the reign of -Henry VI., six-and-eightpence; but at the accession of Elizabeth it had -increased to ten shillings. - -The =Thistle-crown= of James VI. of Scotland (James I. of England), -value four shillings, was so called because it had a rose on one side -and a thistle on the other; both surmounted by a crown. The Scottish -sovereign of this period was styled a =Jacobus=, the Latinized form -of the King’s name. After the union of the two countries it became, -of course, current in England also; but in the two succeeding reigns -it was denominated a =Carolus=, the Latin for the name of Charles. A -French gold coin long current in Scotland was the =Dolphin=, which -derived its name from the fact of its introduction by Charles V., who -was also Dauphin of Vienne. The French =Louis d’or= (a louis of gold) -was first struck in the reign of Louis XIII.; this was superseded -by the =Napoleon=, during the consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. -The =Franc= originally denoted the silver coin of the Franks. The -term =Dollar= is a British modification of the German Thaler, an -abbreviation of Joachim’s-Thaler; by which was implied a piece of money -struck out of the silver discovered in the Thal, or Valley, of St. -Joachim, France, about the year 1518. The silver drawn from this valley -being of superior quality, it was coined into ounce pieces, which -received the name of =Joachims-Thalers=; but all other ounce pieces -subsequently struck from silver obtained elsewhere were simply called -=Thalers=. The =Kreuzer=, now superseded, owed its name to the cross on -its reverse side. - -=Wood’s Halfpence= was the designation of an inferior copper coinage -circulated in Ireland by a certain William Wood, under a patent granted -to him by George I. The withdrawal of the patent was eventually -procured owing to the denunciations of Dean Swift in the mysterious -“Drapier’s Letters.” The legal tender notes of the United States are -commonly styled =Greenbacks=, from the colour of the device imprinted -on the back of them. Bank of England notes formerly bore the name of -=Abraham Newlands= from the signature of the chief cashier. - -By the term =Bullion=, remotely derived from the Low Latin _bulla_, a -seal, and, more directly, from the Old French _bullione_, the Mint, -is meant the stock of the precious metals formed into bars and stored -in the strong rooms of the Bank of England in readiness for coinage. -Money vested in Government securities is known as =Stock=, or -=Government Stock=, in allusion to the origin of the term, viz., the -Anglo-Saxon stocc, a trunk, a stick; because prior to the year 1782, -when the practice was abolished, the official acknowledgment of money -received on behalf of the Government was written on both sides of a -broad piece of wood, which was then cut in two; and the one portion, -called the Stock, was delivered to the person lending the money, the -Counterstock being retained at the Tally Office. The instrument of -reckoning in this manner was styled the =Tally=, in accordance with -the French verb _tailler_, to cut; while the correspondence of the -Stock and Counterstock, or, in other words, the two portions of the -Tally, furnished the origin of the modern phrase “to tally,” as well as -the designation TALLYMAN, or a trader who lets out goods, principally -clothing, on the system of payment by weekly instalments. The word -=Consols= is a contraction of “Consolidated Annuities,” or the funded -portion of the National Debt. The fund which provides for the annual -reduction of the latter is styled the =Sinking Fund=. The French State -Loans known as =Tontines= perpetuate the name of Lawrence Tonti, a -Neapolitan _protégé_ of Cardinal Mazarine, who projected the scheme -in 1653. The annual statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer of -the finances of this country is called the =Budget=, agreeably to the -French _bougetta_, a little bag; because formerly the various documents -were presented to Parliament in a leathern bag. - - - - -_SPIRITS._ - - -=Rum= is a native West Indian term for a spirit distilled from -cane-juice; =Whisky= is an English rendering of the Irish -=Uisquebaugh=, derived from the two Gaelic words _uisge_, water, -and _beatha_, life; =Brandy= is a corruption of the Old English -_brandwine_, literally burnt wine; while =Gin= is short for Geneva, -where this spirit was first distilled. =Hollands= is the popular -English name for Dutch gin. =Cognac=, a French brandy of the best -quality, owes its designation to the town of which it forms the staple -industry; and =Nantes= to the port where it is shipped. =Old Tom= was -named after Tom Chamberlain, the senior partner in Messrs. Hodges’ -well-known distillery. - -The term =Punch= traces its origin to the Hindoo _pantsch_, signifying -five, because this favourite concoction originally consisted of five -ingredients, viz., arrack, sugar, tea, lemons, and water; whereas -=Toddy= is a western corruption of _taudi_, the native Hindoo name for -palm-juice. The word =Grog= perpetuates the memory of “Old Grog,” the -nickname of Admiral Edward Vernon, who first ordered his sailors to -dilute their rum with water [_see_ OLD GROG]. - -Scotch whisky is usually styled =Mountain Dew=, from the fact that -in former times it was often distilled in the mountains in order to -escape the watchfulness of the excise officers. The superior Scotch -whisky known as =Glenlivet= derives its name from the district in -which it is distilled. The popular =LL Whisky= originated under the -following circumstances: When the Duke of Richmond was Lord Lieutenant -of Ireland, he one day, in the year 1807, sent to various Dublin -distilleries for samples of their best whisky; and preferring that -furnished by Messrs. Kinahan, his Grace ordered a large vat in which -this particular quality of the spirit was kept to be reserved for his -own use. Accordingly, the letters “LL,” signifying Lord Lieutenant, -were painted on the vat; and ever since Messrs. Kinahan’s whisky of the -same quality has borne the name of “LL Whisky.” - - - - -_LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES._ - - -=Fleet Street= received its name from the =Fleet=, once a swift-flowing -stream, now converted into a sewer. =Mitre Court=, =Falcon Court=, -and =Red Lion Court= were designated after old taverns respectively -bearing these signs. =Bolt Court= was so called from the “Bolt-in-Tun,” -an ancient coaching-house, transformed into a railway goods receiving -office standing on the opposite side of the way. =Johnson’s Court= did -not receive its title from Dr. Johnson, who lived in it for some time, -but from the owner of the property. =Wine Office Court= originally -contained an office where wine licences were issued. =Shoe Lane= -received this designation from the traditional account that when the -Devil ran away with Lady Hatton [_see_ HATTON GARDEN] he dropped one -of her shoes in Shoe Lane and her cloak in =Cloak Lane=, near Cannon -Street. =St. Bride Street= and =Bride Lane= owe their names to the -Church of St. Bride close by. =Salisbury Court= occupies the site of an -ancient palace of the Bishops of Salisbury. =Dorset Street= and =Dorset -Buildings= carry us back in fancy to the =Dorset Gardens Theatre=, -erected in the grounds attached to the residence of the Earl of Dorset -in the early days of the Restoration. =Whitefriars Street= marks the -western boundary of the monastery of the Carmelites, or White Friars, -built in 1245. The whole district of Whitefriars formerly comprised a -Sanctuary infested by debtors and lawbreakers; on which account it bore -the name of =Alsatia=, in allusion to the French province of Alsace, -long notorious for its intestine strife and political disaffection. -=Bridge Street= is a modern thoroughfare leading to =Blackfriars -Bridge= and =Blackfriars Road=, so called from the monastery of the -Dominicans or Black Friars established on the site of =Printing House -Square= and the _Times_ office, about the year 1276. =Water Lane= was -originally a narrow lane winding down to the Thames. - -=Ludgate Hill= derived its name from the old Lud Gate, built by King -Lud in the year 66 B.C. on the spot where the London, Chatham, and -Dover Railway now crosses this busy thoroughfare. The gate was removed -in 1760. =La Belle Sauvage Yard= was formerly the coachyard of the -celebrated Inn of this name. =The Old Bailey= is a corruption of -_Bail Hill_, which contained the residence and court of the Bail, or -Bailiff, from very early times. The =Broadway= was doubtless considered -a fine thoroughfare in the days when London streets generally were -so narrow that opposite neighbours could shake hands out of their -top-story windows. =Friar Street= was designated after the Black -Friars’ Monastery. =Sermon Lane= is a corruption of “Shere-moniers’ -Lane,” in which stood the office of the money-shearers or clippers -at the time when the Mint was in this neighbourhood. =Paul’s Chain= -owed its name to a chain formerly drawn across its northern extremity -the while service was held in St. Paul’s. =Old Change= was originally -known as “The King’s Exchange” on account of the building where the -bullion was stored convenient to the Money-shearers’ Office and the -Mint. =Paternoster Row= received its name from the stationers who -sold religious texts, prayer-books, and rosary beads, formerly called -_Paternosters_ in this street. =Ave Maria Lane=, =Creed Lane=, and -=Amen Corner=, being of later date, their designation to complete the -religious metaphor was perhaps natural. =Warwick Lane= stands on the -site of a magnificent palace owned by the Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick. -=Ivy Lane= contained the ivy-clad houses of the prebendaries attached -to St. Paul’s Cathedral. In =Panyer Alley= may be seen a curious stone -let into the wall of the middle house on the east side, upon which are -chiselled the rude figure of a boy seated on a pannier or basket, and -a distich reminding the pedestrian that this is the highest ground in -the City. The alley was a standing-place for bakers with their panniers -at the time when a corn market was held at the western extremity of -Cheapside. - -=Cheapside= properly denotes that side of the Cheap where the rich -goldsmiths had their shops. The term _cheap_ is Saxon for a market, -derived from _ceapan_, to buy. The Old English spelling of the name of -this locality was =Chepe=. =Ironmonger Lane= was the regular habitation -of the artificers in iron in the reign of Edward I.; =Bread Street= of -the bakers; and =Friday Street= of the fishmongers who supplied the -fast-day markets. =Milk Street= was the ancient milk market. =Gutter -Lane= is a corruption of “Guthurun Lane,” so called after a wealthy -Danish burgher. =Foster Lane= contains the Church of St. Vedast -(otherwise St. Foster), Bishop of Arras in the French province of -Artois, in the time of Clovis. =Wood Street= was anciently inhabited by -turners and makers of wooden cups and dishes and measures. =Lawrence -Lane= received its name from the Church of St. Lawrence in =Gresham -Street=, which perpetuates the memory of Sir Thomas Gresham, merchant -and founder of the Royal Exchange (born 1519, died 1579), because -=Gresham College=, established by him in his own mansion, on the site -of the present =Gresham House=, Old Broad Street, was removed here in -1843. =Lad Lane=, now absorbed in Gresham Street, was a corruption of -“Our Lady Lane,” so called from a statue of the Virgin. =Aldermanbury= -was so called from the original Guildhall that stood on its east side. -The approach to the present Guildhall received the name of =King -Street= in honour of Henry IV., in whose reign the edifice was opened. -In =Basinghall Street= stood the mansion of Solomon Basing, Lord Mayor -in 1216. =Coleman Street= preserves the memory of the first builder -upon the land. The =Old Jewry= was the privileged quarter of the Jews, -whose first synagogue was erected here in 1262. =The Poultry= comprised -the shops of the scorchers and stuffers, who afterwards settled down in -the =Stocks Market= (so called from the old stocks for public offenders -that stood there), displaced by the building of the Mansion House in -1739. =Bucklersbury= was originally the property of a wealthy grocer -named Buckle who owned a manor-house here; the Anglo-Saxon word _bury_ -being applicable either to a town or to an inhabited enclosure. =King -William Street= was named soon after William IV. opened the present -London Bridge, on August 1, 1831. =Queen Victoria Street= was cut -through in the reign of her present Majesty. - -=Cannon Street= is a corruption of =Candlewick Street=, colloquially -styled “Can’lwick Street,” from the candlemakers who congregated -in it. =Budge Row= received its name from the sellers of budge, or -lambskin-fur, which at one time was greatly used as an ornamentation to -their attire by scholars and civic dignitaries. =London Stone= marked -the centre of the City during its occupation by the Romans in the year -15 B.C. =Watling Street= is a mispronunciation of “Vitellina strata,” -meaning the street of Vitellius, who at the time it was constructed -occupied the Imperial throne. This was the great highway of the Romans, -running from Dover, through Canterbury and London, direct to Cardigan -in Wales. =Walbrook=, formerly written “Wall-brook,” reminds us of -the pleasant stream of clear water that once ran along the west side -of this street and emptied itself into the Thames. =Crooked Lane= was -so called from its winding character. =Swan Alley=, in Upper Thames -Street, derived its title from an ancient mansion of the Beauchamps -whose crest was a swan. =Boss Alley= calls attention to the fact that -the executors of Sir Richard Whittington erected a _boss_, or conduit, -hereabouts in the long, long ago. =College Hill= is all that remains -to remind us of the College of St. Spirit and St. Mary founded on its -site by the same generous Lord Mayor and benefactor of the public. -=Fye Foot Lane= is properly “five-foot lane,” the actual width of this -thoroughfare at one end; while =Duck’s Foot Lane= is a corruption -of “Duke’s Foot Lane,” signifying the private path leading from the -manor-house of the Dukes of Suffolk in what is now =Suffolk Lane= -down to the water-side. =Queenhithe= was so called because the tolls -collected at this _hithe_, or wharf, were claimed as pin-money by -Eleanor, queen of Henry II. =Dowgate= is a modern spelling of “Dwrgate” -(_dwr_ being Celtic for water), where, in the absence of bridges, the -Romans had a ferry across the river to the continuation of Watling -Street towards Dover. The =Steelyard= was the place where the King’s -beam, or _Steel yard_, for weighing merchandise was set up. Foreigners -who landed goods here were, between the thirteenth and fifteenth -centuries, known as THE STEELYARD MERCHANTS. - -=Gracechurch Street=, formerly corrupted into “Gracious Street,” -received its name from an old church standing in a grass market -hereabouts. =Fenchurch Street= recalls the church in the fens, or -marshy land, on the north bank of the Thames. =Eastcheap= was the -eastern _cheap_ or market, as distinguished from Chepe or Cheapside. -=Mincing Lane= is a corruption of “Mynchen Lane,” denoting the -tenements held by the _minichery_, a Saxon name for a nunnery, of St. -Helen’s, Bishopsgate Street. =Mark Lane= was originally styled “Mart -Lane,” from a fair held here from the earliest times. =Blind Chapel -Court=, situated at the north-east corner of Mark Lane, carries the -imagination back to “Blanch Appleton,” the documentary description -of a white stone manor belonging to a knight named Appleton, in the -reign of Richard II. In =Rood Lane= stood an ancient _rood_, or cross, -representing the dying Saviour. =Seething Lane= is a corruption of -Sidon Lane; and =Billiter Street= of Belzetti Street, commemorating -the names of the original owners of, and builders upon, the land. -The =Minories= marks the site of the Priory of the MINORESSES, or -NUNS OF ST. CLARE (the Order founded in Italy, by St. Clare in 1212); -corresponding to the =Minims=, or Lesser Friars, founded by St. Francis -de Paula in 1453. =Crutched Friars= was the Priory of the Crutched, or -Crossed, Friars of the Holy Trinity [_see_ RELIGIOUS ORDERS]. =Aldgate= -received its name from the _Ald Gate_, the oldest of the City gates, -taken down in 1760. Aldgate Pump, which stood beside the gate, still -remains. =George Yard= was formerly the inn yard of “The George.” -=Duke’s Place= preserves the memory of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, -beheaded in 1572, who had inherited the property of the Crutched Friars -by marriage. - -=Leadenhall Street= derived its title from the =Leadenhall Market=, -a corruption of “Leather Hall,” the leather-sellers’ market of olden -times. =St. Mary-Axe= owes its name to the Church of St. Mary-Axe -which stood in it [_see_ the article “LONDON CHURCHES AND BUILDINGS”]. -=Throgmorton Street= and =Nicholas Lane= were both named after Sir -Nicholas Throgmorton, a wealthy London banker, and the head of an -ancient Warwickshire family, said to have been poisoned by Robert -Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in 1571. =Threadneedle Street= is a -corruption of “Three-Needle-Street,” so called from the arms of the -Needle Makers’ Company. =Bartholomew Lane= was designated after -the Church of St. Bartholomew, at the back of the Royal Exchange. -=Lothbury= was originally “Lattenbury,” inhabited by the workers in -_latten_, a fine kind of brass or bronze, which formed an important -industry in the Middle Ages. =Cornhill= was the ancient corn market. -=St. Michael’s Alley=, where the first English coffee-house was opened, -took its name from the neighbouring church. =Finch Lane= is properly -“Finke Lane,” in honour of Sir Robert Finke, who built the Church of -St. Bennet Finke, pulled down to enlarge Gresham’s Royal Exchange. -=Change Alley=, a contraction of “Exchange Alley,” was in the year -1720 the busy centre of the South Sea Bubble. =Birchin Lane= is a -corruption of “Birchover Lane,” named after the builder. - -=Lombard Street= constituted the colony of the Jews of Lombardy sent -over to England by Pope Gregory IX. for the purpose of advancing money -to those who were unable to pay the taxes so rigorously demanded -throughout the country in 1229. =Austin Friars= contained the Priory -of the Austin, or Augustin Friars. =Bishopsgate Street= was designated -after the strong gate built by the good Bishop Erkenwald, son of Offa, -King of the Saxons; and repaired by Bishop William in the reign of -William I. =Great St. Helen’s= comprises the ground anciently held -by the Nuns of the Order of St. Helen. =Devonshire Square=, in this -neighbourhood, marks the situation of the mansion of William Cavendish, -second Earl of Devonshire, who died under its roof in 1628. =Artillery -Lane= stands upon the old practising ground of the Tower Gunners prior -to the seventeenth century. =Houndsditch= was the old ditch beyond the -city wall, anciently considered by the inhabitants to be the proper -depository for dead dogs. =Bevis Marks= is a corruption of “Bury’s -Marks,” where stood the mansion and grounds of the Abbots of Bury. -=Petticoat Lane=, also known as =Rag Fair=, is the central old clothes -mart of the Jewish inhabitants of the metropolis. =Wormwood Street= -and =Camomile Street= were so called on account of the herbs found -growing among the Roman stones. =London Wall= defines the ancient -boundary of Roman London. =Barbican=, a continuation of the old Roman -Wall, is an English form of the Saxon _burgh kennin_, or postern tower. -Here it was that the Romans placed sentinels by night and day to -give notice of conflagrations in the City or of dangers from outside -quarters. In =Great Winchester Street= stood the original =Winchester -House=, built by the first Marquis of Winchester. =Old Broad Street= -was in Elizabeth’s reign the most fashionable thoroughfare in London, -containing the mansions of the wealthiest city merchants. =Moorgate -Street= was so called from the gate that divided the City from the -moor, comprising the borough of Finsbury. =Beech Lane= was designated -after Nicholas de la Beech, Lieutenant of the Tower during the reign -of Edward III. =Cripplegate= is the narrow thoroughfare anciently -graced (or disgraced) by a stone gate which received its name from -the beggars and cripples who congregated around it. This affection -for the old gate on the part of the cripples may be explained by the -circumstance that the neighbouring church was dedicated to St. Giles, -the patron of cripples. =Whitecross Street= and =Red Cross Street= -were respectively denominated from a white and a red cross of stone, -which defined the boundaries of the land belonging to the Knights -Templars and the Knights Hospitallers. =Playhouse Yard= reminds us -that the old “Fortune Theatre” stood here. =Jewin Street= was for -centuries the only burying-ground permitted to the Jews of London. -=Aldersgate Street= took its name from the old City gate, distinguished -for several alder-trees that grew beside it. In =Bridgewater Square= -stood the mansion, destroyed by fire in 1687, of the Egertons, Earls of -Bridgewater. =Bartholomew Close= marks the situation of the cloisters -of St. Bartholomew’s Priory, of which the church still remains. =Cloth -Fair= comprised the ancient rendezvous of the Flemish and Italian -merchants for the annual sale of cloths. This was the real Fair, -to which “Bartholomew Fair” was merely an adjunct designed for the -amusement of the populace who came from all accessible parts of the -country. =Duke Street= and =Little Britain= were so called because -in olden times the Dukes of Brittany resided here. =Newgate Street= -received its name from the latest of the City gates, which also lent -its title to the gloomy prison hard by. =Bath Street= contained one -of the Turkish Bagnios, or Baths, introduced in London as early as -the year 1679. =King Edward Street= serves to remind us that the -neighbouring Grammar School known as Christ’s Hospital was established -by Edward VI. =Giltspur Street=, formerly styled =Knightrider Street=, -was so called from the Knights, distinguished by their gilt spurs, who -passed through it on their way to the tournaments in Smithfield. =Pie -Corner=, where the great Fire of London ceased its ravages in 1666, -derived its name from an eating-house that rejoiced in the sign of -“The Magpie.” =Farringdon Street= and =Farringdon Road= perpetuate -the memory of William Farrindon, citizen and goldsmith, who purchased -the Aldermanry of the Ward still known by his name for twenty marks -in 1279, and became Sheriff two years later. =Saffron Hill= owes its -designation to the rich crops of saffron that grew on its site at the -time when it formed the eastern portion of the grounds attached to Ely -House, the London residence of the Bishops of Ely, which stood on the -spot now marked by =Ely Place=, and bounded on the west by =Hatton -Garden=; so called because, when the property became demised to the -Crown, it was presented by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Christopher Hatton, -who literally danced himself into Her Majesty’s favour. =Snow Hill= was -formerly described as “Snore Hill,” from the fact that the stage-coach -passengers intended for “The Saracen’s Head” were generally fast asleep -when they arrived at their destination. - -=Holborn= is a contraction of “The Hollow Bourne,” indicative of a -stream in a hollow. In Domesday Book the name appears as “Holebourne.” -=Holborn Bars= marks the City boundary on its western side. =Leather -Lane= was the recognized colony of the leather-sellers. =Fetter Lane= -is a perversion of “Fewtor’s Lane”--in other words, a lane infested by -vagabonds in the days when it led to some pleasure gardens. The term -was derived from the Norman-French _faitour_, signifying an evil-doer. -=Brooke Street= (in which Chatterton, the boy-poet, ended his life by -poison), and =Greville Street= preserve the name of Fulke Greville, -Lord Brooke, Councillor to James I., whose house stood in the latter -thoroughfare. =Gray’s Inn Road= forms the eastern boundary of Gray’s -Inn. =Verulam Buildings=, Gray’s Inn, facing Gray’s Inn Road, received -this title in honour of Lord Bacon, who was created Baron Verulam and -Viscount St. Albans. =Furnival Street=, on the east side of Holborn -Bars, owes its name to Furnival’s Inn, which it faces. Until quite -recently this street was designated =Castle Street=, from the old -“Castle Inn,” whose site it covers. The name of =Dyers’ Buildings= -memorializes the one-time existence of some almshouse erected -hereabouts by the Dyers’ Company. =Cursitor Street= received its title -from the Cursitors’ Office founded in this vicinity by the father of -the great Lord Bacon. The Cursitors were those who issued writs in the -name of the Court of Chancery. The word _cursitor_ is a corruption of -chorister. Anciently all the officers of the Court of Chancery were -divines; and the Lord High Chancellor himself was the Ecclesiastical -Keeper of the King’s Conscience. =Chancery Lane= is a corruption of -“Chancellor’s Lane,” originally containing the court and official -residence of the Lord High Chancellor. =Southampton Buildings= occupy -the site of Southampton House, which witnessed the death of Thomas, the -last Earl of Southampton, Lord Treasurer of Charles II. Those sorry -tenements, =Chichester Rents= supply the place of the old town mansion -of the Bishops of Chichester. =Lincoln’s Inn Fields= are situated on -the east side of the Inn, or mansion, of Henry de Lacey, Earl of -Lincoln, in the fourteenth century [_see_ INNS OF COURT]. =Sardinia -Street= takes its name from the =Sardinian Chapel=, the oldest Roman -Catholic chapel in London, dating back to the year 1648, and originally -the residence of the Sardinian ambassador. =Great Turnstile= and -=Little Turnstile= are pleasant-sounding names, eminently suggestive -of the rural character of this neighbourhood in bygone days. The -turnstiles were set up to prevent sheep and cattle from straying out -of Lincoln’s Inn Fields into the public highway. =Great Queen Street= -was so called in compliment to Queen Elizabeth, in whose reign it was -first formed into a footway for pedestrians plodding westwards from -Lincoln’s Inn towards the narrow path, anciently designated, as the -modern street still is, =Long Acre=. The word _Acre_, derived from the -Greek _agros_, Latin _ager_, and Anglo-Saxon _acer_, means a ploughed -or sown field. =Drury Lane= derived its name from Drury House, the town -residence of Sir William Drury, K.G., one of our most able commanders -in quelling the wars with Ireland. The house was situated where the -Olympic Theatre now stands. =Denzil Street= and =Holles Street= were -so designated by Gilbert, Earl of Clare, whose house occupied the site -of =Clare Market=, in memory of his uncle Denzil, Lord Holles, one -of the five members of the House of Commons whose persons Charles I. -made an ineffectual attempt to seize. =Hart Street= and =White Hart -Street= both owe their titles to “The White Hart” Inn, demolished -in the time of George I. =Catherine Street=, Strand, and =Portugal -Street=, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, were designated in honour of Catherine -of Braganza, queen of Charles II. =Serle Street= received its name from -Henry Serle, a bencher of Lincoln’s Inn, who left considerable property -in the parish of St. Clement-Danes when he died in 1690. =Wych Street= -was known in early times as _Aldwyche_, denoting the road leading -directly from the Strand and the church just mentioned to the “Old -town,” now known as Broad Street, St. Giles’s parish. =Holywell Street= -took its title from the Holy Well discovered on the eastern side of St. -Clement-Danes. - -The =Strand= literally means the strand of the Thames. At one time -Somerset House and a few other princely mansions only occupied its -southern side. =Thanet Place=, a secluded _cul de sac_ comprising ten -houses, opposite the Law Courts, was named after the Earl of Thanet, to -whom, previous to 1780, the property belonged. =Palsgrave Place= was -so called in compliment to the Palsgrave Frederick, King of Bohemia, -who married the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., in 1612. -=Devereaux Court= received its title from Essex House, which also -gave its name to =Essex Street=, the residence of Robert Devereaux, -Earl of Essex, the Parliamentary General. =Milford Lane= was in olden -times characterized by a rustic mill; and the lane itself led down to -a ford across the river. =Arundel Street=, =Norfolk Street=, =Surrey -Street=, and =Howard Street=, stand upon the site of the town house -and grounds of the Howards, Dukes of Norfolk, and Earls of Arundel and -Surrey. =Savoy Street= leads to the Chapel Royal, the only remaining -portion of the ancient Savoy Palace [_see_ SAVOY CHAPEL]. =Wellington -Street=, constructed in 1829-30, was named to complete the compliment -partially bestowed upon the Duke of Wellington by the designation of -=Waterloo Bridge=, opened June 18, 1817, or two years after the famous -victory. =Bow Street= was so called on account of its bent shape when -it was first laid out to connect the Strand with Oxford Street in -1637. =Covent Garden= is a corruption of Convent Garden, or the garden -belonging to St. Paul’s Convent. =York Street= and =James Street= were -both named in honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. =King -Street=, constructed in his reign, was designated after Charles I., -and =Henrietta Street= after his queen, Henrietta Maria. In =Tavistock -Street=, =Russell Street=, =Bedford Street=, and =Southampton Street=, -we trace some of the family titles of one of the ancestors of the -present ground landlord, viz., Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, -Marquis of Tavistock, Duke of Bedford, whose daughter is known in -history as the celebrated Rachel, the wife of Lord William Russell, the -patriot, beheaded in 1683. Southampton House, in which Lady Russell -was born, stood in the street named after it. =Bedfordbury= originally -denoted the enclosed property of the Bedford family. =Maiden Lane= -was so styled on account of a statue of the Virgin that stood at the -corner of this thoroughfare at the time when it skirted the south wall -of the Convent Garden. =Chandos Street= received its name from James -Bridges, Lord Chandos, the ancestor of the “Princely Duke of Chandos.” -=Exeter Street= marks the situation of Exeter House and its grounds, -the property of a lineal descendant of the great Lord Burleigh, after -whom =Burleigh Street= was designated. =Cecil Street= and =Salisbury -Street=, on the opposite side of the Strand, remind us that here -stood Salisbury House, the residence of Robert Cecil, first Earl of -Salisbury, one of the sons of Lord Burleigh just alluded to. - -=Adelphi= is the Greek word for brothers. This collective title was -chosen for the pleasantly situated little district which comprises -=Adelphi Terrace=, =Adam Street=, =John Street=, =Robert Street=, and -=James Street=, the work of the brothers Adam, after whose Christian -names three of the streets were designated. Similarly, =George Street=, -=Villiers Street=, =Duke Street=, and =Buckingham Street= preserve the -memory of George Villiers, second Duke of Buckingham, of whose mansion -the old gate built by Inigo Jones may still be seen. =Charing Cross= is -a perversion of “Chère Reine Cross,” so named from the memorial cross -erected upon the spot where the body of Eleanor, the _dear queen_ of -Edward I., was last set down while on its way to Westminster Abbey. -The present cross is merely a model of the original demolished by -the Puritans in 1647. =Craven Street= is the property of Lord Craven. -=Northumberland Street= and =Northumberland Avenue= owe their names to -Northumberland House, the town mansion of the Dukes of Northumberland, -taken down in 1874. - -=Trafalgar Square= received its title from the Nelson Column, set up in -1843, two years before the Square itself was completed. =St. Martin’s -Lane= was named after the parish church of St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields. -=King William Street= was built upon in the reign of William IV. The -name of =Seven Dials= arose from a column set up at the diverging point -of seven streets, and displaying as many clock faces. Its object was to -mark the limits of St. Giles’s and St. Martin’s parishes. =Cranbourne -Street= marks the course of a long, narrow bourne, or stream, that -formerly ran from Tyburn by way of Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, -and across Leicester Fields into Long Acre, and thence emptied itself -into the Thames at the bottom of Milford Lane. The first portion of -the name was in allusion to the long, slender neck and legs of the -crane. =Leicester Square= (formerly denominated =Leicester Fields=) -derived its name from Leicester House, the noble mansion built on its -east side by Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, in 1636. On the site -of =Coventry Street= stood the mansion of Henry Coventry, Secretary -of State in the reign of Charles II. =Great Windmill Street= reminds -us of the old windmill that stood hereabouts a couple of centuries -ago. It was not until January, 1831, that the hay market, properly so -called, was removed from the spacious thoroughfare still known as the -=Haymarket=. =Jermyn Street= was named after Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. -Albans, whose residence, St. Alban’s House, stood on its north side. -In =Arundel Street= we have one of the family titles of the ground -landlord, Lord Arundel of Wardour. =Orange Street= was designated in -honour of the Prince of Orange, afterwards William III. =Panton Street= -perpetuates the memory of Colonel Thomas Panton, a notorious gamester, -whose daughter married into the Arundel family. =Suffolk Street= marks -the situation of the old town mansion of the Earl of Suffolk. - -=Spring Gardens=, during the days of the Stuarts, contained an -ingenious contrivance by which any person stepping upon a hidden -spring was suddenly immersed in a shower of water. =Pall Mall= is -a modern spelling of _paille maille_, the title of a French game -at ball, somewhat similar to our croquet, first played in this -thoroughfare--then open to St. James’s Park--about the year 1621. -=Carlton House Terrace= stands on the site of Carlton House, the palace -of Frederick, Prince of Wales, the father of George III. =King Street=, -=St. James’s Street=, and =St. James’s Square= were designated in -honour of James I. =Bury Street= is properly “Berry Street,” after the -name of its builder. - -The =Green Park= deserves its title on account of its verdure, so -refreshing to the eye. =Hyde Park= anciently comprised the manor of -Hyde held by the Abbots of St. Peter’s, Westminster, but claimed by -the Crown on the dissolution of the monasteries. =Hyde Park Corner= -defines the position of the old toll-gate at the western extremity of -London. =Rotten Row= is a corruption of _route du roi_, the French for -“route of the King,” to the historic royal residence at Kensington. -=Albert Gate=, =Queen’s Gate=, and =Prince’s Gate= are of modern date, -named in honour of the royal personages indicated. The =Marble Arch= -is an imposing structure of white marble originally erected in front -of Buckingham Palace in 1830, and removed to its present position in -1851. =Rutland Gate= was designated after the mansion of the Dukes of -Rutland hard by. =Cumberland Gate= and =Duke Street=, Grosvenor Square, -were both named after the Duke of Cumberland, brother to George III. -=Grosvenor Gate=, =Grosvenor Street=, and =Grosvenor Square= preserve -the memory of Sir Richard Grosvenor, Grand Cup-bearer to George II., -who died in 1732. The ancestral line of the Grosvenors may be traced -back to _Le Gros Veneur_, “the chief hunter,” to the Dukes of Normandy -prior to the Conquest. =Stanhope Gate=, =Great Stanhope Street=, and -=Chesterfield Street= received their names from =Chesterfield House=, -the residence of Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, of epistolary -fame. =Park Lane= was formerly a narrow lane skirting the east side -of the Park. =Portugal Street= was named in honour of the queen of -Charles II. =Chapel Street= owes its designation to its proximity to -Grosvenor Chapel. =Hamilton Place= perpetuates the name of Colonel -James Hamilton, Ranger of Hyde Park, and boon companion of Charles II. - -That fine thoroughfare known as =Piccadilly= was designated after -“Piccadilla Hall,” its most westerly building during the reign of -Elizabeth, and utilized as a depôt for the sale of the then fashionable -PICCADILLY LACE, so called on account of its little spearlike points, -_piccadilly_ being the diminutive of _pica_, a pike, a spear. In the -succeeding reign of James I., the high ruff worn by males was styled -a piccadilly, though the lace had disappeared from its edge. =Curzon -Street= was named after George Augustus Curzon, third Viscount Howe, -the ground landlord. =Charles Street= and =Queen Street= were first -built upon in the reign of Charles II., in honour of whom and his queen -they were designated. =Shepherd Street=, =Shepherd’s Market=, and -=Market Street= faithfully preserve the memory of the owner of the land -upon which the ancient “May Fair” was held. =Hay Hill=, =Hill Street=, -and =Farm Street= mark the situation of an old farm that stood upon the -lands of John, Lord Berkeley of Stratton, an able officer in the army -of Charles I., whose titles are perpetuated in =John Street=, =Berkeley -Square=, =Berkeley Street=, and =Stratton Street=; while =Bruton -Street= refers to the family seat of the Berkeleys, situated at Bruton, -Somersetshire. =Mount Street= marks the site of one of the western -forts or bastions hastily formed by the Parliamentarians in 1643 to -resist an expected attack upon the Metropolis from this side by the -Royalists. =Clarges Street= derived its name from the residence of Sir -Walter Clarges built in 1717, and afterwards occupied by the Venetian -Ambassador. In =Half-Moon Street= stood an old tavern bearing the sign -of “The Half-Moon.” =Arlington Street= and =Bennett Street= were named -after Henry Bennett, Earl of Arlington, whose town house was situated -on the site of the former thoroughfare. =Dover Street= was so called in -memory of Henry Jermyn, Lord Dover, who died in it in 1782. =Albemarle -Street= contained the residence of Christopher Monk, second Duke of -Albemarle, acquired from the Earls of Clarendon. =Old Bond Street=, -of which =New Bond Street= is a modern continuation, received its -name from the Bond family, now extinct. The land upon which it stands -was the property of Sir Thomas Bond, Comptroller of the Household of -Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. =Clifford Street= preserves the -memory of Elizabeth Clifford, who became the wife of Richard Boyle, -Earl of Burlington (died 1753), after whom =Old Burlington Street=, -and subsequently, =New Burlington Street= were designated. In =Cork -Street= resided Lord Cork, one of the four brothers of the Boyle family -advanced to the peerage at the same time. =Savile Row= was named -after Dorothy Savile, who became Countess of Burlington and Cork, and -inherited the property. =Vigo Street= commemorates the capture of Vigo, -in Spain, by the British on several occasions in the course of the -seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The street dates back to the -year 1720. =Sackville Street=, built in 1679, serves its purpose as -perpetuating the memory of the witty Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset, -whose friends were unwilling that his fame should be allowed to die. -=Air Street=, Piccadilly Circus, was at the time of its erection in -the year 1659 one of the most westerly, and consequently, open streets -of the town. =Swallow Street= is a corruption of “Slough Street,” at -one time a miry thoroughfare much infested by footpads. =Vine Street= -recalls the ancient vineyard belonging to the Abbey at Westminster, -situated here. - -=Regent Street= was named by John Nash, the architect, after his -royal patron, the Prince Regent. It was commenced in 1813. =Conduit -Street= received its name from the conduit or spring-head set up in the -meadow formerly known as “Conduit Mead,” now swallowed up by Old Bond -Street. =Maddox Street= was built by one Maddox in 1720. =Brook Street= -reminds us of the pleasant stream that wound its way from Tyburn down -to Leicester Fields, where it was designated the Cranbourne, and -ultimately spent itself in the Thames. =Mill Street= affords us an -additional memory of the rurality of London in bygone times. =George -Street= (also =St. George’s Church=), =Hanover Street=, and =Hanover -Square= were designations in honour of the Hanoverian succession in the -person of George I. =Davies Street=, connecting Berkeley Square with -Oxford Street, received its name in compliment to Miss Mary Davies, -the heiress of Ebury Manor, Belgravia, who carried that estate by her -marriage into the possession of the Grosvenors. - -Crossing Regent Street, =Argyll Street= marks the situation of the -old town mansion of the Dukes of Argyll. =Marlborough Street=, =Great -Marlborough Street=, and =Blenheim Street= were so called in honour of -the Duke of Marlborough, the victor of Blenheim. =Wardour Street= is -in allusion to the family seat of the ground landlord, Lord Arundel of -Wardour. =Nassau Street= was named in compliment to the royal House of -Nassau, from which the Prince of Orange claimed his descent. =Golden -Square= is a corruption of Gelding Square, derived from an adjacent -inn sign, “The Gelding.” =Shaftesbury Avenue= is a modern thoroughfare -named after Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, who -performed the opening ceremony but a short time before his death, which -occurred in 1885. =Windmill Street= furnishes another pleasant reminder -of green pastures and rural delights. =Old Compton Street= was built in -the reign of Charles II. by Sir Francis Compton. =New Compton Street= -and =Dean Street= derived their names from Bishop Compton, Dean of the -Chapel Royal, Savoy, who originally possessed the living of St. Anne’s, -Soho. =Gerrard Street= and =Macclesfield Street= perpetuate the memory -of Gerard, Earl of Macclesfield, the owner of the site at the time when -buildings were first put up hereabouts in 1697. =Greek Street= was so -called from the Greek merchants who colonized this neighbourhood, -and for whose spiritual benefit a Greek church was erected hard by. -=Carlisle Street= was designated after the Howards, Earls of Carlisle, -a branch of the ducal house of Norfolk, whose family mansion stood on -the east side of what is now Soho Square about the middle of the last -century. - -=Hanway Street=, situated on the north side of Oxford Street, received -its name from Jonas Hanway, who was the first to carry an umbrella -through the London streets. This occurred in the year 1750. =Rathbone -Place=, a somewhat exclusive thoroughfare, supporting its own police, -was built by a Captain Rathbone in 1718. =Newman Street= and =Goodge -Street= retain the names of their speculative builders. =Castle -Street= took its title from an inn sign at the corner of Oxford -Market. =Wells Street= is properly “Well Street,” so called after -Well in Yorkshire, the seat of the Strangeways family, from whom Lady -Berners, the original ground landlady of =Berners Street=, descended. -In =Foley Street= stood Foley House, the town-mansion of Lord Foley. -=Charlotte Street= received its name in honour of the queen of George -III. =Bolsover Street=, =Great Titchfield Street=, =Titchfield Street=, -=Grafton Street=, =Cleveland Street=, =Fitzroy Square=, =Euston -Square=, =Euston Road=, and =Southampton Street=, are all designated -after family names of the Fitzroys, Dukes of Grafton, Earls and Lords -of Southampton, the ground landlords. Euston is the seat of the Earl of -Euston, son of the Duke of Grafton and Marquis of Titchfield, situated -at Thetford, in the county of Norfolk; while Bolsover is the Derbyshire -seat of the Graftons. =Tottenham Court Road= anciently comprised the -manor of Totten, or Totham, held by William de Tottenhall in the reign -of Henry III. In Elizabeth’s time the manor was described as “Tottenham -Court.” The lease fell into the possession of Charles Fitzroy, second -Duke of Grafton, by right of his mother, Lady Isabella Bennett, who -inherited it. - -=Oxford Street=, formerly styled Oxford Road, =Oxford Market=, -=Mortimer Street=, =Harley Street=, =Edward Street=, and =Wigmore -Street=, derived their names from Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford and -Mortimer, created Baron Harley of Wigmore Castle in Herefordshire in -1717, the owner of the estate. =Cavendish Square=, =Old Cavendish -Street=, =New Cavendish Street=, =Holles Street=, and =Henrietta -Street=, preserve the memory of Henrietta Cavendish, wife of the second -Lord Harley, and only daughter and heiress of John Holles, the last -Duke of Newcastle, who by her marriage carried all this property into -the family of the Harleys. Her daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish, -became in her turn the wife of William Bentinck, second Duke of -Portland; in honour of which connection there have been designated -the various thoroughfares known as =Bentinck Street=, =Margaret -Street=, =Duke Street=, =Duchess Street=, =Portland Place=, and =Great -Portland Street=. =Welbeck Street= was named after Welbeck Abbey, in -Northamptonshire, the seat of the Portland family; while =Clipstone -Street= and =Carburton Street= were respectively designated after -villages, the one in Nottinghamshire, the other in Northamptonshire, -included in the ducal estate. =Wimpole Street= repeats the name of -the seat of the Harleys situated on the borders of Herefordshire and -Cambridgeshire, and purchased by Lord Chancellor Hardwicke in the last -century. =Stratford Place= was built in 1775 by Edward Stratford, -second Lord Aldborough, on ground leased from the Corporation of London -for the purpose. The erection of =Queen Anne Street= dates from the -reign indicated by its name. =Mansfield Street= is all that is left -to remind us of the town residence of the Earl of Mansfield. =Langham -Place= and =Langham Street= were named after Sir James Langham, whose -mansion and grounds occupied the site of the latter. =Vere Street= -recalls the existence of the De Veres, who for centuries held the -Earldom of Oxford previous to the Harleys. =Duke Street=, =Manchester -Street=, and =Manchester Square=, comprise the property of the Duke -of Manchester. =Spanish Place= was originally so called from the -residence of the Spanish Ambassador during the last century. =Chandos -Street= derived its name from the mansion built by James Bridges, Duke -of Chandos. =Hinde Street= perpetuates the memory of James Hinde, a -speculative builder and one of the lessees of Marylebone Park more than -a hundred years ago. =North Audley Street= and =South Audley Street= -point to the existence of Hugh Audley, a barrister of the Middle Temple -and owner of a landed estate hereabouts worth a million of money; -which, at his death, in 1662, fell to Sir William Davies, Lord Mayor of -London, the father of Miss Mary Davies already alluded to in connection -with Davies Street and Ebury Manor, Belgravia. - -=Old Quebec Street= commemorates the capture of Quebec by General -Wolfe in 1759, about which period this street was first built upon. -=Seymour Place= and =Upper Seymour Street= were designated after the -Seymours, from whom the Portmans are descended. =Montague Street= and -=Montague Square= were so called in compliment to Mrs. Montague of -Blue Stocking fame, who, on becoming a widow, took up her residence -in Portman Square close by. =Orchard Street= was designated in -allusion to Orchard-Portman, one of the seats of the Portmans, in -Somersetshire. =Portman Square=, =Portman Street=, =Berkeley Place=, -=Upper Berkeley Street=, =Lower Berkeley Street=, =Bryanstone Square=, -=Bryanstone Street=, =Wyndham Place=, =Wyndham Street=, =Blandford -Square=, =Blandford Street=, =Dorset Square=, and =Dorset Street=, -all have reference to the titles and estate of the sole landlord of -this neighbourhood, viz., Edward Berkeley Portman, Viscount Portman of -Bryanstone, near Blandford, Dorsetshire, many years M.P. for Dorset, -and some time M.P. for Marylebone. =Baker Street= received its name in -compliment to Sir Edward Baker of Ranston, a valued neighbour of the -Portmans in Dorsetshire. =Harewood Square= and =Harewood Street= mark -the position of the town mansion of the Earls of Harewood. =Lisson -Grove= stands on part of the land formerly known as _Lideston Green_, -really a corruption of _Ossulton Green_. _Ossulton_ is the name of a -Hundred mentioned in Domesday Book, and preserved in =Ossulton Square=, -close at hand, and also in =Ossulton Street=, Euston Road. - -=Regent’s Park= was named in honour of the Prince Regent, for whom it -was originally intended to build a palace on the ground now utilized as -the Botanic Gardens. =Albany Street= and =Osnaburgh Street= perpetuate -the memory of Frederick, second son of George III., nominally styled -Prince-Bishop of Osnaburgh in Hanover, and created Duke of York and -Albany, and Earl of Ulster. =Cumberland Market=, whither the hay-market -was removed from what still bears the description of the Haymarket -in 1831, received its name in honour of Ernest Augustus, Duke of -Cumberland, one of the sons of George III., who subsequently became -King of Hanover. =Munster Square= was so called in compliment to the -eldest son of William IV., created Earl of Munster. =Park Street= is -the direct approach from High Street, Camden Town, to the Regent’s -Park. =Brecknock Road=, =Brecknock Crescent=, =Bayham Street=, -=Pratt Street=, =Jeffreys Street=, =Henry Street=, =Charles Street=, -=Frederick Street=, =Edward Street=, =William Street=, and =Robert -Street=, repeat the titles, family and Christian names occurring in -the family of the Earl of Brecknock, Marquis of Camden, the owner of -the estate, who died in 1840. =Great College Street=, =College Place=, -and =College Street=, are situated within a stone’s throw of the Royal -Veterinary College. =Oakley Square= owes its title to Oakley House, -near Bedford; and =Ampthill Square= to Ampthill Park, in Bedfordshire, -the names of two seats of the Bedfords; while =Harrington Square= -was denominated after the Earl of Harrington, one of whose daughters -became the wife of the seventh Duke of Bedford. =Mornington Crescent= -and =Mornington Place= were named in honour of the Earl of Mornington, -Governor-General of India, the brother of the Duke of Wellington; and -=Granby Street= after John Manners, the popular Marquis of Granby. -=Eden Street= covers the site of the old “Adam and Eve” Tea Gardens. -=Skinner Street=, Somers Town, was built, and is still owned by, the -Skinners’ Company. - -=Pancras Road= received its name from the parish church of St. Pancras. -=Battle Bridge Road= marks the spot where the Romans defeated the -Iceni, under Queen Boadicea, in the year 61. =York Road= owes its -designation to the fact that the Great Northern Railway was originally -styled “The London and York Railway.” =Caledonian Road=, which extends -northwards to =Caledonian Market=, was so called after the Royal -Caledonian Asylum, founded for Scottish orphans in 1831. =Liverpool -Street= and =Sidmouth Street= recall the names of two popular Lords -of the Ministry, at the accession of George IV. =Burton Crescent= -memorializes its builder. =Judd Street= comprises the property -bequeathed by Sir Andrew Judd, Lord Mayor in 1551, to the endowment of -a school at Tunbridge, Kent, his native place. =Great Coram Street= -affords us a pleasant reminder that the Foundling Hospital owes its -existence to the benevolence of Captain Thomas Coram in the year -1739. =Lamb’s Conduit Street= preserves the name of William Lamb, -a clothworker to whose enterprise “a faire conduit and standard,” -constructed in 1577, was due. =Harpur Street= received its title in -honour of Sir William Harpur, Lord Mayor in 1562, whose property -hereabouts, together with that now known as =Bedford Row=, High -Holborn, was devoted at his death to the foundation of a school and -other charitable purposes at Bedford, his native place. - -=Southampton Row= and =Southampton Street=, =Great Russell Street=, -=Russell Square=, =Bedford Square=, =Tavistock Square=, and =Tavistock -Place=, were named after Thomas Wriothlesley, Earl of Southampton, -Marquis of Tavistock, and Duke of Bedford, father of Rachel, who became -the wife of Lord William Russell, the patriot, already alluded to in -connection with Southampton Street, Strand. =Gordon Square= perpetuates -the memory of Lady Georgina Gordon, daughter of Alexander, fourth Duke -of Gordon, and wife of John, sixth Duke of Bedford, who had had for his -first wife a daughter of the noble house of Torrington, memorialized -by =Torrington Square=. =Montague Street= and =Montague Place= occupy -two sides of the site of Old Montague House, the nucleus of the British -Museum. =Brunswick Square= and =Mecklenburgh Square= were built and -designated at the time when it was considered the correct thing to -honour the Hanoverian succession in every possible way. =Thurlow Place= -was named in compliment to Lord Chancellor Thurlow, whose house was -situated in =Great Ormond Street=, so called after the British general -and duke of that title. =Powis Place= covers the ground formerly -occupied by Powis House, the town mansion of William Herbert, Marquis -of Powis, whose father was outlawed by James I. =Bloomsbury Square= -is properly “Lomesbury Square,” marking the site of the manor-house -described in olden times as “Lomesbury Village.” =Hart Street= received -its name from “The White Hart” Inn; and =Red Lion Square= and =Red Lion -Street=, from “The Red Lion,” both hostelries of some importance in -the coaching days. =Queen’s Square= was designated in honour of Queen -Anne, in whose reign it was laid out. =Kingsgate Street= was so styled -because the King used it on his way to Newmarket; while =Theobalds -Road= led to Theobalds, in Herefordshire, the favourite hunting seat of -James I. - -=Coldbath Square=, Clerkenwell, marks the situation of the celebrated -Cold Bath, fed by a spring discovered by Mr. Baynes in 1697. The -surrounding district before it was built over formerly bore the -name of =Coldbath Fields=. =Vinegar Yard= is a corruption of the -vineyard anciently belonging to the Priory of the Knights of St. John. -=Ray Street= preserves the memory of Miss Ray, the mistress of Lord -Sandwich, shot by her lover Hackman. =Rosoman Street= was designated -after the enterprising Mr. Rosoman, who converted Sadler’s Musick -House into a theatre in 1765. =Aylesbury Street= in olden times -skirted the wall of the garden attached to the town mansion of the -Earls of Aylesbury. =Berkeley Street= derived its name from Berkeley -House, the residence of Sir Maurice Berkeley, standard-bearer to -Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Elizabeth. =Albemarle Street= was built -during the period that witnessed the popularity of General Monk, -Duke of Albemarle. In bygone times the whole of Clerkenwell received -the opprobrious title of =Hockley-in-the-Hole=, the name of a place -in Bedfordshire noted far and wide for its impassable and sloughy -character. =Hockley= is an Anglo-Saxon term, denoting a muddy field. -=Myddleton Square= and =Myddleton Street= perpetuate the memory of -Sir Hugh Myddleton, the founder of the New River Waterworks, opened -September 16, 1613. =Pentonville Road= owes its title to the _ville_, -or rural mansion, occupied by Henry Penton, Esq., Lord of the Admiralty -and M.P. for Winchester, on the spot where =Penton Street= now stands. -Mr. Penton died in 1812. =St. John Street Road= took its name from -the Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, of which =St. -John’s Gate= is an interesting relic. =Windmill Street= marks the -site of three large windmills erected in Finsbury Fields, on the -mound formed by a thousand cartloads of human bones deposited there -from the Charnel House, St. Paul’s, by order of the Lord Protector -Somerset, in 1549. =City Road= was the regular highway from the City -to the “Angel” at Islington, and thence to the north of England, -_viâ_ Highbury and Highgate. =Shepherdess Walk= was originally a -pleasant path leading through the open fields direct from Finsbury -to St. Mary’s parish church, Islington. =Golden Lane=, St. Luke’s, -received its name from the number of goldsmiths who formerly made this -neighbourhood their residence. In =Curtain Road=, Shoreditch, stood -the Curtain Theatre, opened in 1571, so called because it was the -first playhouse to make use of a drop-curtain. Ben Jonson’s “Every -Man in his Humour” was produced here in 1596. By =Norton Folgate= is -meant “the northern Falgate,” the latter word being the old English -description of a four-barred gate. THE FALGATE is a common inn sign -in the rural districts. =Holywell Lane=, near Shoreditch Church, was -so called on account of a miraculous well discovered here in ancient -times. In =Nichols Square=, Haggerstone, lived John Nichols, the -antiquary; and in =Sutton Place=, Hackney, Thomas Sutton, the founder -of the Charterhouse. =Queen Elizabeth’s Walk=, Stoke Newington, marks -the position of a house and grounds occupied by the Earl of Leicester, -and often visited by Her Majesty. =Fleetwood Road= covers the site of -Fleetwood House, the residence of Charles Fleetwood, the Parliamentary -general, and Deputy-Governor of Ireland. - -=Seven Sisters’ Road=, Holloway, received its name from seven trees, -said to have been planted by seven sisters, near Tottenham, six of -which grew erect; but the seventh presented a deformed appearance, -because the sister who had planted it was a cripple. =Archway -Road=, Highgate, is spanned by the wonderful high arch completed in -1813. =Flask Walk=, Hampstead, derived its name from “The Flask,” a -picturesque old inn close by. =Judges’ Walk=, known also as =King’s -Bench Avenue=, was originally so called from a colony of judges and -gownsmen of the City, who sought refuge here in tents during the Great -Plague in 1665. =Fleet Road=, Haverstock Hill, affords us a pleasing -remembrance of that little river, the Fleet, meandering through the -fields in this neighbourhood, and eventually behind the older houses, -on its way towards Battle Bridge, the City, and the Thames. =Dale Road= -preserves the memory of Canon Dale, poet, and vicar of St. Pancras. -=Barrow Road= and =Barrow Hill Place= commemorate the site of a battle -between the Britons and Romans, and the sepulchre of the slain. The -spot was formerly defined by a farmhouse that stood upon the actual -barrow known as “Barrow Hill.” =Abbey Road=, St. John’s Wood, points -to the existence of the ancient Abbey of the Holy Virgins of St. John -the Baptist (_see_ ST. JOHN’S WOOD). =Desborough Place=, Harrow Road, -received its name from Desborough House, the site of which it adjoins, -and where lived John Dessborough (or Desbrowe), the brother-in-law of -Oliver Cromwell. =Church Street=, Paddington, was so called from the -parish church of St. Mary, situated on the open space still known as -=Paddington Green=. =Nottingham Place= was designated after the county -in which the chief landed estates of the Duke of Portland are situated; -and =Weymouth Street=, in compliment to Lord Weymouth, son-in-law of -the same nobleman. =Paddington Street= was formerly a narrow lane -leading northwards into Paddington Fields. - -=Craven Hill Gardens= and =Craven Road=, Bayswater, occupy the site -of the mansion and grounds of the Lords Craven previous to the year -1700, when they migrated to Craven House, Drury Lane. =Southwick -Crescent= and =Southwick Place= received their names from Southwick -Park, the seat of the Thistlewayte family, formerly the joint lessees -of Paddington Manor. =Orme Square= perpetuates the memory of Mr. Orme, -a print-seller, of Bond Street, who bought the ground and commenced -the building of the Square in question. =Ladbroke Grove= and =Ladbroke -Square= likewise bear the name of the Ladbroke family, who built upon -the land leased to them for the purpose. =Norland Square=, Notting -Hill, covers the site of Norland House, a small, wooded estate, owned -by one of the Drummonds, the bankers, of Charing Cross, in the reign -of William IV. =Kensington Gore= took its name from Gore House, the -residence of the Countess of Blessington, long the central literary -and social attraction in the Metropolis. In =Ennismore Place=, the -second title of the Earl of Listowel, the ground landlord, is repeated. -On part of the site of =Cromwell Road= stood the house and grounds -owned by Richard Cromwell, the son of Oliver Cromwell. =Gloucester -Road= derived its title from Oxford Lodge, the residence of the late -Duchess of Gloucester, in the immediate vicinity. =Campden Hill= -defines the estate belonging to Campden House, still standing in -=Campden Square=, and originally occupied by Sir Baptist Hicks, who -built =Hicks’ Hall=, Clerkenwell, in 1612, afterwards created Viscount -Campden. =Warwick Road=, =Warwick Gardens=, =Holland Road=, and =Earl’s -Court Road= are spacious modern thoroughfares, designated after the -Earls of Warwick, the original owners of the estate known as =Earl’s -Court=, now in the possession of the Holland family. =Addison Road= -reminds us that Joseph Addison, the poet, essayist, and dramatist, -married the Dowager Countess of Warwick, and died in Holland House. - -=Cromwell Place=, Putney, stands upon the site of Mr. Champion’s house, -the lodging of General Ireton, Oliver Cromwell’s son-in-law, in 1646. -=King’s Road=, Chelsea, was named in honour of Charles II., who caused -it to be made passable, chiefly for the benefit of the frequenters of -“The World’s End,” then a popular house of entertainment. =Cheyne Row= -and =Cheyne Walk= perpetuate the memory of Lord Cheyne, who held the -Manor of Chelsea in the seventeenth century. =Justice Walk= formerly -contained the residence of a magistrate. =Marlborough Square= and -=Marlborough Road= derived their names from a neighbouring tavern -displaying the sign of “The Duke of Marlborough”; and =Keppel Street=, -from “The Admiral Keppel,” situated at the corner of Fulham Road. -=Cadogan Street= and =Cadogan Square= remind us that the manor of -Chelsea came into the possession of the first Earl of Cadogan by right -of his marriage with the heiress of Sir Hans Sloane, after whom =Sloane -Square=, =Sloane Street=, and =Hans Place= were named. =Danvers Street= -was so called after Sir John Danvers, who introduced the Italian style -of horticulture into England during the reign of Elizabeth. The street -covers the site of Danvers House in which he lived. - -=Grosvenor Place= and =Grosvenor Street= received their names from -Sir Thomas Grosvenor, the ancestor of the Duke of Westminster, the -ground landlord of the district collectively known as Belgravia; -=Eccleston Street= and =Eccleston Square= from Eccleston, in Cheshire, -the county in which the landed property of the Grosvenors chiefly -lies; and =Belgrave Square= and =Belgrave Street= from the Viscountcy -of Belgravia, the second title of the Duke of Westminster before he -was raised to his superior titles. =Ebury Street= and =Ebury Square= -mark the site of Ebury or Eabury Farm, an ancient manor inherited by -Miss Mary Davies, already referred to when speaking of Davies Street, -Oxford Street, and carried into the family of the Grosvenors by her -marriage. =Chester Square= reproduces the name of the city near which -Eaton Hall, which gives its title to =Eaton Square=, the principal seat -of the Duke of Westminster, is situated. =Lupus Street= perpetuates a -favourite Christian name in the Grosvenor family, retained in honour -of Henry Lupus, created Earl of Chester soon after the Conquest. =St. -George’s Square= was designated after the adjacent church dedicated to -St. George. =Lowndes Street=, =Lowndes Square=, and =Chesham Street=, -Pimlico, are indebted for their title to Lowndes of the Bury, near -Chesham, Buckinghamshire, the ground landlord, a descendant of William -Lowndes, secretary to the Treasury during the reign of Queen Anne. - -=Vauxhall Bridge Road= forms a connecting link between Vauxhall -Bridge and =Victoria Street=, a gloomy modern thoroughfare named in -honour of our present sovereign. =Birdcage Walk= comprised the place -where the aviary of Charles II. was permanently located, under the -superintendence of Master Edward Storey, the royal keeper, whose house -covered the spot now styled =Storey’s Gate= in his memory. =Queen -Anne’s Gate= derived its name from =Queen Anne’s Square=, in whose -reign this characteristic enclosure was built. =York Street= was -designated in honour of Frederick, Duke of York, son of George III., -who lived in it for a short time. =Delahay Street= compliments a family -of this name long resident in St. Margaret’s parish. =Rochester Row= -was denominated after the Bishopric of Rochester, anciently combined -with the Deanery of Westminster, but separated in the reign of George -III. =New Bridge Street= leads to the handsome bridge over the Thames, -opened May 24, 1862. =Cannon Row= is properly “Canon Row,” formerly the -residence of the Canons of St. Stephen’s Chapel. =King Street= received -its title because it was the direct road between the Court and the -Abbey. =Princes Street=, a modern thoroughfare, occupying the site of -Old Westminster Mews, was so called on account of its proximity to King -Street. =Parker Street= perpetuates the memory of Archbishop Parker, -one of the principal benefactors of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. -This street was formerly known as Bennet Street, the old name of the -College. =Great George Street= covers the ground originally occupied by -the stable-yard of “The George and the Dragon,” a well-known coaching -house in bygone days. The name of =Broad Sanctuary=, Westminster, -reminds us of the protection which in olden times was afforded to -criminals of all degrees so long as they remained beneath the shadow -of a monastery or cathedral. =Abingdon Street= contained the mansion -of the Earls of Abingdon. =Holywell Street= owes its title to the name -of an estate of the Grosvenors in Flintshire, whose town residence was -displaced by the formation of this street. =Barton Street= and =Cowley -Street= were both built by Barton Booth, the actor; to the former he -gave his Christian name, to the latter the name of his favourite poet. -=Marsham Street=, =Earl Street=, and =Romney Street= comprise the -property of Charles Marsham, Earl of Romney; while =Old Pye Street= -and =New Pye Street= commemorate the existence of Sir Robert Pye, -who lived in the more modern portion of this neighbourhood known as -=The New Way=. =Great Peter Street= recalls the fact that the Abbey -of Westminster was dedicated to St. Peter. =Vine Street= marks the -situation of the vineyard, and =Orchard Street= the orchard, anciently -possessed by the Abbots. =Tothill Street= received its name from -=Tothill Fields=, comprising the old manor of Tothill, a corruption of -Toothill, or beacon hill; _toot_ being derived from the Welsh _twt_, a -rising. =Horseferry Road= needs no comment. =Millbank= derived its name -from an old mansion belonging to the Grosvenor family, that stood on -the site of an old mill which alone graced this portion of the Thames -bank. - -On the site of =Carlisle Lane=, Lambeth, stood Carlisle House, the -residence of the Bishops of Rochester from the thirteenth century -downwards. =Marlborough Road=, Peckham, covers the ground plot -of a Marlborough House, the residence of John Churchill, Duke of -Marlborough. =Hanover Street= was named in compliment to the accession -of George I. =Basing Yard=, at the rear of Hanover Street, occupies -the site of Basing House, well known during the Restoration. =Rye -Lane= leads to the Rye, or Common. =Friern Place= and =Friern Road= -define the locality of Friern Manor; while =Lordship Lane= owes its -designation to the lordship of the manor. =Effra Road=, Camberwell, -marks the course of the little river Effra, now hidden, like the Fleet, -from public view. =Newington Butts= denotes the archery grounds, -formerly situated in the new town in the meadow. =Holland Street=, -Southwark, preserves the name, at least in part, of an old manor, -described as “Holland’s Leaguer.” =Great Suffolk Street= recalls the -existence of Suffolk House, the residence of George Brandon, Duke of -Suffolk; =Winchester Yard=, of Winchester House, the habitation of -the Bishops of Winchester; and =Sumner Street=, of Dr. Sumner, Bishop -of Winchester, one of the last occupants of the house just referred -to. =Mill Lane= reminds us of an old windmill that stood here in less -prosaic times; and =Mint Street=, of the Mint established by Henry -VIII. in Suffolk House, when that property became demised to the Crown. -=Stony Street= and =Stones End= received their names from the stony -nature of the ground; the former having been the Roman continuation of -Watling Street, south of the Thames, in a direct line to Dover. =Bear -Garden=, situated at the corner of Sumner Street, marks the exact -position of the old =Paris Garden=, a bear-baiting establishment, -opened by Robert de Paris in the time of Richard I. =Bankside=, or the -south strand of the Thames, is historically interesting on account of -its theatrical associations. - -=Old Kent Road=, which branches off at “The Bricklayers’ Arms” into -=Great Dover Street= and =Kent Street=, forms the great Kentish highway -into London. =Thomas Street= perpetuates the christian name of the -philanthropic founder of Guy’s Hospital hard by. =Grange Road= and -=Grange Walk= occupy the site of an old mansion known as “The Grange.” -=Spa Road= derived its name from a spa, or mineral well, discovered -here in the long, long ago. =Russell Street= preserves the memory of -Richard Russell, who, dying here in 1784, left the whole of his estate -to neighbouring charities. In =Tooley Street= lived the three tailors -who, according to tradition, presented a petition to the House of -Commons that began with the words, “We, the people of England, &c.” -During the Commonwealth this street figured in documents as St. Tulie -Street, but it is properly designated St. Olaff Street, after the -neighbouring church dedicated to St. Olaff or Olave, the Scandinavian -hero-prince. =Blue Anchor Road= and =Blue Anchor Lane= received their -names from “The Blue Anchor,” an old tavern that stood in the latter -thoroughfare; while =Jamaica Road= recalls a similar establishment, -formerly situated on the site of =Cherry Gardens=, a popular place of -resort in bygone times, known as “The Jamaica,” after the West Indian -Island whence rum was shipped and disembarked on the exact spot where -the penny steamboats now land and take up their passengers at =Cherry -Gardens Pier=. Lastly, =Evelyn Street=, Deptford, was designated in -honour of the present head of the Evelyn family, descendants of John -Evelyn, the diarist, viz., William J. Evelyn, of Wotton, who built the -adjacent Church of St. Luke, in the year 1872. - - - - -INDEX. - - - A. - - Abbess, 101 - - Abbey, 100 - - Abbey Road, N.W., 293 - - Abbot, 101 - - Abigail, 229 - - Abingdon Street, S.W., 298 - - Abney House, 153 - - Abney Park, 153 - - Abraham Newlands, 255 - - Abyssinia, 36 - - Acre, 272 - - Acton, 157 - - Adamant, 244 - - Adamites, 69 - - Adam Street, W.C., 275 - - Addison of the North, The, 132 - - Addison Road, W., 295 - - Adelaide, The, 190 - - Adelaide Island, 54 - - Adelphi, 275 - - Adelphi Terrace, W.C., 275 - - Admirable Crichton, 198 - - Adonis, 119 - - Afghanistan, 36 - - Africa, 35 - - Agar Town, 154 - - Agate, 245 - - Agnostic, 62 - - Air Street, W., 281 - - Alabama, 47 - - Albany, The, 220 - - Albany Street, N.W., 287 - - Albemarle Street, W., 280 - - Albemarle Street, E.C., 291 - - Albert Bridge, 224 - - Albert Gate, S.W., 278 - - Albert Hall, 224 - - Albert Memorial, 224 - - Albert Palace, 224 - - Albigenses, 68 - - Aldermanbury, E.C., 262 - - Aldersgate Street, E.C., 269 - - Aldgate, E., 265 - - Ale, 241 - - Aleutian Islands, 54 - - Alexandra Palace, 224 - - Alfred the Great, 87 - - Algiers, 42 - - Allhallows Barking, Church of, 214 - - Allhallowes Day, 172 - - Allhallowe’en, 172 - - All Saints’ Bay, 51 - - All Saints’ Day, 171 - - All Souls’ Day, 172 - - All the Nations, Battle of, 164 - - Almanac, 175 - - Almack’s Assembly Rooms, 225 - - Almighty Nose, The, 247 - - Alpaca, 177 - - Alsatia, 260 - - Amen Corner, E.C., 261 - - America, 35 - - American Indians, 35 - - Amethyst, 245 - - Ampthill Square, N.W., 288 - - Anabaptist, 75 - - Anacreon Moore, 131 - - Angel, 254 - - Angel, The, 81 - - Angelic Doctor, The, 197 - - Anglesea, 57, 137 - - Anglican Church, 67 - - Angola, 176 - - Annunciation, Feast of the, 166 - - Antarctic Ocean, 49 - - Apocalypse, 126 - - Apocrypha, 125 - - Apollinarians, 66 - - Apostle of Temperance, The, 200 - - April, 59 - - Apsley House, 220 - - Aquarians, 66 - - Arabia, 36 - - Arbor Day, 174 - - Arcadian, 231 - - Archway Road, N., 293 - - Arctic Ocean, 48 - - Argentina, 43 - - Argyll Street, W., 282 - - Arians, 66 - - Aristocracy, 111 - - Arkansas, 47 - - Arlington Street, W., 280 - - Arminians, 70 - - Arras, 180 - - Artemus Ward, 183 - - Artillery Lane, E.C., 267 - - Arundel Street, W.C., 273 - - Arundel Street, S.W., 277 - - Ascension Day, 171 - - Ascension Island, 56 - - Ascot Races, 210 - - Ash Wednesday, 168 - - Asia, 35 - - Asia Minor, 36 - - Assumption, Feast of the, 171 - - Aspasia, 119 - - Astoria, 48 - - Atheist, 61 - - Atlantic Ocean, 49 - - Atlas, 107 - - Audley Street, North, W., 285 - - Audley Street, South, W., 285 - - Augsburg Confession, The, 68 - - August, 57 - - Augustin Friars, 101 - - Austin Friars, E.C., 267 - - Australasia, 52 - - Australia, 52 - - Austria, 41 - - Authorized Version, The, 123 - - Ave Maria Lane, E.C., 261 - - Aylesbury Street, E.C., 291 - - - B. - - Bacchanals, The, 83 - - Bachelor, 231 - - Bachelor of Arts, 232 - - Badminton, 128 - - Baffin Land, 55 - - Bag o’ Nails, The, 83 - - Baker Street, W., 286 - - Balearic Islands, 56 - - Ball, 143 - - Ballad, 144 - - Ballet, 144 - - Ball’s Pond, 153 - - Baltic Sea, 49 - - Baltimore, 46 - - Baltimore-bird, 99 - - Banker Poet, The, 131 - - Bankers’ Clearing House, 227 - - Bankside, S.E., 300 - - Banks Land, 55 - - Banquetting Hall, Whitehall, 220 - - Bantam, 99 - - Baptists, 75 - - Barb, 99 - - Barbadoes, 55 - - Barbarians, 231 - - Barbarossa, 91 - - Barbary, 42 - - Barber, 231 - - Barber-Surgeons, 231 - - Barbican, E.C., 268 - - Baring Island, 54 - - Barley Mow, The, 84 - - Barnard’s Inn, 208 - - Barnsbury, 154 - - Barrow Hill Place, N.W., 293 - - Barrow Island, 54 - - Barrow Road, N.W., 293 - - Barrow’s Strait, 51 - - Bartholomew Close, E.C., 269 - - Bartholomew Fair, 269 - - Bartholomew Lane, E.C., 266 - - Barry Cornwall, 181 - - Barton Street, S.W., 298 - - Basilians, 103 - - Basinghall Street, E.C., 262 - - Basing Yard, S.E., 299 - - Bassano, Il, 206 - - Bath chair, 189 - - Bath Street, E.C., 269 - - Battle Bridge Road, N.W., 288 - - Battle of all the Nations, 164 - - Battle of Spurs, 164 - - Battle of the Giants, 164 - - Battle of the Herrings, 163 - - Battle of the Spurs of Gold, 164 - - Battle of the Standard, 163 - - Battersea, 159 - - Bayeaux Tapestry, 179 - - Bayham Street, N.W., 287 - - Baynard’s Castle, 156 - - Bay of Biscay, 51 - - Bayswater, 156 - - Bayswater Fields, 156 - - Bear, The, 84 - - Bear and Ragged Staff, The, 78 - - Bear Garden, S.E., 300 - - Beau Brummell, 199 - - Beauchamp Tower, 215 - - Beauclerc, 88 - - Beau Fielding, 199 - - Beau Nash, 199 - - Beckenham, 161 - - Bedfordbury, W.C., 274 - - Bedford Row, W.C., 289 - - Bedfordshire, 136 - - Bedford Square, W.C., 289 - - Bedford Street, W.C., 274 - - Bedlam, 219 - - Beech Lane, E.C., 268 - - Beefeaters, 232 - - Beer, 241 - - Beer Bible, 124 - - Belgium, 40 - - Belgrave Square, S.W., 296 - - Belgrave Street, S.W., 296 - - Belgravia, 149 - - Bell, The, 84 - - Belleisle, 57 - - Bell the Cat, 246 - - Beloochistan, 36 - - Belvedere, The, 192 - - Benchers, 209 - - Benedictines, 102 - - Bennett Street, W., 280 - - Bentinck Street, W., 284 - - Berkeley Place, W., 286 - - Berkeley Square, W., 279 - - Berkeley Street, W., 279 - - Berkeley Street, E.C., 291 - - Berkshire, 135 - - Berlin Blue, 146 - - Bermondsey, 160 - - Bermuda Islands, 55 - - Bernardines, 103 - - Berners Street, W., 283 - - Bethlehem, 219 - - Bethlehem Hospital, 219 - - Bethlemites, 69 - - Bethnal Green, 152 - - Bevis Marks, E.C., 267 - - Bible, 122 - - Bidëford Postman, The, 131 - - Billingsgate, 217 - - Billiter Street, E.C., 265 - - Birchin Lane, E.C., 267 - - Birdcage Walk, S.W., 297 - - Birds of Paradise, 97 - - Bishops’ Bible, 123 - - Bishopsgate Street, E.C., 267 - - Bishop’s Wood, 155 - - Black Agnes, 195 - - Black Bear, The, 84 - - Blackbird, 97 - - Black Bull, The, 78 - - Black Cloaks, 114 - - Black Douglas, 246 - - Black Friars, 101 - - Blackfriars Bridge, 260 - - Blackfriars Road, S.E., 260 - - Blackguard, 237 - - Blackheath, 161 - - Black Jack, The, 85 - - Blackleg, 237 - - Black Posts, The, 189 - - Black Prince, Edward the, 88 - - Black Sea, 49 - - Blandford Square, N.W., 286 - - Blandford Street, N.W., 286 - - Blankets, 178 - - Blenheim Street, W., 282 - - Blind Chapel Court, E.C., 265 - - Bloody Butcher, The, 248 - - Bloody Mary, 89 - - Bloody Tower, 215 - - Bloomsbury, 150 - - Bloomsbury Square, W.C., 290 - - Blue Anchor Lane, S.E., 301 - - Blue Anchor Road, S.E., 301 - - Blue-bird, 96 - - Blue Boar, The, 80 - - Blue Book, 106 - - Blue Coat School, 218 - - Blue Lion, The, 78 - - Blue Pig, The, 83 - - Blue Posts, The, 189 - - Blue Stocking, 229 - - Blue Stocking Club, 229 - - Bluff King Hal, 89 - - Boar’s Head, The, 78 - - Boat-bill, 98 - - Bobbies, 232 - - Bock-bier, 243 - - Bohemia, 40 - - Bohemians, 233 - - Bolingbroke, 89 - - Bolivia, 43 - - Bolsover Street, W., 283 - - Bolt Court, E.C., 259 - - Bomba, 91 - - Bond Street, W., 280 - - Boniface, 230 - - Book, 106 - - Bookmaker, 237 - - Book of Deuteronomy, 125 - - Book of Exodus, 125 - - Book of Genesis, 125 - - Book of Leviticus, 125 - - Book of Numbers, 125 - - Bookseller, 107 - - Bookstall Smith, 203 - - Borneo, 53 - - Borough, 160 - - Boscobel, The, 85 - - Bosnia, 41 - - Bosphorus, 52 - - Boss Alley, E.C., 264 - - Botany Bay, 51 - - Bottle, The, 85 - - Bourbon Island, 53 - - Bow Church, 213 - - Bowling Green, The, 84 - - Bow Street, W.C., 274 - - Bow Street Runners, 232 - - Boxing Day, 168 - - Boycotters, 112 - - Boz, 182 - - Brahma-fowl, 99 - - Brahmins, 64 - - Brandy, 257 - - Brazil, 43 - - Bread Street, E.C., 262 - - Break, 139 - - Breakdown, 145 - - Brecknock, 137 - - Brecknock Crescent, N.W., 287 - - Brecknock Road, N.W., 287 - - Breeches Bible, 124 - - Brentford, 157 - - Bricklayers’ Arms, The, 85 - - Bride Lane, E.C., 259 - - Bridewell, 216 - - Bridge Street, E.C., 260 - - Bridge Street, S.W., 298 - - Bridgewater Square, E.C., 269 - - Bristol-board, 105 - - Bristol House, 223 - - Britain, 38 - - Britannia, 38 - - British Columbia, 45 - - British Matron, The, 94 - - Brittany, 40 - - Brixton, 162 - - Broad Church, 76 - - Broadcloth, 178 - - Broad Sanctuary, S.W., 298 - - Broadside, 107 - - Broad Street, E.C., 268 - - Broadway, E.C., 260 - - Brocade, 177 - - Brochure, 106 - - Brook Street, W., 281 - - Brooke Street, W.C., 270 - - Brother Jonathan, 93 - - Brougham, 138 - - Bruce Castle, 221 - - Brunswick Black, 146 - - Brunswick Green, 146 - - Brunswick Square, W.C., 290 - - Brussels Lace, 180 - - Bruton Street, W., 279 - - Bryanstone Square, W., 286 - - Bryanstone Street, W., 286 - - Buckingham Palace, 219 - - Buckinghamshire, 135 - - Buckingham Street, W.C., 275 - - Bucklersbury, E.C., 263 - - Budge Row, E.C., 263 - - Budget, 256 - - Buddhists, 64 - - Buffet, 232 - - Bug Bible, 124 - - Buggy, 139 - - Bulgaria, 41 - - Bull and Gate, The, 83 - - Bull and Mouth, The, 83 - - Bullion, 255 - - Bully Ruffian, The, 83 - - Bunhill Fields, 151 - - Burglar, 238 - - Burgundy, 127 - - Burleigh Street, W.C., 275 - - Burlington House, 221 - - Burlington Street, W., 280 - - Burmah, 64 - - Burton Crescent, W.C., 289 - - Bury Street, S.W., 277 - - Buttercup, 120 - - “By Jingo!” 116 - - - C. - - Cab, 140 - - Cabbage-rose, 120 - - Cabinet Portrait, 185 - - Cabriolet, 140 - - Cadogan Square, S.W., 296 - - Cadogan Street, S.W., 296 - - Caels, 38 - - Caledonia, 38 - - Caledonian Market, 288 - - Caledonian Road, N., 288 - - Calendar, 175 - - Calico, 176 - - California, 45 - - Calvinists, 68 - - Cam, 136, 162 - - Camberwell, 162 - - Cambria, 39 - - Cambric, 176 - - Cambridge, 162 - - Cambridgeshire, 136 - - Camden Town, 155 - - Camellia, 119 - - Cameronians, 73 - - Camisards, 69 - - Camomile Street, E.C., 267 - - Campden Hill, W., 295 - - Campden Square, W., 295 - - Canada, 45 - - Canary, 99 - - Canary Islands, 56 - - Canary Wine, 128 - - Candia, 57 - - Candlemas Day, 166 - - Candlewick Street, E.C., 263 - - Canning, The, 85 - - Cannon Row, S.W., 298 - - Cannon Street, E.C., 263 - - Canonbury, 153 - - Canterbury Arms, The, 193 - - Canterbury Music Hall, 193 - - Capability Brown, 205 - - Cape Colony, 43 - - Cape Horn, 43 - - Capel Court, 226 - - Cape of Good Hope, 43 - - Cap-paper, 104 - - Capri, 56 - - Caps, The, 113 - - Capuchin Friars, 102 - - Carat, 245 - - Carbonari, 114 - - Carburton Street, W., 285 - - Cardigan, 137 - - Cardinal, 147 - - Caribbean Sea, 49 - - Carlisle Lane, S.E., 298 - - Carlisle Street, W., 283 - - Carlton House Terrace, S.W., 277 - - Carmarthen, 137 - - Carmelites, 101 - - Carmine, 147 - - Carnarvon, 137 - - Carnation, 118, 147 - - Carolina, 46 - - Caroline Islands, 53 - - Carolus, 254 - - Carpentaria, Gulf of, 51 - - Carpenter, 230 - - Carpenters’ Arms, The, 82 - - Carte-de-Visite, 185 - - Carthusians, 102 - - Cartoon, 107 - - Cartridge-paper, 104 - - Cashmere, 176 - - Caspian Sea, 50 - - Cassius, 148 - - Castle, The, 84 - - Castle Street, W., 283 - - Castle Street, W.C., 271 - - Cat and Fiddle, The, 83 - - Cat and Wheel, The, 83 - - Catford, 161 - - Catherine Street, W.C., 273 - - Catherine Wheel, The, 83 - - Catholics, 66 - - Cavaliers, 111 - - Cavendish Square, W., 284 - - Cavendish Street, W., 284 - - Cecil Street, W.C., 275 - - Celestial Empire, 37 - - Century White, 130 - - Ceylon, 53 - - Chaffinch, 98 - - Chalk Farm, 155 - - Champagne, 127 - - Chancery Lane, E.C., 271 - - Chandos House, 220 - - Chandos Street, W., 285 - - Chandos Street, W.C., 275 - - Change Alley, E.C., 266 - - Chantilly Lace, 180 - - Chapel Street, W., 278 - - Chaperon, 228 - - Charing Cross, 275 - - Charlemagne, 91 - - Charles Martel, 246 - - Charles Street, W., 279 - - Charles Street, N.W., 287 - - Charlotte Street, W., 283 - - Chart, 106 - - Charterhouse, 218 - - Chartists, 117 - - Chartreuse, 102 - - Cheap Jack, 236 - - Cheapside, 261 - - Check, 179 - - Checkers, 179 - - Chelsea, 158 - - Chepe, 262 - - Chequers, The, 179 - - Cherry Gardens, S.E., 301 - - Cherry Gardens Pier, 301 - - Chesham Street, S.W., 297 - - Cheshire, 133 - - Chester, 133 - - Chesterfield House, 278 - - Chesterfield Street, W., 278 - - Chester Square, S.W., 297 - - Chevalier, 111 - - Cheyne Row, S.W., 295 - - Cheyne Walk, S.W., 295 - - Chickadee, 96 - - Chichester Rents, 271 - - Childermas Day, 167 - - Chili, 43 - - Chimney-swallow, 98 - - China, 36 - - Chinese Yellow, 146 - - Chintz, 177 - - Chiswick, 158 - - Christians, 65 - - Christmas Box, 168 - - Christmas Day, 167 - - Christmas Dole, 168 - - Christmas Island, 52 - - Christmas-rose, 120 - - Christ’s Hospital, 218 - - Chrysanthemum, 121 - - Church of England, 67 - - Church Street, N.W., 294 - - Cinderella Dance, 143 - - Circassia, 37 - - Cistercians, 102 - - City Golgotha, The, 216 - - City Road, N., 292 - - Clare Market, W.C., 272 - - Clarence, 138 - - Claret, 128 - - Clarges Street, W., 280 - - Claude Lorraine, 206 - - Clearing House, 227 - - Clement’s Inn, 208 - - Clerkenwell, 150 - - Cleveland Street, W., 283 - - Clifford’s Inn, 208 - - Clifford Street, W., 280 - - Clipstone Street, W., 285 - - Cloak Lane, E.C., 259 - - Clock House, The, 223 - - Cloth Fair, E.C., 269 - - Clown Tavern, The, 192 - - Cluniacs, 102 - - Coach, 140 - - Coach and Horses, The, 83 - - Coachmakers’ Arms, The, 82 - - Cobourg, 176 - - Cockney, 238 - - Cœur de Leon, 88 - - Cognac, 257 - - Colbertine, 180 - - Coldbath Fields, 290 - - Coldbath Square, E.C., 290 - - Coleman Street, E.C., 262 - - Colleen, 229 - - Colleen Bawn, 229 - - College Hill, E.C., 264 - - College of Arms, 218 - - College Place, N.W., 288 - - College Street, N.W., 288 - - Colony, Cape, 43 - - Colorado, 47 - - Columbia, 44, 45 - - Comb’s Mass, 173 - - Compton Street, W., 282 - - Conduit Street, W., 281 - - Confederates, 114 - - Confessor, 87 - - Conformists, 74 - - Congregationalists, 75 - - Congregational Memorial Hall, 217 - - Connecticut, 47 - - Consols, 256 - - Conqueror, The, 88 - - Conservative, 110 - - Convent, 100 - - Conventional Friars, 102 - - Convolvulus, 120 - - Copenhagen Fields, 152 - - Copperheads, 116 - - Cordeliers, 102 - - Corduroy, 178 - - Cordovan, 230 - - Cordwain, 230 - - Cordwainer, 230 - - Cork Street, W., 280 - - Cornhill, 266 - - Corn-feds, 115 - - Corn Law Rhymer, The, 132 - - Cornwall, 135 - - Corporal John, 248 - - Corpus Christi, Feast of, 170 - - Corsica, 56 - - Coryphée, 144 - - Costa Rica, 44 - - Costermonger, 236 - - Country Dance, 143 - - Covenanters, Scottish, 73 - - Covent Garden, 274 - - Coventry Street, W., 276 - - Cowley Street, S.W., 298 - - Cowslip, 120 - - Cracknut Night, 172 - - Cranbourne Street, W., 276 - - Crane’s-bill, 118 - - Cranmer’s Bible, 123 - - Craven Cottage, 223 - - Craven Hill Gardens, W., 295 - - Craven Road, W., 295 - - Craven Street, W.C., 276 - - Creed Lane, E.C., 261 - - Cremorne Gardens, 193 - - Cricketers’ Arms, The, 85 - - Crimea, 37 - - Crimson, 147 - - Cripplegate, E.C., 268 - - Cromwell House, 222 - - Cromwell Place, S.W., 295 - - Cromwell Road, W., 295 - - Crooked Lane, E.C., 264 - - Crosby Hall, 217 - - Cross-bill, 98 - - Cross Keys, The, 81 - - Crown, The, 80 - - Crown and Anchor, The, 80 - - Crown and Sceptre, The, 80 - - Crown-paper, 104 - - Crown-piece, 253 - - Cruel, The, 91 - - Crusted Port, 129 - - Crutched Friars, 101 - - Crutched Friars, E.C., 265 - - Crystal Palace, 224 - - Cuba, 55 - - Cuckoo, 96 - - Cumberland, 133 - - Cumberland Gate, W., 278 - - Cumberland Market, N.W., 287 - - Curlew, 96 - - Cursitor, 271 - - Cursitor Street, E.C., 271 - - Curtain Road, E.C., 292 - - Curzon Street, W., 279 - - Cyprus, 57, 127 - - - D. - - Daffodil, 120 - - Daguerreotype, 185 - - Dahlia, 119 - - Daisy, 120 - - Dale Road, N.W., 293 - - Dalston, 152 - - Damask, 176 - - Damask-rose, 119 - - Damassin, 177 - - Dancing Chancellor, The, 203 - - Dandy, 233 - - Dane’s Inn, 208 - - Danvers Street, S.W., 296 - - Dardanelles, 52 - - Davies Street, W., 281 - - “D.D. Cellars,” The, 205 - - Dead Sea, 49 - - Dean Street, W., 282 - - De Beauvoir Town, 152 - - December, 59 - - Defender of the Faith, 89 - - Deist, 61 - - Delahay Street, S.W., 297 - - Delaware, 48 - - Del Salviati, 206 - - Democrats, 110 - - Denbigh, 137 - - Denmark, 40 - - Denzil Street, W.C., 272 - - Deptford, 160 - - Derby Races, 210 - - Derbyshire, 136 - - Desborough Place, W., 293 - - Desolation Island, 53 - - Deuteronomy, Book of, 125 - - Devereaux Court, W.C., 273 - - Devil, The, 191 - - Devonshire, 135 - - Devonshire House, 220 - - Devonshire Square, E.C., 267 - - Diamond, 244 - - Dimity, 176 - - Dirty Dick, 205 - - Dissenters, 74 - - Distaff’s Day, 167 - - Diver, 98 - - Dizzy, 202 - - Doctors’ Commons, 218 - - Dog and Duck, The, 84 - - Dog-cart, 138 - - Dog-rose, 119 - - Dollar, 255 - - Dolphin, 254 - - Dominica Island, 55 - - Dominicans, 101 - - Donatists, 66 - - Doncaster St. Leger, 210 - - Dorset Buildings, E.C., 259 - - Dorset Gardens Theatre, 259 - - Dorsetshire, 134 - - Dorset Square, N.W., 286 - - Dorset Street, E.C., 259 - - Dorset Street, N.W., 286 - - Douay Bible, 123 - - Douglas, Bell the Cat, 246 - - Dover House, 220 - - Dover Street, W., 280 - - Dowager, 228 - - Dowgate, E.C., 264 - - Drury Lane, W.C., 272 - - Dry Wine, 129 - - Ducat, 253 - - Duchess Street, W., 284 - - Duck-bill, 98 - - Duck’s Foot Lane, E.C., 264 - - Dudley Diamond, 245 - - Duenna, 228 - - Duke of Cambridge, The, 86 - - Duke of Connaught, The, 86 - - Duke of Edinburgh, The, 86 - - Duke’s Place, E.C., 266 - - Duke Street, W., 278, 284, 285 - - Duke Street, E.C., 269 - - Duke Street, W.C., 275 - - Dulwich, 161 - - Dun, 235 - - Duodecimo, 110 - - Durham, 133 - - Dutchman, 239 - - Dye, 146 - - Dyers’ Buildings, E.C., 271 - - - E. - - Eagle, The, 80 - - Earl of March, The, 80 - - Earl Street, S.W., 299 - - Earls’ Court Road, W., 295 - - Earls’ Court, 295 - - Eastcheap, E.C., 265 - - Easter, 169 - - Easter Island, 54 - - Eaton Square, S.W., 297 - - Ebury Square, S.W., 296 - - Ebury Street, S.W., 296 - - Eccleston Square, S.W., 296 - - Eccleston Street, S.W., 296 - - Ecuador, 44 - - Eden Street, N.W., 288 - - Edgar Atheling, 87 - - Edmonton, 153 - - Edmund Ironsides, 87 - - Edward Longshanks, 88 - - Edward Street, W., 284 - - Edward Street, N.W., 287 - - Edward the Black Prince, 88 - - Edward the Confessor, 87 - - Edward the Martyr, 87 - - Effra Road, S.E., 300 - - Egalité Philippe, 91 - - Egypt, 42 - - Egyptian Hall, 225 - - Elephant-paper, 104 - - Elephant and Castle, The, 188 - - Elia, 182 - - Eltham, 161 - - Ely Place, E.C., 270 - - Ember Days, 171 - - Ember Weeks, 171 - - Embroidery, 179 - - Emerald, 245 - - Emerald Green, 148 - - Emerald Isle, The, 39 - - Emergency Men, 112 - - England, 38 - - Engrosser, 230 - - Ennismore Place, S.W., 295 - - Entire, 242 - - Epiphany, Feast of the, 167 - - Epsom Races, 210 - - Erie, Lake, 48 - - Erskine House, 223 - - Essex, 134 - - Essex House, 223 - - Essex Street, W.C., 273 - - Ethelred the Unready, 87 - - Ethiopia, 36 - - Ettrick Shepherd, The, 131 - - Europe, 35 - - Euston Road, N.W., 283 - - Euston Square, W.C., 283 - - Evacuation Day, 174 - - Evelyn Street, S.E., 301 - - Exaltation of the Cross, Feast of, 171 - - Exchange, 226 - - Exeter ’Change, 225 - - Exeter Hall, 225 - - Exeter Street, W.C., 275 - - Exodus, Book of, 125 - - - F. - - Factory King, The, 199 - - Faith Healers, 72 - - Fair Helen, 194 - - Fair Maiden Lilliard, 195 - - Fair Maid of Kent, 194 - - Fair Rosamond, 194 - - Falcon Court, E.C., 259 - - Falernian Wine, 127 - - Falgate, The, 292 - - Farm Street, W., 279 - - Farringdon Road, E.C., 270 - - Farringdon Street, E.C., 269 - - Farthing, 253 - - Farthing Poet, The, 131 - - Father of Believers, The, 194 - - February, 59 - - Federals, 114 - - Fenchurch Street, E.C., 149, 265 - - Fenians, 112 - - Ferdinand Bomba, 91 - - Ferriertype, 185 - - Fetter Lane, E.C., 270 - - Fifth Monarchy Men, 71 - - Fighting Fitzgerald, 198 - - Finality John, 202 - - Finch, 96 - - Finch Lane, E.C., 266 - - Fingal’s Cave, 112 - - Finland, 37 - - Finsbury, 149 - - Fire Worshippers, 64 - - Fitzroy Square, W., 283 - - Flamingo, 97 - - Flask Walk, N.W., 293 - - Fleet Lane, E.C., 216 - - Fleet Prison, 216 - - Fleet River, 259 - - Fleet Road, N.W., 293 - - Fleet Street, E.C., 259 - - Fleetwood Road, N., 292 - - Flint, 137 - - Florence, 253 - - Florence Wine, 127 - - Florida, 46 - - Florin, 253 - - F. M. Allen, 182 - - Foley Street, W., 283 - - Folio, 105 - - Foolscap, 104 - - Fop, 233 - - Forest Hill, 161 - - Forefathers’ Day, 174 - - Forget-me-not, 118 - - Formosa, 53 - - Foster Lane, E.C., 262 - - Foul-Weather Jack, 250 - - Four Hundred, The, 234 - - Fox in the Hole, The, 80 - - Franc, 255 - - France, 39 - - Franciscans, 101 - - Franconia, 39 - - Frankfort Black, 146 - - Frankincense, 40 - - Franks, 39 - - Frederick Barbarossa, 91 - - Frederick Street, N.W., 287 - - Free Church of Scotland, 74 - - Freemasons’ Arms, The, 82 - - Friar, 101 - - Friar Street, E.C., 260 - - Friar Tuck, 197 - - Friday, 60 - - Friday Street, E.C., 262 - - Friendly Islands, 52 - - Friern Place, S.E., 299 - - Friern Road, S.E., 299 - - Frieze, 176 - - Frognal, 155 - - Fuchsia, 119 - - Fulham, 159 - - Fulham Bridge, The, 191 - - Funeral, 140 - - Furnival’s Inn, 208 - - Furnival Street, E.C., 271 - - Fustian, 178 - - Fye Foot Lane, E.C., 264 - - - G. - - Gabrielites, 70 - - Gaels, 38 - - Gallican Church, 67 - - Gamboge, 146 - - Garnet, 245 - - Garrotters, 233 - - Garter, The, 82 - - Gaul, 39 - - Gavotte, 142 - - Geneva Bible, 124 - - Genesis, Book of, 125 - - Gentleman Jack, 198 - - Gentleman Smith, 198 - - George, The, 81 - - George and Dragon, The, 81 - - George-Noble, 254 - - George Ranger, 205 - - George Sand, 183 - - George Street, W., 281 - - George Street, W.C., 275 - - George Yard, E.C., 265 - - Georgia, 46 - - Geranium, 118 - - German Ocean, 49 - - Germany, 40 - - Gerrard Street, W., 282 - - Ghibellines, 114 - - Giants, Battle of the, 164 - - Gibraltar, Straits of, 51 - - Gig, 139 - - Gildas the Wise, 130 - - Gilly-flower, 120 - - Giltspur Street, E.C., 269 - - Gin, 257 - - Gingham, 177 - - Gipsies, 233 - - Girondists, 113 - - Glamorgan, 137 - - Glenlivet Whisky, 258 - - Gloucester Road, W., 295 - - Gloucestershire, 134 - - Globe, The, 84 - - Gnostics, 65 - - Goat and Compasses, The, 83 - - Gobelin Tapestry, 179 - - Gold Coast, 42 - - Golden Cross, The, 81 - - Golden Lane, E.C., 292 - - Golden Square, W., 282 - - Goldfinch, 96 - - Goldylocks, 121 - - Golgotha, 216 - - Good Friday, 169 - - Goodge Street, W., 283 - - Good Hope, Cape of, 43 - - Goodman’s Fields, 151 - - Good Queen Bess, 90 - - Good Templars, 234 - - Goodwood Races, 210 - - Gordon Square, W.C., 289 - - Gospellers, 68 - - Gospel Oak, 155 - - Gothland, 57 - - Government Stock, 256 - - Gracechurch Street, E.C., 264 - - Grafton Street, W., 283 - - Granby Street, N.W., 288 - - Grand Old Man, The, 202 - - Grange Road, S.E., 301 - - Grange Walk, S.E., 301 - - Grapes, The, 84 - - Grass-cloth, 178 - - Grass Widow, 228 - - Gray’s Inn, 208 - - Gray’s Inn Road, W.C., 271 - - Great Bear Lake, 48 - - Great Bible, 123 - - Great College Street, N.W., 288 - - Great Coram Street, W.C., 289 - - Great Dover Street, S.E., 300 - - Great George Street, S.W., 298 - - Great Marlborough Street, W., 282 - - Great Ormond Street, W.C., 290 - - Great Peter Street, S.W., 299 - - Great Portland Street, W., 284 - - Great Queen Street, W.C., 272 - - Great Russell Street, W.C., 289 - - Great St. Helen’s, E.C., 267 - - Great Salt Lake, 48 - - Great Stanhope Street, W., 278 - - Great Suffolk Street, S.E., 300 - - Great Titchfield Street, W., 283 - - Great Turnstile, W.C., 272 - - Great Winchester Street, E.C., 269 - - Great Windmill Street, W., 276 - - Greece, 41 - - Greek Church, 66 - - Greek Street, W., 282 - - Green, 239 - - Greenbacks, 255 - - Green Dragon, The, 81 - - Greenfinch, 96 - - Greengrocer, 230 - - Greenhorn, 239 - - Greenland, 45 - - Green Lanes, 153 - - Greenlet, 96 - - Green Man, The, 77 - - Green Man and Still, The, 77 - - Green Park, 277 - - Green Sea, 49 - - Greenwich, 161 - - Gresham College, 262 - - Gresham House, 262 - - Gresham Street, E.C., 262 - - Greville Street, E.C., 270 - - Grey Friars, 101 - - Greyhound, The, 80 - - Grisette, 229 - - Grizzly Bear, The, 84 - - Grocer, 230 - - Grog, 257 - - Grogram, 178 - - Grosvenor Gate, W., 278 - - Grosvenor Place, S.W., 296 - - Grosvenor Square, W., 278 - - Grosvenor Street, W., 278 - - Grosvenor Street, S.W., 296 - - Grouse Day, 174 - - Guild, 218 - - Guildhall, 218 - - Guelphs, 114 - - Guinea, 42 - - Guinea-fowl, 99 - - Guinea-piece, 252 - - Gulf of Carpentaria, 51 - - Gulf of St. Lawrence, 51 - - Gulf Stream, 50 - - Gunnersbury, 157 - - Gutter Lane, E.C., 262 - - Guy Fawkes Day, 173 - - Guy’s Hospital, 219 - - - H. - - Haberdasher, 230 - - Hackney, 152 - - Hackney-coach, 140 - - Haggerstone, 152 - - Half-and-Half, 241 - - Half-Moon, The, 81 - - Half-Moon Street, W., 280 - - Halfpenny, 253 - - Hallelujah Victory, The, 163 - - Hamburg Lake, 146 - - Hamilton Place, W., 279 - - Hammer and Scourge of England, 246 - - Hammer-cloth, 141 - - Hammersmith, 158 - - Hampshire, 134 - - Hampstead, 155 - - Hand-paper, 104 - - Handsel Monday, 167 - - Hangbird, 97 - - Hanover, The, 85 - - Hanover Island, 54 - - Hanover Square, W., 281 - - Hanover Street, W., 281 - - Hanover Street, S.E., 299 - - Hansards, 106 - - Hansom Cab, 140 - - Hans Place, S.W., 296 - - Hants, 134 - - Hanway Street, W., 283 - - Hare and Hounds, The, 80 - - Harefoot, 87 - - Harewood Square, N.W., 287 - - Harewood Street, N.W., 287 - - Harley Street, W., 284 - - Harold Harefoot, 87 - - Harpur Street, W.C., 289 - - Harrington Square, N.W., 288 - - Hart Street, W.C., 272, 290 - - Hats, The, 113 - - Hatton Garden, W.C., 270 - - Hawker, 236 - - Hawthorn, 120 - - Hay Hill, W., 279 - - Haymarket, S.W., 277 - - Hayti, 55 - - Hearse, 140 - - Heaven-sent Minister, The, 202 - - “He” Bible, 124 - - Hebrides, 57 - - Heligoland, 57 - - Heliotrope, 121 - - Helmuth the Taciturn, 249 - - Henrietta Street, W., 284 - - Henrietta Street, W.C., 274 - - Henry Beauclerc, 88 - - Henry Bolingbroke, 89 - - Henry Street, N.W., 287 - - Heralds’ College, 218 - - Hereford, 135 - - Herrings, Battle of the, 163 - - Hertfordshire, 135 - - Hickory, 249 - - Hicks’ Hall, 295 - - Highbury, 154 - - Highbury Barn, 193 - - High Church, 76 - - Highgate, 155 - - Hill Street, W., 279 - - Hinde Street, W., 285 - - Hindustan, 36 - - Hippocras, 128 - - Hispania, 41 - - Hock, 127 - - Hockley, 291 - - Hockley-in-the-Hole, 291 - - Hog Lane, N., 152 - - Hog’s-back, N., 153 - - Holborn, 270 - - Holborn Bars, 270 - - Holiday, 175 - - Holland, 40 - - Holland-cloth, 176 - - Holland House, 224 - - Holland Road, W., 295 - - Holland Street, S.E., 300 - - Hollands, 257 - - Holles Street, W., 284 - - Holles Street, W.C., 272 - - Holloway, 154 - - Hollyhock, 120 - - Holly Village, 155 - - Holy Cross Day, 171 - - Holy Land, 36 - - Holy Maid of Kent, 195 - - Holy Rood Day, 171 - - Holy Saturday, 169 - - Holy Thursday, 169 - - Holy Week, 169 - - Holywell Lane, E.C., 292 - - Holywell Street, S.W., 298 - - Holywell Street, W.C., 273 - - Honduras, 44 - - Honiton Lace, 180 - - Honor Oak, 161 - - Hopkinsians, 73 - - Horn, Cape, 43 - - Horn-bill, 98 - - Hornpipe, 144 - - Horseferry Road, S.W., 299 - - Hornsey, 153 - - Horse Guards, 220 - - Horse Latitudes, 50 - - Horse Shoe, The, 188 - - Horselydown, 160 - - Hospice, 219 - - Hospital, 218 - - Hospitality, 219 - - Hostelry, 77, 230 - - Hotel, 77 - - Hotspur, 247 - - Houndsditch, E.C., 267 - - Howard Street, W.C., 274 - - Hoxton, 152 - - Hudson’s Bay, 50 - - Hudson’s Strait, 50 - - Huguenots, 68 - - Humanitarians, 72 - - Humbug, 239 - - Humming-bird, 96 - - Hummuns’ Hotel, 192 - - Hungary, 40 - - Huns, 40 - - Huntingdonshire, 136 - - Hurdle Race, 210 - - Huron, Lake, 48 - - Hurons, 48 - - Hussites, 69 - - Hyacinth, 119 - - Hyde Park, 277 - - Hyde Park Corner, 278 - - - I. - - Iberia, 41 - - Iceland, 57 - - Idol, 63 - - Idolater, 63 - - Il Bassano, 206 - - Il Furioso, 206 - - Illinois, 47 - - Il Perugino, 206 - - Independence Day, 174 - - Independents, 75 - - India, 36 - - Indiana, 47 - - Indian Ocean, 49 - - Indians, American, 35 - - India-paper, 104 - - Indigo, 146 - - Indus, 36 - - Infant Roscius, The, 201 - - Inn, 77, 208 - - Innocents’ Day, 167 - - Inns of Court, 208 - - Iowa, 48 - - Ireland, 38 - - Ireton House, 222 - - Irish Invincibles, 112 - - Irish Sea, 49 - - Iron Chancellor, The, 249 - - Iron Devil, The, 83 - - Iron Duke, The, 248 - - Ironmonger Lane, E.C., 262 - - Ironsides, 247 - - Irvingites, 72 - - Isabel, 148 - - Isis, 149 - - Islam, 65 - - Island of Desolation, 53 - - Isle of Bourbon, 53 - - Isle of Dogs, 161 - - Isle of Man, 57 - - Isle of St. Helena, 56 - - Isle of Trinidad, 55 - - Isle of Wight, 57 - - Isleworth, 157 - - Islington, 154 - - Italy, 41 - - Ivan the Terrible, 91 - - Ivory Black, 148 - - Ivy Lane, E.C., 261 - - - J. - - Jacket, 85 - - Jack Ketch, 238 - - Jack Straw’s Castle, 190 - - Jack Tar, 234 - - Jacobins, 101 - - Jacobite, The, 85 - - Jacobites, 111 - - Jacobus, 254 - - Jamaica, 55 - - Jamaica Road, S.E., 301 - - James’ Bay, 50 - - James’ Street, W.C., 274, 275 - - Jansenists, 70 - - January, 59 - - Japan, 53 - - Jaunting Car, 138 - - Java, 53 - - Jay, 96 - - Jeffreys Street, N.W., 287 - - Jehu, 235 - - Jermyn Street, W., 277 - - Jerry Builder, 235 - - Jersey, 257 - - Jersey Lily, The, 196 - - Jesuits, 70, 103 - - Jewin Street, E.C., 286 - - Jig, 145 - - Jingo, 117 - - Jingoes, 117 - - Jingo Party, 117 - - Joachim’s Thaler, 255 - - Johannisberg, 127 - - John Bull, 94 - - John Chinaman, 94 - - John Lackland, 88 - - John of Gaunt, 89 - - Johnson’s Court, E.C., 259 - - John Street, W., 279 - - John Street, W.C., 275 - - Joiner, 230 - - Journeyman, 235 - - Juan Fernandez, 54 - - Jubilee Plunger, The, 205 - - Judaism, 63 - - Judd Street, W.C., 289 - - Judges’ Walk, N.W., 293 - - Juggler, 237 - - June, 59 - - July, 59 - - Justice Walk, S.W., 296 - - Jutland, 40 - - - K. - - Kaffraria, 36 - - Kansas, 47 - - Kennington, 162 - - Kensington, 158 - - Kensington Gore, S.W., 294 - - Kent, 134 - - Kentish Town, 155 - - Kent Street, S.E., 300 - - Kentucky, 47 - - Keppel Street, S.W., 296 - - Kersey, 177 - - Kew, 157 - - Keystone State, The, 46 - - Kilburn, 156 - - King Edward Street, E.C., 269 - - Kingfisher, 97 - - King James’s Bible, 123 - - King Maker, The, 247 - - King of Bath, The, 199 - - King’s Arms, The, 82 - - King’s Bench Avenue, N.W., 293 - - King’s Cross, 154 - - Kingsgate Street, W.C., 290 - - King’s Head, The, 86 - - Kingsland, 153 - - King’s Road, S.W., 295 - - Kingston, 158 - - King Street, S.W., 277, 298 - - King Street, W.C., 274 - - King Street, E.C., 262 - - King William Street, W.C., 276 - - King William Street, E.C., 263 - - Kit-Kat Canvas, 185 - - Kit-Kat Club, 185 - - Kit-Kat Portrait, 185 - - Knickerbocker, 182 - - Knife-board, 140 - - Knight of the Swan, The, 81 - - Knightrider Street, E.C., 269 - - Knightsbridge, 150 - - Know-Nothings, 116 - - Kohinoor Diamond, 244 - - Koordistan, 36 - - Koran, 65 - - Krems White, 146 - - Kreuzer, 255 - - Kurdestan, 36 - - - L. - - Labadists, 70 - - La Belle Sauvage Inn, 187 - - La Belle Sauvage Yard, E.C., 260 - - Labrador, 45 - - Lace, 180 - - Lackland, 88 - - Ladbroke Grove, W., 294 - - Ladbroke Square, W., 294 - - Lad Lane, E.C., 262 - - Ladrone Islands, 54 - - Lady Day, 166 - - Lady Freemason, The, 196 - - Lager-bier, 243 - - Lake Erie, 48 - - Lake Huron, 48 - - Lake Michigan, 48 - - Lake Ontario, 48 - - Lake Superior, 48 - - Lake Winnipeg, 48 - - Lambeth, 160 - - Lamb’s Conduit Street, W.C., 289 - - Lammas Day, 166 - - Lammastide, 165 - - Lamp Black, 148 - - Lancashire, 133 - - Lancaster, 133 - - Lancers, 142 - - Landau, 138 - - Langham Place, W., 285 - - Langham Street, W., 285 - - Lapwing, 97 - - Latin Vulgate, 123 - - Latitudinarianism, 76 - - Lauderdale House, 222 - - Laughing Philosopher, The, 196 - - Lavender, 119 - - Lawn, 177 - - Lawrence Lane, E.C., 262 - - Lazar-house, 219 - - Lazzari, 114 - - Lazzaroni, 114 - - Leadenhall Market, 266 - - Leadenhall Street, E.C., 266 - - Leaf, 106 - - League of the Cross, 234 - - Leather Lane, E.C., 270 - - Leek, The, 80 - - Leg and Star, The, 82 - - Leicester Fields, 276 - - Leicestershire, 133 - - Leicester Square, W., 276 - - Lent, 168 - - Levellers, 110 - - Leviticus, Book of, 125 - - Lewisham, 161 - - Liberal, 110 - - Liberator, The, 207 - - Libertines, 69 - - Library, 106 - - Liguorians, 103 - - Lilac, 119 - - Lilliard’s Edge, 195 - - Lincoln, 134 - - Lincoln House, 222 - - Lincoln’s Inn, 208 - - Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 271 - - Linen, 177 - - Lion, The, 78 - - Lion and Key, The, 83 - - Lisle Lace, 180 - - Lisson Grove, N.W., 287 - - Little Britain, E.C., 269 - - Little Corporal, The, 248 - - Little John, 197 - - Little Turnstile, W.C., 272 - - Liverpool Landseer, The, 207 - - Liverpool Street, W.C., 288 - - Lloyd’s Rooms, 226 - - LL. Whisky, 258 - - Lollards, 68 - - Lombard Street, E.C., 267 - - London, 149 - - London Bridge, 216 - - London Stone, 263 - - London Wall, E.C., 268 - - Long Acre, W.C., 272 - - Long Friday, 169 - - Long Island, 55 - - Long Peter, 205 - - Longshanks, 88 - - Longshoreman, 235 - - Lord Protector, The, 90 - - Lord’s Cricket Ground, 225 - - Lordship Lane, S.E., 299 - - Lo Spagnoletto, 206 - - Lothbury, E.C., 267 - - Louis d’or, 254 - - Louisiana, 46 - - Love Birds, 97 - - Low Church, 76 - - Lower Berkeley Street, W., 286 - - Lowndes Square, S.W., 297 - - Lowndes Street, S.W., 297 - - Low Sunday, 170 - - Luciferians, 66 - - Ludgate Hill, E.C., 260 - - Lunatic, 239 - - Lupus Street, S.W., 297 - - Lutheran Church, 67 - - Lutherans, 68 - - Lyre-bird, 97 - - - M. - - Macaronies, 233 - - Macedonians, 66 - - Macclesfield Street, W., 282 - - Macmillanites, 74 - - Madagascar, 53 - - Madame Tussaud’s, 225 - - Mad Cavalier, The, 247 - - Madeira, 56 - - Madeira Wine, 128 - - Maddox Street, W., 281 - - Mad Poet, The, 131 - - Magdalen Hospital, 219 - - Magdalen Smith, 206 - - Magenta, 148 - - Mahommedans, 64 - - Maida Vale, 156 - - Maiden Lane, W.C., 275 - - Maid Marian, 142 - - Maid of Orleans, 195 - - Maid of Saragossa, 196 - - Maine, 46 - - Majorca, 56 - - Malaga, 127 - - Malmsey, 128 - - Malta, 57 - - Malvasia, 128 - - Manchester Square, W., 285 - - Manchester Street, W., 285 - - Manitoba, 45 - - Manlius Torquatus, 246 - - Man of Ross, The, 200 - - Man of Straw, 235 - - Mansfield Street, W., 285 - - Mansion House, The, 227 - - Map, 106 - - Marble Arch, 278 - - March, 59 - - Margaret Street, W., 284 - - Marigold, 121 - - Market Street, W., 279 - - Mark Lane, E.C., 265 - - Mark Twain, 183 - - Marlborough House, 220 - - Marlborough Road, S.W., 296 - - Marlborough Road, S.E., 299 - - Marlborough Square, S.W., 296 - - Marlborough Street, W., 282 - - Marmora, Sea of, 50 - - Marquis of Granby, The, 85 - - Marshal Forward, 248 - - Marshalsea Prison, 216 - - Marsham Street, S.W., 299 - - Martel, 246 - - Martin, 98 - - Martinmas Day, 166 - - Martlemas Day, 166 - - Martyr, 87 - - Maryland, 47 - - Marylebone, 156 - - Masaccio, 206 - - Masher, 233 - - Massachusetts, 47 - - Master of Arts, 232 - - Materialism, 62 - - Mattan Diamond, 244 - - Maunday Thursday, 169 - - Mauritius, 53 - - May, 59 - - Mayfair, 150 - - Mayflower, 120 - - Mazarin Bible, 124 - - Mazarine, 147 - - Mazourka, 143 - - Mecklenburgh Square, W.C., 290 - - Mediterranean Sea, 49 - - Memorial Hall, Congregational, 217 - - Memory-Corner Thompson, 204 - - Memory Woodfall, 204 - - Mentor, 231 - - Merino, 177 - - Merioneth, 137 - - Merry Andrew, 236 - - Merry Monarch, The, 90 - - Methodists, 75 - - Mexico, 45 - - Michaelmas Day, 166 - - Michigan, 47 - - Michigan, Lake, 48 - - Middlesex, 134 - - Midsummer Day, 166 - - Mignonette, 118 - - Mildmay House, 153 - - Mildmay Park, 153 - - Milford Lane, W.C., 273 - - Milk Street, E.C., 262 - - Millbank, 299 - - Milliner, 229 - - Mill Lane, S.E., 300 - - Mill Street, W., 281 - - Mincing Lane, E.C., 265 - - Minims, 265 - - Miniatori, 184 - - Miniature, 184 - - Minnesota, 47 - - Minorca, 56 - - Minoresses, 265 - - Minories, 265 - - Minstrel of the Border, The, 132 - - Mint, The, 217, 252 - - Mint Street, S.E., 300 - - Minuet, 143 - - Missionary Friars, 103 - - Mississippi, 47 - - Missouri, 47 - - Mitre, The, 81 - - Mitre Court, E.C., 259 - - Mocking-bird, 96 - - Moet and Chandon, 128 - - Mohair, 177 - - Mohocks, 232 - - Moire Antique, 177 - - Moldavia, 41 - - Moleskin, 177 - - Mona Island, 57 - - Monastery, 100 - - Monday, 60 - - Money, 252 - - Monger, 236 - - Monk, 100 - - Monkey-board, 139 - - Monk Lewis, 130 - - Monmouthshire, 136 - - Monotheism, 63 - - Montague Place, W.C., 289 - - Montague Square, W., 286 - - Montague Street, W., 286 - - Montague Street, W.C., 289 - - Montepulciano, 127 - - Montenegro, 41 - - Montgomery, 137 - - Moorfields, 151 - - Moorgate Street, E.C., 268 - - Moravia, 41 - - Moravians, 69 - - Morisonians, 74 - - Mormons, 72 - - Mornington Crescent, N.W., 288 - - Mornington Place, N.W., 288 - - Morocco, 42 - - Morris Dance, 142 - - Mortimer Street, W., 284 - - Mosaism, 62 - - Moselle, 127 - - Moslem, 65 - - Mosquito, 44 - - Mosquito Coast, 44 - - Mothering Cakes, 174 - - Mothering Sunday, 174 - - Mother of Believers, The, 194 - - Mother Red Cap, The, 189 - - Mother Shipton, The, 189 - - Mountain, The, 113 - - Mountain Dew, 258 - - Mount Street, W., 279 - - Mrs. Grundy, 94 - - Muggletonians, 71 - - Mugwump, 116 - - Mulatto, 95 - - Mumm, 242 - - Munster House, 223 - - Munster Square, N.W., 287 - - Muscovy Duck, 98 - - Musical Small-coal Man, The, 201 - - Muslin, 176 - - Mussulmans, 65 - - Muswell Hill, 153 - - Myddleton Square, E.C., 291 - - Myddleton Street, E.C., 291 - - Mythologists, 64 - - Mythology, 64 - - - N. - - Nankeen, 176 - - Nantes, 257 - - Napoleon, 254 - - Naso, 248 - - Nassau Street, W., 282 - - Natal, 42 - - Navvy, 235 - - Nazarenes, 65 - - Nebraska, 47 - - Negro, 95 - - Negus, 128 - - Nelson, The, 85 - - Nepaul-paper, 104 - - Netherlands, 40 - - Nevada, 47 - - New Bond Street, W., 280 - - New Bridge Street, E.C., 260 - - New Bridge Street, S.W., 298 - - New Brunswick, 45 - - New Burlington Street, W., 280 - - New Cavendish Street, W., 284 - - New Christians, 70 - - New Compton Street, W., 282 - - New Cross, 161 - - Newfoundland, 55 - - Newgate Prison, 215 - - Newgate Street, E.C., 269 - - New Hampshire, 46 - - New Holland, 52 - - Newington, 162 - - Newington Butts, S.E., 300 - - New Inn, 208 - - New Jersey, 46 - - Newman Street, W., 283 - - New Orleans, 46 - - New Pye Street, S.W., 299 - - New Way, S.W., 299 - - New Year’s Day, 165 - - New York, 47 - - New Zealand, 52 - - Niagara, 48 - - Nicaragua, 44 - - Nicholas Lane, E.C., 266 - - Nichols Square, N., 292 - - Nigger, 95 - - Nightingale, 96 - - Night-jar, 96 - - Nihilists, 113 - - Nimrod, 181 - - Nincompoop, 239 - - Niphon, 53 - - Nitrate King, The, 200 - - Noble, 254 - - Noddy, 139 - - Nonconformists, 74 - - Noon-flower, 120 - - Noon-tide, 120 - - Norfolk, 134 - - Norfolk Street, W.C., 273 - - Norland Square, W., 294 - - Normandy, 40 - - Northamptonshire, 136 - - North Audley Street, W., 285 - - North Pole, The, 191 - - Northumberland, 133 - - Northumberland Avenue, W.C., 276 - - Northumberland Street, W.C., 276 - - North Sea, 49 - - Norton Folgate, 292 - - Norway, 37 - - Norwood, 161 - - Nosey, 248 - - Nottinghamshire, 136 - - Nottingham Place, W., 294 - - Notting Hill, 157 - - Nova Scotia, 45 - - Nova Zembla, 58 - - November, 59 - - Numbers, Book of, 125 - - Nun, 100 - - Nunhead, 161 - - Nuns of St. Clare, 265 - - - O. - - Oakley Square, N.W., 288 - - Oaks Races, 210 - - Observant Friars, 101 - - Octavo, 105 - - October, 59 - - Ohio, 47 - - Old Ale, 241 - - Old Bailey, The, 215 - - Old Bailey, E.C., 260 - - Old Bond Street, W., 280 - - Old Broad Street, E.C., 268 - - Old Burlington Street, W., 280 - - Old Catholics, 70 - - Old Cavendish Street, W., 284 - - Old Change, E.C., 261 - - Old Charlies, 232 - - Old Compton Street, W., 282 - - Old Grog, 250 - - Old Hat, The, 84 - - Old Hickory, 249 - - Old Jewry, E.C., 263 - - Old Kent Road, S.E., 300 - - Old Marshalsea Prison, 216 - - Old Pye Street, S.W., 299 - - Old Quebec Street, W., 286 - - Old Tom, 257 - - Olympia, 224 - - Omnibus, 139 - - Ontario, 45 - - Ontario, Lake, 48 - - Opal, 245 - - Orange Free States, 42 - - Orangemen, 111 - - Orange Peel, 202 - - Orange Street, W., 277 - - Orator Henley, 203 - - Orchard Street, W., 286 - - Orchard Street, S.W., 299 - - Orchid, 119 - - Oregon, 47 - - Oriole, 97 - - Orion House, 131 - - Orleans House, 223 - - Orkney Islands, 57 - - Orloff Diamond, 244 - - Orme Square, W., 294 - - Osnaburg Street, N.W., 287 - - Ossulton Square, N.W., 287 - - Ossulton Street, N.W., 287 - - Ostler, 230 - - Ottoman Empire, 41 - - Ouida, 182 - - Ovidius Naso, 248 - - Oxford, 161 - - Oxford Market, W., 284 - - Oxford Movement, 76 - - Oxfordshire, 135 - - Oxford Street, W., 284 - - Oxford Tracts, 76 - - - P. - - Pacific Ocean, 49 - - Pack Horse, The, 84 - - Paddy, 94 - - Paddington, 156 - - Paddington Green, W., 294 - - Paddington Street, W., 294 - - Pagan, 63 - - Painted Hall, Greenwich, 221 - - Pale Faces, 95 - - Palestine, 35 - - Pall Mall, S.W., 277 - - Palmerston, The, 85 - - Palm Sunday, 169 - - Palsgrave Place, W.C., 273 - - Pamphlet, 106 - - Panama, 44 - - Pancake Tuesday, 168 - - Pancras Road, N.W., 288 - - Pansy, 118 - - Pantechnicon, 140 - - Pantheist, 61 - - Panton Street, W., 277 - - Panyer Alley, E.C. 261 - - Paper, 104 - - Paper King, The, 199 - - Papua, 53 - - Para, 44 - - Paraguay, 43 - - Parchment, 104 - - Paris Garden, S.E., 300 - - Parker Street, S.W., 298 - - Parnellites, 112 - - Park Lane, W., 278 - - Park Street, N.W., 287 - - Parry Islands, 54 - - Parliamentarians, 111 - - Parsees, 64 - - Parson’s Green, 159 - - Partridge Day, 175 - - Passenger-pigeon, 98 - - Passion-flower, 121 - - Passionists, 103 - - Passion Sunday, 169 - - Passion Week, 169 - - Passover, 170 - - Pat, 94 - - Patagonia, 43 - - Paternoster Row, E.C., 261 - - Pathfinder, The, 207 - - Paul’s Chain, E.C., 261 - - Paul Veronese, 206 - - Peacock, The, 81 - - Pearl, 245 - - Pearl Bible, 124 - - Peckham, 162 - - Peckham Rye, 221 - - Peculiar People, 72 - - Pedlar, 236 - - Pedro the Cruel, 91 - - Peelers, 232 - - Peep o’ Day Boys, 111 - - Peewit, 96 - - Pembroke, 137 - - Pennsylvania, 46 - - Penny, 253 - - Pentateuch, 125 - - Pentecost, 170 - - Penton Street, W.C., 291 - - Pentonville Road, N., 291 - - People’s Friend, The, 200 - - Percy Cross, 159 - - Perfectionists, 73 - - Pernambuco, 44 - - Persia, 36 - - Peru, 43 - - Perugino, Il, 206 - - Peterborough House, 223 - - Peter Street, Great, S.W., 299 - - Petrel, 99 - - Petticoat Lane, E.C., 267 - - Phaeton, 138 - - Pharisees, 65 - - Pheasant, The, 81 - - Pfennig, 253 - - Philippic, 132 - - Philippe Egalité, 91 - - Philippine Islands, 53 - - Photograph, 184 - - Phyrric Dance, 144 - - Piccadilly, W., 279 - - Piccadilly Lace, 279 - - Picts, 38 - - Pie Corner, E.C., 269 - - Pig and Whistle, The, 83 - - Pigment, 146 - - Pigott Diamond, 245 - - Pigtails, 95 - - Pillow Lace, 180 - - Pimlico, 149 - - Pimlico Walk, N., 149 - - Pina-cloth, 178 - - Pink, 147 - - Pitcairn’s Island, 54 - - Pitt Diamond, 244 - - Plaid, 179 - - Plain, The, 113 - - Plantagenet, 90 - - Playhouse Yard, E.C., 268 - - Plough Monday, 167 - - Plume and Feathers, The, 83 - - Plunger, 237 - - Plush, 178 - - Plymouth Brethren, 72 - - Point Lace, 180 - - Poland, 40 - - Police, 232 - - Polka, 142 - - Polytechnic Institution, 224 - - Polytheists, 64 - - Pommery, 128 - - Pompadour, 147, 177 - - Pontac, 127 - - Port, 127 - - Porter, 242 - - Portland Place, W., 284 - - Portland Street, Great, W., 284 - - Portman Square, W., 286 - - Portman Street, W., 286 - - Portobello Arms, The, 85 - - Porto Rico, 55 - - Portrait, 184 - - Portugal, 42 - - Portugal Street, W., 278 - - Portugal Street, W.C., 273 - - Poster, 106 - - Post-paper, 104 - - Pot-paper, 104 - - Poultry, E.C., 263 - - Pouter-pigeon, 98 - - Powis Place, W.C., 290 - - Praise-God Barebones, 203 - - Pratt Street, N.W., 287 - - Presbyterians, 73 - - Press Yard, Newgate, 215 - - Primitive Methodists, 75 - - Primrose, 120 - - Primrose Day, 173 - - Primrose Hill, 155 - - Prince Albert, The, 86 - - Prince of Wales, The, 86 - - Prince of Wales’ Feathers, The, 86 - - Prince of Wales’ Island, 54 - - Prince’s Gate, S.W., 278 - - Princes Street, S.W., 298 - - Printer’s Devil, 105 - - Printing House Square, E.C., 260 - - Prior, 101 - - Prioress, 101 - - Priory, 101 - - Profile, 184 - - Protectionist, 117 - - Protestantism, 67 - - Protestants, 68 - - Prussian Blue, 146 - - Prussian Red, 146 - - Public-house, 76 - - Punch, 257 - - Purification, Feast of the, 166 - - Puritans, 74 - - Puseyites, 76 - - Putney, 159 - - Pye Street, S.W., 299 - - - Q. - - Quack, 236 - - Quack Doctor, 236 - - Quadragesima Sunday, 170 - - Quadrille, 142 - - Quaker Poet, The, 131 - - Quakers, 71 - - Quarto, 105 - - Quatemala, 45 - - Quebec, 45 - - Quebec Street, Old, W., 286 - - Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W., 297 - - Queen Anne’s Square, S.W., 297 - - Queen Anne Street, W., 285 - - Queen Charlotte Island, 54 - - Queen Elizabeth’s Walk, N., 292 - - Queenhithe, E.C., 264 - - Queen’s Arms, The, 82 - - Queen’s Head, The, 86 - - Queen’s Gate, S.W., 278 - - Queen’s Square, W.C., 290 - - Queen Street, W., 279 - - Queen Victoria Street, E.C., 263 - - Quinquagesima Sunday, 170 - - - R. - - Radical Reformers, 110 - - Radicals, 110 - - Radnor, 137 - - Rag Fair, 267 - - Railway Clearing House, 227 - - Railway King, The, 199 - - Rainy-Day Smith, 130 - - Ram and Teazle, The, 85 - - Ranelagh Gardens, 193 - - Ranters, 75 - - Ratcliffe Highway, 151 - - Rathbone Place, W., 283 - - Rationalism, 62 - - Ray Street, E.C., 291 - - Rechabites, 234 - - Red Cross Street, E.C., 268 - - Red Dragon, The, 80 - - Redemptorists, 103 - - Red Letter Day, 175 - - Red Lion, The, 78 - - Red Lion Court, E.C., 259 - - Red Lion Square, W.C., 290 - - Red Lion Street, W.C., 290 - - Redowa, 143 - - Red-poll, 97 - - Red Republicans, 113, 115 - - Red Rose, The, 79 - - Red Sea, 49 - - Red Skins, 95 - - Reel, 145 - - Reformed Presbytery, 74 - - Regent Diamond, 244 - - Regent’s Park, 287 - - Regent Street, W., 281 - - Religion, 63 - - Rheims Bible, 123 - - Rhode Island, 55 - - Rhodes, 57 - - Rhododendron, 121 - - Ribbonmen, 112 - - Richard Cœur de Leon, 88 - - Richmond, 158 - - Ring-dove, 98 - - Ritualists, 76 - - Robert le Diable, 246 - - Robert Street, N.W., 287 - - Robert Street, W.C., 275 - - Robert the Devil, 246 - - Robin Hood, 197 - - Rock Day, 167 - - Rochester Row, S.W., 298 - - Rogation Days, 171 - - Rogation Sunday, 171 - - Roger de Coverley, 143 - - Rolls Chapel, 221 - - Roman Catholic Church, 67 - - Romeo Coates, 199 - - Romney Street, S.W., 299 - - Rood Lane, E.C., 265 - - Rose, The, 80 - - Rose and Crown, The, 80 - - Rose-Noble, 254 - - Rosoman Street, E.C., 291 - - Rosslyn Hill Park, 223 - - Rosslyn House, 223 - - Rotherhithe, 160 - - Rotten Row, 278 - - Roumania, 41 - - Roundheads, 111 - - Royal Exchange, 226 - - Royalists, 111 - - Royal Oak, The, 85 - - Royal Oak Day, 173 - - Ruby, 245 - - Rufus, 88 - - Rum, 257 - - Running Footman, The, 189 - - Russell Square, W.C., 289 - - Russell Street, W.C., 274 - - Russell Street, S.E., 301 - - Russia, 37 - - Rutland, 136 - - Rutland Gate, W., 278 - - Rye, 221 - - Rye House, 221 - - Rye Lane, S.E., 299 - - - S. - - Sabbatarians, 71 - - Sack, 129 - - Sackville Street, W., 281 - - Sacramentarians, 72 - - Saddlers’ Arms, The, 82 - - Sadler’s Wells, 192 - - Saffron Hill, E.C., 270 - - Sahara, 42 - - Sailor King, The, 90 - - St. Andrew Undershaft, Church of, 214 - - St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 219 - - St. Bride’s Church, 214 - - St. Bride Street, E.C., 259 - - St. Catherine Coleman, Church of, 213 - - St. Catherine Cree, Church of, 213 - - St. Clement-Danes, Church of, 212 - - St. David’s Day, 173 - - St. Ethelburga’s Church, 214 - - St. George, The, 81 - - St. George and Dragon, The, 81 - - St. George’s Channel, 51 - - St. George’s Church, W., 281 - - St. George’s Fields, S.E., 162 - - St. George’s Hall, 224 - - St. George’s Square, S.W., 297 - - St. Grouse’s Day, 174 - - St. Helena, Isle of, 56 - - St. Helen’s, Great, E.C., 267 - - St. Helen’s Church, 214 - - St. James’s Hall, 224 - - St. James’s Palace, 219 - - St. James’s Square, S.W., 277 - - St. James’s Street, S.W., 277 - - St. John’s Gate, 216, 291 - - St. John Street Road, E.C., 291 - - St. John’s Wood, 156 - - St. Katherine’s Docks, 217 - - St. Kitt’s Island, 56 - - St. Lawrence, Gulf of, 51 - - St. Lawrence, River, 51 - - St. Leger Stakes, 210 - - St. Margaret Pattens, Church of, 213 - - St. Martin’s Lane, W.C., 276 - - St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 218 - - St. Mary-Axe, E.C., 266 - - St. Mary-Axe, Church of, 213 - - St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, 213 - - St. Mary Woolnoth, Church of, 213 - - St. Michael’s Alley, E.C., 266 - - St. Olave’s Church, 215 - - St. Pancras, 154 - - St. Partridge’s Day, 174 - - St. Paul of the Cross, 197 - - St. Sepulchre’s Church, 214 - - St. Swithin’s Day, 172 - - St. Valentine’s Day, 172 - - Salisbury Court, E.C., 259 - - Salisbury Street, W.C., 275 - - Salop, 136 - - Salt Lake, Great, 48 - - Salutation, The, 81 - - Salviati, Del, 206 - - Sambo, 95 - - Sandbaggers, 233 - - Sandford House, 222 - - Sandpiper, 98 - - Sandwich, 13 - - Sandwiches, 14 - - Sandwich Islands, 53 - - San Salvador, 55 - - Sandy, 94 - - Sansculottes, 113 - - Sap Green, 148 - - Saraband, 142 - - Saracen’s Head, The, 81 - - Sardinia, 56 - - Sardinia Street, W.C., 272 - - Sardinian Chapel, 272 - - Sarsanet, 177 - - Satin, 176 - - Saturday, 60 - - Sauci Diamond, 244 - - Saunders Blue, 146 - - Savile Row, W., 280 - - Savoy Chapel, 212 - - Savoy Palace, 212 - - Savoy Street, W.C., 274 - - Sawney, 94 - - Saxons, 39 - - Saxony, 39 - - Scarlet, 147 - - Schottische, 143 - - Scissors-tail, 97 - - Scotia, 38 - - Scotists, 70 - - Scotland, 38 - - Scotland Yard, 225 - - Scots, 38 - - Scottish Covenanters, 73 - - Scottish Hogarth, The, 207 - - Scottish Presbyterians, 73 - - Scratched Horse, 211 - - Scourers, 232 - - Scriptures, 122 - - Scullery, 237 - - Scullery Maid, 237 - - Scullion, 237 - - Sea of Marmora, 50 - - Secretary-bird, 97 - - Sectarians, 74 - - Secularist, 62 - - Sedan chair, 189 - - Seekers, 71 - - Seething Lane, E.C., 265 - - Selkirk’s Island, 54 - - Senegambia, 42 - - Separists, 112 - - Sepia, 148 - - September, 59 - - Septuagint, 122 - - Serjeants’ Inn, 208 - - Serle Street, W.C., 273 - - Sermon Lane, E.C., 261 - - Serpentine, 156 - - Servia, 40 - - Servites, 103 - - Seven Dials, 276 - - Seven Sisters’ Road, N., 293 - - Seventh-Day Baptists, 71 - - Sexagesima Sunday, 170 - - Seymour Place, W., 286 - - Shadwell, 151 - - Shaftesbury Avenue, W.C., 282 - - Shah Diamond, 244 - - Shakers, 71 - - Shalloon, 176 - - Shamrock, The, 80 - - “She” Bible, 125 - - Sheen, 158 - - Shepherdess Walk, N., 292 - - Shepherd’s Bush, 157 - - Shepherd’s Market, W., 279 - - Shepherd Street, W., 279 - - Shepperton, 158 - - Sherry, 127 - - Shetland Isles, 57 - - She-Wolf of France, The, 91 - - Shilling, 253 - - Ship, The, 85 - - Shire, 10 - - Shoe Lane, E.C., 259 - - Shoreditch, 151 - - Shrove Tuesday, 168 - - Shropshire, 136 - - Shrewsbury, 136 - - Siberia, 37 - - Sicily, 56 - - Sidmouth Street, W.C., 288 - - Sienna, 146 - - Silhouette, 185 - - Silk, 176 - - Sillery, 128 - - Silver Captain, The, 250 - - Silver-tongued Sylvester, 131 - - Sinking Fund, 256 - - Sinner-saved Huntingdon, 203 - - Sinner’s Friend, The, 200 - - Single-Speech Hamilton, 201 - - Sixteen-string Jack, 197 - - Skagerrack, 51 - - Skinner Street, N.W., 288 - - Skittles, The, 84 - - Skylark, 98 - - Sloane Square, S.W., 296 - - Sloane Street, S.W., 296 - - Small Beer, 241 - - Smithfield, 150 - - Smith of Antwerp, The, 207 - - Snow Hill, E.C., 270 - - Soane Museum, 221 - - Sociable, 138 - - Socialists, 110 - - Society Islands, 52 - - Society of Friends, 71 - - Society of Jesus, 70 - - Socinians, 70, 75 - - Soho, 150 - - Somersetshire, 135 - - Somerset House, 220 - - Somers Town, 154 - - Soudan, 42 - - Southampton, 134 - - Southampton Buildings, W.C., 271 - - Southampton Row, W.C., 289 - - Southampton Street, W.C., 274, 289 - - Southampton Street, W., 283 - - South Audley Street, W., 285 - - South Australian, The, 191 - - Southgate, 152 - - Southwark, 160 - - Southwick Crescent, W., 294 - - Southwick Place, W., 294 - - Sovereign, 253 - - Spain, 41 - - Spa Fields, 151 - - Spagnoletto, Lo, 206 - - Spaniards, The, 190 - - Spanish Main, 50 - - Spanish Place, W., 285 - - Spa Road, S.E., 301 - - Spinster, 228 - - Spiritualism, 62 - - Spitalfields, 151 - - Spitzbergen, 58 - - Spoon-bill, 98 - - Sprat Day, 175 - - Spread Eagle, The, 84 - - Spring Gardens, S.W., 277 - - Spring-Heel Jack, 197 - - Spurs, Battle of, 164 - - Spurs of Gold, Battle of, 164 - - Staffordshire, 135 - - Stage-coach, 139 - - Staines, 157 - - Standard, Battle of the, 163 - - Stanhope, 138 - - Stanhope Gate, W., 278 - - Staple Inn, 208 - - Star, The, 79 - - Star and Garter, The, 82 - - Starling, 97 - - Star of the South Diamond, 244 - - Starvation Dundas, 202 - - Stationer, 107 - - Stationery, 108 - - Steeplechase, 210 - - Steelyard, 264 - - Steelyard Merchants, 264 - - Stepney, 151 - - Sterling Money, 252 - - Stingo, 242 - - Stock, 121 - - Stock, Government, 256 - - Stock Exchange, 227 - - Stocks Market, 121, 263 - - Stockwell, 162 - - Stoke Newington, 152 - - Stones End, S.E., 300 - - Stonewall Jackson, 249 - - Stony Street, S.E., 300 - - Storey’s Gate, S.W., 297 - - Stout, 242 - - Strait of Gibraltar, 51 - - Strand, W.C., 273 - - Stratford Place, W., 285 - - Stratton Street, W., 279 - - Strawberry Hill, 223 - - Stuart, 90 - - Stump Orator, 237 - - Stump Speech, 237 - - Subtle Doctor, The, 196 - - Suffolk, 134 - - Suffolk Lane, E.C., 264 - - Suffolk Street, S.W., 277 - - Sulky, 139 - - Sumatra, 53 - - Sumner Street, S.E., 300 - - Sun, The, 79 - - Sunday, 60 - - Sunflower, 120 - - Superior, Lake, 48 - - Sussex, 134 - - Sussex House, 223 - - Surrey, 10, 134 - - Surrey Street, W.C., 273 - - Sutton Place, N., 292 - - Swallow Street, W., 281 - - Swan Alley, E.C., 264 - - Swan, The, 81 - - Swan with Two Necks, The, 187 - - Swedish Nightingale, 196 - - Sweepstake, 211 - - Sweetbriar, 118 - - Switzerland, 41 - - Sydenham, 161 - - - T. - - Tabard, The, 187 - - Taffeta, 177 - - Taffety, 177 - - Taffy, 94 - - Tailor, 231 - - Tailor-bird, 98 - - Talbot, The, 79 - - Talbotype, 185 - - Tally, 256 - - Tally Ho! The, 80 - - Tallyman, 256 - - Tammany Ring, 116 - - Tankard, The, 85 - - Tapestry, 179 - - Tarantella, 143 - - Tarantula Spider, 143 - - Tarlatan, 176 - - Tasmania, 52 - - Tattersall’s, 226 - - Tavern, 76 - - Tavistock Place, W.C., 289 - - Tavistock Square, W.C., 289 - - Tavistock Street, W.C., 274 - - Taylor, the Water Poet, 131 - - T-cloth, 178 - - Tearless Victory, The, 163 - - Teetotaler, 234 - - Temple, The, 208, 212 - - Temple Bar, 216 - - Tennessee, 47 - - Tent Wine, 128 - - Terpsichorean Art, 142 - - Texas, 47 - - Thaler, 255 - - Thanet Place, W.C., 273 - - Thames, 149 - - Thavie’s Inn, 209 - - Theist, 61 - - Theobald’s Road, W.C., 290 - - Theocracy, 61 - - Thomas Street, S.E., 301 - - Thomists, 71 - - Thirteen Cantons, The, 190 - - Thistle, The, 80 - - Thistle-crown, 254 - - Threadneedle Street, E.C., 266 - - Three Chairmen, The, 189 - - Three Kings, The, 81 - - Three Men Wine, 129 - - Three Nuns, The, 191 - - Three Suns, The, 79 - - Three-thirds, 241 - - Throgmorton Street, E.C., 266 - - Thundering Legion, The, 163 - - Thurlow Place, W.C., 290 - - Thursday, 60 - - Tierra del Fuego, 53 - - Tiger-flower, 120 - - Tilbury, 138 - - Tintoretto, 206 - - Titchfield Street, W., 283 - - Titchfield Street, Great, W., 283 - - Tobacco, 56 - - Tobago Island, 56 - - Toddy, 257 - - Tokay, 128 - - Tom Folio, 201 - - Tommy Atkins, 94 - - Tontine, 256 - - Tooley Street, S.E., 301 - - Topaz, 245 - - Torquatus Manlius, 246 - - Torres Strait, 51 - - Torrington Square, W.C., 289 - - Tory, 109 - - Tothill Fields, 299 - - Tothill Street, S.W., 299 - - Tottenham Court Road, W.C., 284 - - Tractarians, 76 - - Trafalgar, The, 85 - - Trafalgar Square, W.C., 276 - - Traitors’ Gate, 215 - - Transvaal, 42 - - Transylvania, 42 - - Trappists, 103 - - Treacle Bible, 126 - - Trinidad Island, 55 - - Trinitarians, 75, 101 - - Trinity House, 216 - - Trinity Sunday, 170 - - Tristan d’Acunha, 56 - - Trumpeter-bird, 96 - - Tudor, 90 - - Tuesday, 60 - - Tulle, 180 - - Tunis, 42 - - Turkey, 41, 99 - - Turkestan, 36 - - Turquois, 245 - - Tweed, 179 - - Twelfth Day, 167 - - Twelfth Night, 167 - - Twickenham, 158 - - Twill, 178 - - Twin Diamonds, 245 - - Twopenny, 241 - - Tyburn, 156 - - - U. - - Uisquebaugh, 257 - - Ultramarine, 146 - - Umber, 146 - - “Uncle,” 231 - - Uncle Sam, 93 - - Unitarians, 70, 75 - - United Brethren, 69 - - Unready, The, 87 - - Upper Berkeley Street, W., 286 - - Upper Seymour Street, W., 286 - - Upper Ten, The, 234 - - Uraguay, 43 - - Usher, 231 - - Utilitarianism, 62 - - - V. - - Valence, 176 - - Valenciennes, 180 - - Valentine, 172 - - Valentine’s Day, 172 - - Vanburgh Castle, 221 - - Vancouver Island, 54 - - Van Dieman’s Land, 52 - - Vandyke Brown, 148 - - Vauxhall, 160 - - Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W., 297 - - Vauxhall Gardens, 193 - - Velvet, 178 - - Velveteen, 178 - - Venerable Bede, 130 - - Venetian Red, 146 - - Venezuela, 44 - - Vere Street, W., 285 - - Vermont, 47 - - Verulam Buildings, 271 - - Victoria, 138 - - Victoria, The, 86 - - Victoria Regia, 119 - - Victoria Street, S.W., 297 - - Vignette, 185 - - Vigo Street, W., 281 - - Viking, 57 - - Villiers Street, W.C., 275 - - Vinegar Bible, 124 - - Vinegar Yard, E.C., 290 - - Vine Street, W., 281 - - Vine Street, S.W., 299 - - Virginia, 46 - - Virginia Bible, 125 - - Voltaire, 181 - - Volume, 106 - - - W. - - Wagtail, 97 - - Walbrook, E.C., 263 - - Walcheren, 39 - - Waldenses, 68 - - Wales, 39 - - Walham Green, 159 - - Wallachia, 39 - - Walloon, 39 - - Waltz, 143 - - Walworth, 160 - - Wandsworth, 160 - - Wardour Street, W., 282 - - Wars of the Roses, 79 - - Warwick, 136 - - Warwick Gardens, W., 295 - - Warwick Lane, E.C., 261 - - Warwick Road, W., 295 - - Warwick, the King Maker, 247 - - Water Lane, E.C., 260 - - Waterloo, The, 85 - - Waterloo Bridge, 274 - - Waterlow Park, 222 - - Water Poet, The, 131 - - Watling Street, E.C., 263 - - Weaver-bird, 98 - - Wednesday, 60 - - Weeping Philosopher, The, 196 - - Welbeck Street, W., 284 - - Wellington, The, 85 - - Wellington Street, W.C., 274 - - Wells Street, W., 283 - - Welsher, 238 - - Wesleyan Methodists, 75 - - Wesleyans, 75 - - Wessex, 10, 134 - - Westbourne Park, 157 - - West Indies, 35 - - Westminster, 192, 212 - - Westminster Abbey, 101, 212 - - Westmoreland, 133 - - Westwood, 161 - - Weymouth Street, W., 294 - - Wheelwright, 230 - - Whig, 109 - - Whigamore Raid, 109 - - Whig Bible, 124 - - Whip-poor-Will, 96 - - Whisky, 257 - - White Boys, 111 - - Whitechapel, 151 - - White Conduit House, 191 - - White Conduit Tavern, 192 - - Whitecross Street, E.C., 268 - - White Friars, 101 - - Whitefriars Street, E.C., 260 - - Whitehall, 220 - - White Hart, The, 79 - - White Hart Street, W.C., 272 - - White Lion, The, 79 - - White Quakers, 71 - - White Queen, The, 89 - - White Sea, 49 - - White Sunday, 165 - - White Swan, The, 79 - - White Swan and Antelope, The, 9 - - White Tower, 215 - - Whit Sunday, 165 - - Whitsuntide, 165 - - Whittington Stone, The, 190 - - Wicked Bible, 124 - - Widow, 228 - - Widow-bird, 98 - - Wife, 228 - - Wigmore Street, W., 284 - - William Rufus, 88 - - William Street, N.W., 287 - - William the Conqueror, 88 - - William the Lion, 88 - - Willis’s Rooms, 225 - - Will Scarlet, 197 - - Wilton, 135 - - Wiltshire, 135 - - Wimbledon, 159 - - Wimpole Street, W., 285 - - Winchester House, 268 - - Winchester Yard, S.E., 300 - - Windmill Street, W., 282 - - Windmill Street, E.C., 291 - - Wine, 129 - - Wine Office Court, E.C., 259 - - Winnipeg, Lake, 48 - - Wisconsin, 47 - - Witanagemotes, 165 - - Wizard of the North, The, 131 - - Woodcock, 99 - - Wood Green, 153 - - Woodpecker, 99 - - Wood’s Halfpence, 255 - - Wood Street, E.C., 262 - - Woolwich, 161 - - Worcestershire, 133 - - World’s End, The, 191 - - Wormwood Street, E.C., 267 - - Worsted, 176 - - Wryneck, 99 - - Wych Street, W.C., 273 - - Wyndham Place, W., 286 - - Wyndham Street, W., 286 - - - X. - - X Ale, 242 - - XX Ale, 242 - - - Y. - - Yank, 115 - - Yankee, 93, 115 - - Yankee Jonathan, 207 - - Yellow Book, 106 - - Yellow Sea, 49 - - Yendys, 181 - - York, 133 - - York and Albany, The, 190 - - York House, 220 - - York Road, N., 288 - - Yorkshire, 133 - - Yorkshire Stingo, 242 - - Yorkshire Stingo, The, 84 - - York Street, S.W., 297 - - York Street, W.C., 274 - - Yutacan, 44 - - - Z. - - Zadkiel, 181 - - Zanzibar, 42 - - Zealand, New, 52 - - Zeeland, 52 - - Zoroastrianism, 64 - - Zululand, 42 - - Zuyder Zee, 51 - -UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, CHILWORTH AND LONDON. - - - - -[Illustration: - - Select Books - PUBLISHED BY - Mr. T. FISHER UNWIN - - London: - PATERNOSTER SQUARE. - - MDCCCXCII.] - - - - -_Catalogue of Select Books in Belles Lettres, History, Biography, -Theology, Travel, Miscellaneous, and Books for Children._ - - -Belles Lettres. - -Pablo de Ségovie. By FRANCESCO DE QUEVEDO. Illustrated with Sixty -Drawings by DANIEL VIERGE. With an Introduction on VIERGE and his Art -by JOSEPH PENNELL, and a Critical Essay on QUEVEDO and his Writings by -W. E. WATTS. Limited Edition only. Three Guineas nett. 1892. - -A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II. (LE COMTE DE COMINGES, -1662-1665). With many Portraits. By J. J. JUSSERAND. Demy 8vo., cloth -gilt. 1892. - -Jules Bastien Lepage and his Art. A Memoir, by ANDRÉ THEURIET. With -which is included Bastien Lepage as Artist, by GEORGE CLAUSEN, -A.R.W.S.; An Essay on Modern Realism in Painting, by WALTER SICKERT, -N.E.A.C.; and a Study of Marie Bashkirtseff, by MATHILDE BLIND. -Illustrated by Reproductions of Bastien Lepage’s Works. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Names: and Their Meaning - A Book for the Curious - -Author: Leopold Wagner - -Release Date: August 29, 2016 [EBook #52930] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING *** - - - - -Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> - -<h1><i>NAMES: AND THEIR MEANING.</i></h1> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/i001.jpg" width="150" height="250" alt="T. Fisher Unwin printer’s mark" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">NAMES:<br /> -AND THEIR MEANING</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>A BOOK FOR THE CURIOUS</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">BY<br /> -LEOPOLD WAGNER</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><i>THIRD AND REVISED EDITION.</i></p> - -<p class="titlepage">London<br /> -T. FISHER UNWIN<br /> -PATERNOSTER SQUARE<br /> -MDCCCXCIII</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> - -<p>Not the least difficult matter in connection -with the present work has been the choice -of a title. The one finally determined -upon is far from satisfactory, because it scarcely -suggests the scope of the subject treated. True -enough, the single word <span class="smcap">Nomenclature</span> offered -itself as a suitable title; but this is really a -French word, derived, of course, from the Latin, and -although it has been admitted into our vocabulary -simply owing to the lack of an English equivalent, -its use is properly restricted to the classification of -technical terms in relation to a particular branch -of science. In a scientific sense, then, the word -Nomenclature finds a ready acceptance; but for the -classification of the names of persons, of places, and -of things, it is altogether too pedantic. A young -friend of the author the other day, on being informed, -in answer to his inquiry, that this work -would probably be entitled “The Curiosities of -Nomenclature,” promptly asked whether it might -not be as well to explain, first of all, what the word -Nomenclature meant. Now, the author does not -believe for one moment that any intelligent person<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> -who took up this volume would be at a loss to judge -of its contents from the title, that is, supposing the -word Nomenclature appeared on the page; nevertheless, -his young friend’s suggestion reminded him -that a book intended not for the scientific and -learned, but for general reference, should bear a -title easily comprehended by all classes of the community. -The title originally chosen has, therefore, -been rejected in favour of one less pretentious and -more matter-of-fact: if it is not sufficiently expressive, -the fault must be attributed to the poverty of -the English language.</p> - -<p>Of all the “Ologies,” <span class="smcap">Philology</span>, or the science of -language, is the most seductive; and that branch of -it known as <span class="smcap">Etymology</span>, which traces the derivation -and combination of the words of a language from -its primary roots, possesses an interest—one might -almost say a fascination—for all, when once the -attention has been arrested by it. This fact is -proved by the popularity of Archbishop Trench’s -published lectures on “The Study of Words,” which -have now reached a nineteenth edition. But it is -not to an examination of the dictionary words of the -English language that the present volume is devoted. -Bearing in mind that several excellent works already -exist on this subject, the author has occupied -himself in the following pages exclusively with the -etymology, and significance of <span class="smcap">Names</span>—of <i>personal -names</i>, comprising Surnames, Sobriquets, Pseudonyms, -Nicknames, Class Names, and Professional -Designations; of <i>names of places</i>, including the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -Countries of the World, with the principal -Seas, Islands, Gulfs, Straits, &c., the United -States of North America, the Counties of England -and Wales, and particularly the Districts, Streets, -Squares, Churches, and Public Buildings of London; -of the names of Religious Sects and Political Factions; -of the names of Inns and Taverns; in addition -to the names of an infinite number of objects with -which everyone is familiar, but whose actual significance -is comprehended only by a few.</p> - -<p>As to the utility of such a work, a brief glance into -these pages may convince the reader that the subject -of <span class="smcap">Names</span> is fraught with much popular interest. -Take the names of London streets. How many -among the thousands who follow their daily occupations -within sight of the gilt cross of St. Paul’s, -ever reflect that the name of each street they frequent -and pass by the way, points to the origin of -the street itself; and that, were they to cultivate a -practical acquaintance with those names, their knowledge -of English History and Sociology might be -considerably enlarged, with a result that they would -be brought to ask themselves at length how they -could have been possessed of “souls so dead” as -never to have entered upon such a profitable field -of inquiry before? Whitefriars, Blackfriars, and -Austin Friars, carry us back in imagination to the -days of yore; the friars have long returned to the -dust, but the localities they inhabited are still identified -with their existence by the names they bear. -Yet these are possibly the only thoroughfares in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> -City—with the exception of such as have derived -their names from a neighbouring church, public -building, or private mansion—concerning which the -average Londoner can express himself with any -degree of certainty: if he venture a guess at the -rest, it is safe to assert that he will be open to -correction. The like observation applies to public -buildings.</p> - -<p>If the question were asked, for example, why -the well-known Ships’ Registry Offices over the -Royal Exchange are universally referred to as -“Lloyd’s,” ninety-nine out of every hundred City -men would avail themselves of the very plausible -suggestion that the system of Marine Insurance was -first established, either there or elsewhere, by some -person named Lloyd. True, a certain Edward Lloyd -had a remote connection with the enterprise; but he -was a coffee-house keeper, who probably knew no -more about ships and their tonnage than “Jonathan,” -another noted London coffee-house keeper, -after whom the Stock Exchange was formerly designated, -knew about “bulls” and “bears.” Again, it -is not every one who could account, off hand, for -such familiar names as Scotland Yard, Bedlam, -Doctors’ Commons, the Charterhouse, the churches -of St. Mary-Axe, St. Clement-Danes, St. Hallow’s-Barking, -or St. Catherine Cree. A few barristers -would, doubtless, be in a position to inform us -wherefore our seminaries for the study of the law -were originally styled “Inns of Court”; but the -ordinary inquirer, left to his own resources, might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -find the problem somewhat difficult to solve. Surely -they were not at one time inns? and if so, whence -came the designation Inns of Court? Did the Court -flunkeys patronize them, perhaps? Or, more likely, -did the sovereign, attended by the Court, take a fancy -to sleeping beneath the roof of each for once in a way, -after the manner of Queen Elizabeth? And, speaking -about inns, every Londoner is, of course, aware -of the one-time existence of “La Belle Sauvage” on -the north side of Ludgate Hill, albeit the origin of -this sign has generally been ascribed to Pocahontas, -of Virginia, who accompanied her husband, John -Rolfe, back to England in the year 1616, and, as -tradition has it, put up at this famous old coaching-house. -Moreover, Messrs. Cassell and Co., whose premises -occupy the site, and are approached from La -Belle Sauvage Yard, have profited by the popular -misconception to the extent of adopting the figure of -a female partly clad in skins as their trade-mark. -Then, again, who has not heard of “The Tabard”? -and whence did that derive its sign? Among other -celebrated inns still preserved to us, we have -“Jack Straw’s Castle” on Hampstead Heath. But -who was Jack Straw? and had he ever a castle -thereabouts? As will be shown in these pages, the -answer to these questions is associated with a very -stirring moment in English History.</p> - -<p>A great deal of the early history of England can -be gleaned from the names of the counties into -which this country is divided. The terms Shire -and County are so far synonymous in that they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -indicate a portion of land distinguished by a particular -name; yet, etymologically considered, they -are widely different. Although every shire is a -county, it is not every county to whose individual -name the word “shire” may be added. The latter is -essentially Anglo-Saxon, denoting a division of land -possessed by an earl, and wherever it occurs it points -conclusively to the Saxon occupation of England. -Certainly, we do not speak of Essex-shire, Middle-sex-shire, -or Sussex-shire, because the Saxon territories -referred to, as well as their relative positions, -are fully indicated in the names themselves. Neither -are we accustomed to allude to Surrey-shire, for the -reason that the word <i>Surrey</i> expressed the Anglo-Saxon -for the land south of the <i>rey</i>, or river, -comprising, as it did, that large tract of land described -as Wessex, or the land of the West Saxons, -now divided into six southern shires. The fact is, -Wessex was the great kingdom of the Saxons in this -country, whereas Essex, Middlesex, and Sussex were -but petty kingdoms. Consequently, in the kingdom -of Wessex it was that earldoms were first created, -and lands appertaining thereto were literally <i>scired</i>, -or sheared off. On the other hand, it would be -ridiculous in the extreme, quite apart from the -unfamiliarity of such an expression, to speak of -Kent-shire, because there is nothing in the name -that invests it with a Saxon interest. The same remark -is applicable to Cornwall. It is only from habit, -too, or because the name lends itself to the euphony, -that Devon is denominated a shire; for not only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -is this a Celtic name, but the Saxons scarcely -penetrated into, and certainly never occupied any -considerable portion of, the county. The England -of the Saxons, therefore, is to be distinguished -wherever the word “shire” appears as part of the -name of a county.</p> - -<p>If the foregoing paragraph be deemed interesting -to the general inquirer, a careful digest of the -chapter on “The Countries of the World” should -prove most instructive. With a few exceptions only, -the names of the different countries of the Old World -afford us an indication of their original inhabitants, -or the rude tribes that overran them. In regard to -the New World, such names of countries as are not -of native origin invariably point to the nationality -of the navigators who discovered them or of the -adventurers who explored and colonized them. -The maritime enterprise of the Spanish and Portuguese -is in nothing so evident as in the territories -named in accordance with their respective languages -in South and Central America, to say nothing of -the islands discovered by them in the Atlantic and -Pacific Oceans. And, as a set-off against the -shameful treatment by the Spaniards of Christopher -Columbus, it must not be forgotten that the whole -of the North American territory now embraced in the -United States was originally designated Columbia in -his honour, which name has been preserved in the -Western portion of the continent known as British -Columbia. A few Spanish names still linger -in North America, notably California, Labrador,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -Florida, Nevada, Oregon, and Colorado. But the -Spaniards were rovers rather than settlers; wherefore -they contented themselves with maintaining -their national reputation as successful navigators by -giving names to the countries they discovered, and -establishing a lucrative trading monopoly in that -portion of the Caribbean Sea which formerly bore -the name of the Spanish Main.</p> - -<p>On the contrary, the English and French have -distinguished themselves always, and all the world -over, as colonists; so that, saving those States of -North America which have received the native -names of the great lakes and rivers, we can discover -exactly which were colonized by the one nation and -which by the other. Moreover, the English and -French have generally exercised the common trait of -honouring the mother country by naming a new -colony or a newly-discovered island after the -reigning monarch or a distinguished countryman. -A similar trait in the Dutch character presents -itself in the repetition of the names of the native -places of their navigators and colonists; while the -Spaniards and Portuguese have displayed a tendency -for naming an island discovered or a river explored -by them in a manner commemorative of the day -that witnessed the event. At the same time, it -would not be wise to conjecture, merely from the -name, that Columbus discovered the island of -Trinidad on the Feast of the Holy Trinity, because -he did nothing of the kind. Therefore, it behoves the -curious inquirer to make himself acquainted with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -the circumstances under which our geographical -names have arisen, so as to avoid falling into error. -As well might he maintain, without the requisite -knowledge, that the Canary Islands owed their -designation to the birds that have so long been -exported thence; for although such a conclusion were -extremely plausible, he would still be at a loss to -know how the canaries came by their name in the -first place.</p> - -<p>A like difficulty is liable to be encountered relative -to the Sandwich Islands. A particularly smart boy -might, indeed, be expected to inform us, as the -outcome of a hastily-formed opinion, that the Sandwich -Islands were so called because a shipwrecked -crew who once found a refuge thereon continued to -support themselves until such time as they were -rescued by a passing vessel upon sandwiches. The -bare idea may be laughed at; but it is no more -preposterous than that the Canary Islands received -their name from the birds that are found there in -such plenty. The question at issue furnishes an -example as to how a name may be perpetuated in -different ways. Thus, Captain Cook named the -Sandwich Islands in compliment to John Montague, -fourth Earl of Sandwich and First Lord of the -Admiralty, who took his title from Sandwich, or, as -the etymology of this place implies, the “sand -town,” one of the ancient Cinque Ports in Kent. -An inveterate gamester was this Lord Sandwich; so -much so that he would sit at the gaming-table for -thirty hours and more at a stretch, never desisting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -from the game to partake of a meal, but from time -to time ordering the waiter to bring him some slices -of meat placed between two slices of thin bread, -from which circumstance this convenient form of -refreshment received the name of Sandwiches.</p> - -<p>Mention of sandwiches reminds us that very few -tradesmen possess the remotest idea of the significance -of the names of the various commodities in -which they deal. Ask a purveyor of ham and beef -to explain the origin of the word Sandwich, and he -will be quite unable to furnish an answer. Put a -similar question to a Tobacconist, and it will be -found that he has never interested himself to the -extent of inquiring what the word Tobacco means, not -to speak of the names of the different kinds of tobacco. -A Haberdasher, again, would be sorely -perplexed to account for his individual trade-name; -so would a Milliner, so would a Grocer, so would a -Tailor; and so would almost every one who passes -for an intelligent citizen, yet whose reflections have -never been directed toward those trifling concerns -which, as one might be led to suppose, are most -immediately interesting to him. And so we might -go on multiplying examples until this Introduction -reached an altogether inordinate length, with no -other object than to arouse the reader’s interest in -the pages that follow. But the necessity for a more -extended Introduction does not arise. The scope -of this work will be sufficiently indicated by the -Analytical Table of Contents; but even there a very -large number of names incidentally referred to in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -the text have not been included. The Index may be -somewhat more to the purpose, inasmuch as every -item set forth therein will be found not merely -alluded to but discussed in the book; and to the -book itself the reader is now referred.</p> - -<p class="right">L. W.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">London.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_COUNTRIES_OF_THE_WORLD"><i>THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Asia, Africa, Europe, America; Palestine, Asia Minor; -Persia, Arabia, India, Hindustan, Turkestan, Afghanistan, -Beloochistan, Kurdestan; China, Siberia, -Russia, Circassia, Crimea, Finland, Sweden, Norway; -Britain, England, Scotland, Caledonia, Ireland, The -Emerald Isle, Cambria, Wales; Saxony, Gaul, France, -Normandy, Brittany; Germany, Holland, Belgium, -Denmark, Jutland, Prussia, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, -Servia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Moldavia, Moravia, Bulgaria, -Roumania, Turkey, Ottoman Empire, Greece; -Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal; Algiers, -Morocco, Barbary, Sahara, Soudan, Egypt, Senegambia, -Gold Coast, Guinea, Zanzibar, Zululand, Transvaal, -Natal, Orange Free States, Cape Colony, Cape of -Good Hope; Cape Horn, Patagonia, Chili, Argentine -Republic, Brazil, Bolivia, Uraguay, Paraguay, Peru, -Pernambuco, Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela; Panama, -Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mosquito Coast, -Yutacan, Quatemala, Mexico, California, British -Columbia; Canada, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, -Labrador, Greenland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, -Florida; Virginia, Maryland, Baltimore, Pennsylvania, -Georgia, Carolina, Louisiana, Maine, New -Orleans, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>Michigan, Indiana, Alabama, Nebraska, Ohio, -Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Kansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, -Mississippi, Missouri, Minnesota, Arkansas, Illinois, -Oregon, Texas, Vermont, Colorado, Nevada, Connecticut, -Iowa, Astoria, Delaware; Lake Superior, -Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Niagara, Lake -Michigan, Lake Winnipeg, Great Bear Lake, Great -Salt Lake; The Arctic Ocean, Antarctic Ocean, -Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean -Sea, Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea; German -Ocean, Indian Ocean, Irish Sea; White Sea, Black -Sea, Red Sea, Green Sea, Yellow Sea, Dead Sea, -Caspian Sea, Sea of Marmora; The Gulf Stream, The -Horse Latitudes, The Spanish Main; Hudson’s Bay, -James’ Bay, Barrow’s Strait, All Saints’ Bay, Gulf -of St. Lawrence, Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait, -Botany Bay; St. George’s Channel, The Skagerrack, -Zuyder Zee; Bay of Biscay; Strait of Gibraltar, The -Bosphorus, The Dardanelles; Australia, New Holland, -New Zealand, Tasmania, Van Dieman’s Land, Society -Islands, Friendly Islands, Christmas Island, Sandwich -Islands, Philippine Islands, Caroline Islands; Papua, -Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Japan, Formosa, Ceylon, -Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, Madagascar; Tierra del -Fuego, Island of Desolation, Hanover Island, Adelaide -Island, Juan Fernandez, Ladrone Islands, Pitcairn’s -Island, Easter Island, Vancouver Island, -Queen Charlotte Island, Prince of Wales Island, -Aleutian Islands; Barrow Island, Baring Island, -Parry Island, Baffin Land, Banks Land, Newfoundland, -Rhode Island, Long Island, Bermuda Islands, San -Salvador, Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Barbadoes, Dominica, -Porto Rico, Trinidad, Tobago Island, St. Kitt’s Island; -Ascension Island, St. Helena, Tristan d’Acunha, -Madeira, Majorca, Minorca, Balearic Islands, Corsica, -Sardinia, Capri, Sicily, Malta, Candia, Cyprus, Rhodes; -Belleisle, Jersey, Isle of Wight, Gothland, Heligoland, -Anglesea, Isle of Man, Hebrides, Orkney Isles, Shetland -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>Isles, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_MONTHS_AND_DAYS_OF_THE"><i>THE MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, -September, October, November, December; Sunday, -Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, -Saturday</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CREEDS_SECTS_AND_DENOMINATIONS"><i>CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINATIONS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Theism, Deism, Atheism, Pantheism, Agnosticism, Secularism, -Utilitarianism, Materialism, Rationalism; -Monotheism, Mosaism, Judaism, Paganism, Polytheism; -Zoroastrians, Brahmins, Buddhists, Mahommedans, -Mussulmans, Islam; Christians, Pharisees, -Nazarenes, Gnostics, Aquarians, Arians, Luciferians, -Donatists, Macedonians, Apollinarians; Catholics; -Greek Church, Roman Catholic Church, Church of -England, Gallican Church, Lutheran Church; Protestants, -Calvinists, Huguenots, Wycliffites, Gospellers, -Lollards, Albigenses, Waldenses, Camisards, Hussites, -Bedlamites, Moravians; Adamites, Libertines, Jansenists, -Jesuists, Gabrielites, Labadists, Socinians, -Arminians, New Christians, Old Catholics; Scotists, -Thomists, Sabbatarians, Fifth Monarchy Men, -Muggletonians; Seekers, Quakers, Shakers, Mormons, -Peculiar People, Faith Healers, Irvingites, Humanitarians, -Sacramentarians, Plymouth Brethren, Perfectionists, -Hopkinsians; Scottish Covenanters, -Presbyterians, Cameronians, Macmillanites, Morisonians, -Free Church of Scotland; Puritans, Nonconformists, -Conformists, Dissenters, Sectarians, -Independents, Congregationalists, Unitarians, Trinitarians, -Baptists, Anabaptists, Methodists, Wesleyan -Methodists, Primitive Methodists; High Church, Low -Church, Broad Church, Latitudinarism, Ritualists, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>Puseyites, Tractarians</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#TAVERN_SIGNS"><i>TAVERN SIGNS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Green Man, The Green Man and Still, The Red -Lion, The Bear and Ragged Staff, The Boar’s Head, -The Black Bull, The Talbot, The Chequers; The -White Rose, The Red Rose, The Star; The White -Swan, The White Swan and Antelope, The White -Hart, The Sun, The Three Suns, The White Lion, -The Eagle, The Blue Boar, The Red Dragon, The -Greyhound, The Rose, The Thistle, The Shamrock; -The Crown, The Rose and Crown, The Crown and -Sceptre, The Crown and Anchor; The Earl of March; -The Hare and Hounds, The Tally Ho! The Fox in -the Hole; The Angel, The Salutation, The Three -Kings, The Cross Keys, The Mitre; The Turk’s Head, -The Saracen’s Head, The Golden Cross, The Half -Moon; The Swan, The Pheasant, The Peacock; The -St. George, The George and Dragon, The Green -Dragon, The George, The King’s Arms, The Queen’s -Arms, The Freemasons’ Arms, The Coachmakers’ -Arms, The Saddlers’ Arms, The Carpenters’ Arms; -The Garter, The Star and Garter; The Leg and -Star, The Cat and Fiddle, The Bag o’ Nails, -The Goat and Compass, The Iron Devil, The Bull -and Mouth, The Bull and Gate, The Lion and Key, -The Catherine Wheel, The Plume and Feathers, -The Bully Ruffian, The Blue Pig, The Pig -and Whistle; The Coach and Horses, The Pack -Horse; The Bear, The Dog and Duck, The Bowling -Green; The Grapes, The Castle, The Globe, The -Spread Eagle, The Yorkshire Stingo; The Bell, The -Barley-mow, The Old Hat, The Ram and Teazle, -The Bricklayers’ Arms, The Cricketers’ Arms, The -Black Jack; The Royal Oak, The Boscobel, The -Palmerston, The Marquis of Granby, The Portobello -Arms, The Nelson, The Wellington, The Trafalgar, -The Waterloo, The Ship, The King’s Head, The -Queen’s Head, The Victoria, The Prince Albert, The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>Prince of Wales’ Feathers</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#ROYAL_SURNAMES"><i>ROYAL SURNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Alfred the Great, Edward the Martyr, Ethelred the Unready, -Edmund Ironsides, Edgar Atheling, Harold -Harefoot, Edward the Confessor; William the Conqueror, -William Rufus, Henry Beauclerc, Richard -Cœur de Lion, William the Lion, John Lackland, -Edward Longshanks, Edward the Black Prince, John -of Gaunt, Henry Bolingbroke; Bluff King Hal, -Defender of the Faith, The White Queen, Bloody -Mary, Good Queen Bess; The Lord Protector, The -Merry Monarch, The Sailor King; Plantagenet, -Tudor, Stuart; Charlemagne, The She-Wolf of France, -Pedro the Cruel, Ivan the Terrible, Frederick Barbarossa, -Ferdinand Bomba, Egalité Philippe</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#NATIONAL_NICKNAMES"><i>NATIONAL NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Brother Jonathan, Uncle Sam, Yankee; John Bull, Mrs. -Grundy, The British Matron; Tommy Atkins; Pat, -Sandie, Taffy; John Chinaman, Pigtails, Pale Faces, -Redskins; Nigger, Sambo, Mulatto</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#BIRDS"><i>BIRDS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Cuckoo, Pewit, Curlew, Chickadee, Whip-poor-will; -Trumpeter, Nightingale, Night-jar, Mocking-bird, -Humming-bird, Greenfinch, Goldfinch, Greenlet, -Jay, Blue-bird, Blackbird, Starling, Flamingo, Oriole, -Lyre-bird; Red-poll, Secretary-bird; Birds of Paradise, -Love-birds; Kingfisher; Lapwing; Wagtail, -Scissors-bird, Hangbird, Weaver-bird, Tailor-bird; -Widow-bird, Martin, Muscovy Duck; Swift, Passenger-pigeon; -Skylark, Chaffinch, Diver, Sandpiper, -Chimney-swallow; Horn-bill, Boat-bill, Spoon-bill, -Duck-bill, Cross-bill; Pouter-pigeon, Ring-dove, -Wryneck, Woodcock, Woodpecker; Guinea-fowl, -Brahma-fowl, Bantam, Barb, Turkey, Baltimore-bird, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>Canary, Petrel</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><i>RELIGIOUS ORDERS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Monastery, Convent, Abbey, Priory; Monk, Nun, Friar; -Dominicans or Black Friars, Franciscans or Grey -Friars; Carmelites or White Friars, Augustines or -Austin Friars, Trinitarians or Crutched Friars; -Observant Friars, Conventional Friars; Capuchin -Friars, Cordeliers; Benedictines, Carthusians, Cistercians, -Cluniacs, Bernardines, Basilians, Trappists; -Jesuists, Servites, Passionists, Redemptorists</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#PAPER_AND_PRINTING"><i>PAPER AND PRINTING.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Paper, Parchment; Hand-paper, Pot-paper, Post-paper, -Crown-paper, Foolscap; Nepaul-paper, India-paper, -Cap-paper, Elephant, Cartridge-paper, Bristol-board; -Folio, Quarto, Octavo, Duodecimo; Printer’s Devil; -Hansard, Blue Book, Yellow Book; Book, Leaf, -Volume, Library; Pamphlet, Brochure, Chart, Map, -Atlas, Cartoon, Broadside, Poster, Stationery</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#POLITICAL_NICKNAMES"><i>POLITICAL NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Whigs, Tories, Liberals, Conservatives, Radicals, -Socialists, Levellers, Democrats; Royalists, Parliamentarians, -Cavaliers, Roundheads; Orangemen, -Jacobites, Peep-o’-day Boys, White Boys, Fenians, -Irish Invincibles, Ribbonmen, Emergency Men; -Separists, Nationalists, Parnellites, Boycotters; Sansculottes, -Red Republicans, The Mountain, The Plain, -Girondists; The Hats, The Caps, Nihilists, Carbonari, -Black Cloaks, Lazzari, Guelphs, Ghibellines; -Federals, Republicans, Democrats, Confederates, Corn-feds, -Yanks or Yankees, Copperheads, Know-nothings, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Tammany Ring, Mugwumps; Chartists, Jingoes, Protectionists</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#FLOWERS"><i>FLOWERS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Forget-me-not, Mignonette, Carnation, Geranium, Crane’s-bill; -Pansy, Camellia, Dahlia, Fuchsia, Victoria -Regia, Adonis, Hyacinth, Aspasia, Orchid, Sweetbriar, -Lilac, Lavender; Dog-rose, Damask-rose, -Cabbage-rose, Christmas-rose, Primrose; Mayflower, -Hawthorn, Gilly-flower, Tiger-flower, Daffodil, Hollyhock, -Noon-tide, Noon-flower, Convolvulus, Daisy, -Buttercup, Cowslip; Sunflower, Heliotrope, Goldylocks, -Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Rhododendron; -Passion-flower, Stock</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_BIBLE"><i>THE BIBLE.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Bible, Scriptures; Septuagint, Latin Vulgate, Douay Bible, -Rheims Bible; King James’s Bible, The Bishops’ Bible, -Cranmer’s Bible, The Great Bible, Mazarin Bible, -Pearl Bible, Geneva Bible, Breeches Bible, Vinegar -Bible, Beer Bible, Treacle Bible, Whig Bible, Wicked -Bible, Bug Bible; “He” Bible, “She” Bible; Virginia -Bible; Pentateuch; Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, -Deuteronomy; Apocrypha, Apocalypse</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#WINES"><i>WINES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Burgundy, Champagne, Pontac, Moselle, Johannisberg, -Florence, Falernian, Montepulciano, Malaga, Sherry, -Port, Cyprus, Malmsey, Madeira, Canary; Tokay, -Claret, Tent Wine; Sillery, Pommery, Moet and -Chandon; Hippocras, Badminton, Negus, Sack; Dry -Wine, Crusted Port, Three-Men Wine</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LITERARY_SOBRIQUETS"><i>LITERARY SOBRIQUETS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Gildas the Wise, Venerable Bede, Century White, Monk -Lewis, Rainy-Day Smith; Silver-Tongued Sylvester, -The Water Poet, The Ettrick Shepherd, The Bidëford -Postman, The Mad Poet, The Quaker Poet, The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>Banker Poet, Anacreon Moore, Orion Home, The -Farthing Poet; The Wizard of the North, The -Addison of the North, The Minstrel of the Border, -The Corn Law Rhymer</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_COUNTIES_OF_ENGLAND"><i>THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham, -York; Lancashire, Cheshire, Leicestershire, Worcestershire, -Gloucestershire; Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, -Essex, Sussex, Middlesex; Surrey, Kent, Hampshire, -Dorset, Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Wiltshire, Berkshire, -Buckingham; Oxford, Hertford, Hereford, -Stafford, Bedford, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, -Rutland, Warwick, Nottingham, Derby, Shropshire, -Monmouth; Anglesea, Glamorgan, Brecknock, -Radnor, Montgomery, Denbigh, Flint, Carnarvon, -Carmarthen, Merioneth, Cardigan, Pembroke</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CARRIAGES"><i>CARRIAGES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Phaeton, Victoria, Clarence, Brougham, Stanhope, Sociable, -Landau, Tilbury; Dog-Cart, Buggy, Gig, Sulky, -Noddy, Jaunting Car, Break; Stage-Coach, Omnibus; -Hackney-Coach, Coach, Cab, Cabriolet, Hansom Cab; -Hearse, Pantechnicon</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#DANCES"><i>DANCES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Terpsichorean Art; Morris Dance, Saraband, Gavotte, -Quadrille, Lancers, Polka, Schottische, Mazourka, -Redowa, Waltz; Country Dance, Roger de Coverley, -Minuet, Tarantella; Cinderella Dance, Ball, Ballet, -Coryphée, Phyrric Dance; Hornpipe, Reel, Jig, -Breakdown</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#PIGMENTS_AND_DYES"><i>PIGMENTS AND DYES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Umber, Sienna, Gamboge, Krems White, Prussian Blue, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>Saunders Blue, Chinese Yellow, Frankfort Black, -Hamburg Lake; Ultramarine; Mazarine, Pompadour, -Cardinal, Carnation, Carmine, Pink, Purple, -Scarlet, Crimson; Cassius, Magenta, Vandyke Brown, -Sepia, Sap Green, Emerald Green, Lamp Black, -Ivory Black, Isabel</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_DISTRICTS_AND"><i>LONDON DISTRICTS AND SUBURBS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">London, Thames; Westminster, Belgravia, Pimlico, -Knightsbridge, Mayfair, Soho, Bloomsbury, Smithfield, -Clerkenwell, Spa Fields, Bunhill Fields, Moorfields, -Finsbury; Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Goodman’s -Fields, Shadwell, Ratcliffe Highway, Stepney, Spitalfields, -Bethnal Green, Hoxton, De Beauvoir Town, -Copenhagen Fields, Haggerstone, Hackney, Dalston, -Stoke Newington, Southgate, Kingsland, Abney Park, -Green Lanes, Edmonton, Ball’s Pond, Mildmay Park, -Muswell Hill, Wood Green, Hornsey, Canonbury, -Highbury, Holloway, Barnsbury, Islington; King’s -Cross, St. Pancras, Agar Town, Somers Town, -Camden Town, Kentish Town, Primrose Hill, Highgate, -Hampstead, Frognal, Bishop’s Wood, Hendon; -Gospel Oak, Chalk Farm, St. John’s Wood, Kilburn, -Maida Vale, Marylebone, Tyburn; Bayswater, Paddington, -Westbourne Park, Notting Hill, Shepherd’s -Bush; Acton, Gunnersbury, Kew, Brentford, Isleworth, -Staines, Kingston, Shepperton, Twickenham, -Richmond, Sheen; Chiswick, Hammersmith, Kensington, -Brompton, Chelsea, Battersea, Walham -Green, Parsons Green, Fulham, Putney, Wimbledon; -Wandsworth, Lambeth, Vauxhall; Southwark, Bermondsey, -Horsleydown, Walworth, The Borough; -Rotherhithe, Deptford, Greenwich, Woolwich, Isle -of Dogs, New Cross; Lewisham, Blackheath, Eltham; -Catford, Beckenham, Sydenham, Forest Hill, Norwood, -Dulwich, Honor Oak, Nunhead, Peckham, -Brixton, Camberwell, Stockwell, Kennington, Newington, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>St. George’s Fields</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#BATTLES"><i>BATTLES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Tearless Victory, The Thundering Legion, The -Hallelujah Victory; The Battle of the Standard, The -Battle of the Herrings; The Battle of Spurs; The -Battle of the Spurs of Gold; The Battle of the -Giants, The Battle of All the Nations</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#NOTABLE_DAYS_AND_FESTIVALS"><i>NOTABLE DAYS AND FESTIVALS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">New Year’s Day; Whitsuntide, Lammastide, Martinmas, -Candlemas Day; Lady Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, -Christmas Day; Innocents’ Day, Epiphany, Twelfth -Night, Distaff’s Day, Rock Day, Plough Monday, -Handsel Monday, Boxing Day; Lent, Shrove Tuesday, -Ash Wednesday, Passion Sunday, Passion Week, -Palm Sunday, Maunday-Thursday, Good Friday, -Long Friday, Holy Saturday; Easter, Passover, Low -Sunday, Sexagesima Sunday, Quinquagesima Sunday, -Quadragesima Sunday; Pentecost, Trinity Sunday, -Corpus Christi, Rogation Sunday, Rogation Days, -Ember Days; Ascension Day, The Assumption, Holy -Cross Day, All Saints’ Day, All Souls’ Day, Allhallowes’ -Day; Allhallowe’en, Cracknut Night; St. -Valentine’s Day, St. Swithin’s Day, St. David’s Day, -Comb’s Mass; Primrose Day, Royal Oak Day, Guy -Fawkes’ Day; Arbor Day; Forefathers’ Day, Independence -Day, Evacuation Day; Mothering Sunday; -Grouse Day, Partridge Day, Sprat Day; Red Letter -Day, Holiday</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#TEXTILES_EMBROIDERIES_AND"><i>TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND LACE.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Damask, Muslin, Nankeen, Calico, Cashmere, Dimity, -Valance, Holland, Cambric, Shalloon, Tarlatan, -Worsted, Cobourg, Angola, Frieze; Cotton, Silk, Brocade, -Damassin, Sarsanet, Mohair, Moire-Antique, -Chintz, Taffety, Linen, Lawn, Pompadour; Swansdown, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>Moleskin, Merino, Alpaca; Kersey, Gingham, -Blankets; Plush, Velvet, Velveteen, Fustian, -Grogram, Corduroy; Pina-cloth, Grass-cloth, T-cloth, -Broadcloth, Twill, Tweed, Plaid, Check; Embroidery, -Tapestry, Bayeaux Tapestry, Gobelin Tapestry, Arras; -Lace, Valenciennes, Colbertine, Point-lace, Pillow-lace; -Tulle</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LITERARY_PSEUDONYMS"><i>LITERARY PSEUDONYMS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Voltaire, Barry Cornwall, Yendys, Nimrod, Zadkiel; -Knickerbocker, Elia, Boz, Ouida, George Sand; -Artemus Ward, Mark Twain; F. M. Allen</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#COUNTERFEIT_PRESENTMENTS"><i>COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Portrait, Photograph, Miniature, Profile, Silhouette; -Talbotype, Daguerreotype, Ferriertype; Carte-de-Visite, -Vignette, Cabinet, Kit-Kat, Kit-Kat Canvas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_INNS_AND_GARDENS"><i>LONDON INNS AND GARDENS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Tabard Inn, “La Belle Sauvage,” The Swan with -Two Necks, The Elephant and Castle, The Horse -Shoe, The Blue Posts, The Black Posts, The Three -Chairmen, The Running Footman; The Mother -Red Cap, The Mother Shipton, The Adelaide, The -York and Anlaby, Jack Straw’s Castle, The Spaniards, -The Whittington Stone, The Thirteen Cantons, The -North Pole, The South Australian, The World’s End, -The Fulham Bridge, The Devil, The Three Nuns, The -White Conduit Tavern, The Belvedere, The Clown -Tavern, Hummuns’s; Sadler’s Wells, Highbury Barn, -Vauxhall Gardens, Ranelagh Gardens, Cremorne -Gardens</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#SOBRIQUETS_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">The Mother of Believers, Fair Helen, Fair Rosamond, The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>Fair Maid of Kent, The Holy Maid of Kent; Black -Agnes, Fair Maiden Lilliard, The Maid of Orleans, -The Maid of Saragossa; The Lady Freemason, -The Swedish Nightingale, The Jersey Lily; The -Weeping Philosopher, The Laughing Philosopher, -The Subtle Doctor, The Angelic Doctor, St. Paul of -the Cross; Robin Hood, Little John, Will Scarlet, -Friar Tuck; Sixteen-string Jack, Spring-heel Jack; -Gentleman Jack, Gentleman Smith, Admirable Crichton, -Fighting Fitzgerald, Romeo Coates, Beau Fielding, -Beau Brummell, Beau Nash, The King of Bath; -The Factory King, The Railway King, The Paper -King, The Nitrate King; The Man of Ross, The -People’s Friend, The Musical Small-Coal Man, Tom -Folio; The Infant Roscius; Single-Speech Hamilton, -Starvation Dundas, Orange Peel, The Heaven-Sent -Minister, Finality John; Dizzy, The Grand Old Man, -Bookstall Smith; The Dancing Chancellor, Praise-God -Barebones; Sinner-Saved Huntingdon, Orator -Henley; Memory Woodfall, Memory-Corner Thompson; -Dirty Dick; Capability Brown, George Ranger, -The Jubilee Plunger; Long Peter, Magdalen Smith, -Claude Lorraine, Tintoretto, Il Furioso; The Scottish -Hogarth, The Liverpool Landseer; The Liberator; -The Pathfinder; Yankee Jonathan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#THE_INNS_OF_COURT"><i>THE INNS OF COURT.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Lincoln’s Inn, Gray’s Inn, Furnival’s Inn, Clifford’s Inn; -Serjeants’ Inn; Barnard’s Inn, Staple Inn, Clement’s -Inn, Dane’s Inn, New Inn, Thavie’s Inn; Benchers</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#RACES"><i>RACES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Goodwood, Ascot, Epsom, Derby, Oaks, Doncaster St. -Leger; Hurdle Race, Steeplechase; Sweepstake</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_CHURCHES_AND"><i>LONDON CHURCHES AND BUILDINGS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Westminster Abbey, The Temple, Savoy Chapel, St. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>Clement-Danes, St. Mary-le-Bow, St. Mary-Axe, St. -Catherine Cree, St. Catherine Coleman, St. Margaret -Pattens, St. Sepulchre, St. Bride’s, St. Andrew Undershaft, -Allhallowes, Barking; St. Olave’s, The White -Tower, Bloody Tower, Beauchamp Tower, Traitors’ -Gate; Newgate, St. John’s Gate, Temple Bar, London -Bridge, Billingsgate, The Mint, The Trinity House; -Crosby Hall, Memorial Hall, The Guildhall, Doctors’ -Commons, St. Martin’s-le-Grand; The Charterhouse, -Christ’s Hospital, Bartholomew’s Hospital, -Guy’s Hospital, Bedlam, The Magdalen Hospital; -St. James’s Palace, Buckingham Palace, Marlborough -House, Somerset House, Whitehall, The Horse -Guards, Dover House, York House; Devonshire -House, Apsley House, Chandos House, The Albany, -Burlington House, Soane Museum; Painted Hall, -Vanburgh Castle, Rye House; Bruce Castle, -Lincoln House, Sandford House, Cromwell House, -Ireton House, Lauderdale House, The Clock -House, Rosslyn House, Erskine House; Strawberry -Hill; Orleans House, Essex House, Bristol House, -Craven Cottage, Munster House, Peterborough House, -Holland House; The Albert Hall, Crystal Palace, Alexandra -Palace, Olympia, Egyptian Hall, St. George’s -Hall, St. James’s Hall, Willis’s Rooms, Almack’s -Assembly Rooms, Exeter Hall, Madame Tussaud’s; -Scotland Yard, Lord’s Cricket Ground, Tattersall’s; -Lloyd’s Rooms; Capel Court, The Royal Exchange, -The Stock Exchange, Bankers’ Clearing House, Railway -Clearing House</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#CLASS_NAMES_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Spinster, Widow, Grass Widow, Chaperon, Duenna, -Dowager; Blue Stocking, Abigail, Grisette, Colleen; -Milliner, Haberdasher, Grocer, Greengrocer, Boniface, -Ostler; Cordwainer, Tailor, Tallyman, Uncle, Barber, -Barber-Surgeon; Arcadian, Mentor, Usher, Bachelor; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>Beefeaters, Police, Bobbies, Peelers, Bow Street -Runners; Mohawks, Scourers; Garrotters, Sandbaggers; -Fop, Dandy, Macaroni, Masher; Gipsies, Bohemians; -Teetotalers, Rechabites, Good Templars; Jack -Tar, Longshoreman, Navvy, Jehu, Jerrybuilder, -Journeyman; Dun, Man of Straw, Costermonger, -Pedlar, Hawker, Cheap Jack, Quack, Merry Andrew, -Juggler, Stump Orator; Blackguard, Scullion, Scullery -Maid; Blackleg; Plunger, Bookmaker, Welsher; -Burglar, Jack Ketch; Cockney; Greenhorn, Nincompoop, -Lunatic, Dutchman, Humbug</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#MALT_LIQUORS"><i>MALT LIQUORS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Ale, Beer, Small Beer; Twopenny, Half-and-Half, Entire, -Porter, Stout, Yorkshire Stingo, X Ale; Mum, Lager-bier, -Bock-bier</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#DIAMONDS_AND_PRECIOUS"><i>DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Diamond; The Kohinoor, Mattan, Orloff, Shah, Star of -the South, Sauci, Regent, Pitt, Pigott, Dudley, Twin -Diamonds; Turquoise, Topaz, Agate, Amethyst, Opal, -Emerald, Garnet, Ruby, Pearl; Carat</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#NAVAL_AND_MILITARY"><i>NAVAL AND MILITARY SOBRIQUETS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Manlius-Torquatus, Charles Martel, Robert the Devil, -The Hammer and Scourge of England; Black -Douglas, Bell the Cat, The King Maker, Hotspur, -The Mad Cavalier; Ironsides, The Almighty Nose; -The Bloody Butcher, Corporal John, The Little -Corporal; The Iron Duke, Marshal Forward, The -Iron Chancellor, Helmuth the Taciturn; Stonewall -Jackson, Old Hickory; Foul-Weather Jack, Old Grog, -The Silver Captain</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#MONEY"><i>MONEY.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Money, Sterling Money; Guinea, Sovereign, Crown, Florin, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>Shilling, Penny; Halfpenny, Farthing; Ducat, Noble, -Rose-Noble, George-Noble; Angel, Thistle-Crown, -Jacobus, Carollus, Dolphin, Louis d’or, Napoleon; -Franc, Dollar, Joachims-Thaler, Thaler, Kreuzer; -Wood’s Halfpence, Greenbacks, Bluebacks, Abraham -Newlands; Bullion, Stock, Tally, Consols, Sinking -Fund, Tontine; Budget</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#SPIRITS"><i>SPIRITS.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Rum, Whisky, Brandy, Gin; Hollands, Cognac, Nantes, -Old Tom; Punch, Toddy, Grog; Mountain Dew, -Glenlivet, LL Whisky</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><a href="#LONDON_STREETS_AND_SQUARES"><i>LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES.</i></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdh">Fleet Street, Salisbury Court, Whitefriars Street, Blackfriars -Road, Ludgate Hill, Old Bailey, Friar Street, -Sermon Lane, Paul’s Chain, Old Change, Paternoster -Row, Ave Maria Lane, Creed Lane, Amen Corner, -Warwick Lane, Ivy Lane; Cheapside, Bread -Street, Friday Street, Milk Street; Gutter Lane, -Foster Lane, Ironmonger Lane, Wood Street, Lawrence -Lane, Gresham Street, Lad Lane, Aldermanbury, -King Street, Basinghall Street, Coleman Street, Old -Jewry, Poultry, Bucklersbury, King William Street, -Queen Victoria Street; Cannon Street, Budge Row, -Watling Street, Walbrook, College Hill, Queenhithe, -Dowgate, Steelyard; Gracechurch Street, Fenchurch -Street, Eastcheap, Mincing Lane, Mark Lane, Rood -Lane, Seething Lane, Billiter Street, Minories, Crutched -Friars, Aldgate; Leadenhall Street, St. Mary-Axe, -Throgmorton Street, Nicholas Lane, Lolhbury, Threadneedle -Street, Cornhill, Birchin Lane, Change Alley; -Lombard Street; Austin Friars, Old Broad Street, -Bishopsgate Street, St. Helen’s, Devonshire Square, -Artillery Lane, Houndsditch, Bevis Marks, Petticoat -Lane, Wormwood Street, Camomile Street, London -Wall, Barbican, Beech Lane, Great Winchester Street, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>Moorgate Street, Cripplegate, Whitecross Street, -Redcross Street, Playhouse Yard, Jewin Street, Aldersgate -Street, Bridgewater Square, Bartholomew Close, Cloth -Fair, Little Britain, Duke Street, Newgate Street, -Bath Street, King Edward Street, Giltspur Street, -Knightrider Street, Pie Corner, Farringdon Road, -Saffron Hill, Ely Place, Hatton Garden, Holborn, -Holborn Bars, Leather Lane, Fetter Lane, Brooke -Street, Greville Street, Gray’s Inn Road, Furnival -Street, Dyer’s Buildings, Cursitor Street, Chancery -Lane; Southampton Buildings, Verulam Buildings; -Lincoln’s Inn Fields, Great Queen Street, Long -Acre; Drury Lane, Denzil Street, Holles Street, -Clare Market, White Hart Street, Catherine Street, -Portugal Street, Serle Street, Wych Street, Holywell -Street, Strand; Essex Street, Milford Lane, Arundel -Street, Norfolk Street, Surrey Street, Howard Street, -Savoy Street, Wellington Street, Bow Street, Covent -Garden, York Street, King Street, Henrietta Street, -Tavistock Street, Bedford Street, Southampton Street, -Bedfordbury, Maiden Lane, Chandos Street, Exeter -Street, Burleigh Street, Cecil Street, Salisbury Street, -Adelphi Terrace, Adam Street, John Street, Robert -Street, James Street; George Street, Duke Street, -Buckingham Street, Villiers Street; Charing Cross, -Craven Street, Northumberland Avenue; Trafalgar -Square, St. Martin’s Lane, King William Street, -Seven Dials, Cranbourne Street, Leicester Square, -Coventry Street, Windmill Street, Haymarket, Jermyn -Street, Arundel Street, Orange Street, Panton Street, -Suffolk Street; Spring Gardens, Pall Mall, King -Street, St. James’s Square, Bury Street; Green Park, -Hyde Park, Rotten Row, Albert Gate, Marble Arch, -Rutland Gate, Cumberland Gate, Grosvenor Gate, -Stanhope Gate, Park Lane, Portugal Street, Chapel -Street, Chesterfield Street, Grosvenor Square, Hamilton -Place; Piccadilly; Curzon Street, Charles Street, -Queen Street, Shepherd’s Market, Hay Hill, Farm -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>Street, Berkeley Square, Stratton Street, Bruton Street, -Mount Street, Clarges Street, Half Moon Street, -Arlington Street, Bennett Street, Dover Street, Albemarle -Street, Bond Street, Clifford Street, Burlington -Street, Cork Street, Savile Row, Vigo Street, Sackville -Street, Ayr Street, Swallow Street, Vine Street; -Regent Street; Conduit Street, Maddox Street, -Brook Street, Mill Street, George Street, Hanover -Square, Davies Street; Argyll Street, Great Marlborough -Street, Blenheim Street, Wardour Street, -Nassau Street, Golden Square, Shaftesbury Avenue; -Old Compton Street, New Compton Street, Dean -Street, Gerrard Street, Macclesfield Street, Greek -Street, Carlisle Street; Hanway Street, Rathbone -Place, Newman Street, Goodge Street, Castle Street, -Wells Street, Berners Street, Foley Street, Charlotte -Street, Great Titchfield Street, Grafton Street, Fitzroy -Square, Euston Square, Southampton Street, Tottenham -Court Road; Oxford Street, Harley Street, -Wigmore Street, Cavendish Square, Holles Street, -Henrietta Street, Bentinck Street, Margaret Street, -Duchess Street, Portland Place, Welbeck Street, -Wimpole Street, Stratford Place, Langham Place, -Mansfield Street, Vere Street, Manchester Square, -Spanish Place, Chandos Street, Hinde Street, Audley -Street, Old Quebec Street, Seymour Street, Montague -Square, Berkeley Square, Portman Square, Bryanstone -Square, Blandford Square, Dorset Square, Baker -Street, Harewood Square, Lisson Grove, Ossulton -Square; Regent’s Park, Albany Street, Osnaburg -Street, Munster Square, Park Street, Brecknock Road, -Great College Street, Oakley Square, Ampthill Square, -Harrington Square, Mornington Crescent, Granby -Street, Skinner Street; Pancras Road, Battle Bridge -Road, York Road, Caledonian Road, Liverpool Street, -Sidmouth Street, Burton Crescent, Judd Street, Great -Coram Street, Lamb’s Conduit Street, Harpur Street, -Bedford Row, Southampton Row, Russell Square, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>Tavistock Square, Gordon Square, Torrington Square, -Montague Street, Brunswick Square, Mecklenburgh -Square; Thurlow Place, Great Ormond Street, Bloomsbury -Square; Queen’s Square, Red Lion Square, -Kingsgate Street, Theobald’s Road; Coldbath Square, -Ray Street, Rosoman Street, Berkeley Street, -Hockley-in-the-Hole; Myddleton Square, Pentonville -Road; St. John Street Road, City Road, Shepherdess -Walk, Curtain Road, Holywell Lane; Nichols -Square, Sutton Place, Queen Elizabeth’s Walk, Fleetwood -Road; Seven Sisters Road, Archway Road, -Flask Walk; Judges’ Walk; Fleet Road, Dale Road, -Barrow Hill Place, Abbey Road; Desborough Place, -Church Street, Nottingham Place, Paddington Street; -Craven Hill Gardens; Southwick Crescent, Orme -Square, Ladbroke Grove, Norland Square, Kensington -Gore, Ennismore Place, Cromwell Road, Gloucester -Road; Campden Hill, Warwick Road, Holland Road, -Earl’s Court Road, Addison Road; Cromwell Place, -King’s Road, Cheyne Walk, Justice Walk, Marlborough -Road, Keppel Street, Cadogan Square, -Sloane Street, Hans Place, Danvers Street; Grosvenor -Place, Eccleston Square, Belgrave Square, Ebury -Square, Chester Square, Eaton Square, Lupus Street, -St. George’s Square, Lowndes Square, Chesham Street; -Vauxhall Bridge Road, Victoria Street; Birdcage -Walk, Storey’s Gate, Queen Anne’s Gate, Delahay -Street, Rochester Row, Bridge Street, Cannon Street, -King Street, Princes Street, Parker Street, Great -George Street, Abingdon Street, Holywell Street, -Barton Street, Cowley Street, Marsham Street, Earl -Street, Romney Street, Pye Street, Great Peter Street, -Vine Street, Orchard Street, Tothill Street, Horseferry -Road; Newington Butts, Great Suffolk Street, -Mint Street, Old Kent Road, Grange Road, Spa Road, -Russell Street, Tooley Street, Jamaica Road, Cherry -Gardens Pier, Evelyn Street</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_COUNTRIES_OF_THE_WORLD"><i>THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.</i></h2> - -<p>The oldest of the four great divisions of the -world received its modern designation <b>Asia</b> -from the Sanskrit <i>Ushas</i>, signifying “land -of the dawn.” <b>Africa</b> traces its origin to the -Phœnician <i>afer</i>, a black man, and the Sanskrit <i>ac</i>, the -earth, a country. <b>Europe</b> owes its name to the -Greek <i>eurus</i>, broad, and <i>op</i>, to see, or <i>ops</i>, the face, in -allusion to “the broad face of the earth.” <b>America</b> -honours the memory of Amerigo Vespucci, the -Florentine navigator, who landed on the New Continent -south of the Equator, the year after Columbus -discovered the northern mainland in 1498. The -name of America first appeared in a work published -by Waldsemüller at St. Die, in Lorraine, in the year -1507. It is worthy of note that when Columbus -landed in America he imagined he had set foot on -part of that vast territory east of the Ganges -vaguely known as India; therefore he gave the -name of <b>Indians</b> to the aborigines. This also -accounts for the islands in the Caribbean Sea -being styled the <b>West Indies</b>.</p> - -<p>The cradle of the human race bears the name of -<b>Palestine</b>, or in Hebrew <i>Palestina</i>, meaning “the -land of strangers,” agreeably to the native word<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -<i>palash</i>, to wander. Palestine is usually denominated -the <b>Holy Land</b>, because it was the scene of the -birth, life, and death of the Redeemer. <b>Asia -Minor</b> is, of course, Lesser Asia.</p> - -<p>For the title of <b>Persia</b> we are indebted to the -Greeks, who gave the name of <i>Persis</i> to the region -(of which the capital was <i>Persipolis</i>) originally overrun -by a wild branch of the Ayrian race called the -Parsa, meaning, in the native tongue, “the Tigers” -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_64"><span class="smcap">Parsees</span></a>]. The suffix <i>ia</i>, wherever it occurs in -a geographical sense, expresses the Celtic for land -or territory. Hence, Persia signifies the territory of -the Parsa or Parsees; <b>Arabia</b>, the country of the -Arabs, “men of the desert”; <b>Abyssinia</b>, that of the -Abassins, or “mixed races”; <b>Kaffraria</b>, that of the -Kaffirs, or “unbelievers”; and <b>Ethiopia</b>, the “land -of the blacks,” according to the two Greek words -<i>aithein</i>, to burn, and <i>ops</i>, the face. <b>India</b> denotes -the country traversed by the <b>Indus</b>, or rather the -<i>Hindu</i>, which name is a Persicized form of the -Sanskrit <i>Sindhu</i>, “a great river,” rendered <i>Hindus</i> in -the Greek. Synonymous with the Celtic suffix just -discussed is the Persian <i>stan</i>: consequently <b>Hindustan</b> -signifies the territory traversed by the river -<i>Hindu</i>, and peopled by the Hindoos; <b>Turkestan</b>, -the country of the Turks; <b>Afghanistan</b>, that of -the Afghans; <b>Beloochistan</b>, that of the Belooches; -and <b>Kurdestan</b>, properly <b>Koordistan</b>, that of the -Koords. The term <b>China</b> is a western corruption -of Tsina, so called in honour of Tsin, the founder -of the great dynasty which commenced in the third<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> -century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, when a knowledge of this country was -first conveyed to the Western nations. It was this -Tsin who built the Great Wall of China (or Tsin) to -keep out the Barbarians. The Chinese Empire bears -the description of the <b>Celestial Empire</b> because its -early rulers were all celestial deities. <b>Siberia</b> is a -term indicative of <i>Siber</i>, the residence of Kutsheen -Khan, the celebrated Tartar prince, recognized as -the ancient capital of the Tartars, the ruins of -which may still be seen. Here again the Celtic -suffix <i>ia</i> has reference to the surrounding territory.</p> - -<p><b>Russia</b> constituted the country of the Russ, a -tribe who overran it at a very early period. The -Russian Empire was founded by Ruric, or Rourik, a -Scandinavian chief whose death took place in the -year <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, 879. <b>Circassia</b> denotes the country of the -Tcherkes, a Tartar tribe who settled in the neighbourhood -of the river Terck. The <b>Crimea</b> received -its name from a small town established in the peninsula -by the Kimri, or Cymri, and known to the Greeks -as <i>Kimmerikon</i>. <b>Finland</b> is properly Fenland, “the -land of marshes.” <b>Sweden</b> is a modern term made -up of the Latin <i>Suedia</i>, signifying the land of the -Suevi, a warlike tribe of the Goths, and the Anglo-Saxon -<i>den</i>, testifying to its occupation by the Danes. -Norway shows the result of a gradual modification -of the Anglo-Saxon <i>Norea</i>, and the original <i>Nordoe</i>, -being the Scandinavian for “north island.” It is -easy to understand in this connection how the old -Norsemen, deterred by the intense cold of the Arctic -Sea, took it for granted that the great northern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -peninsula was surrounded by water, without actually -determining the fact. The native name of this -country in modern times is <i>Nordrike</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, the north -kingdom.</p> - -<p><b>Britain</b> was known to the Phœnicians as <i>Barat-Anac</i>, -or “the land of tin,” as far back as the year -1037 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Some five hundred years afterwards the -Island was alluded to by the Romans under the -name of Britannia, which subsequently became -shortened into Britain. <b>England</b> was originally -<i>Engaland</i>, the land of the Engles, or Angles, who -came over from Sleswick, a province of Jutland. -Prior to the year 258, which witnessed its invasion -by the Scoti, a tribe who inhabited the northern -portions of the country now known as Ireland, -<b>Scotland</b> bore the name of <b>Caledonia</b>, literally the -hilly country of the Caels, or Gaels. The word Cael, -or Gael, is a corruption of <i>Gadhel</i>, signifying in the -native tongue “a hidden rover”; while Scot, derived -from the native <i>scuite</i>, means practically the same -thing, <i>i.e.</i>, a wanderer. The Caledonians were the -inhabitants of the Highlands, the termination <i>dun</i> -expressing the Celtic for a hill, fort, stronghold; the -Scots were the invaders from <b>Scotia</b>, who appropriated -the Hebrides and the Western Islands; -whereas the Lowlanders were the Picts, so called -from their description by the Romans, <i>picti</i>, painted -men. These Picts were eventually subdued by the -Caledonians and Britons from their respective sides. -The Gaelic designation of what is now <b>Ireland</b> was -<i>Ierne</i>, indicative of the “western isle.” Ireland is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> -commonly styled <b>The Emerald Isle</b> owing to its -fresh verdure.</p> - -<p>Wales was originally <b>Cambria</b>, so called on account -of the Cymri, or Kimri, who peopled it. The -modern title of <b>Wales</b> was given to this province -by the Anglo-Saxons, because they regarded it, in -common with Cornwall, as the land of foreigners. -Traces of the Wahl or Welsh still present themselves -in such names as Wallachia, Walcheren, -Walloon, Wallingford, Welshpool, &c. Thus we see -that the prenomen <i>Wahl</i>, subject to slight modifications -in the spelling, denotes any foreign settlement -from the Saxon point of view. The Saxons, -by the way, whose original settlement is determined -by the little kingdom of <b>Saxony</b>, derived their name -from the <i>seax</i>, or short crooked knife with which they -armed themselves.</p> - -<p>France was known to the Greeks as <i>Gallatia</i>, and -to the Romans as <i>Gallia</i>, afterwards modified into -<b>Gaul</b>, because it was the territory of the Celtiæ, or -Celts. The modern settlers of the country were the -Franks, so called from the <i>franca</i>, a kind of javelin -which they carried, who in the fifth century inhabited -the German province of <b>Franconia</b>, and, -travelling westwards, gradually accomplished the -conquest of Gaul. <b>France</b>, therefore, signifies the -country of the Franks, or, as the Germans call it, -<i>Frankreich</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, the Kingdom of the Franks. All -the western nations were styled Franks by the -Turks and Orientals, and anything brought to them -from the west invariably merited a prenomen descriptive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -of its origin, as, for example, <span class="smcapuc">FRANKINCENSE</span>, -by which was meant incense brought from the -country of the Franks. <b>Normandy</b> indicates the -coast settlement of the Northmen, or Danes; while -<b>Brittany</b> comprised the land appropriated by the -kings of Britain.</p> - -<p><b>Germany</b> was in ancient times known as Tronges, -or the country of the Tungri, a Latin word signifying -“speakers”; but the Romans afterwards gave -it the name of Germanus, which was a Latinized -Celtic term meaning “neighbours,” originally -bestowed by the Gauls upon the warlike people -beyond the Rhine. <b>Holland</b> is the modern acceptation -of <i>Ollant</i>, the Danish for “marshy ground”; -whereas <b>Belgium</b> denotes the land of the Belgiæ. -The fact that the term <b>Netherlands</b> is expressive of -the low countries need scarcely detain us. <b>Denmark</b> -is properly Danmark, <i>i.e.</i>, the territory comprised -within the <i>marc</i>, or boundary established by Dan, the -Scandinavian chieftain. <b>Jutland</b> means the land -of the Jutes, a family of the Goths who settled in -this portion of Denmark. <b>Prussia</b> is a corruption -of <i>Borussia</i>, the country of the Borussi; and -<b>Bohemia</b>, the country of the Boii, just as <b>Hungary</b> -was originally inhabited by the Huns, a warlike -Asiatic family, who expelled the Goths from this -territory in the year 376. These Huns were first -heard of in China in the third century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> under the -name of <i>Hiong-nu</i>, meaning “giants.” <b>Poland</b> -is an inversion of <i>Land-Pole</i>, the Slavonic for “men -of the plains,” who first overran this territory.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Servia</b> was styled by the Romans <i>Suedia</i>, the -district peopled by the Suevi before they were driven -northwards to their final settlement in the territory -now called Sweden. <b>Montenegro</b> literally indicates -“black mountain.” <b>Bosnia</b> is the country traversed -by the river Bosna; <b>Moldavia</b>, that traversed by -the Moldau; and <b>Moravia</b>, that traversed by the -Morava. <b>Bulgaria</b> is a modern corruption of <i>Volgaria</i>, -meaning the country peopled by the Volsci; -while <b>Roumania</b> was anciently a Roman province. -<b>Turkey</b> is more correctly written <i>Turkia</i>, the country -of the Turks. This country also bears the style of -the <b>Ottoman Empire</b>, in honour of Othman I., -who assumed the government of the empire about -the year 1300. <b>Greece</b> is the modern form of the -Latin <i>Græcia</i>, from the Greek <i>Graikoi</i>, a name -originally bestowed upon the inhabitants of Hellas.</p> - -<p><b>Austria</b> is our mode of describing the <i>Oesterreich</i>, -literally the Eastern Empire, in contradistinction -to the Western Empire founded by Charlemagne. -<b>Italy</b> was so called after Italus, one of the early -kings of that country. <b>Switzerland</b> is an Anglicized -form of the native Schweitz, the name of the three -forest cantons whose people asserted their independence -of Austria, afterwards applied to the whole -country. <b>Spain</b> expresses the English of <i>Hispania</i>, a -designation founded upon the Punic <i>span</i>, a rabbit, -owing to the number of wild rabbits found in this -peninsula by the Carthaginians. The ancient name -of the country was <i>Iberia</i>, so styled from the Iberi, -a tribe who settled in the vicinity of the river Ebro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> -<b>Portugal</b> was the <i>Portus Cale</i>, literally “the port -Cale” of the Romans, the ancient name of the city -of Oporto.</p> - -<p><b>Algiers</b> is a modified spelling of the Arabic -<i>Al Jezair</i>, meaning “the peninsula.” <b>Tunis</b> was -anciently known as Tunentum, the land of the -Tunes; <b>Morocco</b> signifies the territory of the -Moors; and <b>Barbary</b> that of the Berbers. The -term <b>Sahara</b> is Arabic for “desert”; while the -<b>Soudan</b> denotes, according to the Arabic <i>Belad-ez-Suden</i>, -the “district of the blacks.” <b>Egypt</b> expresses -the Hebrew for “the land of oppression,” -alluding to the bondage of the Israelites. <b>Senegambia</b> -was originally so named owing to its -situation between the Senegal and Gambia rivers. -The <b>Gold Coast</b> is that portion of Guinea on the -West Coast of Africa where gold is found. <b>Guinea</b> -is a native West African term meaning “abounding -in gold.” In <b>Zanzibar</b>, properly written <i>Zanguebar</i>, -we have an inversion of the Arabic <i>Ber-ez-Zing</i>, the -“coast of the negroes.” <b>Zululand</b> is the country -of the Zulus. By the <b>Transvaal</b> is meant the -territory beyond the river Vaal; just as in Europe -the Hungarians call a portion of their country -<span class="smcap">Transylvania</span>, from its situation “beyond the -wood.” <b>Natal</b> received its name from Vasco di -Gama because he discovered it on the Feast of the -Nativity. The settlements of the Dutch Boers in -South Africa are designated the <b>Orange Free -States</b> from the circumstance that their original -settlers were emigrants from the Principality of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -Orange, in Holland. <b>Cape Colony</b> is the British -colony in South Africa, so called after the Dutch -settlement at Cape Town, which dates from the year -1652. The <b>Cape of Good Hope</b>, discovered by -Bartholomew de Diaz in 1487, was so named (<i>Cabo -de Bon Esperance</i>) by John II., King of Portugal, -who, finding that Diaz had reached the extremity of -Africa, regarded it as a favourable augury for future -maritime enterprises.</p> - -<p>The most southern point of South America was -called Cape Hoorn (or, according to the English, -<b>Cape Horn</b>) by Schonten, who first rounded it in -1616, after Hoorn, his native place in North Holland. -<b>Patagonia</b> was so styled by Magellan in accordance -with the Spanish word <i>patagon</i>, meaning a large, -clumsy foot. It was from the fact of seeing the -impressions of the large shoes (not, as he imagined, -the feet) of the aborigines that he at once concluded -the country must be inhabited by giants. <b>Chili</b> -is a Peruvian word denoting the “land of snow.” -<b>Argentina</b>, now the <b>Argentine Republic</b>, owes -its name to the silvery reflection of its rivers. -<b>Brazil</b> is a Portuguese term derived from <i>braza</i>, “a -live coal,” relative to the red dye-wood with which -the country abounds. <b>Bolivia</b> perpetuates the -memory of General Simon Bolivar, “the Liberator -of Peru.” <b>Uraguay</b> and <b>Paraguay</b> are both names -of rivers; the former meaning “the golden water,” -and the latter “the river of waters,” referring to its -numerous tributaries. <b>Peru</b> likewise received its -name from its principal river, the Rio Paro, upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -which stands the ancient city of Paruru. The Brazilian -term <i>Para</i>, however modified, is at all times -suggestive of a river. <b>Pernambuco</b> means “the -mouth of hell,” in allusion to the violent surf -always distinguished at the mouth of its chief river. -<b>Ecuador</b> is Spanish for Equator, so called by virtue -of its geographical position. <b>Columbia</b> was named -in honour of Christopher Columbus. <b>Venezuela</b> -expresses the Spanish for “Little Venice,” which -designation was given to this country owing to the -discovery of some Indian villages built upon piles -after the manner of the “Silent City” on the Adriatic -Sea.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Panama</b> is Caribbean, indicative of the -mud fish that abound in the waters on both sides of -the isthmus. <b>Costa Rica</b> is literal Spanish for -“rich coast”; while <b>Honduras</b> signifies, in the same -tongue, “deep water.” The name of <b>Nicaragua</b> -was first given by Gil Gonzales de Arila in 1521 to -the great lake situated in the region now called -after it, in consequence of his friendly reception -by the <i>Cacique</i>, a Haytian term for a chief, whose -own name was Nicaro, of a tribe of West Indians, -with whom he fell in on the borders of the lake -referred to. The <b>Mosquito Coast</b> owes its name to -the troublesome insects (Spanish <i>mosca</i>, from the -Latin <i>musca</i>, a fly) which infest this neighbourhood. -<b>Yutacan</b> is a compound Indian word meaning -“What do you say?” which was the only answer -the Spaniards could obtain from the natives to their -inquiries concerning a description of the country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -<b>Quatemala</b> is a European rendering of the Mexican -<i>quahtemali</i>, signifying “a decayed log of wood”; so -called by the Mexican Indians who accompanied -Alvarado into this region, because they found an old -worm-eaten tree near the ancient palace of the -Kings, or <i>Kachiquel</i>, which was thought to be the -centre of the country.</p> - -<p><b>Mexico</b> denotes the place or seat of Mexitli, the -Aztec God of War. The name of <b>California</b>, -derived from the two Spanish words, <i>Caliente Fornalla</i>, -<i>i.e.</i>, “hot furnace,” was given by Cortez in -the year 1535 to the peninsula now known as Old or -Lower California, of which he was the discoverer, on -account of its hot climate. <b>British Columbia</b> is -the only portion of North America that retains the -name of the discoverer of the New World; but -originally the whole of the territory now comprised -in the United States bore the designation of <b>Columbia</b> -in honour of Christopher Columbus. The -term <b>Canada</b> is Indian, indicative of a “collection -of huts”; <b>Manitoba</b> traces its origin from Manitou, -the Indian appellation of “The Great Spirit.” -<b>Ontario</b> comes from the native <i>Onontac</i>, “the -village on the mountain,” and chief seat of the -Onondagas; while <b>Quebec</b> is an Algonquin term -signifying “take care of the rock.” <b>Labrador</b> was -originally denominated <i>Tierra Labrador</i>, the Spanish -for “cultivated land,” as distinguished from the -non-fertile though moss-covered <b>Greenland</b>. <b>New -Brunswick</b>, colonized in 1785, received its name in -compliment to the House of Brunswick. <b>Nova<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> -Scotia</b>, otherwise New Scotland, was so called by -Sir William Alexander, a Scotsman who obtained a -grant of this colony from James I. in 1621. <b>Florida</b> -was named by Ponce de Leon in accordance with -the day of its discovery, to wit, Easter Sunday, -which in the Spanish language is styled <i>Pascua -Florida</i>.</p> - -<p>The first British settlement in North America was -claimed by Sir Walter Raleigh on the 13th of July, -1584, in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and called -<b>Virginia</b> in her honour. <b>Maryland</b> was so denominated -by Lord Baltimore (who gave the name -of <b>Baltimore</b> to a neighbouring State), in honour of -Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. <b>Pennsylvania</b> -denotes the colony founded “in the wood” by William -Penn, the son of Admiral Penn, in 1681. This is -usually alluded to as the <span class="smcap">Keystone State</span>, from its -relative position to the other States. <b>Georgia</b> was -named after George II., in whose reign this state -was colonized; and <b>Carolina</b> (North and South) -after Carolus II., the Latinized style of Charles II., -by whom this state was granted to eight of his -favourites. <b>Louisiana</b> was so called by M. de la -Sale in the year 1682, in honour of Louis XIV. of -France; while <b>Maine</b> and <b>New Orleans</b> received -the names of existing French provinces. The title -of <b>New Hampshire</b> was given to the state granted -to him in 1629 by John Mason, in compliment to his -native county in England; <b>New Jersey</b> complimented -the scene of action whereon Sir George -Carterat distinguished himself in the defence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -Jersey Island against the Parliamentary forces in -1664; and <b>New York</b> (State) was denominated in -honour of James, Duke of York, afterwards James -II. [For <b>Michigan</b> see the great lake of the same -name.] <b>Indiana</b> derived its name from the great -number of Indians found here. <b>Alabama</b> in the -native tongue, signifies “Here we rest”; <b>Nebraska</b> -means “water valley”; <b>Ohio</b> is “beautiful”; -<b>Massachusetts</b>, “about the great hills”; <b>Wisconsin</b>, -“wild rushing channel”; <b>Kansas</b>, “smoky -water”; <b>Tennessee</b>, “river of the great bend”; -<b>Kentucky</b>, “at the head of a river”; <b>Mississippi</b>, -“great and long river”; <b>Missouri</b>, “muddy river”; -and <b>Minnesota</b>, “white water.” <b>Arkansas</b> conveys -the same meaning as Kansas, with the addition of the -French prefix <i>arc</i>, a bow. <b>Illinois</b> is a compound of -the Indian <i>illum</i>, men, and the French suffix <i>oix</i>, a -tribe. <b>Oregon</b> received its name from the Spanish -<i>oregano</i>, wild majoram, which grows in abundance -on this portion of the Pacific shore. <b>Texas</b> means -“the place of protection,” in reference to the fact -that a colony of French refugees were afforded -protection here by General Lallemont in 1817; -<b>Vermont</b> is, more correctly, <i>Verd Mont</i>, so called -in testimony to the verdure-clad mountains which -traverse this state; <b>Colorado</b> expresses the Spanish -for “coloured,” alluding to its coloured ranges; -while <b>Nevada</b> is Spanish for “snowy,” indicative -of the character of its mountain ridges, the -<i>Sierra Nevada</i>. <b>Connecticut</b> presents itself in -the native Indian form <i>Quinnitukut</i>, meaning “the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -country of the long river”; <b>Iowa</b> is a French -corruption of a Sioux term, signifying “drowsy,” or -“the sleepy ones,” applied to the Pahoja, or Gray-snow -tribe; <b>Astoria</b> was founded by John Jacob -Astor, of New York, as a fur-trading station in the -year 1811; and <b>Delaware</b> received its name from -Thomas West, Lord de La Warre, Governor of -Virginia, who visited the bay in 1610, and died on -board his vessel at its mouth.</p> - -<p><b>Lake Superior</b> denotes the uppermost and chief -of the five great lakes of North America. <b>Lake -Erie</b> is the Lake of the “Wild Cat,” the name given -to a fierce tribe of Indians exterminated by the -Iroquois. <b>Lake Huron</b> owes its name to the -French word <i>hure</i>, a head of hair; in reference to -the Wyandots, whom the French settlers designated -Hurons owing to their profusion of hair. <b>Lake -Ontario</b> bears the denomination of the Canadian -territory already discussed. <b>Niagara</b>, or rather, to -give it its full name, <i>Oni-aw-garah</i>, expresses the -West Indian for “the thunder of waters.” <b>Lake -Michigan</b> signifies in the native tongue “a weir for -fish”; and <b>Lake Winnipeg</b>, “lake of the turbid -water.” The <b>Great Bear Lake</b> is indebted for its -name to its northern situation [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_49"><span class="smcap">Arctic Ocean</span></a>]; -and the <b>Great Salt Lake</b>, to the saline character -of its waters.</p> - -<p>Having disposed of the different countries, let us -now consider the nomenclature of the principal seas -and islands.</p> - -<p>The <b>Arctic Ocean</b> received its name pursuant to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -the Greek <i>arktos</i>, a bear, on account of the northern -constellations of the Great and Little Bear. The -<b>Antarctic Ocean</b> denotes the ocean <i>anti</i>, against, -or opposite to, the Arctic Ocean. The <b>Atlantic -Ocean</b>, known to the Greeks by the name of <i>Atlantikos -pelagos</i>, was originally so called from the Isle of -Atlantes, which both Plato and Homer imagined to -be situated beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. The -<b>Pacific Ocean</b> was so named by Magellan, owing to -its calm and pacific character, in striking contrast to -his tempestuous passage through the Straits of Magellan, -from which he emerged November 27, 1520. The -<b>Caribbean Sea</b> washes the territory of the Caribbs, -whose name means “cruel men.” The <b>Mediterranean -Sea</b> expresses the Latin (<i>medius</i>, middle, -and <i>terra</i>, earth) for the sea between two continents, -viz., Europe and Africa. The <b>Adriatic Sea</b> indicates -the Sea of Adrian or Hadrian. The <b>Baltic Sea</b> -denotes, in accordance with the Swedish <i>bält</i>, a strait, -a sea full of belts, or straits. The <b>North Sea</b>, the -<b>German Ocean</b>, the <b>Indian Ocean</b>, and the <b>Irish -Sea</b>, are names indicative of the positions of these -respective seas. The <b>White Sea</b> is so called from -its proximity to sterile regions of snow and ice; the -<b>Black Sea</b>, because it abounds with black rocks; -the <b>Red Sea</b>, on account of the red soil which -forms its bottom; the <b>Green Sea</b>, owing to a -strip of green always discernible along the Arabian -shore; the <b>Yellow Sea</b>, from the immense quantity -of alluvial soil continually poured into it -by the Yang-tse-Kiang river; and the <b>Dead Sea</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> -because no fish of any kind has ever been found in -its waters. The <b>Caspian Sea</b> preserves the name of -the Caspii, a tribe who originally formed a settlement -on its shores. The <b>Sea of Marmora</b> owes its designation -to a small island at its western extremity which -has long been famous for its marble (Latin <i>marmor</i>) -quarries. The <b>Gulf Stream</b> is a warm current of -water that issues from the mouth of the Amazon, -immediately under the Equator, and after traversing -the coast of South America, the Caribbean Sea, the -Gulf of Mexico, and the coast of the United States, -makes its way across the Atlantic directly for the -British Isles, raising the temperature of the water -through which it passes. The <b>Horse Latitudes</b>, -situated between the trade winds and the westerly -winds of higher latitudes, and distinguished for -tedious calms, received this name because it was in -this portion of the Atlantic the old navigators often -threw overboard the horses which they had undertaken -to transport to the West Indies. The southern -banks of the West India Islands, and the water extending -for some distance into the Caribbean Sea, -were formerly known as the <b>Spanish Main</b>, from -the fact that the Spaniards confined their buccaneering -enterprises to this locality.</p> - -<p><b>Hudson’s Bay</b> and <b>Hudson’s Strait</b> were named -after their re-discovery by Captain Henry Hudson while -searching for the north-west passage in 1610. Prior -to this date the Bay and the Strait had not been -navigated since their original discovery by Cabot in -1512. <b>James’ Bay</b> honours the memory of James<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> -I., in whose reign it was completely explored. Quite -a number of straits, gulfs, and bays bear the names -of their respective navigators; therefore these need -not detain us here. An exception exists in the case -of <b>Barrow’s Strait</b>, which was so called by Captain -Penny in compliment to John Barrow, the son of -Sir John Barrow the traveller and statesman, in -1850. <b>All Saints’ Bay</b> was discovered by Vespucci -on the Feast of All Saints in the year 1503. The -<b>Gulf of St. Lawrence</b> was first explored, and the -navigation of the long river of the same name commenced, -on the Feast of St. Lawrence, 1500. The -<b>Gulf of Carpentaria</b> preserves the memory of a -Dutch captain named Carpenter who discovered it -in 1606. <b>Torres Strait</b> received the name of the -Spanish navigator, L. V. de Torres, to whom its discovery -was due, in the year 1606. <b>Botany Bay</b> was -so called by Captain Cook from the great variety of -plants which he found growing on its shores when -exploring it in the year 1770. The <b>St. George’s -Channel</b> was named after the patron saint of England. -The <b>Skagerrack</b> denotes the “crooked -strait between the Skagen” (so called from the Gothic -<i>skaga</i>, a promontory), which forms the northern extremity -of Jutland and Norway. <b>Zuyder Zee</b> -expresses the Dutch for the “south sea,” in relation -to the North Sea or German Ocean. The <b>Bay of -Biscay</b> takes its name from the Basque or Basquan, -<i>i.e.</i>, mountainous provinces, whose shores are -washed by its waters. The <b>Strait of Gibraltar</b> -honours the reputation of Ben Zeyad Tarik, a Moorish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -general who effected the invasion of Spain in the -year 712 by obtaining possession of the apparently -impregnable rock which has ever since borne the -name, in consequence, of <i>Jebel al tarik</i>, the Mountain -of Tarik. The <b>Bosphorus</b> is a Greek term composed -of <i>bous</i>, an ox, and <i>porus</i>, a ford, alluding to the -legend that when Io was transformed into a cow -she forded this strait. The <b>Dardanelles</b> derive -their name from the ancient city of Dardanus, -founded by Dardanus, the ancestor of Priam, where -the castle now stands on the Asiatic side.</p> - -<p>By the term <b>Australia</b> is meant “the South,” -and by <b>Australasia</b> “Southern Asia,” agreeably to -the Latin <i>australis</i>, southern. Previous to its settlement -by the British, Australia was known as <b>New -Holland</b> owing to its discovery by the Dutch in the -year 1606. The existing name of <b>New Zealand</b> -likewise bears testimony to the deep-rooted affection -of the Dutch navigators, and indeed of the Dutch -people generally, for their native country—the word -<i>Zeeland</i>, denoting sea-land, being significant of the -low countries. <b>Tasmania</b> was originally known as -<b>Van Dieman’s Land</b>, the name bestowed upon it -by Abel Jansen Tasman, who discovered it in 1642, -in compliment to the daughter of the Dutch governor -of Batavia. The change of title was effected in 1853. -<b>The Society Islands</b> received their name from -Captain Cook in honour of the Royal Society; the -<b>Friendly Islands</b>, on account of the friendly disposition -of the natives; and <b>Christmas Island</b>, -because he set foot upon it on Christmas Day, 1777.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -The naming of the <b>Sandwich Islands</b> by Cook -conveyed a graceful compliment to Lord Sandwich, -First Lord of the Admiralty. The <b>Philippine -Islands</b>, discovered by Magellan in 1521, were -named after Philip II. of Spain; and the <b>Caroline -Islands</b> discovered by Lopez de Villalobos in 1543, -after Charles V., Emperor of Germany and first King -of Spain.</p> - -<p><b>Papua</b> is a Portuguese term for “frizzled,” in -allusion to the enormous frizzled heads of hair worn -by the natives; <b>Java</b> is a native Malay word signifying -“the land of nutmegs;” <b>Sumatra</b>, a corruption -of <i>Trimatara</i>, means “the happy land”; while -<b>Borneo</b> comes from the Sanskrit <i>bhurni</i>, “land.” -<b>Japan</b> is a European modification, brought about -through the Portuguese <i>Gepuen</i>, of the native <i>Niphon</i>, -compounded of <i>ni</i>, sun, fire, and <i>pon</i>, land, literally -sun-land, or “land of the rising sun,” and signifying -“the fountain of light.” <b>Formosa</b> is Portuguese -for “beautiful”; whereas <b>Ceylon</b>, rendered in the -Portuguese tongue <i>Selen</i>, is but part of the original -Sanskrit <i>Sinhala-dwipa</i>, “the Island of Lions.” The -<b>Mauritius</b>, when colonized by the Dutch, received -the name of Maurice, Prince of Orange; and the -<b>Isle of Bourbon</b>, when settled by the French, that -of the Bourbon family. <b>Madagascar</b> is properly -<i>Malagasy</i>, the Island of the Malagese, because the -natives belong to the Malay race.</p> - -<p><b>Tierra del Fuego</b> expresses the Spanish for “land -of fire.” The <b>Island of Desolation</b> was so designated -by Captain Cook owing to the absence of all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -signs of life. <b>Hanover Island</b> honours the House -of Hanover; and <b>Adelaide Island</b>, the queen of -William IV.; while <b>Juan Fernandez</b> (also known -as <b>Selkirk’s Island</b>, after Alexander Selkirk, its -solitary inhabitant from September, 1704, to February, -1707), perpetuates the name of its discoverer -in the year 1567. The <b>Ladrone Islands</b> merited -this designation from the circumstance that when -Magellan touched upon one of the lesser isles of the -group in 1520 the natives stole some of his goods; -whereupon he called the Islands the <i>Ladrones</i>, which -is the Spanish for thieves. <b>Pitcairn’s Island</b> was -discovered by Pitcairn in 1768. <b>Easter Island</b> was -so denominated by Jacob Roggevin in consequence -of his visit to its fertile shores on Easter Sunday, -1722; the island having previously been discovered -by Captain Davis in 1686. <b>Vancouver Island</b> -preserves the memory of Captain Vancouver, a midshipman -under Captain Cook, who discovered it in -1792, while cruising about in search of a river on the -west coast of North America. The <b>Aleutian Islands</b> -expresses the Russian for “bald rocks.” <b>Queen -Charlotte Island</b> was named in compliment to the -queen of George III.; and <b>Prince of Wales Island</b>, -after the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV. -<b>Barrow Island</b>, discovered by Captain Penny in -1850, received the name of John Barrow, son of Sir -John Barrow, the eminent statesman; while <b>Baring -Island</b>, also discovered by Penny in the course of -the same voyage, received the name of Sir Francis -Baring, First Lord of the Admiralty. The <b>Parry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> -Islands</b> and <b>Baffin Land</b> indicate the names of -the famous Arctic navigators to whom their discovery -was due. <b>Banks Land</b> was so called in compliment -to Sir Joseph Banks, the eminent naturalist and -President of the Royal Society.</p> - -<p><b>Newfoundland</b> is the only territory discovered -by Cabot which has been allowed to retain its -original name. <b>Rhode Island</b>, a corruption of the -Danish <i>rood</i>, red, signifies Red Island, in allusion to -its reddish appearance; whereas <b>Long Island</b> has -reference to its long and narrow conformation. The -<b>Bermuda Islands</b> were discovered by Juan Bermudez -in 1522. <b>San Salvador</b> means “Holy -Saviour.” This was the first land sighted by -Columbus (October 11, 1492); he therefore gave it -this name, as a token of thanksgiving. <b>Jamaica</b> is -a corruption of <i>Xaymaco</i>, a native West Indian name -signifying “the country abounding in springs.” <b>Cuba</b> -and <b>Hayti</b> are also native names, the latter meaning -“mountainous country.” The Island of <b>Barbadoes</b> -derived its name from the Latin <i>barba</i>, a beard, in -allusion to the beard-like streamers of moss always -hanging from the branches of the trees. <b>Dominica</b> -is indicative of the day of its discovery by Columbus, -namely, Sunday, November 2, 1493; and <b>Porto -Rico</b> is likewise Spanish for “rich port.” When -Columbus first sighted the Isle of <b>Trinidad</b> he -discerned three mountain peaks rising from the sea, -thus conveying the impression of three distinct -islands; but on approaching nearer he discovered -that they formed one piece of land only; wherefore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -he gave the island the name of the Trinity, of which -it was so eminently an emblem. But perhaps the -most interesting of the West Indies in connection -with the subject we are now discussing is <b>Tobago -Island</b>, so called by Columbus from its fancied resemblance -to the <i>Tobaco</i>, or inhaling tube of the -aborigines, whence the word <span class="smcap">Tobacco</span> has been -derived. <b>St. Kitt’s Island</b> is an abbreviation of -St. Christopher’s Island, so called by Columbus in -1493 after his patron saint.</p> - -<p><b>Ascension Island</b> was discovered by the Portuguese -on Ascension Day, 1501; and the <b>Isle -of St. Helena</b> on the Feast of St. Helena, 1502. -<b>Tristan d’Acunha</b> received the name of the Portuguese -navigator who discovered it in 1651. The -<b>Canary Islands</b> were originally so called on account -of the numerous dogs, as well as of their unusual -size (Latin <i>canis</i>, a dog), bred here. <b>Madeira</b> -is a Portuguese term signifying timber; the inference -being that this island was formerly covered -by an immense forest. <b>Majorca</b> and <b>Minorca</b>, -literally in accordance with the Latin <i>major</i> and -<i>minor</i>, the Greater and Lesser Island, are denominated -also the <b>Balearic Islands</b> from the -Greek <i>ballein</i>, to throw, because their inhabitants -were anciently noted slingers. <b>Corsica</b> is a Phœnician -word denoting “the wooded island”; <b>Sardinia</b> -expresses the “land of the Sardonion,” a Greek -term for a plant indigenous to this island; <b>Capri</b> -signifies the “island of goats,” agreeably to the -Latin <i>caper</i>, a he-goat; <b>Sicily</b> received its name from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> -the <i>Siculi</i>, a tribe who settled upon it in early times; -<b>Malta</b> was anciently <i>Melita</i>, “the place of refuge”; -<b>Candia</b> comes from the Arabic <i>Khandæ</i>, “the island -of trenches”; and <b>Cyprus</b> from the Greek <i>Kupros</i>, -the name of a herb with which the island abounded; -while <b>Rhodes</b> indicates an “island of roses,” in -conformity with the Greek <i>rhodon</i>, a rose.</p> - -<p><b>Belleisle</b> is French for “beautiful island”; -<b>Jersey</b> was originally <i>Czar’s-ey</i>, meaning “Cæsar’s -Island,” so called by the Romans in honour of -Julius Cæsar; the <b>Isle of Wight</b> denoted in the -long, long ago the Island of the Wyts, or Jutes; just -as <b>Gothland</b> indicated a settlement of the Goths. -<b>Heligoland</b> expresses the Danish for “holy island -settlement.” <b>Anglesea</b> is really a corruption of -<i>Anglesey</i>, signifying, in accordance with the suffix <i>ey</i>, -the Isle of the Angles [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>]. The <b>Isle of -Man</b> is the modern designation of <b>Mona Island</b>, -by which was meant, agreeably to the Celtic <i>mæn</i>, -a stone “rocky island.” The <b>Hebrides</b> were -anciently referred to by Ptolemy as the <i>Ebudæ</i>, and -by Pliny as the <i>Hebudes</i>, denoting the “Western -Isles”; the <b>Orkney Isles</b> expresses the Gaelic for -the “Isles of Whales,” alluding to their situation; -and the <b>Shetland Isles</b>, the Norse for the “Viking -Island,” conformably with their native prenomen -<i>Hyalti</i>, a Viking. The term <span class="smcap">Viking</span>, by the way, -meaning a pirate, was derived from the <i>Vik</i>, or creek, -in which he lay concealed. The name of <b>Iceland</b> -needs no comment, further than that, perhaps, the -north and west coasts of the island are frequently<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -blockaded with ice, which has drifted before the wind -from Greenland. <b>Spitzbergen</b> is literal Dutch for -“sharp-pointed mountains,” referring to the granite -peaks of the mountains, which are so characteristic -of this group of islands; while <b>Nova Zembla</b> presents -a strange mixture of the Latin and Slavonic, -literally “new land.”</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_MONTHS_AND_DAYS_OF_THE"><i>THE MONTHS, AND DAYS OF THE -WEEK.</i></h2> - -<p>The titles of the months are modernized forms -of those in use among the Romans, namely:—<b>January</b>, -in honour of Janus, a deity who -presided over the beginning of everything; <b>February</b>, -from the Latin word <i>febru</i>, to purify, because the -purification of women took place in this month; -<b>March</b>, after Mars, the God of War; <b>April</b>, from -<i>aperio</i>, to open, this being the month in which the -buds shoot forth; <b>May</b>, after Maia, the mother of -Mercury, to whom sacrifices were offered on the first -day of this month; <b>June</b>, from Juno, the queen -goddess; <b>July</b>, the name given to this month by -Marc Antony in honour of Julius Cæsar, who was -born in it; <b>August</b>, named by Augustus Cæsar after -himself, because in this month he celebrated three -distinct triumphs, reduced Egypt to subjection, and -put an end to the civil wars; while <b>September</b>, -<b>October</b>, <b>November</b>, and <b>December</b> literally express -the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth months of -the old Roman Calendar, counted from March, which -commenced the year previous to the addition of -January and February by Numa in the year 713 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span></p> - -<p>The Egyptian astronomers were the first to distinguish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -the days by names, when, as might have -been expected, they called them after the Sun, the -Moon, and the five planets, viz., Mars, Mercury, -Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn. Of these the two first -and the last survive, but for the rest the names of as -many gods of the Scandinavian mythology have been -substituted. Nowadays, then, we have the following:—<b>Sunday</b>, -originally signifying the day upon which -the sun was worshipped; <b>Monday</b>, the day of the -moon; <b>Tuesday</b> devoted to Tiw, the God of War; -<b>Wednesday</b>, set apart for the worship of Odin, or -Wodin, the God of Magic and the Inventor of the -Arts; <b>Thursday</b>, the day of Thor, the son of Odin -(or Wodin), and the God of Thunder; <b>Friday</b>, allotted -to Frigga, the wife of Odin, and the Goddess of -Marriage; and <b>Saturday</b>, the day of Saturn, one of -the planets of the solar system.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CREEDS_SECTS_AND_DENOMINATIONS"><i>CREEDS, SECTS, AND DENOMINATIONS.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Theism</b> and <b>Deism</b> both express a belief in -God; the former term being derived from -the Greek <i>Theos</i>, God, and the latter from -the Latin, <i>Deus</i>, God. The <b>Theist</b>, however, -admits the <b>Theocracy</b> or Government of God -(Greek <i>Theos</i>, God, and <i>kratein</i>, to govern); the -<b>Deist</b>, on the contrary, maintains that God in the -beginning implanted in all His works certain immutable -laws, comprehended by mankind under the -name of the “Laws of Nature,” which act of themselves, -and are no longer subject to the supervision -of the Creator. <b>Pantheism</b> (from the Greek <i>pan</i>, -all, everything, and <i>Theos</i>, God) is the religion which -rejects a belief in a personal God, but recognizes Him -in all the processes, and works, and glories, and -beauties of Nature, and animated creation. Briefly, -the <b>Pantheist</b> holds the doctrine that “God is -everything, and everything is God.” The word -<b>Atheism</b> comes from the Greek <i>Theos</i>, God, and the -prefix <i>a</i>, without. An <b>Atheist</b>, therefore, practically -answers to the description given by David in the -opening line of <i>Psalm</i> xiv., “The fool hath said in his -heart, There is no God.” <b>Agnosticism</b> is also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -Greek, in accordance with the prefix <i>a</i>, without, -and <i>gnomi</i>, to know. An <b>Agnostic</b> is one whose belief -is confined to that which he <i>knows</i> and sees, and -who rejects everything at all beyond his understanding. -<b>Secularism</b>, derived from the Latin -<i>seculum</i>, an age, a generation, is the term given to -the principles advocated by Messrs. Holyoake in -1846, which professed an entire independence of -religion, except so far as it pertains to this life. The -<b>Secularist</b> aims at promoting the happiness of the -community during the present life. His religion is -that of this world, without troubling himself about -possibilities concerning a life hereafter. Such views -are closely allied to those set forth by John Stuart -Mill (born 1806, died 1873) under the name of -<b>Utilitarianism</b>, by which was meant, “the happiness -of the greatest number.” This term was based -upon the Latin <i>utilitas</i>, usefulness. <b>Spiritualism</b> -expresses a belief in the soul’s immortality, as -opposed to the doctrine of <b>Materialism</b>, which contends -that the soul, or thinking part of man, is the -result of some peculiar organization of matter in -the body, with which it must necessarily die. -<b>Rationalism</b> constitutes the doctrine which accepts -the test of Reason and Experience in the pursuit of -knowledge, particularly in regard to religious truth, -rejecting the gift of Faith, Revelation, and everything -connected with the supernatural or miraculous. -This was the religion (!) of the French Revolutionists, -who set up an actress to be publicly -honoured as the “Goddess of Reason” in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> -Cathedral of Nôtre Dame on the 10th of November, -1793.</p> - -<p>The earliest form of religion on the face of the earth -was <b>Monotheism</b>, so called from the Greek <i>monos</i>, -alone, only, and <i>Theos</i>, God; therefore signifying -a belief in, and the worship of, one Only God. The -word <b>Religion</b> is derived from the Latin <i>religare</i>, -to bind. Hence, Religion implies obedience, submission, -and an acknowledgment of certain orthodox -doctrines regarding our duty to a Supreme Power. -<b>Mosaism</b>, otherwise <b>Judaism</b>, denotes the religion -of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. But -even during that favoured period when God manifested -Himself in various ways to the children of -Israel, Idolatry prevailed. Let us consider what -this word <b>Idolatry</b> really means. <i>Idol</i> is a contraction -of the Greek <i>eidolon</i>, the diminutive of <i>eidos</i>, -a figure, an image, or that which is seen, derived from -the verb <i>eidein</i>, to see; while <b>Idolater</b> is made up of -the two Greek words, <i>eidolon</i>, and <i>latres</i>, one who -pays homage, a worshipper. An Idolater, therefore, -is a worshipper of images, or that which he sees. -The Israelites, who prostrated themselves before the -Golden Calf, were strictly Idolaters; so were the -Egyptians, who worshipped the sun, the moon, the ox, -the dog, the cat, the ibis, and the ichneumon; but the -Greeks and Romans were scarcely Idolaters, because -the mythological deities they worshipped were -unseen—as unseen as is the True God Himself. -Neither were they <b>Pagans</b>, which term, from the -Latin <i>paganus</i>, a countryman, a peasant, based upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -<i>pagus</i>, a country, a district, has nothing whatever to -do with religion. The Greeks and Romans were, -in fact, <b>Polytheists</b>, and their religion was <b>Polytheism</b>, -signifying, in accordance with the Greek -<i>polus</i>, many, and <i>Theos</i>, God, a belief in more gods -than one. The more general description of the -religion of the ancients is comprised in the term -<b>Mythology</b>, written in the Greek <i>muthologia</i>, from -<i>muthos</i>, a fable, and <i>logos</i>, a discourse.</p> - -<p>Alluding to the <b>Fire Worshippers</b> of the East, -who fall prostrate in adoration of the sun, it should -be noted that these do not actually worship the sun, -but God, whom they believe to reside in it. This -Sun or Fire Worship, the religion of the <b>Parsees</b>, -otherwise denominated <b>Zoroastrianism</b>, was introduced -into Persia by Zoroaster about five hundred -years before the Christian era. In short, -the Parsees are the descendants of those who, in -Persia, adhered to the Zoroastrian religion after -the Moslem or Mahommedan conquest of their -country, whence they were at length driven by -Moslem persecution to migrate to India. The -<b>Brahmins</b> are the priests or higher caste of the -Hindoos, who, like the Burmese, the inhabitants -of the adjacent country, <b>Burmah</b>, claim to be -descended from <i>Brahma</i>, the supreme deity of the -Hindoo religion. The <b>Buddhists</b> are the followers -of Buddha, a Hindoo sage who founded the doctrine -of <b>Buddhism</b> in the sixth century <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> <b>Mahommedanism</b> -is the religion founded by Mahommed, -or Mahomet (born 571, died 632). The term<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -<b>Koran</b>, or more properly <i>Al Koran</i>, “The Koran,” -which constitutes the Bible of the Mahommedans, -is Arabic for a “Reading,” a “thing to be read.” -The native name of the Mahommedan religion is -<b>Islam</b>, resignation and obedience to God, founded -upon the verb <i>aslama</i>, to bend, to submit, to surrender. -The Mahommedans of Turkey and Persia -usually bear the style of <b>Mussulmans</b>, a corruption -and the plural of the Arabic <i>muslim</i>, rendered into -English as <b>Moslem</b>, and meaning a true believer, or -one who holds the faith of Islam.</p> - -<p>Our reference to Mahommedanism having carried -us some six hundred years beyond the foundation of -<b>Christianity</b> by Christ, we must of necessity -retrace our steps. Reverting to the Jewish people -contemporary with Jesus Christ and His disciples, -a certain portion of these styled themselves -<b>Pharisees</b> because they affected a greater degree -of holiness than their neighbours. The name was -derived from the Hebrew word <i>pharash</i>, separated. -The <b>Nazarenes</b>, so called after “Jesus of Nazareth,” -were a sect of semi-converted Jews, who, while -believing Christ to be the long-promised Messiah, -and that His nature was Divine as well as human, -nevertheless continued the rites and ceremonies -peculiar to Judaism. The <b>Gnostics</b>, otherwise -the “Knowers,” pursuant to the Greek <i>gnomi</i>, to -know, were those who tried to accommodate the -Scriptures to the speculations of Plato, Pythagoras, -and other ancient philosophers; having done which -to their own satisfaction they refused all further<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> -knowledge on the subject. The <b>Aquarians</b> (Latin -<i>aqua</i>, water) insisted upon the use of water in the -place of wine in the Communion. The <b>Arians</b> -were the followers of Arius, a presbyter in the -Church of Alexandria, universally regarded as the -first heretic. Soon after his death (in 336), which -was ignominious in the extreme, the Arians renounced -their errors, and were readmitted into the -Church; but this gave offence to another section of -the Christians under Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari, -styling themselves the <b>Luciferians</b>, who refused -all communication with the reconverted heretics. -The <b>Donatists</b> were the followers of Donatus, -Bishop of Numidia; the <b>Macedonians</b>, of Macedonius, -Patriarch of Constantinople; the <b>Apollinarians</b>, -of Apollinarius, Bishop of Laodicea and -Greek Christian philosopher. These various sects -arose in the fourth century of the Church.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Catholic</b>, derived from the Greek -<i>Katholos</i>, compounded out of <i>Kata</i>, throughout, and -<i>olos</i>, whole, signifies One, Universal. During the -first nine centuries of Christianity the <b>Catholic -Church</b> was indeed universal; but at that epoch -it became necessary to distinguish between the -Eastern or Greek Church, and the Western or -Church of Rome, by adding the word “Roman” -to the original Church founded by St. Peter and -perpetuated by his successors the Popes. The -<b>Greek Church</b>, which constitutes the orthodox -religion of Greece, Moldavia, and Russia, differs -principally from the Roman Catholic in regard to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -the Papal supremacy, and the doctrine of Holy -Ghost proceeding from the Father and the Son. -The employment of the full title of <b>Roman -Catholic Church</b> is at all times necessary in -England when alluding to Christian doctrine in -order to avoid probable confusion with the Established -Church of this country which retains in its -Creed the designation of “The Holy Catholic -Church.” This is because at the Reformation the -<b>Church of England</b>, then styled the <b>Anglican -Church</b>, professed to be the Catholic Church -governed by the reigning monarch instead of the -Pope of Rome.</p> - -<p>The <b>Gallican Church</b> is the so-called Church of -France or Gaul, the ancient name of the country. -Père Hyacinth, its founder, whose church was -opened in Paris February 7, 1870, originally separated -from the Church of Rome owing to his disapproval -of the enforced celibacy of the clergy. The -<b>Lutheran Church</b> of Germany took its name from -Martin Luther (born 1483, died 1546), the monk -who became the pioneer of <b>Protestantism</b>. In the -year 1529 the Emperor Charles V. summoned a -Diet at Spiers for the avowed object of enlisting the -aid of the German Princes against the Turks, but -really to devise some means of tranquillizing the -disturbances which had grown out of Luther’s -opposition to the Church of Rome, and restoring -the national religion. Against a decree drawn up -at this Diet six princes and the deputies of thirteen -imperial towns offered a vehement <i>protest</i>, and ever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -afterwards the <b>Lutherans</b> were in consequence -styled <b>Protestants</b>. The first Standard of Faith, -according to the doctrines of Luther, is known as -<b>The Augsburg Confession</b>, because it was presented -by Luther and Melancthon to Charles V., -during the sitting of the Imperial Diet at Augsburg -in the year 1530.</p> - -<p>The <b>Calvinists</b> were the followers of John Calvin -(born 1509, died 1604), the zealous reformer of -Switzerland. In due time these also styled themselves -Protestants. From Switzerland Protestantism -spread into France through the energy of a Genevese -Calvinist named Hugh or Hugue, after whom the -French Protestants adopted the name of <b>Huguenots</b>.</p> - -<p>But Luther and Calvin were by no means the -earliest of the reformers.</p> - -<p>In England the <b>Wycliffites</b>, or followers of John -Wycliffe (born 1324, died 1387), became known as -<b>Gospellers</b>, after their leader had completed the -translation of the Bible in 1377. Eventually they -adopted the title of <b>Lollards</b>, in imitation of a sect -of German reformers headed by Walter Lollard, -a dissolute priest, who turned theologian and was -publicly burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. In -France the precursors of the Huguenots were the -<b>Albigenses</b> of Languedoc, so called because their -capital was Albi, and its people were called the -Albigeois, early in the twelfth century; and in 1170, -the <b>Waldenses</b>, inhabiting the wooded districts of -Valdois and Piedmont. The latter received their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> -designation in accordance with the German <i>walden</i>, -forests. The <b>Camisards</b>, or wearers of the <i>Camisè</i>, -a peasant’s smock, to conceal their armour, comprised -a body of Protestant insurgents who took -up arms in the district of the Cevennes after the -revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., -October 22, 1685. As these always conducted their -attacks upon the soldiery under cover of the darkness -the term “Camisard” in military parlance -soon came to imply a night attack. The Protestants -of Bohemia were styled <b>Hussites</b>, after John Huss -(born 1373, burned 1415); they were also known as -<b>Bethlemites</b> from the Church of Bethlehem in -Prague, in which Huss used to hurl forth his -denunciations against the Church of Rome. The -<b>Moravians</b>, otherwise <b>The United Brethren</b>, -who were driven by persecutions from Moravia and -Bohemia in the last century, claimed to be descendants -of the original Hussites.</p> - -<p>Having now traced the rise of Protestantism -generally, let us at once dispose of the various sects -and denominations before confining ourselves to the -Established Church and its offshoots.</p> - -<p>The <b>Adamites</b> were the fanatical followers of one -Picard, in Bohemia, self-styled “Adam, Son of God,” -who, about the year 1400, proposed to reduce mankind -to a state of primitive innocence and enjoyment. -No clothes were worn, wives were held in common, -and many other violations of Nature were committed -ere they finally disappeared from the face of the earth. -A similar sect were the <b>Libertines</b>, in Holland,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -These contended that nothing could be regarded as -sinful in a community where each was at full liberty -to act up to his natural dictates and passions. The -<b>Jansenists</b> favoured the doctrines of Jansenius, -Bishop of Ypres, in France (born 1585, died 1638). -For a long period these maintained an open warfare -with the <b>Jesuists</b>, properly, soldiers of the “Society -of Jesus” [<i>see</i> <a href="#RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><span class="smcap">Religious Orders</span></a>], until they were -finally put down by Pope Clement in 1705. The -<b>Gabrielites</b> were a sect of Anabaptists of Germany -in the sixteenth century, named after Gabriel -Scherling, their founder. The <b>Labadists</b> were a -sect of Protestant ascetics of the seventeenth -century who conformed to the rules laid down by -Jean Labadie, of Bourg, in Germany. The <b>Socinians</b>, -a sect corresponding to the modern -<b>Unitarians</b>, owed their existence to Lælius Socinus, -an Italian theologian in 1546. The anti-Calvinists -of Holland were styled <b>Arminians</b>, after the -Latinized name (Jacobus Arminius) of their leader, -James Harmensen (born 1560, died 1609). The -<b>New Christians</b> comprised a number of Portuguese -Jews in the fifteenth century, who, although they -consented to be baptized under compulsion, still -practised the Mosaic rites and ceremonies in secret. -The <b>Old Catholics</b> of Germany are the followers of -the late Dr. Döllinger, of Munich (born 1799, died -1890), who refused to accept the dogma of the -infallibility of the Pope promulgated July 18, 1870.</p> - -<p>In our own country the <b>Scotists</b> were those who -adopted the opinions of John Duns Scotus (born<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> -1272, died 1308), concerning the doctrines of the Immaculate -Conception, in opposition to the <b>Thomists</b>, -or followers of St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, died -1274), who denied that the Virgin was conceived -without sin. The <b>Sabbatarians</b>, known also as the -<b>Seventh Day Baptists</b>, founded by Brabourne, a -clergyman who, about the year 1628, maintained that -the seventh day was the real Sabbath as ordained -at the beginning. The <b>Fifth Monarchy Men</b>, -who came into existence during the reign of Charles -I., believed in the early coming of Jesus Christ to -re-establish the four great monarchies of the ancient -world, viz., the Assyrian, Persian, Macedonian, and -Roman, contemporaneously with the fifth, the Millennium. -The <b>Muggletonians</b> were the followers -of one Ludovic Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, who -set himself up as a prophet in 1651. The <b>Society -of Friends</b> originally styled themselves <b>Seekers</b>, -because they sought the truth after the manner -of Nicodemus, the Jewish ruler, as narrated in <i>St. -John</i> iii. 1-21. They were first designated <b>Quakers</b> -by Justice Bennet of Derby, in 1650, in consequence -of George Fox, the founder, having admonished him -and all present to quake on hearing the Word of -the Lord. The Seekers came into existence in 1646. -The <b>White Quakers</b>, who seceded from the -main body about 1840, are distinguished by their -white clothing. The original sect of the <b>Shakers</b>, -first heard of in the time of Charles I., received its -name from the convulsive movements indulged in -by its members as part of their peculiar form of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span> -worship. The modern sect sprang from a body of -expelled Quakers, headed by James Wardley, in -1747. They emigrated to America in May, 1772, -and formed a permanent settlement near Albany, -New York, two years afterwards. The <b>Mormons</b> -derived their designation from “The Book of -Mormon,” claimed to be a lost portion of the Bible -written by the angel Mormon, the last of the Hebrew -line of prophets, and found inscribed in Egyptian -characters upon plates of gold by Joseph Smith, the -founder of the sect, in the year 1827. This work -was really written by the Rev. Solomon Spalding, -who died in 1816. Joseph Smith died in 1844. The -<b>Peculiar People</b> are so styled because they believe -in the efficacy of prayer on the part of their elders, -and the anointing with oil in the name of the Lord -for the cure of sickness as set forth in <i>James</i> v. 14. -This sect was first heard of in London in 1838. -The <b>Faith Healers</b>, or those who uphold the -doctrine of Healing by Faith, lately sprung up in -our midst, may be regarded as an offshoot of the -Peculiar People. The <b>Irvingites</b> are the followers -of Edward Irving, a Scottish divine (born 1792, died -1834), who maintained that Christ was liable to -commit sin in common with the rest of mankind. -The <b>Humanitarians</b> incline to the same belief. -The <b>Sacramentarians</b> are those who deny the -Real Presence in the Holy Eucharist: the Calvinists -were originally known by this title. The <b>Plymouth -Brethren</b> first appeared at Plymouth about the -year 1830; they so style themselves because they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> -confess Christ as a fraternal community and do not -recognize any order of priesthood. The <b>Perfectionists</b> -of North America are so called owing to -their rejection of civil laws, on the plea that the -guidance of the Holy Spirit suffices for all earthly -as well as spiritual affairs. Another body of co-coreligionists -peculiar to North America are the -<b>Hopkinsians</b>, named after Samuel Hopkins, of -Connecticut, their founder. The doctrines which -they hold are mainly Calvinistic.</p> - -<p>The <b>Scottish Covenanters</b> were those who -subscribed to a solemn league or covenant to stand -by each other in opposition to the religious and -political measures of Charles I. This occurred in -1638. In less than ten years afterwards the -Covenanters, having increased in numbers and power, -assumed the entire direction of their own ecclesiastical -affairs and styled themselves <b>Presbyterians</b>, -a term derived from the Greek <i>presbuteros</i>, an elder, -because they contended that the government of the -Church as set forth in the New Testament was by -presbyters, equal in office, power, and order. The -national Church of Scotland, therefore, when at -length it was recognized by the English Parliament, -bore the title of the <b>Scottish Presbyterian -Church</b>. It was, however, not long before dissensions -became rife. The strictest body of the -Presbyterians adopted the style of <b>Cameronians</b>, -after the name of their leader, Archibald Cameron, -who was executed in 1688 on account of his -religious opinions; while an equally numerous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> -body, headed by John Macmillan, became known as -<b>Macmillanites</b>, and also as <b>The Reformed -Presbytery</b>. A much later sect was that founded -in 1841 by James Morison, under the designation -of the <b>Morisonians</b>. But the most alarming split -in the Presbyterian Church took place May 18, 1843, -when Dr. Chalmers, with a large following, established -a separate community, entitled <b>The Free -Church of Scotland</b>.</p> - -<p>The <b>Puritans</b> of England were to the Established -Church what the Pharisees were to the Jews. And -not only did these Puritans profess a greater purity -of doctrine, of morals, and of living, than their -neighbours, but they embraced the earliest opportunity -of separating themselves from the Church of -England altogether. They were, in fact, the first of -the Dissenters. On August 24, 1662, which date -witnessed the secession of nearly two thousand -ministers from the Church of England through their -non-compliance with the “Act of Uniformity,” the -Puritans joined forces with the latter, and the -combined body assumed the name of <b>Nonconformists</b>. -The Protestants were, consequently, -divided into two great parties—the <b>Conformists</b>, or -those who conformed to the requirements laid down -in the “Act of Conformity,” and the <b>Nonconformists</b>. -The latter have in more recent times borne -the name of <b>Dissenters</b>, because they dissent from -the Established Church. The <b>Sectarians</b> are -Dissenters who attach themselves to one or other of -the numerous sects and denominations which exist<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> -outside the Church of England. The <b>Congregationalists</b> -and the <b>Independents</b> are one and the -same. They maintain that each congregation is an -independent religious community entitled to exercise -the right of appointing its own ministers and -managing its own affairs. These tenets were first -publicly advanced by Robert Brown, a violent opponent -of the Established Church, in Rutlandshire, -as early as the year 1585. The <b>Unitarians</b> are the -modern <b>Socinians</b> already alluded to. They are -opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity; and, consequently, -to the <b>Trinitarians</b>. The <b>Baptists</b> not -only reject infant baptism, but hold that the adult -subject should be baptized after the manner in which -Christ was baptized by St. John. On this account -the original Baptists, who arose about 1521, received -the name of <b>Anabaptists</b>, because, having been -already baptized during infancy, they of necessity -went through the ceremony a second time on -arriving at full age. The prefix <i>ana</i> is Greek, -signifying twice. The followers of John Wesley (born -1703, died 1791) and his brother, Charles Wesley -(born 1708, died 1788), were styled <b>Methodists</b>, -owing to the methodical strictness of their lives and -religious exercises. They were also denominated -<b>Wesleyans</b>, or <b>Wesleyan Methodists</b>, in contradistinction -to the <b>Primitive Methodists</b>, or -<b>Ranters</b>, who separated from the original sect -under Hugh Bourne, in 1810, and retained the style -of open-air preaching peculiar to John Wesley in -his early itinerant days.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span></p> - -<p>The terms “High Church” and “Low Church” -first came into prominence during the reign of -Queen Anne. Nowadays, as then, that section is -styled <b>High Church</b> which regards the Church of -England as the only ark of salvation, while the -less apprehensive and more moderate section is -called <b>Low Church</b>. Those who take a still more -liberal and comprehensive view of orthodox doctrine -belong to what is known as the <b>Broad -Church</b>, which is but another name for <b>Latitudinarianism</b>, -as originally professed by a number -of divines opposed alike to the Puritans and the -High Church party in the time of Charles I. On -the other hand, the <b>Ritualists</b> comprise the extreme -High Church party who are anxious to return to -the ritual of public worship in vogue during the -reign of Edward VI. Prior to 1866, in which year -the term arose, these High Churchmen bore the -name of <b>Puseyites</b>, because they agreed with the -views set forth by Dr. Pusey in his celebrated -“Tracts for the Times,” published at Oxford -between 1833 and 1841. Those scholars who -assisted Dr. Pusey in the composition of these -<b>Oxford Tracts</b>, as they were called, as well as the -public at large who believed in their teaching, were -styled <b>Tractarians</b>; while the great Roman Catholic -revival that took place in the Church of England at -this period universally bore, and still bears, the name -of the <b>Oxford Movement</b>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="TAVERN_SIGNS"><i>TAVERN SIGNS.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Hotel</b> is a French term, derived from <i>hostil</i>, -a lordly house, a palace. The designation -<b>Public House</b>, signifying a house of public -resort for refreshment and conviviality, is a modern -substitute for <b>Tavern</b>, derived from the Latin -<i>taberna</i>, a hut, a wooden booth; frequently also for -<b>Inn</b>, or rather, as originally written, <i>Inne</i>, which -expressed the Anglo-Saxon for a mansion. And -here we may at once observe that by far the -majority of our mediæval inns and <b>Hostelries</b> -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_77"><span class="smcap">Hotel</span></a>] grew out of the mansions of the -nobility during the prolonged absence of their -owners. At such times the privilege of utilizing -the mansion for his own profit naturally fell to the -family’s most trustworthy dependent, viz., the head -gamekeeper, whose green costume gave existence to -the sign of <b>The Green Man</b>, when, after quitting -the family’s service, he set up an inn on his own -account either in connection with his own cottage or -abutting on the public highway. Nevertheless, this -sign had nothing in common with that of <b>The -Green Man and Still</b>, expressive of a herbalist -bringing his herbs to a distillery, and which was -doubtless the sign of a herbalist turned innkeeper.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> - -<p>As the family arms always occupied a prominent -position on the front of the mansion these soon -became known far and wide, though scarcely in -accordance with their full heraldic significance. -Briefly, the most conspicuous object in them sufficed -to impress itself upon the minds of travellers as the -distinguishing sign of the establishment; so that, -instead of speaking of <i>lions gules</i> and <i>lions azure</i>, &c., -they simplified matters by referring to red and blue -lions, &c. Such was the origin, then, of <b>The Red -Lion</b>, <b>The Blue Lion</b>, and many another familiar -sign of this character. Moreover, as a variation of -the same device entered into the arms of different -families, it happened that the most conspicuous -object in them became popular in different parts of -the country at the same time. Another fruitful -source of the rapid multiplication of a particular -sign throughout the same county, and even upon the -same estate, was the fact that as often as a retired -dependent of a nobleman’s family turned innkeeper, -he was pretty certain to name his establishment in -accordance with the popular description of the -original inn or mansion. If it chanced, however, -that that sign had already been appropriated by -another innkeeper in the immediate vicinity, the -full cognizance of the ground landlord was adopted. -Thus, in the Midland Counties there is no sign so -common as <b>The Bear and Ragged Staff</b>, which -was the cognizance of the Earl of Warwick, the -King Maker. Similarly, <b>The Boar’s Head</b> was -the cognizance of the Gordons; <b>The Black Bull</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> -that of the House of Clare; and <b>The Talbot</b>, that -of the House of Shrewsbury. Another oft-to-be-met-with -sign is <b>The Chequers</b>, which comprised the -arms of the Earls of Fitzwarren who, in the time of -the Plantagenets, held the right of granting the -vintners their licences. Later in our history the -same cognizance was adopted by the Stuarts. As -every one is aware, <b>The Red Rose</b> was the recognized -badge of the Lancastrians, and <b>The White -Rose</b> that of the Yorkists. It may be assumed -that these two signs were naturally more popular -throughout the country at large during the <b>Wars -of the Roses</b> than at any subsequent period. -During that turbulent period of English history, -too, the devices of the several adherents of the rival -houses were not unfrequently chosen in commemoration -of a particular event; as, for example, after -the Battle of Barnet, when <b>The Star</b>, the badge of -the Earl of Oxford who decided the fate of that day, -sprang up as an inn-sign in all directions, except, of -course, upon Yorkist ground.</p> - -<p>Where the innkeeper was not bound by any ties -of gratitude or regard to the ground landlord he -evinced his loyalty to the reigning monarch by -adopting a portion of the royal arms. As examples -of this class:—<b>The White Swan</b> was the badge of -Edward III. and of Henry IV.; <b>The White Swan -and Antelope</b>, of Henry V.; <b>The White Hart</b>, -and <b>The Sun</b>, both of Richard II.; <b>The White -Lion</b>, of Edward IV. as Earl of March, and <b>The -Three Suns</b>, of Edward IV. as King of England;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> -<b>The Eagle</b>, of Queen Mary; <b>The Blue Boar</b>, of -Richard III.; <b>The Red Dragon</b>, that of Henry -VII., chosen for his standard after the Battle of -Bosworth Field, and <b>The Greyhound</b>, his original -badge as King. <b>The Rose</b> is the symbol of England, -just as <b>The Thistle</b> stands for Scotland, <b>The -Shamrock</b> for Ireland, and <b>The Leek</b> for Wales. -A very general expression of loyalty, again, was -conveyed in the sign of <b>The Crown</b>, which, by the -way, was shrewdly complimentary to the reigning -house without offering offence to the partisans of a -rival claimant to the throne. <b>The Rose and -Crown</b> had reference originally to the union of the -red and white roses in the House of Tudor by the -marriage of Henry VII. with Elizabeth, the daughter -of Edward IV., in the year 1486; <b>The Crown and -Sceptre</b> must have originated in the mind of one -who had been witness to the elaborate ceremonial -peculiar to a coronation; while <b>The Crown -and Anchor</b> signified the reliance which was placed -in the exalted person that wore the crown.</p> - -<p>If, on the other hand, our mediæval innkeeper -chose to flatter the ground landlord without actually -adopting his cognizance, he invariably named his -establishment after his lordship’s family title, <i>e.g.</i>, -<b>The Earl of March</b>, in compliment to the Duke -of Richmond, or else set up some such sign as <b>The -Hare and Hounds</b>, <b>The Tally Ho!</b>, <b>The Fox -in the Hole</b>, &c., in allusion to the sporting tastes -of his patron. At times he even went so far as to -enter into the religious enthusiasm of the latter by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> -exhibiting a preference for <b>The Angel</b> or <b>The -Salutation</b>, both referring to the Annunciation of -the Virgin; <b>The Three Kings</b>, meaning the Magi -who presented themselves to the Infant at Bethlehem; -or <b>The Cross Keys</b>, the symbol of St. -Peter, and the badge of the Archbishop of York. -The sign of <b>The Mitre</b> was generally adopted by -an innkeeper whose establishment stood in the -vicinity of a cathedral; consequently, this particular -sign abounds in cities, but is rarely to be met with -in the rural districts.</p> - -<p>During the period of the Holy Wars, if the -innkeeper did not content himself with the sign of -<b>The Turk’s Head</b> or <b>The Saracen’s Head</b>, that -of <b>The Golden Cross</b>, which was the ensign carried -by the Crusaders, was usually chosen. The modern -sign of <b>The Half-Moon</b> originated in the crescent, -the ensign of the Infidel. The signs of <b>The Swan</b>, -<b>The Pheasant</b>, and <b>The Peacock</b> arose in the -days of knight-errantry, when every knight selected -one of these birds as an emblem of chivalry, and -exerted a pride in the association. For example, -one of the principal characters in the “Niebelungen -Lied” is called “The Knight of the Swan.” Then, -again, many innkeepers assumed a sign in honour of -the patron saint of England, or in commemoration -of his combat with the dragon, viz., <b>The St. George</b>, -<b>The St. George and Dragon</b>, <b>The George and -Dragon</b>, <b>The Green Dragon</b>, &c. <b>The George</b>, -a common sign enough in our own day—it would be -difficult to name a town that has not its “George”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> -in the High Street—was originally connected with -the dragon too; but at the commencement of the -Hanoverian succession the heraldic device was -painted out altogether, and the words <span class="smcap">The George</span> -were put up in its place. The like observation -applies to all such signs as <b>The King’s Arms</b>, -<b>The Queen’s Arms</b>, <b>The Freemasons’ Arms</b>, -<b>The Coachmakers’ Arms</b>, <b>The Saddlers’ Arms</b>, -<b>The Carpenters’ Arms</b>, &c., nowadays identified -by name only, instead of their distinctive badge or -crest. We must not omit to mention also that, -since the especial function of tavern and other signs -was to call attention to the character of an establishment -in days when the people were unable -to read, and when, therefore, the display of the -owner’s name or of the name of the house -would have been useless, the misapprehension -of the painted device was of common occurrence. -Hence the corruption of many signs from their -original meaning.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most glaring instance of this kind -originated in the sign of <b>The Garter</b>, or the insignia -of the Order of the Garter represented in its proper -position on a leg (whence we have the intelligible -sign of <b>The Star and Garter</b>); yet the vulgar -mind quite failed to grasp the idea, with a result -that a house exhibiting this sign was invariably -referred to as <b>The Leg and Star</b>. Corruptions -of a different character are of later date, when the -name of the house instead of the device began to -make its appearance on an innkeeper’s signboard.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span> -Chief among these are:—<b>The Cat and Fiddle</b>, a -perversion of “Caton le Fidele,” in honour of Caton, -the faithful Governor of Calais; <b>The Bag o’ Nails</b>, -of “The Bacchanals,” in reference to Pan and the -Satyrs; <b>The Goat and Compasses</b>, of the Puritan -motto “God encompass us”; <b>The Iron Devil</b>, of -“The Hirondelle,” or swallow; <b>The Bull and -Mouth</b>, and <b>The Bull and Gate</b>, of “The -Boulogne Mouth” and “The Boulogne Gate,” in -compliment to Henry VIII., who effected the siege -of Boulogne and its harbour in 1544; <b>The Lion and -Key</b>, of “The Lion on the Quay,” meaning a house -bearing the sign of <i>The Lion</i>, and situated by the -water-side, in order to distinguish it from other -<i>Lions</i> in the same port; <b>The Cat and Wheel</b>, of -“The Catherine Wheel,” the instrument of St. -Catherine’s martyrdom; <b>The Plume and Feathers</b>, -of “The Plume of Feathers,” in allusion to the -Prince of Wales; <b>The Bully Ruffian</b>, of “The -Bellerophon,” the vessel on board of which Napoleon -surrendered his sword to Captain Maitland after his -defeat at Waterloo; and <b>The Blue Pig</b>, a mere -modification of “The Blue Boar.” <b>The Pig and -Whistle</b> is a very old sign, the term <i>whistle</i> being a -corruption of “wassail,” and <i>pig</i>, the Old English for -a bowl or cup. Surely there could be no more -fitting sign for a tavern than that which suggested -the drinking of healths!</p> - -<p>The original character of many of our country -inns is at once indicated by their signs. Thus, -<b>The Coach and Horses</b> was clearly, before the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> -introduction of railways, a coaching establishment; -while <b>The Pack Horse</b> announced the fact that -pack-horses were let out on hire. Again, <b>The Bear</b>—subject -to sundry modifications, such as <b>The -Brown Bear</b>, <b>The Black Bear</b>, <b>The Grizzly -Bear</b>—informed the frequenters of such resorts that -bear-baiting might be witnessed on the premises; -exactly as, nearer to our own day, <b>The Dog and -Duck</b> called attention to the popular diversion of -duck-hunting by spaniels in a pond. <b>The Skittles</b> -and <b>The Bowling Green</b> indicated a more rational -kind of sport. Once more, <b>The Grapes</b> conveyed -the intelligence that a vinery existed in connection -with the establishment; whereas <b>The Castle</b>, which -constitutes the arms of Spain, <b>The Globe</b>, the arms -of the King of Portugal, and <b>The Spread Eagle</b>, -the arms of Germany, told that the wines of those -respective countries were to be had there. In the -north of England the sign of <b>The Yorkshire Stingo</b> -is very common, the allusion being to an old beer -of particular strength and sharpness for which the -county of York has won considerable celebrity.</p> - -<p>Among other familiar country inn and tavern signs -may be mentioned <b>The Bell</b>, referring to the silver -bell that formed the prize at races previous to the -Restoration; <b>The Barley Mow</b>, denoting the -premises where the barley was housed, <i>mowe</i> being -the Saxon term for “a heap”; and <b>The Old Hat</b>, -which in the olden time may have been the shop of -a hatter rejoicing in the sign of “The Hat,” and subsequently -converted into a place of refreshment.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> -Another distinctly tradesmanlike sign is <b>The Ram -and Teazle</b>, which was originally chosen in compliment -to the Clothiers’ Company; the lamb with -the golden fleece being emblematical of wool, and -the teazle, a tool used for raising the nap of the -wool when woven into cloth. <b>The Bricklayers’ -Arms</b> merely indicate a house of call for bricklayers; -while <b>The Cricketers’ Arms</b> derives its -title from a neighbouring cricket-ground. The significance -of <b>The Tankard</b>, <b>The Bottle</b>, and similar -signs, need not detain us. We may, however, state -that <b>The Black Jack</b> refers to a leathern pitcher -for holding beer, which took its name from the -defensive breastplate of strong leather formerly -worn by horsemen, and known as a <i>Jacque</i>, whence -the term <span class="smcap">Jacket</span> has been derived.</p> - -<p>Signs that betray a political bias, such as <b>The -Royal Oak</b>, <b>The Boscobel</b>, <b>The Jacobite</b>, <b>The -Hanover</b>, &c., are altogether too numerous to -mention. In the early part of the present century, -too, the names of political leaders were largely drawn -upon as an attraction for tavern signs, as were those -also of distinguished naval and military commanders, -and of the battles won by them. <b>The -Canning</b>, <b>The Palmerston</b>, <b>The Nelson</b>, <b>The -Wellington</b>, <b>The Marquis of Granby</b>, <b>The -Portobello Arms</b>, <b>The Trafalgar</b>, <b>The Waterloo</b>, -and a host of others of the like character, are -everywhere to be encountered; while the old sign -of <b>The Ship</b> carries us back to the days of Elizabeth, -when the circumnavigation of the globe by Sir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> -Francis Drake was regarded as an exploit that -could scarcely be too highly honoured.</p> - -<p>Before concluding, let us add a few words of comment -upon the signal loyalty of the English people -in the times we live in; for whereas our forefathers -were for the most part content to express their -loyalty to the throne by the choice of such vague -tavern signs as <b>The King’s Head</b>, or <b>The Queen’s -Head</b>, we of the nineteenth century are not nearly -so half-hearted. Not only are <b>The Victoria</b>, <b>The -Prince Albert</b>, <b>The Prince of Wales</b>, and <b>The -Prince of Wales’ Feathers</b> honoured on every -hand in the course of a day’s perambulation, but -<b>The Duke of Edinburgh</b>, <b>The Duke of Cambridge</b>, -<b>The Duke of Connaught</b>, and other -members of the Royal Family, are similarly memorialized. -Perhaps in the future, when the Prince -of Wales shall occupy the British Throne, his -descendants may also in their turn form the subject -of many a tavern sign in our midst.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="ROYAL_SURNAMES"><i>ROYAL SURNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Alfred the Great</b> (reigned 871 to 901) -fully merited his surname because he expelled -the Danes, established a navy, founded -schools, and effected the restoration of law and -order during one of the most critical periods of -early British history. Taking the remainder of -the Saxon monarchs in chronological order, we -have:—<b>Edward the Martyr</b> (975 to 978), -treacherously murdered at Corfe Castle; <b>Ethelred -the Unready</b> (978 to 1016), who, lacking <i>rede</i>, or -council, fled to Normandy to escape the consequences -of a threatened invasion by the Danes; -<b>Edmund Ironsides</b> (reigned 1016), whose habitual -precaution of wearing a complete suit of mail -availed him nothing against the fatality of assassination; -<b>Edgar Atheling</b> (born 1017, died 1120), -otherwise “Edgar of Royal Descent”; <b>Harold -Harefoot</b> (1035 to 1039), swift of foot as a hare; -and <b>Edward the Confessor</b> (1042 to 1066), so -called on account of his holy life. The distinction -between a <span class="smcap">Confessor</span> and a <span class="smcap">Martyr</span> in the early -days of Christianity was simply this: both made an -open confession of their faith, and expressed their -readiness to die for it; the former, however, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> -never called upon to do so, whereas the latter -actually suffered martyrdom.</p> - -<p>William I. (reigned 1066 to 1087), was styled -<b>The Conqueror</b> because he defeated the Saxons at -the Battle of Hastings, and founded the Norman -Dynasty in England. William II. (1087 to 1100), -received the name of <b>Rufus</b> from his florid complexion; -<i>rufus</i> being Latin for ruddy. Henry I. -(1100 to 1135), was surnamed <b>Beauclerc</b>, or good -clerk, in recognition of his scholarly attainments. -Richard I. (1189 to 1199), styled <b>Cœur de Leon</b>, -otherwise “The Lion Hearted,” is traditionally said -to have torn the living heart out of the mouth of a -lion to whose fury he was exposed by the Duke of -Austria for having killed his son in battle. This -extraordinary exploit surpasses the bounds of reason; -still there is no doubt that he performed prodigies of -valour during the Wars of the Crusades. Another -British monarch who rejoiced in a surname of the -leonine order was <b>William the Lion</b>, King of the -Scots (1165 to 1214), so called because he chose a -red lion rampant for his crest. It is from this king -that the lions distinguished in the Royal Arms of -Scotland trace their origin.</p> - -<p>King John (reigned 1199 to 1216) received the -surname of <b>Lackland</b> on account of his improvidence, -which at the time of the death of his father -(Henry II.) left him entirely without provision. -Edward I. (1272 to 1307) was styled <b>Longshanks</b> -from his spindle legs. The eldest son of Edward -III., known as <b>The Black Prince</b> (born 1330, died<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> -1376), was not exclusively addicted to the wearing -of black armour, as he is usually represented in -waxwork shows and picture toy-books; consequently -he did not derive his surname from such an association; -but, as the historian Froissart informs us, “he -received his name by terror of his arms.” Seeing -that at the age of sixteen he won his knightly spurs -at Crecy, and ten years later took the French king -prisoner at Poictiers and brought him in triumph to -London, the military renown of this young warrior -must have been sufficient to command respect from -his enemies. <b>John of Gaunt</b>, Duke of Lancaster -(born 1340, died 1399), took his title from the town -of Ghent, in Flanders, where he was born. In like -manner his son, Henry IV. (1399 to 1413), was styled -<b>Bolingbroke</b>, after his native place.</p> - -<p>Henry VIII. (reigned 1509 to 1547) was surnamed -<b>Bluff King Hal</b> on account of his bluff manners; -he also received the title of <b>Defender of the Faith</b> -from Pope Leo X., in recognition of the tract he -published against the heresy of Martin Luther. Mary, -Queen of Scots (born 1542, died 1587), was known -as <b>The White Queen</b> because she adopted white -mourning for her husband, Lord Darnley. Our own -Queen Mary (1547 to 1558) has been handed down -to posterity under the opprobrious title of <b>Bloody -Mary</b>, in consequence of the wholesale burnings of -the Protestants under her reign. The religious persecutions -of her time admit of no denial, yet they were -fully equalled by those brought to light during the -reign of her successor, Elizabeth, while they fell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> -infinitely short of those characterized by the reign -of Henry VIII. In one sense Elizabeth (1558 to -1603) was appropriately styled <b>Good Queen Bess</b>, -inasmuch as she exercised due regard to the interests -of the realm and the welfare of her people. Her -enemies she speedily removed, but she was just as -ready to bestow honours and rewards upon her -nation’s worthies. Oliver Cromwell was called <b>The -Lord Protector</b> (born 1599, died 1658) because he -protected the interests of the Commonwealth. The -reason why Charles II. (1660 to 1685) was dubbed -<b>The Merry Monarch</b> must be sought in the licentiousness -of the times in which he lived. Much -nearer to our own day, William IV. (1830 to 1837) -was distinguished by the title of <b>The Sailor King</b>, -from the circumstance of his having entered the navy -as a midshipman and worked his way upwards until -he attained the rank of Lord High Admiral.</p> - -<p>The family name of <b>Plantagenet</b>, derived from -the Latin <i>planta</i>, a plant, and <i>genista</i>, broom, was -originally assumed by Fulke Martel, Earl of Anjou, -the great grandfather of Henry II., in commemoration -of the incident, while on his pilgrimage to the -Holy Sepulchre, of having offered himself to be -scourged with the stems of the broom plant by his -two attendants as an atonement for the murder of -the Earl of Brittany. The <b>Tudor</b> Dynasty was -founded by Owen Tudor, a Welsh soldier stationed -at Windsor, who contracted a secret marriage with -Catherine, the widowed queen of Henry V. The -first of the long line of the <b>Stuart</b> sovereigns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> -(Scottish and English) was Walter, the Lord High -Steward of Scotland, whose wife was the daughter -of King Robert the Bruce. As this Walter was the -sixth member of his family that had held the post of -Lord High Steward, he was popularly said to belong -to the <i>Stewards</i>, until in course of time this word -became corrupted into <i>Stuarts</i>, and was adopted as a -family name.</p> - -<p>Charles I., Emperor of Germany (born 742, died -814), was surnamed <b>Charlemagne</b>, otherwise -Charles the Great. <b>The She-Wolf of France</b> -was Isabella (born 1290, died 1357), daughter of -Philip IV. of France, and queen of Edward II. of -England, whom she, in concert with the Earl of -Mortimer, her paramour, murdered by thrusting a -red-hot iron into his bowels. <b>Pedro the Cruel</b>, -King of Castille and Leon in 1350, merited his surname -owing to his cruel treatment of his two -brothers, whom he murdered, and his queen, whom -he poisoned. Ivan II., Czar of Russia (reigned -1533 to 1584), was styled <b>The Terrible</b> on account -of the cruelties he inflicted upon all who offended his -autocracy. Frederick I., of Germany (reigned 1152 -to 1190), was surnamed <b>Barbarossa</b> from his red -beard, <i>barba</i> being Latin for beard; while for his -bombardment of Messina in 1848 Ferdinand, King -of Naples, was nicknamed <b>Bomba</b>. Philippe, Duc -d’Orleans, the father of Louis Philippe, King of -France, assumed the name of <b>Egalité</b> when he -joined the Republican party in 1789. Of a truth, -if “Equality” was what this not unworthy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> -Prince aspired to, he enjoyed it to the full, for -he lost his head under the guillotine in common -with more than twenty thousand of his fellow-citizens.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="NATIONAL_NICKNAMES"><i>NATIONAL NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Brother Jonathan</b>, the popular nickname -of the United States, arose out of the -person of Jonathan Trumbull, the Governor -of Connecticut, whom General Washington never -failed to consult in cases of emergency. “We must -refer the matter to Brother Jonathan!” he was -wont to exclaim when no other officer could offer -any practical suggestion to aid him out of a difficulty; -and true enough, “Brother Jonathan” proved -himself in every instance equal to the confidence -reposed in him. Another stock nickname for the -United States is <b>Uncle Sam</b>. This originated from -a vulgar misconception of the initial letters “U. S.” -(United States) for those of the well-known sobriquet -of an official whose business it was to mark -them on all Government property. The numerous -acquaintances of this person understood that the -goods so marked had passed through the hands of -“Uncle Sam,” and the joke becoming public it spread -far and wide, until in the end it was considered far -too good to be allowed to drop. The term <b>Yankee</b> -finds its origin in the native attempt to pronounce -the word “English,” but approaching no nearer -to the sound than <i>Yengees</i>, the name bestowed upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> -the English colonists by the Indians of Massachusetts, -and afterwards given to the New Englanders -by the British soldiers during the American War.</p> - -<p>The nickname of the typical Englishman, <b>John -Bull</b>, was derived from Dr. Arbuthnot’s satire of -this title published in 1721. There was also a real -person of the name of John Bull, well known as the -composer of “God Save the King”; but he died -just a hundred years before Dr. Arbuthnot’s performance -was heard of. Of a still later date is the -national English nickname, <b>Mrs. Grundy</b>, which -arose out of the passage, “What will Mrs. Grundy -say?” from Thomas Morton’s drama, “Speed the -Plough,” produced in 1798. The proverbial prudishness -of the English people in matters affecting art, -could scarcely be better expressed than under the -style of <b>The British Matron</b>. The British soldier -is popularly referred to under the general designation -of <b>Tommy Atkins</b>, because “Thomas Atkins” -was a fictitious name that figured in the soldiers’ -monthly statement of accounts.</p> - -<p>The Irish as a nation are invariably alluded to as -<b>Pat</b> or <b>Paddy</b>, being short for Patrick, their most -common Christian name, selected in honour of St. -Padhrig, or Patrick (born 373, died 466); the Scots -as <b>Sandie</b> or <b>Sawney</b>, a contraction of Alexander, -their most popular Christian name; and the Welsh -as <b>Taffy</b>, a corruption of Davy, and short for David, -the name of their Archbishop and Saint (born 490, -died 554).</p> - -<p>The national nickname of the Chinese is <b>John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -Chinaman</b>, in imitation of our own characteristic -“John Bull.” Even now a Chinaman addresses -every Englishman he meets as “John,” which is his -idea of our most popular name. Hence, British -sailors in the Chinese waters from the first returned -the compliment, so to speak, by alluding to each -Celestial with whom they came in contact as “John -Chinaman.”</p> - -<p>The Chinese are also called <b>Pigtails</b>, on account -of their Tartar tonsure and braided <i>queue</i>. By the -Indians of North America Europeans are styled -<b>Pale Faces</b>; while the Europeans designate the -Indians <b>Red Skins</b>, both terms having reference to -the complexion. The word <b>Nigger</b> is a corruption -of <b>Negro</b>, derived from <i>niger</i>, the Latin for black. -The reason why a negro generally bears the name of -<b>Sambo</b> is because <i>Zambo</i> is the native term used to -designate the offspring of a black person and a -mulatto. The word <b>Mulatto</b> is Spanish, derived -from the Latin <i>mulus</i>, a mule, and signifying a mixed -breed. A Mulatto may be either the offspring of a -negress by a white man, or of a white woman by a -negro.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="BIRDS"><i>BIRDS.</i></h2> - -<p>The following owe their names to their characteristic -note:—the <b>Cuck-oo</b>, the <b>Pee-wit</b>, -the <b>Cur-lew</b>, the <b>Chick-a-dee</b>, and the -<b>Whip-poor-will</b>. The <b>Trumpeter</b> of South -America is so called on account of its loud, clear, -and trumpet-like cry. The word <b>Nightingale</b> is a -modern form of the Anglo-Saxon <i>nihtegale</i>, indicative -of a bird that sings by night, agreeably to its -component parts, <i>niht</i>, night, and <i>gale</i>, a songster. -The <b>Night-Jar</b> bears its name because the sound it -emits resembles the whirring of a spinning-wheel. -The <b>Mocking-bird</b> possesses the power of imitating -the notes of other birds; while the <b>Humming-bird</b> -is remarkable for the humming sound that proceeds -from its wings as it speeds through the air.</p> - -<p>Several birds are named after the colour or some -other characteristic of their plumage. Among these -we have the <b>Greenfinch</b> and the <b>Goldfinch</b>, the -term <b>Finch</b> from the Anglo-Saxon <i>finc</i>, denoting -a small singing bird; the <b>Greenlet</b> expressing -a tiny green bird peculiar to South America; -the <b>Jay</b>, a corruption of <i>gai</i>, its French name, -alluding to its gay or showy appearance; the -<b>Blue-bird</b>, common in the United States, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> -upper half of which is blue; the <b>Blackbird</b>, so -called from its sable aspect; the <b>Starling</b>, owing to -the specks at the extremities of its feathers; the -<b>Flamingo</b>, of South America and Africa, from its -flaming colour; the <b>Oriole</b>, an Australian bird of -golden-yellow plumage, agreeably to the Latin -<i>aureolus</i>, golden; and the <b>Lyre-bird</b>, also a native -of Australia, so denominated on account of the sixteen -feathers of the tail which when folded form in -appearance a perfect lyre. The British song-bird -known as the <b>Red-poll</b> receives its name from the -tuft of red feathers upon its head; whereas the South -African <b>Secretary-bird</b> is so called because a tuft -of feathers on each side of its head are supposed to -resemble quill pens stuck behind the ear. The South -American <b>Birds of Paradise</b> are indeed a beautiful -species, all the colours of the rainbow being represented -in their plumage; and the same may be said -of the <b>Love-birds</b>, so designated from the extraordinary -affection which they exhibit towards one -another. The <b>Kingfisher</b> is regarded as the king -of fisher-birds, or those that dive for fish as their -prey, by reason of his gay plumage.</p> - -<p>The <b>Lapwing</b> derives its name from the loud -flapping noise made by its wings during flight; the -<b>Wagtail</b>, from the incessant wagging of its tail; and -the <b>Scissors-tail</b>—found only in South America—from -the peculiar nature of its tail, which, like a pair -of scissors, opens and shuts in the course of its rapid -passage through the air and so entraps the flies upon -which it preys. The <b>Hangbird</b> is so called from its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> -habit of suspending its nest from the limb of a tree; -the <b>Weaver-bird</b>, from the wonderful intertwining -of twigs and grass displayed in the construction of -its nest; and the <b>Tailor-bird</b>, from the skill it displays -in constructing its nest by stitching together -the leaves of plants.</p> - -<p>Among corruptions of the names of birds it will be -sufficient to mention the <b>Widow-bird</b>, properly the -<i>Whydaw-bird</i>, after the territory in Africa of which -it is a native; the <b>Martin</b>, from the Latin <i>murustenco</i>, -or wall-swallow, shortened into <i>murten</i>, and -mispronounced <i>marten</i>; and the <b>Muscovy Duck</b>, -which, so far from claiming a Muscovite origin, is -merely a <i>musk duck</i>, a species somewhat larger than -our common duck.</p> - -<p>The <b>Swift</b> derives its name from its rapid flight; -the <b>Passenger-pigeon</b>, from its migratory habits; -the <b>Skylark</b>, from mounting to the sky and singing -as it flies; and the <b>Chaffinch</b>, from its preference for -chaff above every other kind of food. The <b>Diver</b> is -remarkable for its habit of diving; the <b>Sandpiper</b> -inhabits the sea-beach; and the <b>Chimney-swallow</b> -builds his nest in an ordinary house chimney. The -<b>Horn-bill</b>, the <b>Boat-bill</b>, the <b>Spoon-bill</b>, and the -<b>Duck-bill</b> are respectively so named on account of -the resemblance of their bills to the articles, and in -the last-mentioned case to the bird, indicated; while -the <b>Cross-bill</b> has its mandibles crossed in opposite -directions. The <b>Pouter-pigeon</b> is so called from -the pouting, or bulging out, of its breast; the <b>Ring-dove</b>, -from the white ring around its neck; and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> -<b>Wryneck</b>, from the curious manner in which it -turns its neck over its shoulder when surprised. -The <b>Woodcock</b> is found in the underwood of a -forest, while the <b>Woodpecker</b> pecks holes in the -bark of trees in search for insects.</p> - -<p>Chief among the birds which derive their names -from the countries to which they originally belonged -are the <b>Guinea-fowl</b>, brought from Guinea, West -Africa; the <b>Brahma-fowl</b>, from the neighbourhood -of the Brahmapootra River in India; the <b>Bantam</b>, -from Bantam in Java; the <b>Barb</b>, from Barbary, and -the <b>Turkey</b>, which, although an American bird, was -long believed to have been imported from European -Turkey. Another native of North America received -its name of the <b>Baltimore-bird</b> from the fact that -its colours corresponded with those which occurred -in the arms of Lord Baltimore, the Governor of -Maryland, in which State it principally abounds. -The <b>Canary</b> was first brought from the Canary -Islands in 1500. The <b>Petrel</b>, a sea-bird usually -associated with storms, expresses the Anglicized -form of the Italian <i>petrillo</i>, a diminutive of Peter, in -allusion to St. Peter walking on the sea, and the -frequent appearance of this bird standing as it were -on the surface of the water.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><i>RELIGIOUS ORDERS.</i></h2> - -<p>Strictly speaking, the members of the various -Religious Orders, in this country at least, are -not <b>Monks</b>, but Friars. Only those who live -completely isolated from the rest of mankind, as -did St. Anthony, are entitled to the former designation, -which, in common with the term <b>Monastery</b>, -comes from the Greek <i>monos</i>, alone. Consequently, -a Religious House is incorrectly described as a -Monastery unless each individual within its walls -occupies a separate cell, both by night and by day, -and never suffers himself to have the least communion -with his neighbour. Failing compliance with -such a rule, the term <b>Convent</b>, derived from the -Latin <i>con</i>, together, and <i>venire</i>, to come, is more -fittingly applicable. This designation, however, is -now borne by an institution reserved for a community -of <b>Nuns</b>, so called from the Italian <i>nonna</i>, a -grandmother, because they originally comprised only -very aged women; albeit it was formerly the custom -to speak of Monasteries and Convents without discrimination. -An <b>Abbey</b> always indicated a Religious -House in connection with a Church, as, for example, -Westminster Abbey, the abode of the community -attached to the West Minster, presided over by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> -an <b>Abbot</b>, so styled in accordance with the Syriac -and Latin <i>abba</i>, a father, or, in the case of a female -community, by an <b>Abbess</b>; whereas a <b>Priory</b> -denoted a lesser or branch establishment placed at -some distance from the Abbey, and controlled by a -<b>Prior</b> (or <b>Prioress</b>), signifying one who had a prior -claim over the rest to the office of Abbot (or Abbess) -in the original community.</p> - -<p>A <b>Friar</b>, on the other hand, is—conformably to -the Latin <i>fratre</i> and the French <i>frère</i>, a brother—what -the term implies, viz., one of a brotherhood. -In olden times there existed four distinct and powerful -Orders of Friars. These were the <b>Dominicans</b>, -founded by St. Dominic to preach away the Albigensian -heresies, also known as the <b>Black Friars</b>, -on account of their black habits, and in France as -the <b>Jacobins</b>, because their first convent was -situated in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris; the <b>Franciscans</b>, -or <b>Grey Friars</b>, named after St. Francis -d’Assissi; the <b>Carmelites</b>, or <b>White Friars</b> of -Mount Carmel; and the <b>Augustines</b>, or <b>Austin -Friars</b>, whose origin is ascribed to St. Augustin -or Austin, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, who -died in 605. Eventually a fifth Order, styled the -<b>Trinitarians</b>, or Friars of the Holy Trinity, otherwise -the <b>Crutched Friars</b>, so called from the cross -(Latin <i>cruciati</i>, crossed) embroidered on their habit, -came into existence.</p> - -<p>Referring to the Franciscans, those who conformed -to the austere rules laid down by their -founder were denominated <b>Observant Friars</b>, while<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> -those who, as time wore on, began to live in convents -and coveted lands, chapels, and books, received the -name of <b>Conventional Friars</b>. Out of the Franciscans -there have sprung two lesser Orders, so to -speak, chiefly distinguished by a slight change in -the details appertaining to the habit worn by them. -These are the <b>Capuchins</b>, so called from the <i>capuce</i>, -or pointed cowl, that they wear, and the <b>Cordeliers</b>, -from the knotted cord which encircles their waist in -place of a girdle. In effect, however, these two -offshoots of the Franciscans are the same, and -subject to the like rules, as the parent institution.</p> - -<p>Having disposed of the Friars, let us now turn to -the Monks properly so called. Originally the sole -existing order of monks was that of the <b>Benedictines</b> -as established by St. Benedict, who introduced -the monastic system into Western Europe in -the year 529. No less than twelve large Monasteries -were raised by him before he died; but notwithstanding -the austere rules which obtained among -the Benedictines, these were yet considered too lax -by some individual members of the Order, with the -result that first one and then another “Reformed -Order” sprang into existence, the latest being in -each case distinguished for a still more rigorous -rule than that of its immediate predecessor. Thus, -we now have the <b>Carthusians</b>, our English designation -for the monks of La Chartreuse near Grenoble, -by whom the celebrated liqueur known as -<b>Chartreuse</b> is prepared; the <b>Cistercians</b>, or monks -of Citeau; and the <b>Cluniacs</b>, or monks of Cluny,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> -respectively named after the vicinity of their original -monastery in France; while the <b>Bernardines</b> received -their title from St. Bernard, who founded the -famous Hospice of Mont St. Bernard in the year -962. From the Carthusians, also, there have sprung -the <b>Basilians</b> founded by St. Basil, and from the -Cistercians, the <b>Trappists</b>, or monks of La Trappe, -originally established in the French district so denominated.</p> - -<p>Foremost among the Religious Orders not comprised -in any of the brotherhoods cited above are -the <b>Jesuists</b>, properly styled “The Society of Jesus,” -an organization founded upon a military basis by St. -Ignatius Loyola in 1534, which extends its influence -all over the globe. Next in point of importance -come the <b>Servites</b>, otherwise “The Religious Servants -of the Holy Virgin,” established by seven -Florentine merchants in 1283; the <b>Passionists</b>, a -community of priests solemnly agreed to preach -“Jesus Christ and Him crucified,” founded by Paul -Francis, better known as St. Paul of the Cross, in -1737; and the <b>Redemptorists</b>, or preachers of the -Redemption, also styled the <b>Liguorians</b>, after St. -Francis Liguori, who originated this Order in 1732. -Each of these, except, of course, the lay members -of the Jesuists, are professedly Monks; and yet these -are not really Monks, but <i>Friars</i>, because they live -in community, and at times mingle freely with the -people. In short, they are <b>Missionary Friars</b>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="PAPER_AND_PRINTING"><i>PAPER AND PRINTING.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Paper</b> comes from the Latin <i>papyrus</i>, -and Greek <i>papyros</i>, the designation of an -Egyptian plant from whose reeds the earliest -kind of writing material was obtained. <b>Parchment</b> -is an Anglicized form of the French <i>parchemin</i>, -from the Greek <i>pergamenos</i>, named after the ancient -city of Pergamos, in Asia Minor, where the skins of -goats were first prepared for writing upon at a time -when Ptolemy prohibited the exportation of the -papyrus from Egypt.</p> - -<p><b>Hand-paper</b> was originally so called from its -watermark, which was that of a hand; <b>Pot-Paper</b>, -of a pot; <b>Post-paper</b>, of a post-horn; <b>Crown-paper</b>, -of a crown; and <b>Foolscap</b>, of a fool’s head with the -cap and bells. <b>India-paper</b> formerly came from -the Far East, whereas <b>Nepaul-paper</b> is made in -the district of Nepaul, Northern India. <b>Cap-paper</b> -is so designated because, prior to being used by -grocers for wrapping up sugar and other commodities -sold by weight, it is folded into a cap-like -form. Among papers of a stiffer kind, that are -chiefly intended for drawing upon, we have <b>Elephant</b>, -so called from its large size (28 inches by -23), <b>Cartridge-paper</b>, originally manufactured for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> -soldiers’ cartridges, and <b>Bristol-board</b>, formerly -made only at Bristol.</p> - -<p>By the term <b>Folio</b>, derived from the Latin <i>folium</i>, -a leaf, is meant a sheet of paper folded but once, -thus making two leaves or four pages; a <b>Quarto</b> -(written 4to), is a sheet folded into quarters or four -leaves, making eight pages; an <b>Octavo</b> (8vo), so -styled in accordance with the Latin <i>octa</i>, eight, one -folded into eight leaves or sixteen pages; a <b>Duodecimo</b> -(12mo), the Latin for “two and ten,” one -making twelve leaves or twenty-four pages, and so -forth.</p> - -<p>When Caxton set up the first printing press in -this country, in the year 1476, there were many -among the vulgar who regarded it as an invention -of the devil; and the clergy, no doubt, fostered this -idea, foreseeing that in the event of the Bible being -distributed to the masses by this means, the way -would be thrown open to the production of spurious -editions of Sacred Writ, and the perversion of religious -doctrine, which up to that period had been free -to all who chose to attend daily instruction in the -monasteries. Hence, printing was popularly described -as “The Black Art,” while the boys who -took the sheets off the press, from the fact of generally -smearing their faces with ink, came to be -known as Imps or Devils. This will explain why a -printer’s errand-boy still bears the nickname of a -<b>Printer’s Devil</b>.</p> - -<p>Our Parliamentary Records, Debates, Reports of -Meetings, and Accounts, have received the name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span> -<b>Hansards</b> because they are printed by the large -printing firm established by Luke Hansard in 1752; -whereas a <b>Blue Book</b> is so called on account of -its stiff cover of blue paper. The French Government -reports are styled <b>Yellow Books</b> for a similar -reason. The term <b>Book</b> comes from the Danish -<i>bog</i>, a beech-tree, which abounds in Denmark and -whose wood is much used for engraving-blocks. -The <b>Leaf</b> of a book is in allusion to the ancient -custom of writing on the bark of trees; while -<b>Volume</b> is derived from the Latin <i>volvo</i>, I roll, -relative to the Egyptian papyri, each one of which -when rolled up formed a document or volume complete -in itself. A storehouse for books is styled a -<b>Library</b>, in accordance with the Latin <i>librarium</i>, a -book-case, derived in the first instance from <i>liber</i>, a -book.</p> - -<p>A <b>Pamphlet</b> owes its description to Pamphila, a -Greek lady who left behind her a kind of commonplace -book containing notes, epitomes, and anecdotes. -The French equivalent for a pamphlet is a -<b>Brochure</b>, so called from the verb <i>brocher</i>, to stitch, -because such a book consists only of a few pages -stitched together. The word <b>Chart</b> comes from the -Latin <i>charta</i>, a leaf of paper; a chart, therefore, is -not printed on canvas like a map, but on a single -sheet of paper. <b>Map</b> traces its origin from <i>mappa</i>, -a Punic word which signified a signal-cloth, also a -napkin, because in ancient times military and other -landmarks were sketched upon a cloth in the absence -of parchment and paper. Nowadays, a book of maps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> -designed for school use is called an <b>Atlas</b>, after -the fabled King of Mauritania of this name, -who was believed by the ancients to support the -world on his shoulders. The figure of Atlas with -the globe first appeared as a frontispiece to -“Mercator’s Projections,” published about the year -1560.</p> - -<p>A <b>Cartoon</b>, as we understand the term, is a representation -of political significance, usually coloured -and printed on stiff paper. To some extent this -kind of publication owes its origin to the celebrated -‘Cartoons’ of Raffaelle, now in the South Kensington -Museum, so called because they were drawn -upon <i>cartone</i>, the Italian for pasteboard. A <b>Broadside</b> -consists of a large sheet of paper having the -matter printed straight across, instead of in columns, -so as to admit of being read at one broad view. The -reverse side of the sheet is left blank. A <b>Poster</b> -bears its name from the fact that formerly the sidewalks -of London streets, instead of being paved as -now, were distinguished from the centre, or sedan-chair -and riding way, by a series of posts; and upon -these, theatrical and other announcements were -<i>posted</i>. In France, the theatre bills are exhibited -upon the lamp-posts on the Boulevards in a similar -manner. In conclusion, the distinction between <span class="smcap">Booksellers</span> -and <span class="smcap">Stationers</span> was originally this: the -former were itinerant sellers of books, like hawkers, -and pedlars, whereas the latter had stalls at the -corners of streets or in open market; and as the -<i>stationarii</i>, or stationary booksellers, were enabled to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> -display a more varied stock than the itinerants who -carried books only, such articles as writing-paper, -pens, ink, and other materials in course of time received -the name of <b>Stationery</b>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="POLITICAL_NICKNAMES"><i>POLITICAL NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p>The utmost difficulty exists in reconciling the -various opinions expressed by different authors -concerning the origin of the terms <b>Whig</b> and -<b>Tory</b>. And yet, if we but consider the reasons why -these nicknames were first bestowed upon the two -great political factions of this country during the -reign of Charles II., we may possibly attain a -much-desired end. In the year 1648 (<i>temp.</i> Charles -I.) there occurred a rising, or sally, of the peasantry -inhabiting the south-western districts of Scotland -against the Royalists. This was known as the -<b>Whigamore Raid</b>, the term <i>whigamore</i> being -applied to the teamsters and ploughmen of those -parts because they used the twin-syllabic cry of -“Whi-gam!” to drive their horses. When, -therefore, in the early days of the Restoration, the -ultra-Protestant party opposed certain measures of -the Government, the Catholics reproached them -with favouring the fanatical opinions of the Scottish -Covenanters and Whigamores, and styled them -<b>Whigs</b>. In return the Protestants bestowed upon -their opponents the nickname of <b>Tories</b>, the -familiar designation of a band of Irish outlaws -who sought refuge in the bog districts of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> -Ireland. The word Tory, or rather <i>Toree</i>, is Irish, -signifying a robber. From that time down to the -present <b>Toryism</b> has been considered to denote a -steadfast adherence to constitutional principles and -the maintenance of royalty and the peerage, as -opposed to the progressive and more <i>liberal</i> views -appertaining to <b>Whiggism</b>, which advocates constitutional -reform and a moderate extension of -democratical powers. The word <b>Liberal</b> was first -employed by Lord Byron and his friends as the -title of a periodical intended to set forth the political -aims of the advanced Whig party in 1828. The -term <b>Conservative</b> (derived from the Latin <i>con</i>, -together, and <i>servare</i>, to keep, to preserve) first -appeared in an article in <i>The Quarterly Review</i>, -January, 1830, and was permanently adopted by -the Tory party on the passing of the Reform Bill -two years afterwards. The still more advanced -section of the Whig party which came into prominence -in 1816 were styled <b>Radicals</b>, or <b>Radical -Reformers</b>, from their desire to institute a <i>thorough</i> -reformation in the national policy. In our own day -the Radicals and the Democrats may be set down -as one and the same party; while the <b>Socialists</b> -eminently carry out the principles of the primitive -Radicals of the time of Charles I., who styled -themselves <b>Levellers</b> because they strove to reduce -society to a common level. The word <b>Democrat</b> is -derived from the Greek <i>demos</i>, people, and <i>kratein</i>, to -govern; therefore denoting one who upholds the -principle of government by the people themselves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> -and diametrically opposed to an <b>Aristocracy</b> (Greek, -<i>aristos</i>, best, and <i>kratein</i>, to govern), or government -by the bravest and best. These terms were first -brought into notice by the French Revolutionists -of 1790.</p> - -<p>Adverting to the protracted struggle between the -<b>Royalists</b> under Charles I. and the <b>Parliamentarians</b> -under the Cromwellian Parliament, no two -nicknames could have been more suggestive of their -origin than those respectively of the <b>Cavaliers</b> and -the <b>Roundheads</b>. The latter arose out of the -Puritan fashion of cropping the hair close round -the head, the former from the cavalier manner in -which a number of gentlemen offered themselves as -a permanent escort to the King after he had been -subjected to insult in December, 1641. The word -Cavalier is synonymous with the French <i>chevalier</i>, -a mounted knight, from <i>cheval</i>, a horse, derived from -the Latin <i>caballus</i>, and the Greek <i>kaballes</i>, an inferior -horse.</p> - -<p>The Protestants in Ireland received the name of -<b>Orangemen</b> owing to their adherence to William -III., Prince of Orange, while the Roman Catholics -were styled <b>Jacobites</b> from their adhesion to James -II., <i>Jacobus</i> being the Latin form of the King’s -name. The <b>Peep o’ Day Boys</b> were so called -because they broke into the houses of the people at -dawn of day in quest of arms; and the <b>White Boys</b>, -from the white smocks they wore over their clothing. -The depredations of both these insurgents were -finally put an end to by the Insurrection Acts, passed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> -in 1786-7. The secret brotherhood of the <b>Fenians</b>, -organized for the overthrow of the English rule in -Ireland, derived its name from Fiona Mac Cumhal, -better known as Fingal, after whom <span class="smcap">Fingal’s Cave</span> -is designated. The correct interpretation of the -Gaelic word <i>Fenian</i> is “a hunter.” Another secret -society of quite recent origin is that of the <b>Irish -Invincibles</b>, established, as was publicly stated by -Carey the Informer, for the “making of history by -killing tyrants.” Their title is due to the boast -that they defy extermination. The <b>Ribbonmen</b> -take their name from the distinctive badge which -they wear. <b>Emergency Men</b> are the more active -members of the Irish Defence Association. The <b>Separists</b> -and the <b>Parnellites</b> are one and the same, -sworn to support the measures of Mr. Parnell and -the Irish National Party in promoting Home Rule -for Ireland. The now familiar word <b>Boycotting</b>, -in connection with Irish affairs, arose out of the -troubles experienced by Captain Boycott, of Lough -Mask Farm, near Ballinrobe, County Mayo, the -land agent of Lord Erne. His house was besieged, -his labourers were threatened, his crops remained -ungathered, and tradesmen refused to supply him -with goods. This occurred on the 11th and 12th -of November, 1880, after which the military was -despatched to his aid, and a “Boycott Fund” -subscribed for his benefit. The expression “to -boycott” a man practically means to place him -beyond the pale of civilization.</p> - -<p>The lowest order of the French Revolutionists<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span> -were denominated <b>Sansculottes</b>, literally, “without -breeches,” because they rejected those very serviceable -articles of attire as being emblematical of the -aristocracy. The same term was also applied to the -Republican leaders as a reproach for the negligence -of their dress; but after a time they themselves -adopted the title with pride. The <b>Red Republicans</b> -were so called for a two-fold reason. In the first -place, they did not hesitate to steep their hands in -human blood to accomplish their political aims; -and, secondly, they wore the red cap, symbolical of -Liberty from the days of the Romans downwards. -The two antagonistic parties of the Revolution were -styled <b>The Mountain</b> and <b>The Plain</b> for the -reason that the former sat upon the most elevated -benches in the Hall of Assembly, while the latter -occupied the ground floor. The Plain was for the -most part composed of the <b>Girondists</b>, or deputies -from the Department of the Gironde.</p> - -<p>The <b>Hats</b> and the <b>Caps</b> were the two great -political factions in Sweden, so called on account -of the French <i>chapeaux</i> worn by the partisans of the -French interest on the one side, and the Russian -caps worn by the partisans of the Russian interest -on the other. <i>Apropos</i> of Russia, the word <b>Nihilist</b> -(derived from the Latin <i>nihil</i>, nothing), originally -denoted a social rather than a political party -opposed to the tyranny of custom. Its significance -is well expressed by Turgeneff, who first introduced -it in his novel “Fathers and Sons,” published in -1862:—“A Nihilist is a man who bows before no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> -authority, who accepts no principle without examination, -no matter what credit the principle has.” At -the present day a Nihilist is a revolutionary Socialist -of the most pronounced degree.</p> - -<p>The Italian <b>Carbonari</b>, being the plural of -<i>carbonaro</i>, a coal-man, a charcoal-burner, who first -came into notice in 1820, assumed their designation -from the fact of their meetings being originally held in -the huts of the charcoal-burners, and because they -held charcoal to be the symbol of purification. The -<b>Black Cloaks</b> were the upper classes of Naples, -distinguished by the colour and quality of their -cloaks from the <b>Lazzari</b>, or beggars. Regarded as -a political party, the Neapolitan Black Cloaks no -longer exist; but the <b>Lazzaroni</b>, so called from the -Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves for their -refuge, are still to be met with in all quarters of the -city. Then, again, we must not omit mention of -the <b>Guelphs</b> and the <b>Ghibellines</b>, names of two -powerful families whose rival partisanship of the -Papal and the Imperial supremacy in Italy threatened -the peace of Europe during the long period -embraced between the years 1250 and 1500.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Federal</b> comes from the Latin <i>fœdus</i>, a -league or compact. A federal form of government -is one under which a number of States, while retaining -their individual institutions and autonomy, unite -together for purposes of defence and for a larger -national existence, delegating to a representative -national government certain specified powers. The -most noteworthy examples in history of this form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> -of government are the Achaean League, the Swiss -Republic, and the United States of America. In the -early history of the United States the term “Federal” -was applied to that one of the two great political -parties which was supposed to be more particularly -in sympathy with English standards and to favour -an English alliance, and which desired a strong -central government. Their opponents, who preferred -a French alliance, and who opposed a strong -central government, were then termed “Republicans.”</p> - -<p>About 1830 the “Federals” became <b>Whigs</b>, and -in 1856 they assumed the name of <b>Republicans</b> -(from <i>res publica</i>, the State), the States-rights party -having in the meantime taken the name of “Democrats” -(from <i>demos</i>, the people). During the civil -war of 1861-1865 the Northerners were all termed -“Federals” (or by their opponents “Yankees” or -“Yanks”), while the Southerners had taken the -name of <b>Confederates</b>, because their Constitution -instituted a weaker central government and favoured -the independent action of the several States.</p> - -<p>The Southerners were also given the nickname of -“Corn-feds,” in allusion to the chief article of their -diet. The term <b>Yankee</b> above alluded to dates -back to the seventeenth century, and is a modification -of the name “Yengees,” an attempt by the -Massachusetts Indians to pronounce the name -“English.”</p> - -<p>By the residents of the Northern States, the term -is limited to the inhabitants of the six States of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> -England. During the civil war of 1861-1865, the -members of a political faction in the North received -the name of <b>Copperheads</b>, because they were regarded -as secret foes to the national cause. The -allusion was to the poisonous copperhead serpent, -which gives no warning of its approach. The -<b>Know-nothings</b> were a secret political party in -the United States (1848-1860), whose chief aim was -the checking of foreign immigration and the political -influence of foreigners by the repeal of the Naturalization -Laws, and the reserving of public appointments -for native-born Americans. The answer given by -its members to all questions about the party organization -was, “I don’t know.”</p> - -<p>The <b>Tammany Ring</b> was the name used to -designate an organization among certain officials -and their backers in the city of New York in 1870-1871, -who succeeded for a time in enriching themselves -at the expense of the city. The ring was -overthrown in 1871, and its leaders imprisoned or -banished. The name of the ring arose from Tammany -Hall, the headquarters of a society originally -founded (in 1805) for benevolent purposes, but which -had become a political power, and which is again -(1892) controlling the government of New York.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Mugwump</b> first came into political use -in 1884. It was then applied to voters who had -been “Republicans,” but who, on various grounds, -preferred the Democratic candidate Cleveland to the -Republican Blaine, and who succeeded in electing -the former. It has since been given generally to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> -citizens, who, while actively interested in politics, -refuse to be bound closely by party ties, considering -causes such as free trade, civil service reform, honest -money, &c., as more important than party labels or -party success. The name “Mugwump” is said to be -derived from an Indian word signifying “wise chief.”</p> - -<p>The <b>Chartists</b> constituted an enormous body of -the people of this country who, soon after the -passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, loudly clamoured -for “The People’s Charter,” of which the six -principal points were these:—Universal Suffrage, -Vote by Ballot, Annual Parliaments, Payment of -the Members, Abolition of the Property Qualification, -and the Equalization of Electorial Rights. William -Lovett, the author of this document, died in August, -1877. The English war party, who sided with the -Turks in the Russo-Turkish struggle of 1878 received -the nickname of <b>Jingoes</b>, or <b>The Jingo Party</b>, -from the chorus of Macdermott’s famous music-hall -song, commencing—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“We don’t want to fight, but, <i>by Jingo</i>, if we do!”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>“Jingo” is a corruption of <i>Jainko</i>, the Basque term -for God. Hence the expression, “By Jingo!” is -properly a direct appeal to the Deity. A <b>Protectionist</b> -is one who advocates the protection of -home-produce and manufactures against foreign -competition by the imposition of import duties.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="FLOWERS"><i>FLOWERS.</i></h2> - -<p>The name of <b>Forget-me-not</b> originated in the -following legend:—A German knight and his lady -were walking on the bank of the Danube, when -the fair one saw a beautiful tuft of <i>Myosotis palustris</i> -growing in the water, and expressed a wish to have -it. With chivalrous alacrity the knight at once -plunged into the river and gathered his prize; but -before he could regain the steep and slippery bank, -encumbered as he was by his heavy armour, he -was drawn by the treacherous eddy into a deep pool. -Finding he could not save himself, he threw the -flowers ashore to his mistress as he sank, and -uttered with his last breath the words “<i>Vergess -mein nicht!</i>” (“Forget-me-not!”) Hence this flower -has come to be universally regarded as the emblem -of fidelity.</p> - -<p><b>Mignonette</b>, the diminutive of <i>Mignon</i>, the French -for “darling,” is so called on account of its delicate -fragrance. The <b>Carnation</b> owes its name to the -Latin <i>caro</i>, flesh, in relation to its colour. <b>Geranium</b> -comes from the Greek and Latin <i>geranos</i>, a -crane; this genus of plants having a beak-like torus, -or receptacle. It is also known as <b>Crane’s-bill</b> for -the same reason. <b>Pansy</b> is an Anglicized form of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> -the French <i>pensée</i>, “thoughts,” this being the sentiment -expressed by the flower.</p> - -<p>The <b>Camellia</b> was named after G. J. Camelli, -the German botanist and missionary (died 1690), by -whom it was introduced into Europe from the East; -the <b>Dahlia</b>, after Andrew Dahl, the Swedish botanist, -who discovered it in Mexico in 1784; and the <b>Fuchsia</b>, -after Leonard Fuchs, who brought it from Mexico -about the year 1542. The <b>Victoria Regia</b> was so -called because it was introduced into this country -from British Guiana soon after the accession of -Queen Victoria. The <b>Adonis</b> is said to have -sprung out of the blood of Adonis, the beautiful -youth who was gored to death by a boar; and the -<b>Hyacinth</b> is supposed to have originated in a -similar manner after Hyacinth had fallen a victim -to the jealousy of Zephyr. The <b>Aspasia</b> bears the -name of Aspasia of Miletus, the mistress of Pericles. -The term <b>Orchid</b> comes from the Greek <i>orchis</i>, a -testicle, all plants of this family being distinguished -by double testicles. The <b>Sweetbriar</b> is literally a -“fragrant thorn”; the <b>Lilac</b> betrays its Eastern -origin in the Turkish <i>leilak</i>, and Persian <i>lilaj</i>; while -the term <b>Lavender</b> is derived from the Latin <i>lavere</i>, -to wash, because the essential oil obtained from this -shrub enters into the composition of a favourite -scent.</p> - -<p>The <b>Dog-rose</b> was so called by the Greeks from -the belief that the root of this particular rose-tree -was efficacious in curing the bite of a mad dog. -The <b>Damask-rose</b> was brought to England from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> -Damascus by Dr. Linacre in 1540. The <b>Cabbage-rose</b> -is thick and compact like a cabbage. The -<b>Christmas-rose</b> makes its appearance about Christmas-time. -The word <b>Primrose</b>, agreeably to the -Latin <i>prima rosa</i>, signifies the first rose, or flower, of -spring.</p> - -<p>The <b>Mayflower</b>, otherwise the <b>Hawthorn</b>, the -Anglo-Saxon for “hedge-thorn,” appears in flower -in the month of May, while <b>Gilly-flower</b> is merely -a corruption of “July flower.” The <b>Tiger-flower</b> -is streaked like a tiger. <b>Daffodil</b> is a corruption of -“d’Asphodele,” the French name of this flower. -<b>Hollyhock</b> is not “Holy Oak,” but the Anglo-Saxon -<i>holi-hoc</i>, or marsh mallow. The <b>Noon-tide</b>, -or <b>Noon-flower</b>, closes its petals at noon; the -<b>Convolvulus</b>, so called from the Latin <i>con</i>, together, -and <i>volvere</i>, to roll, does the like at sunset, in common -with the ordinary field <b>Daisy</b>, which owes its name, -a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon <i>doeges-eaye</i>, literally -“the day’s eye,” to this circumstance. The <b>Buttercup</b> -was originally so designated in accordance with -an old-established idea that the yellow hue of butter -was attributable to the fact of these flowers being -eaten by cattle. However, as the buttercups are -invariably avoided by the cattle, the proverbial -wisdom of our forefathers must for once in a way -be discredited. <b>Cowslip</b> is a corruption of “cows’ -leek.”</p> - -<p>The very common supposition that the <b>Sunflower</b> -inclines towards the sun is entirely erroneous, as has -been proved by observation. This flower merely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> -takes its name from its form and colour. On the -other hand, if its etymology be correct, the <b>Heliotrope</b> -does actually turn towards the sun, the word -<i>helios</i> being Greek for sun, and <i>tropos</i>, to turn. The -<b>Goldylocks</b> is so called on account of its tufts of -yellow flowers; whereas the <b>Marigold</b>, which bears -yellow flowers, was named in honour of Queen -Mary. Both these, with the Sunflower, belong to -the <b>Chrysanthemum</b> (Greek <i>chrusos</i>, gold, and -<i>anthemos</i>, flower) family. The word <b>Rhododendron</b>, -we may add, comes from the Greek <i>rhodon</i>, -rose, and <i>dendron</i>, tree.</p> - -<p>The <b>Passion-flower</b> symbolizes in its tints -and several parts the various attributes of Christ’s -Passion, as follows:—The white tint, purity; the -blue tint, heaven; the leaf, the spear; the five -anthers, the five wounds; the tendrils, the whips -and cords; the column of the ovary, the pillar of the -cross; the stamens, the hammers; the three styles, -the nails; the fleshy thorns within the flowers, the -crown of thorns; the calyx, the nimbus, or glory. -In addition to the foregoing the passion-flower -remains open for three days, and this is supposed -to correspond with the three years’ ministry of the -Redeemer.</p> - -<p>Lastly, the flower known as the <b>Stock</b> received -its name from the fact that it was principally sold -in the old <span class="smcap">Stocks Market</span> displaced by the building -of the present Mansion House in the year 1737; the -market itself having derived its title from a pair of -stocks that stood there.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_BIBLE"><i>THE BIBLE.</i></h2> - -<p>In the estimation of many millions of human -beings the Bible is very properly regarded as -the “Book of Books.” And a Book of Books -it truly is; not only <span class="smcap">The</span> Book above all others, but -comprising a number of distinct works from the -pens of various Inspired Writers according to the -Old Law and the New. For this reason precisely -the earliest Saxon version of the Sacred Volume was -called the <b>Bible</b> in accordance with the Greek and -Latin word <i>biblia</i>, the plural of <i>biblion</i>, a book, -derived from biblos, the inner bark of the papyrus, -which was the first kind of writing material known. -“Bible,” therefore, is a collective term for the <b>Scriptures</b>, -which designation comes from the Latin -<i>scriptura</i>, a writing, based upon the verb <i>scribere</i>, -to write. Here, again, note the correct use of the -plural.</p> - -<p>The original translation of the Hebrew Testament -into Greek, about the year 260 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, bore the title of -the <b>Septuagint</b> because it employed the labours of -seventy, or rather of seventy-two, translators. More -than six hundred years afterwards, viz., in the Year -of Our Lord 405, when St. Jerome (born 346, died -420) rendered the whole of the Scriptures—to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> -sure the New Testament had not an existence -at the time of the Greek translation—into the Latin -tongue, his performance was styled the <i>Vulgatus</i>, -or <b>Vulgate</b>, from <i>vulgare</i>, to make known to -the <i>vulgus</i>, the multitude. This <b>Latin Vulgate</b> -constitutes the Bible of the Roman Catholics -as authorized by the Council of Trent in the -year 1546. It was first printed for the use -of the Christian world generally in 1462. The -English translation of the Old Testament portion -of the Vulgate bears the title of the <b>Douay Bible</b> -because it was first printed and published at the -English College at Douay, in France, in 1609. The -New Testament portion, known as the <b>Rheims -Bible</b>, was issued at Rheims twenty-seven years -earlier, viz., in 1582.</p> - -<p>The <b>Authorized Version</b> of the Bible appointed -to be read in the Church of England is called <b>King -James’s Bible</b>, after James I., who ordered it to -be prepared, and in whose reign (in the year 1611) -it was first given to the people. The <b>Bishops’ -Bible</b>, published in parts between 1568 and 1572, -derived its name from the seven bishops that -assisted Archbishop Parker with his revision of -<b>Cranmer’s Bible</b>, otherwise <b>The Great Bible</b>, so -called because Archbishop Cranmer’s version of the -text, published in 1539, was of large size, specially -printed for the purpose of being displayed and read -by the people in the churches. To the 1540 edition -of this version Cranmer prefixed a lengthy Introduction. -One of the earliest Latin Bibles, printed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> -by Gutenberg between the years 1450 and 1455, -and, indeed, one of the earliest perfect printed -books from separate types, is known as the <b>Mazarin -Bible</b>, from a copy being discovered in Cardinal -Mazarin’s library. The <b>Pearl Bible</b> was so called -because it was printed in pearl type by Field in -1653. The <b>Geneva Bible</b>, printed at Geneva in -1560, also bears the singular title of the <b>Breeches -Bible</b>, owing to the substitution of the word -“breeches” for “aprons” in <i>Genesis</i> iii. 7. Similarly, -the <b>Vinegar Bible</b> is indebted for its title -to the misprinting of the word “vineyard” in the -running headline to <i>Luke</i> xx. at the Clarendon Press -in 1717; the <b>Beer Bible</b>, to the substitution of the -words “the beer” for “strong drink” in the -twenty-fourth chapter of <i>Isaiah</i>, ninth verse; the -<b>Treacle Bible</b>, to the rendering of the passage, -“Is there no balm in Gilead?” into “There is no -more triacle at Gilaad” (<i>Jeremiah</i> viii. 22); the <b>Whig -Bible</b>, to the misprinting of the word “peacemakers,” -so that the sentence reads, “Blessed are -the placemakers”; the <b>Wicked Bible</b>, from the -omission of a word in <i>Exodus</i> xx. 14, which caused -the verse to read, “Thou shalt commit adultery”; -and the <b>Bug Bible</b>, printed by John Daye in 1551, -from the peculiar rendering of the fifth verse in -<i>Psalm</i> xci., which reads, “So thou shalt not need -to be afraid for any <i>bugs</i> by night, nor for the arrow -that flieth by day.” The first edition of the Authorized -Version is called the <b>“He” Bible</b>, because it -contains a misprint in <i>Ruth</i> iii. 15, the passage reading,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> -“And he went into the city.” A subsequent -issue published in the same year, in which the -mistake is rectified, is known as the <b>“She” Bible</b>. -The <b>Virginia Bible</b> is a rare version of the Scriptures -translated into the native language of the -North American Indians of Virginia. The first -edition of this Bible was printed in 1661-3, copies -of which are said to be worth £200.</p> - -<p>The first five books of the Old Testament written -by Moses bear the collective title of the <b>Pentateuch</b> -on account of the two Greek words <i>penta</i>, five, and -<i>teuchos</i>, an implement, a tool, alluding to the Books -being the direct instrument of communication between -God and His people. The titles of these five -Books themselves are as follows:—<b>Genesis</b>, which -expresses the Greek for origin or production, describes -the history of the world from its beginning; <b>Exodus</b>, -derived from <i>ex</i>, out, and <i>odus</i>, a way, narrates the -departure of the Israelites out of Egypt; <b>Leviticus</b> -sets forth the regulations affecting the priests and -Levites; <b>Numbers</b> contains the census of the -Israelites; and <b>Deuteronomy</b>, from the Greek -<i>deuteros</i>, second, and <i>nomos</i>, law, comprises the -second giving of the Law by Moses.</p> - -<p>The designation <b>Apocrypha</b>, signifying hidden or -spurious, is applied to those Books whose authenticity -as Inspired Writings is not admitted; in other -words, to those portions of the Scriptures which, -inasmuch as they do not establish any doctrine, are -not held to be canonical, yet are such as, in the -words of the Prayer Book, “the Church doth read<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> -for example of life and instruction of manners.” On -the other hand, the <b>Apocalypse</b>, signifying disclosure, -is synonymous with the “Book of Revelation,” -and specifically applies to the concluding Book of -the Bible.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="WINES"><i>WINES.</i></h2> - -<p>With one or two exceptions only, the -different kinds of wines owe their names -to the places where they are produced. -Thus, <b>Burgundy</b> and <b>Champagne</b> respectively -come from the French provinces, <b>Pontac</b> from the -town, and <b>Moselle</b> from the vineyards extensively -cultivated on the banks of the river, so designated. -Rhenish wines are popular all over Europe; yet -none are probably more celebrated than the <b>Johannisberg</b>, -produced at the Castle of Johannisberg -(literally, John’s Rock), near Wiesbaden, and <b>Hock</b>, -produced at Hockheim. Among Italian wines, -<b>Florence</b> comes from the historic “City of -Flowers,” whereas <b>Falernian</b>, celebrated by Martial, -Horace, and other Latin authors, was made from -grapes grown in the district around the ancient city -of Falernum. A justly celebrated Tuscan wine is the -<b>Montepulciano</b>, produced at the old city so denominated. -As its name implies, <b>Malaga</b> is imported -from Malaga, in Spain; <b>Sherry</b> is our English -rendering of the place-name Xeres, near Cadiz; -while <b>Port</b> constitutes the native wine of Oporto, -the capital of Portugal. Of Mediterranean wines, -<b>Cyprus</b>, brought from the now British island of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> -that name, and <b>Malmsey</b>, an English corruption of -<b>Malvasia</b>, so termed after the district in the island -of Candia, where it is produced, are the chief. -<b>Madeira</b> and <b>Canary</b> are imported from the islands -so called, situated on the great ocean highway to the -Cape of Good Hope. An excellent wine greatly -sought after on the Continent, though somewhat -unknown in this country, is <b>Tokay</b>, produced from -white grapes cultivated in the district of Tokay, -Upper Hungary. <b>Claret</b> owes its designation to -the French <i>clair</i>, clear, because it is a clarified wine; -whereas <b>Tent Wine</b> is a mere corruption of the -Spanish <i>vino tinto</i>, signifying a white wine coloured. -The sparkling champagne known as <b>Sillery</b> popularizes -the name of the Marquis de Sillery, the -proprietor of the vineyards where this particular -species is produced; just as <b>Pommery</b> is destined -to perpetuate the memory of Madame Pommery, -mother to the Duchess de Polignac, and sole -proprietress of the vineyards and subterranean -Pommery vaults near Rheims. <b>Moet and Chandon</b> -similarly denotes the champagne brewed by the -well-known French firm trading under the style of -“Moet et Chandon.”</p> - -<p>Among concoctions of the vinous order we have -<b>Hippocras</b>, so called because it is said to have -been first made according to the recipe of Hippocrates, -the Father of Medicine; <b>Badminton</b>, -originally prepared at Badminton, the seat of the -Duke of Beaufort; and <b>Negus</b>, named after Colonel -Francis Negus, who invented it. Formerly, our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> -countrymen set great store by <b>Sack</b>, which was -simply the designation of a dry wine, derived from -the French word <i>sec</i>, dry. Wine is said to be a <b>Dry -Wine</b> when it is neither sweet nor sparkling. It -cannot be sweet because, the fermentation being -complete, the sugar contained in it is fully decomposed; -moreover, it is dry because the carbonic acid -has escaped. For the like reason, a certain evidence -that port wine has completed the process of fermentation -is the collection of tartar in the interior of the -bottle, forming a crust; hence the term <b>Crusted -Port</b>. A very bad wine of whatever kind usually -bears the name of <b>Three Men Wine</b>, owing to -the idea that it requires one man to hold the drinker, -and another to pour it down his throat, while the -third is the unfortunate individual himself. The -derivation of the term <b>Wine</b> is the Anglo-Saxon <i>vin</i> -from the Latin <i>vinum</i>, allied to <i>vinea</i>, a vine.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LITERARY_SOBRIQUETS"><i>LITERARY SOBRIQUETS.</i></h2> - -<p>Gildas, the earliest chronicler of British -history (born 511, died 570), was surnamed -<b>The Wise</b> on account of his learning, -which must have excited the wonder of the semi-barbarian -inhabitants of these islands in the sixth -century. Later, the Saxon historian Beda, incorrectly -called Bede (born 673, died 735), was surnamed <b>The -Venerable</b> because he was also an ecclesiastic. Approaching -more modern times, we meet with John -White, a Nonconformist lawyer, who, in consequence -of being the author of a work entitled “The First -Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, made and -admitted into Benefices by the Prelates, &c.,” merited -the popular description of <b>Century White</b>. Still -nearer our own day, Matthew Gregory Lewis (born -1775, died 1818) became the recipient of the name of -<b>Monk Lewis</b>, after the publication of his famous -novel, “The Monk”; just as John Thomas Smith, -the antiquary (born 1766, died 1833), was indebted -to his chatty, albeit valuable work, “A Book for -a Rainy Day,” for his sobriquet of <b>Rainy-Day -Smith</b>.</p> - -<p>Turning to the poets, John Sylvester, the translator -of Du Barta’s “Divine Weeks and Works”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> -(born 1563, died 1613), is popularly referred to as -<b>Silver-tongued Sylvester</b> on account of the -sweet melody of his verse. John Taylor, <b>The -Water Poet</b> (born 1580, died 1654), was a Thames -waterman; James Hogg, <b>The Ettrick Shepherd</b> -(born 1772, died 1835), followed the employment of -a shepherd in the forest of Ettrick, Selkirkshire; and -Edward Capern, <b>The Bidëford Postman</b> (born -1819), was for several years a letter-carrier in the -little town of Bidëford, Devonshire. Nathaniel Lee -(born 1655, died 1691) received the name of <b>The -Mad Poet</b> from the fact of his four years’ confinement -in a mad-house. <b>The Quaker Poet</b> was -Bernard Barton, the friend of Charles Lamb (born -1784, died 1849); while Samuel Rogers, <b>The -Banker Poet</b> (born 1763, died 1855), divided his -time pleasantly between the counting-house and -the study. Thomas Moore (born 1779, died 1852) -merited the style of <b>Anacreon Moore</b> by his -translations from the Greek poet Anacreon, and the -circumstance that his own original verses were constructed -upon the same classic model. Richard -Horne, the poet and critic (born 1802, died 1884), -was known as <b>Orion Horne</b>, and also as <b>The -Farthing Poet</b>, on account of his principal work -“Orion,” published at one farthing, as a satire on -the poverty of the book-buying public.</p> - -<p>Sir Walter Scott (born 1771, died 1832) was -surnamed <b>The Wizard of the North</b> owing to -the magic influence which he exerted over all -classes of the people, and the widespread fascination<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> -of his novels; while Henry Mackenzie, the author -of “The Man of Feeling” (born 1745, died 1831), -enjoyed the signal honour of being designated -<b>The Addison of the North</b>, owing to the purity -and excellence of his style. No more flattering -recognition of the genius of William Wordsworth -(born 1770, died 1850) could ever have been desired -than the title of <b>The Minstrel of the Border</b>, -bestowed upon him by Sir Walter Scott. <b>The Corn -Law Rhymer</b> was Ebenezer Elliott (born 1781, -died 1849) who, by the dedication of his numerous -versified philippics to the opponents of Free Trade, -indirectly, if not directly, prepared the way for the -repeal of the obnoxious Corn Laws in the year 1846. -Reference to the word “Philippics” carries us back -in imagination to Demosthenes, who directed one of -his most famous orations against Philip, King of -Macedon; hence, any indignant invective or vehement -denunciation is characteristically styled a -<span class="smcap">Philippic</span>.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_COUNTIES_OF_ENGLAND"><i>THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND -AND WALES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Northumberland</b> originally denoted -the land north of the Humber; <b>Cumberland</b>, -the land occupied by the Cymri; and -<b>Westmoreland</b>, the land of the Westmorings, or -people of the Western moors. <b>Durham</b> is a -corruption of <i>Dunholm</i>, signifying a hill-fort on an -island in the river; <i>dun</i> being Celtic for a hill, or fort -on a hill, and <i>holm</i> the Scandinavian for an island. -The Shire, or County, of <b>York</b>, in common with the -majority of the Midland and Welsh counties, is -named after its chief town; or rather, in this case, -the ancient city described in documents as <i>Eurewic</i>, -but pronounced <i>Yorric</i>, from its position on the river -Eure, now known as the Ouse.</p> - -<p><b>Lancashire</b> indicates the Shire of <b>Lancaster</b>, -the <i>caester</i>, or camp-town, on the Lune. This -Anglo-Saxon word <i>Caester</i>, derived from the Latin -<i>castra</i>, a camp, fortress, appears also in the names -of <b>Cheshire</b>, a contraction of <i>Caestershire</i>, the Shire -of <b>Chester</b>, the town built on the site of the old -Roman <i>castra</i>, or camp; in <b>Leicestershire</b>, the -Shire of the camp-town on the river <i>Leire</i>, now -called the Soar; in <b>Worcestershire</b>, the Shire of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> -<i>Hwic-ware-shire</i>, or fortress-town, of the Huiccii; -and in <b>Gloucestershire</b>, the Shire of the camp-town -in which <i>Gloi</i>, a son of the Emperor Claudius, -was born during the Roman occupation of Britain.</p> - -<p><b>Lincoln</b> is a contraction of the Latin <i>Lindumcolonia</i>, -signifying the colony formed by the Romans -on the <i>Llyn-dun</i>, literally “the fortified hill by the -pool,” originally occupied and so called by the -ancient Britons [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_149"><span class="smcap">London</span></a>]. The names <b>Norfolk</b> -and <b>Suffolk</b> respectively indicate those portions of -the eastern coast settled by the Angles, who separated -into two distinct tribes, viz., the north folk and -the south folk. <b>Essex</b> is a contraction of <i>East-seaxe</i>, -denoting the territory occupied by the East -Saxons; <b>Sussex</b>, of <i>Suth-seaxe</i>, or South Saxons; -and <b>Middlesex</b>, of <i>Middle-seaxe</i>, or the inhabitants -of the district between Essex and <b>Wessex</b>, the -land of the West Saxons, which, under the Heptarchy, -extended to the westward as far as -Devon. <b>Surrey</b> is a modification of the Anglo-Saxon -<i>Suth-rey</i>, south of the river, <i>i.e.</i>, the -Thames. <b>Kent</b> was formerly <i>Cantium</i>, indicating -the land bestowed upon Canute, one of the companions -of Brute, an early King of Britain, who, -according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, settled in -England and eventually founded the Danish -dynasty.</p> - -<p><b>Hampshire</b>, also written <b>Hants</b>, expresses the -Shire of <i>Hantone</i>, or <i>Hantune</i>, now known as -<b>Southampton</b>, the south town on the river Ant, -or Southampton Water. <b>Dorset</b> was originally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> -<i>Dwrset</i>, a compound of the Celtic <i>dwr</i>, water, and -the Anglo-Saxon <i>set</i>, a settlement, alluding to the -early settlement of this district by a tribe of Britons -who styled themselves <i>Dwr-trigs</i>, or “water-dwellers.” -<b>Somerset</b> is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon <i>Suthmorset</i>, -literally “the south-moor-settlement.” <b>Devon</b> -is a modified form of <i>Dwfuient</i>, the Celtic for “the -deep valleys.” An earlier name for this portion of -Britain was <i>Damnonia</i>, the territory of the Damnonii, -a Celtic tribe. <b>Cornwall</b> denotes the territory -of the “foreigners in the horn,” agreeably to the Latin -<i>cornu</i>, a horn, referring to its numerous promontories, -and its inhabitants the <i>Wahl</i>, the Saxon term for -“foreigners.” Like Wales, this portion of our island -was never invaded by the Anglo-Saxons; consequently -its people, the Cymri, a branch of the Celts, were -left in undisturbed possession [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_39"><span class="smcap">Wales</span></a>]. The -Duchy of Cornwall is still included in the Principality -of Wales. <b>Wiltshire</b> only partly expresses the -Shire of <b>Wilton</b>, a contraction of <i>Willy-town</i>, or -the town on the river Willy. <b>Berkshire</b> is a -modern spelling of the Anglo-Saxon <i>Bearoc-scire</i>, -“forest shire,” in allusion to the forest districts of -Bagshot and Windsor; while <b>Buckingham</b> was -originally described as <i>Boccenham</i>, the Anglo-Saxon -for “beech-tree-home,” this county being especially -noted for its beeches.</p> - -<p><b>Oxford</b> derived its name from the <i>Ox-ford</i> over the -Isis; <b>Hertford</b>, from the ford crossed by harts; -<b>Hereford</b>, from the army ford; and <b>Stafford</b>, from -the ford crossed by means of staves or stilts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> -<b>Bedford</b> is a contraction of <i>Bedican ford</i>, the -Anglo-Saxon for “the protected ford.” <b>Cambridge</b> -owes its name to the University town by the bridge -over the <i>Cam</i>, or crooked river [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_162"><span class="smcap">Camberwell</span></a>]. -<b>Huntingdon</b> was anciently a great deer forest, and -therefore much resorted to for hunting. <b>Northampton</b> -is a corruption of <i>North-avon-town</i>, alluding -to its position north of the river <i>Neu</i>, in olden times -known as the Avon. <b>Rutland</b> expresses the Anglo-Saxon -for “red land,” referring to the colour of its -soil. <b>Warwick</b> is the modern description of the -Anglo-Saxon <i>Waer-wic</i>, signifying the garrison, or -war town. <b>Nottingham</b> is a corruption of <i>Snotingaham</i>, -“the place of caves,” so called on account -of the soft sandstone which so greatly facilitated the -formation of caverns during the early history of our -country; as <i>e.g.</i>, “Mortimer’s hole,” and the subterranean -passage that led thereto from Nottingham -Castle in the reign of Edward III. <b>Derby</b> is a -contraction of the Saxon <i>Deer-by</i>, or “wild-beast -village,” doubtless so designated from its frequent -invasion by strange animals from the mountainous -district of “The Peak” in search of prey. <b>Shropshire</b> -denotes the Shire of <i>Scrobbesburgh</i>, the Anglo-Saxon -for “shrub-town,” modified by the Normans -into <i>Sloppesburie</i> (from which the present town of -<b>Salop</b> derived its name), and corrupted in modern -times into <b>Shrewsbury</b>. <b>Monmouth</b> indicates -the county that includes the mouth of the <i>Mon</i>, -originally described as the <i>Mynwy</i>, “the border -river.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>Anglesea</b>, properly <i>Anglesey</i> [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>, &c.], -is one of the three counties of Wales whose names -are not essentially Welsh. Thus, <b>Glamorgan</b> -signifies the <i>Gwlad-Morgan</i>, or territory of Morgan, -a chieftain who lived in the tenth century; -<b>Brecknock</b> is the hill of Brecon, or Brychan, a -Welsh prince; <b>Radnor</b> is a modern spelling of -<i>Rhiadnwr-Gwy</i>, meaning “the Cataract of the -Wye”; <b>Montgomery</b> refers to the fortress built -on the <i>mont</i>, or height, by Roger de Montgomerie, -in 1093; <b>Denbigh</b> was originally <i>Dinbach</i>, the Celtic -and Cymric for “a little fort”; <b>Flint</b> was so called -from the quantity of quartz found in this county; -<b>Carnarvon</b> owes its origin to <i>Cær-yu-ar-Fon</i>, the -<i>cær</i>, or fortress, on the <i>arfon</i>, or water; <b>Carmarthen</b> -denotes the fortress erected by Merlin; <b>Merioneth</b> -was named after Merion, an early British saint; -<b>Cardigan</b> indicates the territory of Ceredig, a Welsh -chieftain; while <b>Pembroke</b> signifies the <i>pen</i>, or -head of the <i>broc</i>, the Celtic and Cymric for a district, -so called because this promontory was virtually the -Land’s End.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CARRIAGES"><i>CARRIAGES.</i></h2> - -<p>The <b>Phaeton</b> owes its designation to the -mythological personage of that name who -received permission to drive the sun-car of -Helios, his father, for one day, with the result that, -being overthrown, he nearly set the world on fire. -The <b>Victoria</b> was introduced in the year that -witnessed the coronation of Her Majesty Queen -Victoria. The <b>Clarence</b> was the favourite conveyance -of the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William -IV. The <b>Brougham</b>, invented in 1839, received its -name from Lord Brougham, who was the first to -permanently adopt it; and the same may be said of -the <b>Stanhope</b>, so called in compliment to Lord -Stanhope. The <b>Sociable</b> is an appropriate name -enough for an open carriage of which the facing -seats afford opportunity for pleasant conversation. -The <b>Landau</b> was first made at Landau in Germany; -whereas the <b>Tilbury</b> perpetuates the name of a -celebrated London sportsman who introduced this -particular species of carriage during the early part -of the present century.</p> - -<p>The small, light, one-horse vehicle known as a -<b>Dog-cart</b> is so called because such a one was -originally constructed for sportsmen to drive their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> -pointers and setters (which they kept in a box under -the seat) to the scene of the sport. The term <b>Buggy</b> -is a corruption of <i>Bourgeois</i>, a French name indicating -a vehicle intended for the middle classes so denominated; -while <b>Gig</b> is a contraction of the Italian <i>giga</i>, -a romp, and the French <i>gigue</i>, a lively dance, a jig, -in allusion to its jumping and rocking motion. The -like derivation applies to the long, light ship’s wherry -which passes under the same name. The term -<b>Sulky</b>, as applied to a light two-wheeled conveyance, -owed its origin to the fact that, when it -was introduced, people hazarded the opinion that -none but sulky, morose, and selfish people would ride -in such a carriage, because it had only accommodation -for one person. The <b>Noddy</b>, peculiar to Dublin, -derives its title from the jolting motion which keeps -its riders continually nodding; and the <b>Jaunting -Car</b>, from the jaunts and country outings for which, -on the other side of the Irish Sea, these vehicles are -largely employed. The English <b>Break</b> bears its -name because it partakes of the character of the -four-wheel vehicle used by horse-breakers; indeed, -it differs from the latter only in the addition of the -upper portion containing the seats.</p> - -<p><b>Stage-coaches</b> were originally so called on account -of the different stages at which they stopped to -change horses and refresh the passengers. <b>’Bus</b> is -short for <b>Omnibus</b>, a Latin word signifying “for -all.” The step at the back of an omnibus is -facetiously styled the <b>Monkey-board</b>, in consequence -of the capers usually executed thereon by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> -the conductor. The board on either side of the -roof of the vehicle, upon which theatrical and other -advertisements are exhibited is known as the <b>Knife-board</b>, -from its fancied resemblance to that article -of domestic utility. So far from having derived its -name from one of the northern suburbs of London, a -<b>Hackney-coach</b> is simply an English rendering of -<i>coche-a-haquence</i>, the literal French for a coach drawn -by a hired horse. The word <b>Coach</b> (French, <i>coche</i>, -the diminutive of the Italian <i>conchula</i>, a shell) really -means a shell-like contrivance upon wheels. <b>Cab</b> is a -contraction of the <b>Cabriolet</b>, from <i>cabriole</i>, a goat’s -leap, in allusion to its lightness and springiness, first -introduced in Paris. This vehicle, after undergoing -sundry changes and improvements, was patented in -the year 1883 as the “Safety Cab” by Joseph -Aloysius Hansom, from which circumstance it has -in more recent times come to be generally designated -the <b>Hansom Cab</b>.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Hearse</b> traces its origin through the -German <i>hirsch</i> from the Gothic <i>hersa</i>, a sepulchral -mound. At a later date it implied a temporary -monument, but nowadays it denotes the funeral car. -The word <b>Funeral</b>, by the way, is a contraction of -the Latin <i>funeralis</i>, signifying a torchlight procession, -from <i>funis</i>, a torch, because interments among the -Romans always took place by night. <b>Pantechnicon</b> -is a Greek word, composed of <i>pan</i>, all, -and <i>techne</i>, art, indicative of the place where every -kind of industrial art was exhibited or exposed for -sale. In modern days the term has come to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> -exclusively applied to a vehicle constructed for the -removal of household furniture. Lastly, the cloth -that covers the box-seat of a carriage of any kind -is called the <b>Hammer-cloth</b>, because in the old -coaching days it concealed the box which contained -a hammer, nails, and other implements useful for -repairs in the event of a breakdown on the journey.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="DANCES"><i>DANCES.</i></h2> - -<p>Dancing is styled the <b>Terpsichorean Art</b> -in honour of Terpsichore, the daughter of -Jupiter and Mnemosyne, whom the ancients -regarded as its inventress. The <b>Morris Dance</b>, from -which our “Jack in the Green” and his fellow May-day -revellers trace their origin, was the military -dance of the Moors, or Moriscoes, introduced into -this country by John of Gaunt on his return from -Spain in the reign of Edward III. Five men and a -boy took part in it, and from the fact of the boy -wearing an ill-fitting helmet called a <i>morione</i>, he -received the name of “Mad Morion,” which was -subsequently corrupted into <b>Maid Marian</b>. The -<b>Saraband</b> was invented by Zarabanda, a famous -dancer of Seville in the sixteenth century. The -<b>Gavotte</b> arose among the Gavots, a people who -inhabited the department of the Upper Alps and the -province of Dauphiny, in France. <b>Quadrille</b> is the -literal French for “a little square,” so called from -the position taken up by the dancers; while the -Lancers derived their name from a company of -<b>Lancers</b> who originally improvised this variation of -the Quadrille for their own amusement while seated -in their saddles. The <b>Polka</b>, of Polish origin, is so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> -designated on account of the Bohemian word <i>pulka</i>, -a half, in allusion to the half step occurring in it; -the <b>Schottische</b> is a variation of the Polka; the -<b>Mazourka</b> is the national dance of Poland—all of -which, with the addition of the <b>Redowa</b>, are native -terms. The <b>Waltz</b> is a contraction of the German -<b>Waltzer</b>, derived from the verb <i>waltzen</i>, to roll, to -revolve, alluding to the revolutions made by the -pairs of dancers placed <i>vis-à-vis</i>. The <b>Country -Dance</b>, so far from being a peasants’ dance, is -nothing more than a corruption of the French -<i>contre-danse</i>, signifying that the parties place themselves -opposite to each other during the dance. -Strictly speaking, the Contre-danse and the Quadrille -are one and the same. The <b>Roger de -Coverley</b> derived its name from the great-grandfather -of Roger de Coverley, or rather, to be -precise, of Roger of Cowley, near Oxford, who -invented it. The <b>Minuet</b> (Latin <i>minutus</i>, small) -is so called wholly on account of the short steps -peculiar to this dance. The <b>Tarantella</b> was invented -in Italy out of the supposition that the profuse -perspiration which it induced was a certain cure -for the poisonous bite of the <span class="smcap">Tarantula Spider</span>, -named after the city of Taranto, where its baneful -presence was first manifested. <b>Cinderella Dances</b> -are those which terminate before midnight, in allusion -to Cinderella of nursery renown.</p> - -<p>The origin of the word <b>Ball</b>, in its application to -a dancing-party, is somewhat singular. Centuries -ago there was in vogue on the Continent a three-fold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> -game, in which the players danced to the sound -of their own voices while they threw to one another -a ball. In all probability this arose out of the -curious “Ball-Play in Church” by the Neapolitans -during the Saturnalia, or “Feast of Fools,” corresponding -to our Easter-tide. There is even now a -statute in existence which regulated the size and -character of the ball to be used on such occasions. -In opening the ceremony, the Dean took the ball in -his left hand, and commenced an antiphon, which -the organ took up; whereupon he tossed the ball to -first one and then another of the choir-boys, as they -joined hands, sang, and danced around him. When, -therefore, the three-fold game alluded to above -divided and its three sets of dancers became -independent of each other, the dance itself took -the name of the article that was, as if by common -consent, discarded—to wit, <i>the ball</i>; and the song -was styled the <i>Ballata</i>, or, according to the modern -English, a <span class="smcap">Ballad</span> indicative of a dancing-song; -while the verb <i>ballare</i>, to dance, gave existence to -the French <b>Ballet</b>, signifying a dance tune. <i>Apropos</i> -of the Ballet, the term <b>Coryphée</b>, as applied to a -ballet-dancer, traces its origin from the Greek -<i>coryphœus</i>, the designation of one who danced to -the lute in the theatres of the ancients. <i>En passant</i>, -the famous war dance of the Greeks, executed in -very quick time and known as the <b>Phyrric Dance</b>, -was so denominated after Pyrrichos, a celebrated -Dorian flautist.</p> - -<p>The <b>Hornpipe</b> is an inversion of <i>pib-gorn</i>, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span> -name of the old Welsh instrument consisting of a -<i>pib</i>, or pipe, with a <i>gorn</i>, or horn, at each end, to -which this dance was originally stepped; the <b>Reel</b> -has reference to the whirling evolutions performed -by the dancer, as of winding cotton on a reel; -whereas the <b>Jig</b> comes from the French <i>gigue</i>, a -lively dance, and <i>gige</i>, a stringed instrument, the -usual accompaniment to this rough-and-ready style -of pedal exhilaration. The term <b>Breakdown</b> is an -Americanism, denoting the last boisterous dance -before the breaking <i>up</i> of a dancing-party towards -early morning. Appropriately enough, such a dance -invariably constitutes the final item of a negro-minstrel -entertainment.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="PIGMENTS_AND_DYES"><i>PIGMENTS AND DYES.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Pigment</b> is a contraction of the -Latin <i>pigmentum</i>, based upon the verb <i>pingere</i>, -to paint. <b>Dye</b> traces its origin to the -Anglo-Saxon <i>deag</i>, a colour, remotely derived from -the Latin <i>tingere</i>, to stain. Several of the pigments -most generally used owe their names to the places -whence they are, or were originally, brought. As -examples: <b>Umber</b> was first obtained in the district -of <b>Umbria</b>, in Italy, and <b>Sienna</b>, properly called -<i>Terra di Sienna</i>, or Sienna Earth, from Sienna; -<b>Gamboge</b> comes from Cambodia, formerly known -as Gambogia, in Siam; <b>Indigo</b>, from Indicus, the -ancient description of India; and <b>Krems White</b>, -from the city of Krems, in Austria, where it is -exclusively manufactured. <b>Prussian Red</b>, <b>Brunswick -Green</b>, <b>Brunswick Black</b>, <b>Frankfort -Black</b>, <b>Hamburg Lake</b>, <b>Venetian Red</b>, and -<b>Chinese Yellow</b>, speak for themselves. <b>Prussian -Blue</b>, also called <b>Berlin Blue</b>, was first made by -a native colourman of Berlin in the year 1710; -whereas <b>Saunders Blue</b> is merely a corruption -of <i>cendres-bleus</i>, the French for blue ashes, this -pigment being obtained from calcined bluestone. -Another name for the latter is <b>Ultramarine</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> -because it was originally brought from <i>ultra</i>, beyond, -and <i>marinus</i>, the sea.</p> - -<p>The deep blue known as <b>Mazarine</b> was named -after Cardinal Mazarin, the Prime Minister of France -(born 1602, died 1661), in whose time it was first prepared; -while the puce colour known as <b>Pompadour</b> -received its designation from Madame le Pompadour, -the mistress of Louis XV. (born 1721, died 1764), who -popularized it. <b>Cardinal</b> is so called because it -expresses the exact shade of the red habit worn by -the cardinals of the Church; the term <b>Carmine</b> -owes its origin to the Italian <i>carminio</i>, purple; while -<b>Carnation</b> denotes a flesh tint, in accordance with -the Latin <i>caro</i>, flesh. The colour which results -from the combination of a vivid red with more or -less white is styled <b>Pink</b>, owing to its resemblance -to the flower so designated.</p> - -<p>The origin of the word <b>Purple</b> must be sought in -connection with the circumstance in which this dye, -or colour, was discovered. It appears that one day -a favourite dog belonging to Hercules of Tyre -chanced to eat a species of fish known to the -ancients as the <i>purpura</i>; and upon returning to his -master, the latter found the lips of the animal tinged -with the colour that was shortly afterwards imitated -and denominated <i>purple</i>. The term <b>Scarlet</b> is a -modification of <i>sakarlat</i>, the Persian description of a -bright red colour; while <b>Crimson</b> traces its existence -through the Old English <i>crimosyn</i> to <i>garmaz</i>, -the Arabic term for the cochineal insect, from whose -dried body, found upon a species of cactus, this vivid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span> -dye-stuff is obtained. The beautiful purple obtained -from chloride of gold bears the name of <b>Cassius</b> -after its inventor.</p> - -<p><b>Magenta</b> was named in commemoration of the -Battle of Magenta, fought in 1859; and <b>Vandyke -Brown</b>, from its having been so frequently used by -Vandyk (born 1599, died 1641) that it forms a -characteristic colour in all his portraits. <b>Sepia</b> is -the Greek designation of the cuttle-fish, and the -pigment so called is obtained from the dark juice -secreted by the glands of the Indian species of this -fish. <b>Sap-Green</b> is prepared from the juice of the -ripe berries of the buckthorn; whereas <b>Emerald -Green</b> denotes the particular shade of green that -characterizes the emerald. <b>Lamp Black</b> is so -called because it was originally obtained from the -burning of resinous matter over a lamp. <b>Ivory -Black</b> is a pigment formerly obtained from charred -ivory, but nowadays from bones. The origin of -<b>Isabel</b>, a dull brownish-yellow, with a mixture of -red and grey, is as follows:—When the Duke of -Austria was besieging Ostend in 1601, Isabella, his -wife, the daughter of Philip II. of Spain, vowed that -she would not change her linen until the town had -been taken. Unfortunately for her personal comfort, -the town held out for two years, at the end of which -period her linen assumed the characteristic hue that -was afterwards imitated by the ingenious colourman -who sought to honour her by perpetuating the -incident.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_DISTRICTS_AND"><i>LONDON DISTRICTS AND -SUBURBS.</i></h2> - -<p>At that remote period when the first rude huts -were established on the banks of the Thames, -the surrounding scene could have presented -nothing more inviting to the eye than an extensive -marsh or morass. That such was undoubtedly the -case the existing names of <span class="smcap">Fenchurch</span> Street and -<span class="smcap">Finsbury</span>, furnish ample evidence. The former -marks the site of an ancient church situated among -the fens, while the latter is an easy corruption of -<i>Fensbury</i>, the Anglo-Saxon designation for “a town -among the fens.” Therefore it was not surprising that -the barbaric Britons, who founded what we now call -<b>London</b>, should have given the name of <i>Llyn-dun</i> -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_134"><span class="smcap">Lincoln</span></a>] to their colony beside the Thames. -<i>Apropos</i> of the <b>Thames</b>, the name of our noble river -is merely a slight contraction of the Latin <i>Thamesis</i>, -signifying “the broad Isis.” <b>Isis</b> is the Celtic for -water.</p> - -<p><b>Westminster</b> was denominated after the Abbey -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_212"><span class="smcap">Westminster Abbey</span></a>]. <b>Belgravia</b> is the name -given to the fashionable district of which Belgrave -Square is the common centre. <b>Pimlico</b> owed its -designation to an attempt on the part of the tavern-keepers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> -of this neighbourhood to rival the celebrated -nut-brown ales of one Ben Pimlico, who kept a -pleasure-garden near Hoxton, the road to which -was known as <b>Pimlico Walk</b> (still in existence), -and the garden itself, first as “Pimlico’s,” and subsequently -as “Pimlico.” The name of <b>Knightsbridge</b> -carries us back to the time when two knights, -on their way to receive a blessing from the Bishop -of London at Fulham, engaged in a deadly combat -on the bridge that spanned the Westbourne, exactly -on the spot where Albert Gate now stands. Prior -to this incident the bridge had borne the name of -Fulham Bridge. <b>Mayfair</b> occupies the site of an -annual six days’ fair held in May, originally at the -instance of Edward I., for the benefit of the leper -hospital of St. James the Less, Bishop of Jerusalem, -now St. James’s Palace. The district of <b>Soho</b> was -known by its present name as long ago as the sixteenth -century; “<i>So ho!</i>” being the cry of the -huntsmen when calling off their harriers in the days -when the whole of London west of Drury Lane -was open country. <b>Bloomsbury</b> is a corruption of -“Lomesbury Village,” of which the Manor House -stood on the site of Bloomsbury Square. <b>Smithfield</b> -is a modern perversion of “Smoothfield,” an -extensive tract of meadow land where horses were -sold and tournaments were held as far back as the -twelfth century. The first recorded English horse-race -was witnessed in Smoothfield in the year 1154. -<b>Clerkenwell</b> derived its name from an ancient well -(now marked by an iron pump let into the wall at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> -the south-east end of Ray Street) beside which -the parish clerks performed their Miracle Plays. -<b>Spa Fields</b>, now built over, owed their designation -to a medicinal well, or Spa, discovered in 1206, and -subsequently known as “The London Spa.” The -proper description of <b>Bunhill Fields</b> is <i>Bonhill</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, -“good hill” Fields, so styled because the victims of -the Great Plague were buried here in 1665. <b>Moorfields</b> -was formerly a bleak moor skirting the -northern portion of the marshy land known as -Fensbury, now <b>Finsbury</b>, already referred to.</p> - -<p><b>Shoreditch</b> did not receive its name from Jane -Shore, neither is the word a corruption of “Sewer -Ditch,” as some writers have suggested. This district -really comprised the manor of Sir John Soerditch, -a wealthy London citizen and a valiant knight who -fought by the side of Edward the Black Prince at -Crecy and Poictiers. <b>Whitechapel</b> was designated -after the White Chapel of St. Mary, built in 1673. -<b>Goodman’s Fields</b> perpetuated the name of the -owner of the land now known as the Minories, upon -which a Priory of the Nuns of St. Clare was afterwards -built. <b>Shadwell</b> is a corruption of St. Chad’s -Well, discovered in this neighbourhood in ancient -times. The once-notorious <b>Ratcliffe Highway</b> -derived its name from the Manor of Ratcliffe, belonging -to the adjoining parish of Stepney. The -title has now been changed to St. George’s Street. -<b>Stepney</b> was anciently described as <i>Stebenhithe</i>, -signifying that it contained a wharf or haven belonging -to one Steben or Steven. <b>Spitalfields</b> marks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> -the site of the ancient Priory of St. Mary of the -Spittle, dissolved in 1534. The French refugees -established the silk manufacture here in 1685. -<b>Bethnal Green</b> recalls the existence of the old -family of the Bathons, whose history is first recorded -in connection with their property situated in this -neighbourhood during the reign of Edward I. -<b>Hoxton</b> is a corruption of <i>Hogsdon</i>, meaning hog’s -town. In proof of this statement we may add that -<span class="smcap">Hog Lane</span> still exists in the vicinity. <b>De Beauvoir -Town</b> preserves the family name of the De Beauvoirs, -whose original ancestor, Richard de Beauvoir, -of Guernsey, resided here in princely style. <b>Copenhagen -Fields</b> were so called after a tea-house -opened by a Dane, about the time when the King of -Denmark paid a visit to James I. <b>Haggerstone</b> is -a corruption of “Hergotestan,” the literal Saxon -for “Our God’s Town.” <b>Hackney</b> was originally -described as <i>Hackoneye</i>, signifying an <i>ey</i>, or portion -of well-watered pasture land, appropriated by a -Danish chief named Hacon [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>, &c.].</p> - -<p><b>Dalston</b> is properly <i>Daleston</i>, or Vale-town. -This was a quiet suburban village situated in a -valley during the days when the northern districts -of the Metropolis were more or less wooded—as -witness <b>Stoke Newington</b>, or the new town in the -meadow by the wood. The word <i>Stoke</i> comes from -the Anglo-Saxon <i>stoc</i>, a wood or stockade; <i>ton</i> is the -Old English for town, and <i>ing</i> the Anglo-Saxon -for a meadow, also a family settlement. <b>Southgate</b> -is expressive of the southern entrance to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> -enclosure, anciently known as Enfield Chase; and -<b>Kingsland</b> the royal domain adjacent to it. -<b>Abney Park</b> owes its name to <span class="smcap">Abney House</span>, -recently converted into a Conservative Club, but -originally the residence of Sir Thomas Abney -(born 1639, died 1722), Lord Mayor and a distinguished -Nonconformist, knighted by William III. -Dr. Isaac Watts died at Abney House in 1748. -<b>Green Lanes</b> indicates the rural character of this -neighbourhood in bygone times. <b>Edmonton</b> is -properly <i>Edmond’s-town</i>. The name of <b>Ball’s Pond</b> -is all that remains to remind us of the one-time -existence of “The Salutation” house of call which -had a pond for dog and duck sports, kept by John -Ball. <b>Mildmay Park</b> is so called after <span class="smcap">Mildmay -House</span>, the family seat of Sir Henry Mildmay, who -came into possession of the estate by his marriage -with the daughter of William Halliday, an Alderman -of the City in the time of Charles I. <b>Muswell -Hill</b> is a slight corruption of <i>Mustwell Hill</i>, derived -from the Latin <i>mustus</i>, new, fresh; because on -this hill there was anciently discovered a well of -clear, fresh water by the friars of St. John’s Priory, -Clerkenwell, who had a dairy hereabouts. That -portion of the hill which has been cut through for the -construction of the line of railway to Enfield, Barnet, -and the north, bears the name of <b>The Hog’s Back</b>, -in allusion to its shape. The name of <b>Wood Green</b> -is self-explanatory. <b>Hornsey</b> is a corruption of -“Harringe,” or meadow of hares. <b>Canonbury</b> -received its title from the residence of the Prior of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> -the Canons of St. Bartholomew, built in this neighbourhood -soon after the Conquest. <i>Bury</i> is Saxon -for a town or enclosed habitation, equivalent to the -Celtic <i>don</i>, and Old English <i>ton</i>. In days of old, -<b>Highbury</b> contained a Priory of the Knights of St. -John of Jerusalem, built in 1271. The establishment -was called <i>High-bury</i>, because it stood upon higher -ground than their previous residence which had borne -the name of <i>Tolentone</i>, or lower town. <b>Holloway</b> -reminds us that this was once a miry hollow between -Highgate and Islington. <b>Barnsbury</b> is a corruption -of <i>Berners-bury</i>, originally a manor belonging to Lady -Juliana Berners, Abbess of St. Albans. <b>Islington</b> -has always been a favourite suburb in modern -times, and even our mediæval ancestors must have -been delighted with its situation, lying high and -dry beyond the fens and the sloughy neighbourhood -of the “old bourne.” Its name signifies “the -settlement of the Islings.”</p> - -<p><b>King’s Cross</b> derived its name from a wretched -statue of George IV., set up in honour of his -accession in 1820, and demolished to make way for -the London terminus of the Great Northern Railway -in 1842. The parish of <b>St. Pancras</b> is so -called after the church dedicated to the boy-saint -who was martyred by Diocletian in the early days -of Christianity. <b>Agar Town</b>, now entirely swept -away by modern improvements, was designated after -William Agar, a miserly lawyer who acquired the -lease of the land for building purposes in 1840. -<b>Somers Town</b> is the property of Lord Somers, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> -<b>Camden Town</b>, of the Earl of Camden. <b>Kentish -Town</b> was formerly written “Kestestown”; but -even that was a corruption of “Kantelowes Town,” -erected upon the Manor of Kantelowes. The modern -spelling of this family name is <i>Cantlowes</i>. <b>Primrose -Hill</b> is still a pleasant eminence whereon primroses -grow, despite the encroachments of bricks and -mortar all around. <b>Highgate</b> is a title expressive -of the elevated situation of the village that sprang -up around the toll-gate established on the common -highway from Barnet to Gray’s Inn Road about -the year 1400. <b>Holly Village</b>, Highgate, was so -called by its foundress, the Baroness Burdett-Coutts-Bartlett, -after her residence, Holly Lodge, hard by. -<b>Hampstead</b> signifies a farmhouse or homestead. -The word is Saxon: <i>ham</i>, a home, and <i>stede</i>, a place. -In its wider sense, <i>ham</i> denotes a town. The -western slope of Hampstead bears the name of -<b>Frognal</b>, after Frognal Priory, an ambitious edifice -built here by Memory-Corner Thompson (born 1757, -died 1843), in imitation of Horace Walpole’s toy -village on Strawberry Hill. <b>Bishop’s Wood</b>, -Hampstead, comprised the private estate of the -Bishop of London, at the time when that ecclesiastic -resided at Highgate. <b>Gospel Oak</b> received -its designation from the oak that marked the -boundaries of Hampstead and St. Pancras, and -under which, in accordance with an ancient custom, -the Gospel was read once a year. John Whitfield -is said to have preached under this oak. <b>Chalk -Farm</b> is a corruption of “Chalcot Farm,” a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> -picturesque farmhouse in whose vicinity duels were -usually fought during the century gone by. <b>St. -John’s Wood</b> was anciently a thickly wooded -district sheltering an “Abbey of the Holy Virgins -of St. John the Baptist.” <b>Kilburn</b> owes its name -to the <i>Kil</i>, the Celtic word for a cell, occupied by -“one Godwyne, a holy hermit,” beside the <i>bourne</i>, or -brook. <b>Maida Vale</b> was so called in commemoration -of the Battle of Maida, in which the English -defeated the French, July 4, 1806. <b>Marylebone</b> -does not signify “Mary the Good,” as the majority of -Londoners imagine, but “St. Mary of the Bourne,” -alluding to the church of St. Mary within sight of -the bourne that ran from the hermit’s cell at <i>Kilbourne</i> -down to <b>Tyburn</b>, or rather <i>Twa-burne</i>; so -called because two different bournes, or streams, -met in the neighbourhood where the Marble Arch -now stands.</p> - -<p>The name of <b>Bayswater</b> has undergone considerable -change from the original. Not so very long -ago the whole of this district was known as <b>Bayswater -Fields</b>; during the last century it bore the -name of “Bear’s Watering,” and previously that of -<i>Baynard’s Watering</i>. By the last was meant the -land dotted with pools held from the Manor of -Westminster, by Ralph Baynard, the favourite of -William the Conqueror, who resided at <span class="smcap">Baynard’s -Castle</span>, at Blackfriars, on the north bank of the -Thames. These pools, together with the Tyburn -were converted into what is now styled the <span class="smcap">Serpentine</span>, -owing to its form, in 1733. <b>Paddington</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> -originally written <i>Padynton</i>, was the settlement or -town of the Pædings, a branch of the family who -originally established themselves at, and gave their -name to, <i>Padendene</i>, in Surrey. <b>Westbourne Park</b> -derived its name from the west bourne, or stream, -that wended its way from the hermit’s cell at -“Kilbourne,” in the direction of the “Baynard’s -Watering,” and thence, after passing under Fulham -(or Knights’) Bridge, emptied itself into the Thames. -<b>Notting Hill</b> is a corruption of <i>Knolton Barn (Hill)</i>, -a manor held by the De Veres, and subsequently by -Robert Fenroper, an Alderman of the City, in the -reign of Henry VIII. The name of <b>Shepherd’s -Bush</b> once more puts us in mind of the pastoral -character of the environs of London in the days gone -by. <b>Acton</b> is an Anglo-Saxon name for “Oak -town,” signifying the town built in the vicinity of the -large Oak Forest. <b>Gunnersbury</b> denotes the town, -or enclosed habitation, named after Gunylda, the -niece of King Canute, who resided here during the -Danish occupation of England. <b>Kew</b> was anciently -described in documents as <i>Kay-hoo</i>, meaning a quay -situated on a <i>hoo</i>, or <i>hoe</i>, the Scandinavian for a spit -of land. <b>Brentford</b> signifies the ford over the -Brent, a tributary of the Thames that takes its rise -near Hendon. <b>Isleworth</b> means a manor beside -the water. The first portion of the word comes from -the Celtic, <i>Isis</i>, water; the second is Anglo-Saxon -for a manor. <b>Staines</b> owes its name to the boundary -stone (Saxon <i>stane</i>, a stone) by the river, which displays -the words “God preserve the City of London.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> -The date of this stone is 1280. <b>Kingston</b> was -designated after the King’s stone, now preserved -within railings near the Town Hall, upon which the -Saxon monarchs sat to be anointed. <b>Shepperton</b> -is Old English for <i>Shepherd’s Town</i>, or the abode of -shepherds. The name of <b>Twickenham</b> denotes a -hamlet situated between two tributaries of the -Thames. <b>Richmond</b> was anciently known as -<b>Sheen</b>, a Saxon term for “resplendent,” in allusion -to the palace erected by Edward I. When Henry -VII. rebuilt the palace, after its destruction by fire -in 1479, he changed the name of the village to -Richmond, in perpetuation of his title of Earl of -Richmond prior to ascending the throne. This -king died here in 1509.</p> - -<p><b>Chiswick</b> is a corruption of “Cheoselwick,” -derived from the Anglo-Saxon <i>ceosel</i>, sand, gravel, -and the Teutonic <i>wick</i>, a reach, from the root -waes, a moist meadow. <b>Hammersmith</b> was originally -<i>Hammersmeide</i>, a Saxon village distinguished -for the number of its smithies. The forename, -<i>Hammer</i>, is Scandinavian for a village or small town. -<b>Kensington</b> derived its name, or rather that of -<i>Kynsington</i>, the Saxon for King’s meadow, with the -Old English suffix <i>ton</i>, a town, from a royal residence -erected here in very early times. <b>Brompton</b> was -so called from the broom-trees that grew in the -neighbourhood of this healthy <i>ton</i> or town. <b>Chelsea</b> -is described in old documents as “Chevelsey,” -meaning shingle island. The first portion of the -word claims the same etymology as Chiswick, viz.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> -<i>ceosel</i>, sand, gravel; while the suffix <i>ey</i>, or <i>ea</i>, is also -Anglo-Saxon, derived from <i>oe</i>, the Scandinavian for -running water. These terminals always indicate -water, and not unfrequently an island, properly so -called; as, for example, Anglesey, the Isle of the -Angles. In the case of Hackney the terminal is -expressive of a well-watered pasture, as has already -been seen; whereas in the cases of Chelsea and -Battersea the allusion is not merely to their -proximity to the Thames, but to their partial isolation -in ancient times from the adjacent land on -account of the creeks and inlets of the river. -<b>Battersea</b>, we may here remark, is described in -Domesday Book as “the Manor of Patricesy”; but -even this early name was a corruption of Petersey, -or St. Peter’s-ey, because it had belonged to the -Abbey of St. Peter’s, Westminster, from time out of -mind. To return: <b>Walham Green</b> denotes a -settlement of foreigners; <i>wal</i>, being a modification of -<i>wahl</i>, the Celtic for foreign, and <i>ham</i>, the Old English -for a home. <b>Fulham</b> was formerly written “Fullenhame,” -the Anglo-Saxon for a habitation of water-fowl. -<b>Parson’s Green</b> received its name from the -parsonage in connection with Fulham Church that -stood here previous to 1740. <b>Percy Cross</b>, Fulham, -is a corruption of “Parson’s Cross,” referring to a -cross on the roof of the parsonage on Parson’s -Green. <b>Putney</b> was originally “Puttaney,” the -Saxon for Putta’s Isle; whereas <b>Wimbledon</b> was -<i>Wibbandun</i>, a Celtic term signifying the <i>dun</i>, or -hill-fort, belonging to one Wibba. The name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> -<b>Wandsworth</b> denotes a manor watered by the -Wandle. <b>Lambeth</b> is a corruption of “Loamhithe,” -the Anglo-Saxon for haven of the loamy soil. -<b>Vauxhall</b> is described in a document dated 1282 -as the Manor of Faukeshall. As, however, this -manor was originally held by Fulke de Breante soon -after the Conquest, it is highly probable that the -designation was more correctly <i>Fulke’s Hall</i>, afterwards -corrupted into <i>Faukeshall</i>. The present -spelling of the name may be traced back to the year -1615, when the Hall, or Manor House, was occupied -by Jane Vaux.</p> - -<p><b>Southwark</b> is a modification of the Anglo-Saxon -“Suthwerk,” and the Danish <i>Sydrike</i>, literally the -south fortification. During the Danish occupation -of England this was a very strong position. -<b>Bermondsey</b> was anciently written <i>Beormundsey</i>, -signifying that the <i>ey</i>, or strip of land intersected by -creeks [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chelsea</span></a>, &c.], belonged to Beormund, -a prominent Anglo-Saxon lord. <b>Horselydown</b> is -properly <i>Horsadown</i>, so called because this district -was originally a down used for grazing horses. -<b>Walworth</b> was named in honour of Sir William -Walworth, Lord Mayor in 1380, who resided here. -The <b>Borough</b> recalls the fact that the inhabitants -of London south of the Thames were <i>Burghers</i>, and, -therefore, entitled to the rights and privileges of -Corporation.</p> - -<p><b>Rotherhithe</b> is Saxon for red haven, alluding to -the colour of the soil. The name of <b>Deptford</b> -indicates the deep ford over the Ravensbourne,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> -which is now spanned by a bridge. <b>Greenwich</b> -means the green town, or, more precisely, the -verdant settlement beside the <i>wick</i>, or reach of the -river [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_158"><span class="smcap">Chiswick</span></a>]; whereas <b>Woolwich</b> was -originally <i>Hylwich</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, hill town. The <b>Isle of -Dogs</b> is a corruption of “Isle of Ducks,” so described -in ancient documents on account of the number of -wild-fowl always to be found there. <b>New Cross</b> -derived its name from “The Golden Cross,” a -famous old coaching-house, rebuilt and renamed -“The New Cross.” <b>Lewisham</b> is properly <i>Leawreham</i>, -or meadow-home. <b>Blackheath</b> is a corruption -of <i>Bleakheath</i>. <b>Eltham</b> was formerly written “Ealdham,” -the Anglo-Saxon for the old home or dwelling, -referring to the palace occupied by the English -kings down to the time of James I. <b>Catford</b> is a -contraction of <i>Cattleford</i>, signifying a shallow portion -of the Ravensbourne easily forded by cattle. [The -University town on the Isis received its present -name of <span class="smcap">Oxford</span> for a similar reason.] <b>Beckenham</b> -denotes a home beside the beck or brook. Here -again the Ravensbourne comes into notice. <b>Sydenham</b> -means the home or habitation in the south. -The names of <b>Forest Hill</b>, <b>Norwood</b>, a contraction -of Northwood, and <b>Westwood</b> remind us that the -whole of this district was formerly a large tract of -wooded land. <b>Dulwich</b> is a corruption of <i>Dalewich</i>, -the town in the dale. <b>Honor Oak</b> owes its -designation to the boundary oak, under whose -umbrageous shade Queen Elizabeth is said to have -dined. <b>Nunhead</b> derived its name from “The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> -Nuns’ Head,” a place of holiday resort for -Londoners, dating back more than two hundred -years. <b>Peckham</b> was originally <i>Beckham</i>, a -home distinguished for its becks or brooks. -<b>Brixton</b> is a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon -“Brigestan,” the bridge of stone. <b>Camberwell</b> -derived its name from a miraculous well discovered -close by the parish church dedicated to St. Giles, -the patron of cripples. <i>Cam</i> is Celtic for crooked. -In this instance the word applies to the cripples, -or rather to their patron saint. [On the other hand, -the University town of <span class="smcap">Cambridge</span> was so called -from the bridge over the <span class="smcap">Cam</span>, a river distinguished -for its winding course.] <b>Stockwell</b> is in allusion to -the well found in the <i>stoc</i>, or wooded place, in Anglo-Saxon -times. <b>Kennington</b> means a settlement in -the King’s meadow. One of the palaces of Henry -VIII. stood here. <b>Newington</b> denotes the new -town in the meadow. Finally, the name of <b>St. -George’s Fields</b> was derived from the neighbouring -church of St. George the Martyr.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="BATTLES"><i>BATTLES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>The Tearless Victory</b> was the name given -by Plutarch to the victory won by Archimadus, -King of Sparta, over the Argives and -Arcadians in the year 367 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> without the loss of a -single Spartan soldier. <b>The Thundering Legion</b> -is the historical designation given to the Roman -legion that overthrew the Alemanni in the year -179 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span>, during a thunderstorm, which was supposed -to have been sent in answer to the prayers offered up -by the Christians. Not only did the storm strike -terror into the minds of their enemies, but it also -enabled the Romans to relieve their long-protracted -thirst. <b>The Hallelujah Victory</b> received its name -from the battle-cry of the newly-baptized Bretons, -who were led to the attack by Germanus, Bishop of -Auxerre, in the year 429.</p> - -<p><b>The Battle of the Standard</b>, fought between the -English and the Scots at Northallerton, August 29, -1138, was so called because the standard of the former -consisted of a tall crucifix borne upon a wagon. From -the crucifix itself there was suspended the Consecrated -Host enclosed in a pyx, while floating beneath were -the bannerets of SS. Peter, Wilfrid, and John of -Beverley. <b>The Battle of the Herrings</b> (February<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span> -12, 1429) obtained its title from the defeat -suffered by the Duc de Bourbon when attempting to -intercept a convoy of salted herrings on their way -to the English besieging Orleans. <b>The Battle of -Spurs</b> is the more familiar designation of the Battle -of Guinnegate, in which Henry VIII. defeated the -Duc de Longueville (August 16, 1513), because the -French were said to have used their spurs more -than their swords. This event, however, must not -be confounded with <b>The Battle of the Spurs of -Gold</b>, which took place between the French and -the Flemish at Courtray, in Belgium, July 11, 1302. -In this engagement the French were completely -routed, and the spurs of upwards of eight thousand -of the vanquished knights were left upon the field. -These were collected and preserved as trophies of -war in the Church of Notre Dame de Courtray.</p> - -<p>The Battle of Marignano (September 13, 1515) -also bears the name of <b>The Battle of the Giants</b>, -owing to the defeat by Francis I., King of France, of -1,200 Swiss Guards, the allies of the Milanese. The -Battle of Leipsic (October 16-18, 1813) is known -as <b>The Battle of All the Nations</b>, because, in -addition to signalizing the overthrow of Napoleon -and the deliverance of Germany, it was the champion -battle of the nations of Europe.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="NOTABLE_DAYS_AND_FESTIVALS"><i>NOTABLE DAYS AND FESTIVALS.</i></h2> - -<p>That <b>New Year’s Day</b> is the first day of -the recurring year goes without saying. -Previous to 1752, when the year commenced -on the 25th of March, its four recognized quarters -were Whitsuntide, Lammastide, Martinmastide, and -Candlemastide; at the present time they are Lady -Day, Midsummer, Michaelmas, and Christmas. Let -us at once consider the meaning of these terms.</p> - -<p><b>Whitsuntide</b> is the season ushered in by <b>Whit -Sunday</b>, a corruption of <b>White Sunday</b>, because, -during the primitive ages of the Church, all newly-baptized -persons were required to attend Mass in -white garments on this day. As every one knows, -Whit Sunday commemorates the descent of the Holy -Spirit upon the Apostles in the form of fiery tongues. -It is highly probable, therefore, that the true meaning -of Whit, or White, Sunday remains to be sought -in connection with the wisdom symbolized by these -fiery tongues. After all, the original spelling of this -festival-name may have been Witan Sunday, the -Anglo-Saxon for Wisdom Sunday; just as the earliest -English parliaments were styled <span class="smcap">Witanagemotes</span>, -or “meetings of the wise men.” But to proceed. -<b>Lammastide</b> literally signified the season of First<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> -Fruits; since on <b>Lammas Day</b>, a term compounded -out of the Anglo-Saxon <i>hlaf</i>, a loaf, and <i>mœsse</i>, a -feast, (Aug. 1st), it was formerly the custom to offer -bread made of new wheat in the churches. <b>Martinmas -Day</b> (Nov. 4th), latterly corrupted into <b>Martlemas -Day</b>, denotes the Feast of St. Martin, Bishop -of Tours in the fourth century. <b>Candlemas Day</b>, -or the <b>Feast of the Purification</b> (Feb. 2nd), -which commemorates the presentation of the Infant -in the Temple in accordance with the Jewish Law -instituted 1490 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, because the early Christians -walked in procession to Mass with lighted candles in -their hands on this day. This religious observance -was introduced by Pope Gelasius in the fifth century, -as a literal bearing out of the words spoken by Holy -Simeon when he took the child Jesus in his arms: -“Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace, -according to Thy word; For mine eyes have seen Thy -salvation, which Thou hast prepared before the face -of all people: <i>A light to lighten the Gentiles</i>, and the -glory of Thy people Israel” (<i>Luke</i> ii. 29-32). It is -still the practice in the Roman Catholic Church to -make offerings of candles for the use of the altar on -this day. <b>Lady Day</b> (Mar. 25th) is but another -name for the <b>Feast of the Annunciation</b>, or the -day upon which “the angel of the Lord appeared unto -Mary,” and announced that she was to become the -Mother of the Son of God. <b>Midsummer Day</b> (June -24th) expresses the midday of the year; while <b>Michaelmas -Day</b> (Sept. 29th) is the Feast of St. Michael, -the patron saint of the Roman Catholic Church. As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> -the latter feast falls upon the first day of autumn, -the hiring of labourers and domestics in the rural -districts takes place at this time. <b>Christmas -Day</b> is, to put it literally, the Feast Day of Christ, -being the anniversary of the Nativity of the Blessed -Redeemer.</p> - -<p><b>Innocents’ Day</b>, formerly known as <b>Childermas -Day</b> (Dec. 28th), commemorates the Massacre of -the Innocents by Herod. <b>Twelfth Day</b> (Jan. 6th), -signifying the twelfth day after Christmas Day, bears -the ecclesiastical name of the <b>Epiphany</b>, from the -Greek <i>Epiphaneia</i>, a showing or appearance, because -on this day the Infant manifested Himself to the -Three Wise Men from the East who came to adore -Him. In olden times the Feast of the Epiphany -was kept with great solemnity in the churches during -the day, followed by a festival of a more social -character in the evening, thus accounting for the -old-fashioned appellation of <b>Twelfth Night</b>. The -7th of January was formerly called <b>Distaff’s Day</b>, -because the Christmas festivities having come -to an end with Twelfth Night, the women were -expected to return to their distaffs and other regular -occupations on this day. Another name for the -same occasion was <b>Rock Day</b>, <i>rock</i> being the Anglo-Saxon -term for a distaff. Similarly, the first Monday -after the Epiphany bore the designation of <b>Plough -Monday</b>, on account of the men returning to the -plough and the ordinary labours of the field on this -day. <b>Handsel Monday</b>, the first Monday in the -New Year, was so called by the Anglo-Saxons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> -because then it was that <i>handsels</i>, or presents, were -bestowed upon domestics and children. To the -best of our knowledge the custom no longer -exists in any portion of this country; or perhaps -it may be more correct to say that its observance -has been universally transferred to <b>Boxing -Day</b> (Dec. 26th), originally so styled from the -opening of the various alms-boxes in the churches, -and the distribution of their contents, which bore -the name of a <b>Christmas Dole</b>, to the poor by the -clergy on this day. Moreover, since heads of families -usually gave their children and domestics small sums -of money to drop into the boxes for the latter purpose -on Christmas morning, we here trace the origin of -the term <b>Christmas Box</b>, which nowadays applies -to a present received by servants and others during -the Christmas season.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Lent</b> is a contraction of the Old English -<i>lenten</i>, and the Anglo-Saxon <i>lencten</i>, the spring, both -derived from <i>lencgan</i>, to lengthen, because the long -fast of the Christian Church occurs when the days -begin to lengthen. <b>Shrove Tuesday</b>, also known -as <b>Pancake Tuesday</b>, derived its name from the -shriving or confessing imposed upon the faithful on -this day. The custom of eating pancakes originated -from the fact that this species of food afforded a stay -to the appetite during the long hours of waiting in -church to be shrived. The distribution of ashes on -<b>Ash Wednesday</b> commemorates the passage in -the third chapter of <i>Genesis</i>, where the Lord curses -Adam in these words: “In the sweat of thy face<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> -thou shalt eat bread till thou return to the ground; -for dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return.” -<b>Passion Sunday</b>, which precedes Palm Sunday, is -devoted to a general commemoration of the subject -of Christ’s Passion. <b>Palm Sunday</b> owes its name -to the distribution of palms in the Roman Catholic -Church, in allusion to the palms borne by the -populace who accompanied the Redeemer into -Jerusalem shortly before His betrayal by Judas. The -week following Palm Sunday is called <b>Passion -Week</b>, and also <b>Holy Week</b>, because it contains -the days upon which the incidents of Christ’s Passion -are particularly commemorated. <b>Maunday Thursday</b> -is the first, not at all on account of the <i>maund</i>, -the Saxon term for an alms-basket, formerly presented -to the poor by the Lord (or rather by the -Lady, “the loaf-giver”) of the Manor, but from the -ancient ceremony of washing the feet of poor persons, -in imitation of Christ at the Last Supper, when He -said, “Mandatum novum do vobis,” &c., the French -for <i>Mandatum</i> being <i>Maundé</i>. The ecclesiastical designation -of this day is <b>Holy Thursday</b>, in commemoration -of the Agony and Bloody Sweat of the -Saviour in the Garden of Gethsemane. <b>Good Friday</b>, -the anniversary of the Crucifixion, was originally -known as “God’s Friday.” The Anglo-Saxons usually -called this day <b>Long Friday</b>, in consequence of the -length of the Church service. <b>Holy Saturday</b> is -the day upon which the Church commemorates the -Burial of Christ.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Easter</b> bears in itself no Christian -significance whatever, having been derived from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> -<i>Eoster</i>, the goddess of light, or spring, in whose -honour a festival was anciently held in the month -of April. The Jewish festival corresponding to our -Easter is called the <b>Passover</b>, in commemoration -of the Destroying Angel having <i>passed over</i> the -houses of the Israelites whose door-posts were -marked with the blood of a lamb killed the previous -night in accordance with the Divine command, when -He smote the firstborn of the Egyptians in the year -1491 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> Returning to the Christian Church, the -Sunday after Easter is called <b>Low Sunday</b>, because -it stands at the bottom of the Lenten Calendar; -being the last day upon which Roman Catholics may -fulfil their Easter obligation of receiving the Holy -Communion. <b>Sexagesima Sunday</b>, <b>Quinquagesima -Sunday</b>, and <b>Quadragesima Sunday</b> -are situated in the Calendar respectively sixty, fifty, -and forty days before Easter; the terms expressing -the Latin for those round numbers.</p> - -<p>The Feast of Whitsuntide, which we have already -discussed, also bears the name of <b>Pentecost</b>, from -the Greek <i>pentekoste</i>, the fiftieth day, in commemoration -of the gift of the Law to the Israelites fifty days -after their deliverance out of Egypt. <b>Trinity -Sunday</b>, so called from the Latin <i>trinitas</i>, three, -is the Festival of the Holy Trinity, <i>i.e.</i>, the unity -of the three persons, the Father, the Son, and the -Holy Ghost, under one Godhead. <b>Corpus Christi</b> -expresses the Latin for the Body of Christ, especially -alluding to the Last Supper. As the Church considered -it out of keeping with the solemnity peculiar<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> -to Holy Week, the celebration of this High Festival -has been transferred to the Thursday after Trinity -Sunday. The Sunday preceding Ascension Day is -called <b>Rogation Sunday</b> because it ushers in the -three <b>Rogation Days</b>, or days of preparation, conformably -to the Latin <i>rogare</i>, to beseech, for the -Feast of the Ascension. We may conveniently add -here that <b>Ember Days</b> are those days of especial -fasting and prayers that occur in each of the four -seasons of the year, viz., the Wednesday, Thursday, -and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, and the -corresponding three days after the Feast of Whitsuntide, -the 14th of September, and the 13th of -December. The weeks in which these days occur -are styled <b>Ember Weeks</b>; the allusion to embers -(Anglo-Saxon, <i>ämyrie</i>, hot ashes) being commemorative -of the ancient custom of doing penance by the -wearing of sackcloth and ashes.</p> - -<p>On <b>Ascension Day</b> the Church celebrates the -Ascension of our Saviour; while the <b>Feast of the -Assumption</b> similarly reminds Roman Catholics of -the consummation of the Virgin’s mission upon earth -by being assumed into Heaven. <b>Holy Cross Day</b>, -<b>Holy Rood Day</b>, and the <b>Feast of the Exaltation -of the Cross</b> are one and the same, the term -Rood being Old English, derived from the Anglo-Saxon -<i>rôd</i>, for cross. This festival, which occurs on -the 14th of September, celebrates the restoration of -the Holy Cross of Calvary to Jerusalem in the year -628. <b>All Saints’ Day</b> (Nov. 1st), is the day dedicated -to those whose sanctification during life merited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> -their canonization by the Church after death; while -<b>All Souls’ Day</b> (Nov. 2nd) is the day set apart for -special prayers, having for their object the liberation -of the suffering souls in Purgatory. The older designation -of the first-named was <b>Allhallowes Day</b>, in -accordance with the Anglo-Saxon word <i>haligan</i>, holy. -<b>Allhallowe’en</b> denoted the evening before, generally -attended with sundry amusements in the social circle; -conspicuous among which was the cracking of nuts -in large quantities in the fire, whence it received the -name of <b>Cracknut Night</b>.</p> - -<p><b>St. Valentine’s Day</b> (Feb. 14th) is sacred to the -memory of Bishop Valentine, a Christian martyr -beheaded at Rome on this day in the year 278. The -custom among young people of sending poetical -souvenirs to their sweethearts on the birthday of St. -Valentine originated from the old notion that birds -commenced to couple on this day: hence, a sweetheart -chosen on the 14th of February anciently bore -the name of a <span class="smcap">Valentine</span>. Nowadays, alas! the -paper <span class="smcap">Valentines</span> are all that remain to remind us -of the fact. <b>St. Swithin’s Day</b> (July 15th) perpetuates -the memory of St. Swithin, the preceptor of -King Ethelwulf and Bishop of Winchester, who -died July 2, 862. The vulgar belief that if it rains -on this day it will continue to rain for forty successive -days is attributed to the tradition that when, despite -the saint’s dying request to be buried in the churchyard, -the clergy took steps to disinter his body in -order to remove it within the cathedral, a heavy -downpour of rain necessitated a postponement of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> -their efforts on thirty-nine successive days, whereupon, -after the fortieth attempt, they determined to -allow the saint to remain where he lay. <b>St. David’s -Day</b> (Mar. 1st) commemorates the victory won by -the Welsh over the Saxons on the birthday of their -Archbishop (born 490, died 554), in the year 540. It -was in consequence of the Archbishop having ordered -them on this occasion to place a leek in their caps, so -as to distinguish one another from the invaders, that -the Welsh afterwards adopted the leek as their -national emblem in his honour. <b>Comb’s Mass</b>, -which in the north of Scotland, and Caithness more -particularly, takes the place of our Whitsuntide, is -the colloquial term for the Feast of St. Columba, -Abbot of Iona (born 521, died 597).</p> - -<p><b>Primrose Day</b> (April 19th) is the anniversary of -the death of Lord Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881). -The abundant display of primroses on this day, particularly -on the part of the members of the Primrose -League, established in 1884 in his honour, originated -in the Queen’s primrose wreath sent to the funeral of -the great statesman, thus inscribed—“His favourite -flower.” The custom of displaying a sprig of oak on -<b>Royal Oak Day</b> (May 29th) perpetuates the manner -in which the Royalists welcomed the return to England -of Charles II. on his birthday, May 29, 1651, -in allusion to his concealment in the oak at Boscobel, -after the Battle of Worcester, on the 3rd of September -previous. <b>Guy Fawkes’ Day</b> keeps alive the -incident of the Gunpowder Plot, by the timely discovery -of which, November 5, 1605, the wholesale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> -destruction of King James’s Parliament was averted. -The name of the chief conspirator was not Guy, but -Guido Fawkes; his execution took place January 13, -1606.</p> - -<p><b>Arbor Day</b> is an expression scarcely understood -in this country, except, perhaps, at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, -where the Transatlantic ceremony of planting -trees, shrubs, and flowers within the school precincts, -was publicly performed for the first time by the Mayor, -June 11, 1888. This annual observance prevails not -only throughout the United States and Canada, but -also in certain portions of British Columbia, where -the trees have to be coaxed into growing. <b>Forefathers’ -Day</b> (Dec. 20th) is kept as a high holiday -in New England, commemorative of the landing of -the Pilgrim Fathers at New Plymouth in the year -1620. <b>Independence Day</b> (July 4th), perpetuates -the memory of the American Declaration of Independence, -1776; and <b>Evacuation Day</b> (Nov. 25th), -the date of the evacuation of New York City by the -British army, at the conclusion of the American -War of Independence, 1783.</p> - -<p>The Sunday in Mid-Lent when the Pope blesses -the Golden Rose, and children and domestics out at -service visit their mothers to feast upon <span class="smcap">Mothering -Cakes</span>, really owes its name of <b>Mothering Sunday</b> -to the ancient custom of making offerings to “Mother -Church” on the afternoon of this day. <b>St. Grouse’s -Day</b> is a popular nickname given to the 12th of -August (<b>Grouse Day</b>), when grouse shooting -commences; and <b>St. Partridge’s Day</b>, to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> -1st of September (<b>Partridge Day</b>), which -opens the season for partridge shooting; while -<b>Sprat Day</b> (Nov. 9th) is the first day for selling -sprats in London. The expression <b>Red Letter -Day</b>, signifying a past event generally referred to -with pleasure, found its origin in the old almanacks, -where the Festivals and Saints’ Days were printed -in red ink and the rest in black. This arrangement -still obtains in Roman Catholic countries.</p> - -<p><b>Holiday</b> is a corruption of Holy Day, or a day -originally set apart by the Roman Catholic Church -for the celebration of some feast in commemoration -of an important event, or in honour of a particular -saint. The word <b>Almanac</b>, also written -<b>Almanack</b>, is derived from the Arabic <i>al manah</i>, -to count; whereas <b>Calendar</b> is a contraction of the -Latin <i>calendarium</i>, an account-book.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="TEXTILES_EMBROIDERIES_AND"><i>TEXTILES, EMBROIDERIES, AND -LACE.</i></h2> - -<p>Several of our textile fabrics are indebted for -their names to the places where they were -first manufactured. As examples: <b>Damask -Linens and Silks</b> originally came from Damascus; -<b>Muslin</b> from Moosul, in Mesopotamia; <b>Nankeen</b> -from Nankin, in China; <b>Calico</b> from Calicut, on -the Malabar Coast; <b>Cashmere</b> from the valley of -Cashmere, in India; <b>Dimity</b> from Damietta, in -Egypt; <b>Valence</b> from Valencia, in Spain; and -<b>Holland</b> from the Netherlands. <b>Cambric</b> was -first made at Cambray; <b>Shalloon</b> at Chalons; and -<b>Tarlatan</b> at Tarare: each of these towns being -situated in France. <b>Worsted</b> formerly comprised -the staple industry of a town of that name in -Norfolk; <b>Cobourg</b> is brought from Cobourg, in -Germany; while <b>Angola</b> comes from the Portuguese -territory so called on the West Coast of -Africa. The coarse woollen cloth known as <b>Frieze</b> -was originally imported from Friesland.</p> - -<p>The name of <b>Cotton</b> is a modification of the -Arabic <i>qoton</i>; <b>Silk</b> is derived from the Latin -<i>sericus</i>, soft; and <b>Satin</b> from the Italian <i>seta</i>, a -species of silk distinguished for its gloss and close<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span> -texture. Variegated silk or other stuff bears the -name of <b>Brocade</b> in accordance with the Italian -verb <i>broccare</i>, to prick, to stitch, to figure; <b>Damassin</b> -is a damask cloth interwoven with flowers, or -silver, or gold; <b>Sarsanet</b> is a fine silk, originally -made by the Saracens; <b>Mohair</b> is properly Moorhair, -or the hair of the Angola goat introduced into -Spain by the Moors; whereas <b>Moire Antique</b> is -the French description of a watered silk worked up -in the manner of that worn in the olden time. -<b>Chintz</b> is a Persian word signifying spotted or -stained; <b>Taffety</b>, or <b>Taffeta</b>, is a modification of -the Persian <i>tâftah</i>, derived from <i>taftan</i>, to spin; <b>Linen</b> -is an Anglo-Saxon rendering of the Latin <i>linum</i>, -flax; and <b>Lawn</b> is simply fine linen bleached upon -a lawn instead of the customary drying-ground. -<b>Pompadour</b> received its name from Madame le -Pompadour, the mistress of Louis XV. of France -(born 1721, died 1764), who was the first to introduce -it.</p> - -<p><b>Swansdown</b> is, of course, made from the down -of swans; <b>Moleskin</b> is not the skin of the mole, -but a strong cotton fabric or fustain having a smooth -surface like the mole-skin; <b>Merino</b> is manufactured -from the wool of the Merino sheep; and <b>Alpaca</b> -from that of the alpaca, a species of <i>llama</i> found in -Peru. <b>Kersey</b> is a corruption of <b>Jersey</b>, indicative -of the place where this favourite woollen material -was first produced. The dyed cotton stuff known -as <b>Gingham</b>, out of which umbrellas were formerly -made—hence the slang term for those articles—is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span> -so called after the native Javanese name pronounced -ginggang. We may also conveniently add here that -<b>Blankets</b> received their designation from Thomas -Blanket, who first made them at Bristol as long ago -as the year 1340.</p> - -<p>The name of <b>Velvet</b> traces its origin from the -Latin <i>villus</i>, shaggy hair; and <b>Plush</b> from <i>pilus</i>, a -hair. <b>Velveteen</b> is a cotton velvet or a cloth in -imitation of velvet. <b>Fustian</b>, derived from the -Spanish <i>fustan</i>, is a generic term for the twilled -cotton stuffs of which velvet, corduroy, &c., are the -chief. <b>Grogram</b> is a corruption of the French -<i>gros-grain</i>, meaning coarse-grained; whereas <b>Corduroy</b> -is properly <i>Cord du roy</i>, King’s Cord, so called -because, owing to its ribbed or corded surface, it -was at one time considered superior to any other -kind of cloth intended for masculine wear. <b>Pina-cloth</b>, -a material much used for ladies’ dresses, -is manufactured from the fibres of the pine-apple -leaf; just as <b>Grass-cloth</b> is extensively worked up -into light jackets for Indian wear from the Grass -Cloth plant which abounds in China, Assam, and -Sumatra. <b>T-cloth</b> comprises a special kind of -cloth expressly manufactured in this country for -exportation to India, and distinguished by a <i>T</i> -marked upon it; while <b>Broadcloth</b> simply bears -its name on account of its unusual width. The -name of <b>Twill</b> is a modification of the German -<i>Zwillich</i>, signifying trellis-work, and founded upon -<i>twillen</i>, to separate in two, since this cloth presents -the appearance of diagonal lines or ribs upon its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> -surface. <b>Tweed</b> is a cloth made in the neighbourhood -of the river Tweed; but it did not always bear -this name. The cloth is really <i>twill</i>, and the altered -designation arose out of the word being blotted in an -invoice sent to James Locke, of London, who, conceiving -it to look like “Tweed,” suggested that it -might as well stand for the name of the cloth as -any other. <b>Plaid</b> owes its name to the Gaelic -<i>peallaid</i>, a sheepskin out of which the over-garments -of the Highlanders were originally made. -<b>Check</b> is but another name for Plaid, meaning -checkered, <i>i.e.</i>, marked with variegated or crossed -lines; as, for example, a draught-board, of which the -counters are, on account of their cross movements, -called <span class="smcap">Checkers</span> or <span class="smcap">Chequers</span>.</p> - -<p>The word <b>Embroidery</b> is a modern substantive -evolved out of the old verb “Embordering,” by -which was meant the adornment of any material -with a border. <b>Tapestry</b> is derived, through the -French <i>tapisserie</i>, from the Latin <i>tapes</i>, a carpet. -The celebrated <b>Bayeaux Tapestry</b>, supposed to -have been the work of Matilda, queen of William -the Conqueror, and her maidens, took its name from -the Norman town where it was discovered in 1728. -<b>Gobelin Tapestry</b> preserves the memory of the -Brothers Gobelin, the great French dyers (flourished -1470) whose house in Paris was acquired in 1662 -by Louis XIV. for the production of tapestry and -other works of ornamental design suitable for the -adornment of palaces under the direction of M. -Colbert. The more ancient name for Tapestry was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> -that of Arras, in allusion to the town situated in -the French Netherlands whence it chiefly came.</p> - -<p>Having regard to Lace, it will suffice to observe -that <b>Lisle</b>, <b>Chantilly</b>, <b>Brussells</b>, <b>Honiton</b>, &c., -severally identify the Lace with the local centres -where its manufacture is principally carried on; -that <b>Valenciennes</b> is made at Valenciennes, in -France; and that <b>Colbertine</b> derives its name from -M. Colbert, the superintendent of the French Royal -Lace Factories established by Louis XIV. in the -seventeenth century. Lace is styled <b>Point-lace</b> -when it is worked with the point of a needle; and -<b>Pillow-lace</b> when produced by twisted threads -around a series of pins arranged on a cushion. -The latter, which has so greatly superseded the -more costly point-lace, is said to have been the -invention of Barbara Uttmann, of St. Annaberg, in -the year 1561. The word <b>Lace</b> itself comes from -the Latin <i>laques</i>, a noose or snare. <b>Tulle</b>, a species -of network or lace, is indebted for its designation -to the French town of that name where it was first -made.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LITERARY_PSEUDONYMS"><i>LITERARY PSEUDONYMS.</i></h2> - -<p>So far from being chosen at random these are -frequently the result of much premeditation. -<b>Voltaire</b> (born 1694, died 1778), whose proper -name was Arovet, composed out of this and the -initials L. I. (<i>le jeune</i>) the anagram by which all his -writings are identified. Again, <b>Barry Cornwall</b> is -an imperfect anagram founded upon Bryan Waller -Procter (born 1790, died 1874), the poet’s real -name; whereas <b>Yendys</b>, the signature of Sydney -Dobell (born 1824, died 1874), was merely the -Christian name reversed. To cite an instance of -another class: Charles James Apperley, of Denbighshire, -author of “The Chase, the Turf, and the -Road,” and a regular contributor to <i>The Quarterly -Review</i> could scarcely have hit upon a more fitting -pseudonym than that of <b>Nimrod</b>, who “was a -mighty hunter before the Lord,” alluded to in -<i>Genesis</i> x. 9. Such a choice will be the better -understood, perhaps, when it is mentioned that out -of regard for the sporting tastes of his esteemed -contributor, Mr. Pittman, the proprietor of the -<i>Quarterly</i> kept a stud of hunters for his especial -use. Equally appropriate was the pseudonym -<b>Zadkiel</b>, denoting the angel of the planet Jupiter,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> -adopted by Lieutenant Richard James Morrison, -author of “The Prophetic Almanack,” which still -survives as an annual publication.</p> - -<p>Washington Irving selected the <i>nom de plume</i> of -<b>Knickerbocker</b> for his “History of New York,” in -allusion to the wide breeches worn by the original -settlers of that city. The true account of how -Charles Lamb (born 1775, died 1834) adopted the -name of <b>Elia</b> for his “Essays” is as follows:—His -first contribution to the “London Magazine” -being a description of the Old South Sea House, in -which he had spent several months of his noviciate -as a clerk, he at the very moment of appending his -signature, bethought himself of a gay, light-hearted -foreigner who used to flutter about there; and, as a -mere matter of whim, he wrote down the name of -that individual instead of his own. <b>Boz</b>, the early -<i>nom de plume</i> of Charles Dickens (born 1812, died -1870), arose out of the nickname of Moses conferred -by him upon a younger pet brother in honour of -Moses Primrose in the “Vicar of Wakefield.” The -other children of the family, however, found it -impossible to utter a nearer pronunciation to the -name than “Bozes,” which presently became -shortened in “Boz”; and the latter hit the fancy -of our young author sufficiently to lead him to its -adoption at that period of his literary career when -he lacked the confidence to appear before the world -under his own name. Out of an analogous incident -sprang <b>Ouida</b>, the pseudonym of one of the most -widely-read lady novelists of the present day. Her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> -actual name is Louise de la Ramée (born in 1840); -but remarking the infantile conversion of Louise -into “Ouida,” she was struck by the novelty of such -a <i>nom de plume</i>, and immediately adopted it. -Another lady novelist of probably higher attainments -assumed the name of <b>George Sand</b> (born -1804, died 1876) as the outcome of her attachment -to a young student named Jules Sand, or rather -Sandeau, with whom she collaborated in the production -of “Rose et Blanche,” her first novel. The -real name of this lady was Mdlle. Dupin, afterwards -changed by marriage to Madame Dudevant.</p> - -<p>It may be deemed interesting to learn also that -<b>Artemus Ward</b> was an actual name borne by an -eccentric showman with whom Charles Farrar -Browne, the American humorist (born 1834, died -1867) often came into personal contact; and, -further, that Samuel Langhorne Clemens (born in -1835) owes his singular pseudonym to the fact of -having been employed in early life as a pilot on one -of the Mississippi River steamboats. The nautical -phrase for taking soundings, <b>Mark Twain</b>, or, in -other words, “mark two fathoms,” suggested the -name under which the works of the latter have -become widely popular on both sides of the Atlantic.</p> - -<p>Finally, not every one is aware that <b>F. M. Allen</b>, -the pseudonym of Mr. Edmund Downey, author of -“The Voyage of the Ark,” “Through Green Glasses,” -and some other books of Irish humour, was his wife’s -maiden name.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="COUNTERFEIT_PRESENTMENTS"><i>COUNTERFEIT PRESENTMENTS.</i></h2> - -<p>A <b>Portrait</b>, so called from the Latin <i>protrahere</i>, -to draw forth, is produced by the -individual skill of an artist; whereas a -<b>Photograph</b>, conformably to the two Greek words -<i>photos</i>, light, and <i>graphein</i>, to write, is obtained by -the action of sunlight upon a chemically prepared -surface, such as silver, zinc, copper, glass, or paper.</p> - -<p>The earliest examples of portraiture were styled -<b>Miniatures</b> because they originated from the head -of the Virgin or of some well-known saint introduced -into the initial letters of illuminated rubics -by the <i>Miniatori</i>, a number of monks noted for -their skill in painting with <i>minium</i>, or red lead. -The reason why the portraits of monarchs are -represented on coins and medals in <b>Profile</b> dates -back to Antigonus, one of the generals of Alexander -the Great, who, having lost one eye, ordered his -likeness to be drawn from a side view. This -occurred in the year 330 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> The term is a -corruption, by way of the French <i>profil</i>, of the -Latin <i>perfilum</i>, compounded out of <i>per</i>, through, by, -and <i>filum</i>, a line, a thread. A profile cut out of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> -black paper bears the name of a <b>Silhouette</b> in -honour of Etienne de Silhouette, the French Comptroller -of Finance under Louis XV. (born 1709, -died 1767), who was the first to have his features -outlined in this manner.</p> - -<p>The earlier descriptions of photographs were -respectively styled <b>Talbotypes</b>, <b>Daguerreotypes</b>, -and <b>Ferriertypes</b>, after the names of their inventors. -The smaller-sized photographs at present -in use were originally described as <b>Cartes-de-Visite</b> -from the practice of the Duc de Parma, who, while -staying at Nice in the year 1857, had his photograph -produced on the back of his visiting cards. The -designation <b>Vignette</b>, which expresses the French -diminutive of vine or tendril, owes its origin to the -vine-leaves or branches that properly surround the -photographs produced in this style. A photograph of -the larger size is called a <b>Cabinet</b> because it forms -a picture suited to the walls of a cabinet or very -small room. A three-quarter-length photograph or -portrait is styled among artists a <b>Kit-Kat</b>, in -allusion to the portraits of the original members -of the “Kit-Kat Club,” which were painted by Sir -Godfrey Kneller for Jacob Tonson, the secretary, to -suit the dimensions of the room in which the Club -was latterly held at his villa at Barn Elms. -Similarly, a canvas measuring 28 inches by 36 -inches is styled a <b>Kit-Kat Canvas</b> because this -was the uniform size of the famous “Kit-Kat Club -portraits.” We may as well add here that the -<span class="smcap">Kit-Kat Club</span> derived its name from Christopher<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span> -Kat, a pastrycook of King Street, Westminster, in -whose house the thirty noblemen and gentlemen -who formed themselves into a Club for the purpose -of promoting the Protestant Succession in the year -1703 held their first meetings.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_INNS_AND_GARDENS"><i>LONDON INNS AND GARDENS.</i></h2> - -<p>In our article on <a href="#TAVERN_SIGNS"><span class="smcap">Tavern Signs</span></a> we confined ourselves -to a general survey of the subject; we -now purpose to consider the significance of a -few Inn Signs that are, or were once, peculiar to -London. Commencing with the celebrated <b>Tabard</b>, -in Southwark, so dear to the memory of Chaucer -and his Canterbury Pilgrims, that sign was derived -from the rich tunic or mantle of the same name -worn by military nobles over their armour and -emblazoned with heraldic devices. The Tabard -still forms part of the costume of the heralds. <b>La -Belle Sauvage</b>, on Ludgate Hill, was, as is evident -from a legal document dated the thirty-first year of -the reign of Henry VI., known both as “Savage’s -Inn” and “The Bell and the Hoop.” The latter -was the actual sign, representing a bell within a -hoop, of the Inn which was kept by Isabelle -Savage; and the combination of these two names -resulted in the punning title of “La Belle Sauvage.” -<b>The Swan with Two Necks</b>, in Lad Lane, was -a corruption of “The Swan with Two Nicks.” As -most Londoners are aware, it has long been the -custom of the Vintners’ Company, in their annual -“swan-upping” expeditions on the Thames, to mark<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> -their swans with a couple of nicks or notches in the -bill, so as to distinguish them from the royal swans, -whose nicks are five in number, viz., two lengthways -and three across on the bill. That this characteristic -mark of the Vintners’ Company should have -been chosen for a London Inn Sign is scarcely -extraordinary.</p> - -<p>The sign of <b>The Elephant and Castle</b>, on the -south side of the river, was adopted from the crest -of the Cutlers’ Company, into whose trade ivory, -and consequently elephants’ tusks, enters very considerably. -With regard to the “Castle,” this was -in mediæval times inseparable from the idea of an -elephant, owing to the part which these huge -animals anciently took in the Punic wars. Another -“Elephant and Castle” exists in the parish of -St. Pancras, near King’s Cross; but this sign -originated from the discovery, in 1714, of the -skeleton of an elephant in the neighbourhood of -Battle Bridge. A flint-headed spear lay beside the -remains, and from this it is reasonable to conjecture -that the animal must have been killed by the Britons -who were led by Queen Boadicea against the Romans -in the year 61 <span class="smcapuc">A.D.</span></p> - -<p><b>The Horse Shoe</b>, Tottenham Court Road, came -into existence as a sign from the large horse-shoes -nailed up at the entrance of Messrs. Meux’s brewery -adjoining. The shoes are also conspicuous on the -trappings of the dray-horses belonging to that -establishment; in short, they comprise the trade-mark -of the firm. <b>The Blue Posts</b>, at the corner<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> -of Hanway Street, nearly opposite the “Horse -Shoe,” arose out of the fancy of an old innkeeper -to distinguish his hostelry from all others by causing -the chain-posts abutting on the road to be painted -blue instead of white, which eccentricity fully served -the purpose of a sign. There is another “Blue -Posts” in Cork Street, Piccadilly, and yet another -in Southampton Buildings, Holborn; but the first-named -is the oldest of the three, and therefore the -original. <b>The Black Posts</b>, Bond Street, may -also be regarded as a modified imitation of the -example set by the original “Blue Posts.” <b>The -Three Chairmen</b>, at the foot of Hay Hill, Berkeley -Square, and <b>The Running Footman</b>, in Hayes’ -Mews, close by, were so denominated from being -the resort of gentlemen’s servants in the days when -<span class="smcap">Sedan Chairs</span> (these chairs were first made at -Sedan, in France, which accounts for their name, -exactly as <span class="smcap">Bath Chairs</span> were originally introduced -at Bath during the last century, when fashionable -invalids flocked to the West of England to drink the -Bath and Cheltenham waters) and Running Footmen -preceded the use of private carriages by the -wealthy.</p> - -<p><b>The Mother Red Cap</b>, Camden Town, perpetuates -the memory of a notorious poisoner known -as “Mother Damnable, the Consort of the Devil,” -who lived at Hungerford Stairs during the period of -the Commonwealth. <b>The Mother Shipton</b>, Haverstock -Hill, was built at the time when the prophecies -of Mrs. Evan Preece, of Glamorganshire, South<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> -Wales, were in everybody’s mouth. This old woman -was said to have had a son by the devil, whereupon, -in return for the sacrifice of her honour, she was -accorded the gift of prophecy. When we state that -she correctly predicted the deaths of Lord Percy, -Wolsey, and other historical personages, the existence -of Mother Shipton in this country must be -regarded as a time-honoured if not exactly as a -well-founded institution. <b>The Adelaide</b>, Haverstock -Hill, was named in honour of the consort of -William IV., and <b>The York and Albany</b> after the -title of Frederick, the second son of George III.</p> - -<p><b>Jack Straw’s Castle</b>, Highbury, as also the -celebrated hostelry of the same name on Hampstead -Heath, was so called after Jack Straw, one of the -leaders in Wat Tyler’s insurrection, who pulled -down the Priory of the Knights of St. John of -Jerusalem at the former place, and whose habitation -was a hole formed out of the hill-side on the -site of the present Inn at the latter place. <b>The -Spaniards</b>, Highgate, was originally the private -residence of the Spanish Ambassador to James I. -<b>The Whittington Stone</b>, Highgate Hill, took its -sign from the stone upon which the world-famous -Dick Whittington sat down to rest the while he -listened to the bells of Bow Church pleasantly -chiming across the open fields. The stone is still -to be seen on the edge of the pavement exactly -opposite the public-house.</p> - -<p>The sign of <b>The Thirteen Cantons</b>, King Street, -Golden Square, was adopted in compliment to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> -thirteen Protestant cantons of Switzerland, and to -the numerous natives of that country who at one -time took up their residence in the parish of Soho. -During the last decade or two the Swiss population -has given way in a large degree to French immigrants. -<b>The North Pole</b>, Wardour Street, dates -back to the time when our national interest in Arctic -discovery was at its height; exactly in the same -manner as <b>The South Australian</b>, Hans Place, -Chelsea, was established in the year that first witnessed -the colonization of Southern Australia.</p> - -<p><b>The World’s End</b>, in the King’s Road, Chelsea, -a favourite house of entertainment during the Restoration -period, received its name on account of its -distance from town. <b>The Fulham Bridge</b>, at -Knightsbridge, recalls the original name of the -structure which crossed the Westbourne in this -neighbourhood (<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_150"><span class="smcap">Knightsbridge</span></a>). <b>The Devil</b>, -Fleet Street, received its name from its situation, -nearly opposite the Church of St. Dunstan, and -the traditional account of that saint having seized -the Evil One by the nose with a pair of hot -pincers. <b>The Three Nuns</b>, Aldgate, well serves -the purpose of reminding us of the existence -of an ancient priory inhabited by the nuns of -St. Clare in this neighbourhood (<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_265"><span class="smcap">Minories</span></a>). -<b>The White Conduit Tavern</b>, Islington, occupies -the site of the famous old <b>White Conduit House</b>, -a popular place of resort previous to its demolition in -1849. This was the Conduit which had served the -Carthusian Friars with water from ancient times.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> -The prenomen “white” applied to the house and was -derived from the appearance of its exterior. <b>The -Belvedere</b>, Pentonville Hill, originally contained a -small structure on the roof known by this name for -sitting under and enjoying the prospect across the -fields. The term <i>Belvidere</i> is Italian, signifying -“a fine prospect,” and is equally applicable to a -summer arbour and the flat roof of a house. <b>The -Clown Tavern</b>, St. John Street Road, Clerkenwell, -owes its sign to the fact that it was formerly kept by -a clown engaged at Sadler’s Wells Theatre, in its -immediate vicinity. The well-known <b>Hummuns’s -Hotel</b>, generally alluded to as <b>Hummuns’s</b>, Covent -Garden, derived this title from its erection on the -site of a <i>Hummuns</i>, the Arabic name for a sweating -bath, kept by a Mr. Small some time during the -seventeenth century.</p> - -<p>Reference to the above Inns and Taverns peculiar -to London compels us almost to say a few words -concerning those popular places of outdoor resort -of which we have all read and heard so much. -<b>Sadler’s Wells</b> marks the position of an ancient -holy well whose waters were famous for working -extraordinary cures. In the year 1683, after having -been stopped up since the Reformation, a Mr. Sadler, -while digging for gravel in his garden, discovered -this well, and thereafter it bore his name. In order -to profit by the re-established fame of this well, -Sadler converted his residence into a house of entertainment -under the title of “Sadler’s Musick -House.” Here were provided tight-rope dancing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> -conjuring, tumbling, and a variety of other diversions, -always accompanied by music. Sixty years -later, probably after the death of Mr. Sadler, the -property passed into the hands of Mr. Rosoman, -who turned it into a theatre, but retained the name -of the old proprietor. The present theatre was -built by Mrs. Bateman in 1879. <b>Highbury Barn</b>, -first a small ale and cake house, and afterwards a -place of public entertainment, including a theatre, -was so called from its occupying the site of a barn-like -structure originally belonging to the ancient -Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, -and left standing after the incursion of Jack Straw -and his rebellious companions [<i>see ante</i>, <a href="#Page_190"><span class="smcap">Jack -Straw’s Castle</span></a>]. <b>Vauxhall Gardens</b> derived -their title from the Hall, or Manor-house, of Jane -Vaux, which they displaced [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_160"><span class="smcap">Vauxhall</span></a>]; -<b>Ranelagh Gardens</b> occupied the site of Ranelagh -House, the seat of an Irish nobleman of that title; -while <b>Cremorne Gardens</b> were named after Thomas -Dawson, Lord Cremorne, whose town house and -grounds they covered. Whatever may have been -the moral character of these places, their removal -has had the effect of effacing one phase of Metropolitan -amusement entirely; but it has also been -instrumental in introducing another—namely, the -Music-Halls. The first London music-hall was -“The Canterbury,” Westminster Bridge Road, -which grew out of <b>The Canterbury Arms</b>, -displaying the arms of the city of Canterbury in -the year 1848.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="SOBRIQUETS_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>SOBRIQUETS AND NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p>The list of historical personages whose sobriquets -and nicknames are even better known -than their proper names is very large; we -must, therefore, content ourselves with a random -selection of the principal.</p> - -<p>Commencing with the ladies: Ayesha (born 610, -died 677), the second and favourite wife of Mahomet, -was called <b>The Mother of Believers</b> because the -prophet styled himself “The Father of Believers.” -<b>Fair Helen</b> was the wife of Menelaos, King of -Sparta, by whose guest, Paris, the Trojan prince, -she was carried off. This incident was the immediate -cause of the famous siege of Troy which -lasted ten years. <b>Fair Rosamond</b> (died 1154) -was the mistress of Henry II., who kept her in a -secluded bower that could be approached only by a -labyrinth or maze in the neighbourhood of the royal -palace at Woodstock. One day, however, the queen -artfully discovered her way thereto by means of a -silken thread attached to the garment of the faithless -husband, after which she soon procured the -removal of her rival by poison. Joan, the wife of -Edward the Black Prince, was styled <b>The Fair -Maid of Kent</b> (died 1385) on account of her beauty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> -and being the only daughter of the Earl of Kent. -<b>The Holy Maid of Kent</b> was Elizabeth Barton, a -religious enthusiast, hanged at Tyburn in 1534. A -brave, if not a beautiful, woman of historic renown -was the Countess of Dunbar and March, who, in -the year 1337, completely defied the attempt of the -Earl of Salisbury to capture Dunbar Castle during -a siege of nineteen weeks, at the end of which the -latter was forced to retire with ignominy. This -warlike heroine is generally alluded to under the -name of <b>Black Agnes</b>, in consequence of her -swarthy complexion. A less fortunate Scottish -heroine who fell at the Battle of Ancrum Moor -beside her English adversary, General Evers, whom -she had killed, was <b>Fair Maiden Lilliard</b>. She -was buried on the site of the conflict; and her -epitaph, as follows, is known to every man, woman, -and child in that part of the country:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“Fair Maiden Lilliard lies under this stene,</div> -<div class="verse">Little was her stature, but great was her fame;</div> -<div class="verse">Upon the English loons she laid many thumps,</div> -<div class="verse">And when her legs were cutted off, she fought upon her stumps.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The spot where she fell still bears the name of -“Lilliard’s Edge.” Then, of course, we have the -celebrated Joan of Arc, <b>The Maid of Orleans</b> -(born 1412, burnt at the stake 1431), who placed -herself at the head of the attacking party and -effected the capture of the city of Orleans from the -English. Neither must we omit a passing allusion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> -to Augustine Zaragossa, better known as <b>The Maid -of Saragossa</b>, owing to the signal heroism which -she displayed during the siege of her native city in -1808-9. The Honourable Elizabeth St. Leger, the -niece of Colonel Anthony St. Leger, who founded -the Stakes named after him in connection with Doncaster -races, is known to posterity as <b>The Lady -Freemason</b>, because on one occasion she overheard -the proceedings of an assembly of Freemasons, -and, being discovered, was, as the only way of -meeting an unprecedented difficulty, duly elected a -member of the craft and initiated into its peculiar -rites and ceremonies. Madame Jenny Lind Goldschmidt -(born 1821, died 1887) was styled <b>The -Swedish Nightingale</b> on account of her vocal -genius and her birth in the city of Stockholm. The -now popular society actress, Mrs. Langtry, bears the -somewhat punning though highly complimentary -sobriquet of <b>The Jersey Lily</b>, because she was -born in Jersey and her Christian name is Lillie.</p> - -<p>Heraclitus of Ephesus (flourished 500 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>) was -known as <b>The Weeping Philosopher</b>, because he -spent the latter years of his life in grieving over the -folly of men; on the other hand, Democritus of -Abdera (born 460 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>, died 357 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>) merited the -surname of <b>The Laughing Philosopher</b>, because -he jeered at the feeble powers of man, whose every act -was in the hands of fate. Duns Scotus, the Scottish -schoolman (born 1272, died 1308), was styled <b>The -Subtle Doctor</b> by reason of his learning; while -St. Thomas Aquinas (born 1227, died 1274) was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> -denominated <b>The Angelic Doctor</b> because he belonged -to the priesthood. <b>St. Paul of the Cross</b> -is the name by which Paul Francis (born 1694, died -1775), founder of the religious Order of the Passionists, -is best known.</p> - -<p>The famous English outlaw who flourished between -the years 1180 and 1247, and whose real name -was Robert Fitz-ooth, Earl of Huntingdon, adopted -the style of <b>Robin Hood</b>, in deference to the -example set by the people of Nottinghamshire, who, -while dropping the <i>Fitz</i>, corrupted the <i>Robert</i> into -Robin and the <i>ooth</i> into Hood. <b>Little John</b> was -properly called John Little, but being a great, stalwart -fellow, the outlaw chief took a fancy to invert -his name for the sake of the contrast. We can -quite understand “the merry men of Sherwood -Forest” cultivating an objection to hard-sounding -words; therefore it could not have been long before -William Scathelocke, another prominent member of -Robin Hood’s band, found his name reduced to the -more euphonious form of <b>Will Scarlet</b>. <b>Friar -Tuck</b> was so called because his habit was <i>tucked in</i> -around the waist by a girdle.</p> - -<p><b>Sixteen-string Jack</b> was the name popularly -bestowed upon Jack Rann, a notorious highwayman -hanged in 1791, owing to the sixteen tags he wore on -his breeches, eight at each knee. Another notorious -representative of the great family of Jacks, good, -bad, and otherwise, was the Marquis of Waterford, -commonly known as <b>Spring-heel Jack</b>, from his -habit of frightening people by springing upon them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> -out of obscure corners after nightfall during the -early part of the present century. <b>Gentleman -Jack</b> and <b>Gentleman Smith</b> were the titles respectively -borne by John Bannister and William -Smith, both actors of the century gone by. The -former was noted for his straightforward dealings -with his fellow-men in private life, the latter for his -gentlemanly deportment on the stage.</p> - -<p>Who has not heard of <b>Admirable Crichton</b>? -This extraordinary Scottish prodigy, James Crichton -(born 1560, died 1583), is said to have given such -early proofs of his learning that the degree of Master -of Arts was conferred upon him at the age of fourteen. -In addition to his classical knowledge, he was -a poet, a musician, a sculptor, an artist, an actor, a -brilliant conversationalist, a good horseman, and an -excellent fencer. Surely the possessor of such -varied accomplishments deserved a better fate than -that which befell him in the very prime of his life! -He was stabbed by a band of masked desperadoes led -by his own pupil, Vincenzo Gonzaga, the son of the -Duke of Mantua. A genius of a totally different stamp -was George Robert Fitzgerald, better known, owing -to his duelling proclivities, as <b>Fighting Fitzgerald</b>. -This individual was one of the most infamous -characters of the last century. No enemy ever -escaped him with life; being a sure shot and an -expert swordsman, his intense love of gambling and -duelling, united to a haughty and overbearing disposition, -habitually prompted him to shed the blood -of his fellow-men without the least compunction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span></p> - -<p>A celebrated leader of fashion during the early -part of this century was Robert Coates, popularly -styled <b>Romeo Coates</b> in consequence of his fondness -for playing the part of Romeo at amateur -theatricals. Among other past notabilities of fashion -we may mention <b>Beau Fielding</b>, <b>Beau Brummell</b>, -and <b>Beau Nash</b>, severally so styled from the -foppishness of their attire. The last-named (born -1674, died 1761) was a notorious diner-out, and for -some time Master of the Ceremonies at the fashionable -Assembly Rooms at Bath, where he provided a -series of entertainments the like of which had never -been known. On this account he was surnamed -<b>King of Bath</b>. Alas! though literally the “monarch -of all he surveyed” during the brief period of his -popularity, when at length Death claimed him for -his own he was as poor as the meanest of King -George’s subjects.</p> - -<p>But Richard “Beau” Nash was not the only British -subject who has rejoiced in the erstwhile title of King. -As examples: Richard Oastler, of Bradford (born -1789, died 1861), merited the style of <b>The Factory -King</b>, in recognition of his success in promoting the -“Ten Hours’ Bill”; George Hudson, of Yorkshire -(born 1800, died 1871), chairman of the Midland -Railway Company, was denominated <b>The Railway -King</b>, because in one day he cleared the large sum -of £100,000 by fortunate railway speculations; John -Law, the projector of the Mississippi Scheme (born -1671, died 1729), bore the name of <b>The Paper -King</b>, than which, by the way, nothing could have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> -been more appropriate. The huge fortunes anticipated -by the subscribers to this wholesale fraud -appeared promising enough upon paper, or, to put it -more precisely, in the prospectus; but hard cash -there was none, saving such as passed into the pockets -of the wily promoter. In our own decade we have -<b>The Nitrate King</b>, the sobriquet of Colonel J. T. -North, of Eltham, consequent upon his successful -speculations in the commodity with which his name -has become associated.</p> - -<p>John Kyrle, of Ross, Herefordshire (born 1637, -died 1754), well known for his artistic tastes and acts -of benevolence, was styled by Pope <b>The Man of -Ross</b>, because he was constantly effecting improvements -for the public good in the neighbourhood of -his estate. Another local philanthropist was Dr. -William Gordon, of Hull (born 1801, died 1849), -whose surname, <b>The People’s Friend</b>, so well -merited during life, literally followed him to the -grave, where it appears chiselled on his tombstone. -Perhaps the greatest benefactor of the human race -with whom we have become practically acquainted -in modern times, was Father Mathew (born 1790, -died 1856), universally styled <b>The Apostle of -Temperance</b>, beside whom, judging from results, -all our latter-day temperance advocates sink into -insignificance. He was also made the recipient of -the sobriquet <b>The Sinner’s Friend</b>, on account of -the special interest he took in the fallen and the -outcast; even the most degraded always met with a -welcome at his hands.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> - -<p><b>The Musical Small-coal Man</b> was the popular -designation of Thomas Britton (born 1650, died -1714), a vendor of small coals, which he carried in a -sack over his shoulder and cried in the streets, who -on Thursday evenings gave a series of high-class -instrumental concerts in the room over his shed in -Clerkenwell, assisted by the best talent he could -procure, that attracted all fashionable London. This -gifted person was actually frightened to death by the -freak of a ventriloquist. Thomas Rawlinson, the -bibliopolist (born 1681, died 1725), was appropriately -enough styled <b>Tom Folio</b>. <b>The Infant -Roscius</b> (born 1791, died 1874) was William Henry -Betty, a histrionic prodigy named after the greatest -actor of antiquity. His <i>début</i> took place at Belfast, -August 19, 1803; and three months later he appeared -at Covent Garden (then under the management of -the elder Macready) for twelve nights at a salary of -fifty guineas a night and a clear benefit. During -this brief season the public excitement was so great -that the military had to be called out every night to -preserve order. His last appearance as a boy-actor -occurred at Bath in the year 1808.</p> - -<p>William Gerard Hamilton, the Irish Chancellor -of the Exchequer (born 1729, died 1756), has been -handed down to posterity under the name of -<b>Single-speech Hamilton</b>, because he delivered but -one speech in the House, and that was such a marvellous -outburst of rhetoric that it electrified all who -heard it. This memorable incident took place -November 13, 1755. Henry Dundas, afterwards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> -Lord Melville (born 1740, died 1811), merited the -sobriquet of <b>Starvation Dundas</b> in consequence of -his repeated use of the word “starvation” in the -course of a debate on American affairs in the year -1775. Sir Robert Peel (born 1750, died 1830), -during the time he was Chief Secretary for Ireland -(1812 to 1816), was popularly denominated <b>Orange -Peel</b>, on account of his strong anti-Catholic spirit -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_111"><span class="smcap">Orangemen</span></a>]. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham -(born 1708, died 1778), was styled <b>The Heaven-sent -Minister</b> because the most splendid triumphs -of British arms were achieved during his administration. -John Russell, afterwards created Earl Russell -(born 1792, died 1878), received the nickname of -<b>Finality John</b> from the fact of his maintaining that -the Reform Bill of 1832 was a <i>finality</i>. The late -Earl of Beaconsfield (born 1804, died 1881) owed -his popular name of <b>Dizzy</b> to his own habit of -setting forth his early novels during the lifetime of -his father under the authorship of “D’Israeli the -Younger.” In course of time this became shortened -into “Dizzy,” and it clung to him ever afterwards.</p> - -<p>Mr. W. E. Gladstone (born 1809) first received -the nickname of <b>The Grand Old Man</b> on the -occasion of the unseating in the House of Commons -of Mr. Charles Bradlaugh (June 1880), through his -refusal to take the oath after his election as member -for Northampton. At this time Mr. Bradlaugh -found a strong champion in Mr. Labouchere; and -the nickname arose out of the latter’s conversation -in the tea-room of the House “I told some friends,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> -said Mr. Labouchere, referring to the incident of -Mr. Bradlaugh’s expulsion, “that before I left Mr. -Gladstone came to me, and that <i>grand old man</i>, -with tears in his eyes, took me by the hands and -said, ‘Mr. Labouchere, bring me Mr. Bradlaugh -back again.’”</p> - -<p>Mr. William Henry Smith, M.P., the present -First Lord of the Treasury (born 1825), is popularly -known by the name of <b>Bookstall Smith</b> because -he originated the idea of railway bookstalls, and -founded the now widely-popular firm of “W. H. -Smith and Sons.”</p> - -<p>Sir Christopher Hatton (born 1540, died 1591) -was styled <b>The Dancing Chancellor</b> because he -first attracted the notice of Queen Elizabeth by his -graceful dancing at one of the Court masques. In -recognition of this accomplishment he was created a -Knight of the Garter and subsequently made Chancellor -of England. <b>Praise-God Barebones</b>, or, -rather, Barebon, who died in 1680, was a leather-seller -and the leader of the celebrated “Barebones Parliament.” -It was a common custom among the Puritans -to nickname people in accordance with their habits -and peculiarities; consequently this individual must -have been addicted to praising God in the hearing -of his neighbours. William Huntingdon, the preacher -and theologian (born 1744, died 1813), called himself -<b>Sinner-saved Huntingdon</b> for reasons doubtless -best known to himself. <b>Orator Henley</b>, otherwise -John Henley (born 1692, died 1756), was an English -divine who in 1726 delivered a course of lectures on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> -theological subjects on Sundays, and on secular -subjects on Wednesdays, in a kind of “oratory” or -chapel in Newport Market, which attracted large -congregations.</p> - -<p><b>Memory Woodfall</b> was the sobriquet of William -Woodfall (born 1745, died 1803), brother to the -reputed author of the famous “Letters of Junius.” -This person’s memory was so perfect that he was -able, after listening to a Parliamentary debate, to -report it the next morning word for word without the -assistance of any notes whatever. Of another kind -was the memory possessed by John Thompson, the -son of a greengrocer in the parish of St. Giles, -popularly known as <b>Memory-corner Thompson</b> -(born 1757, died 1843) on account of his astounding -local knowledge. Within twenty-four hours, and at -two sittings, he drew entirely from memory a correct -plan of the parish of St. James’s. This plan contained -all the squares, streets, lanes, courts, passages, -markets, churches, chapels, houses, stables, and -angles of houses, in addition to a number of minor -objects, such as walls, trees, &c., and including an -exact plan of Carlton House and St. James’s Palace. -He also, on another occasion, made a correct plan of -St. Andrew’s parish, and offered to do the same with -the parishes of St. Giles, St. Paul’s, Covent Garden, -and St. Clement-Danes. If a particular house in -any given street were named, he would tell at once -what trade was carried on in it, the appearance -and position of the shop, and its contents. In -going through a large hotel completely furnished,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> -he was able to retain a recollection of everything he -saw, and afterwards make an inventory of the whole. -But, perhaps more wonderful than all, he could, -after having read a newspaper overnight, repeat any -desired portion of its contents <i>verbatim</i> the next -morning. Nowadays such a one would be exhibited -at the Royal Aquarium as a natural curiosity.</p> - -<p>Another well-known London character was <b>Dirty -Dick</b>, otherwise Nathaniel Bentley, the miser, who -never washed himself. This extraordinary individual -died in the odour of dirt in the year 1809, leaving an -ample fortune to console his heirs for his loss (?). -The house which he inhabited in Bishopsgate Street -Without has now been converted into a modern wine -and spirit establishment, under the style of <span class="smcap">The -D.D. Cellars</span>. Laurence Brown, the English landscape -gardener (born 1715, died 1783) was nicknamed -<b>Capability Brown</b> owing to his habitual use of -the word <i>capability</i>. At the present day the Duke -of Cambridge (born 1819) is usually denominated -<b>George Ranger</b> in allusion to his appointment as -Ranger of the Royal Parks. Ernest Benzon, author -of “How I Lost £250,000 in Two Years,” rejoiced -in the title of <b>The Jubilee Plunger</b> because he -entered upon his gambling career in 1887, the Jubilee -year of Queen Victoria [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_237"><span class="smcap">Plunger</span></a>].</p> - -<p>A few of the more celebrated painters may now -detain us. Peter Aartsen, the Flemish painter (born -1507, died 1573), bore the name of <b>Long Peter</b> on -account of his extraordinary height; while Gaspar -Smitz, the Dutch portrait painter (died 1689), was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> -styled <b>Magdalen Smith</b> because his pictures comprised -mostly “Magdalens.” The real name of the -French landscape painter, <b>Claude Lorraine</b> (born -1600, died 1682), was Claude Gelée <i>of</i> Lorraine; -that of Paolo Veronese, or <b>Paul Veronese</b> (born -1528, died 1588), was Paolo Cagliari, his birth having -taken place in Verona; and that of Jacopa da -Bassano, called <b>Il Bassano</b> (born 1510, died 1592), -was Jacopa da Ponte, whose native place was -Bassano, in the Venetian State. Pietro Vanucci -(born 1446, died 1524), though recognizing Città -della Pieve as his birthplace, was all his life established -in the neighbouring city of Perugia, where he -claimed the right of citizenship; hence the origin of -his more common name <b>Il Perugino</b>. Francesco -Rossi (born 1510, died 1563), adopted the name of -<b>Del Salviati</b>, in honour of his patron, Cardinal -Salviati, who was his own age exactly, and, strangely -enough, died in the same year as himself. Giuseppe -Ribera (born 1588, died 1656), was popularly surnamed -<b>Lo Spagnoletto</b> (“the Little Spaniard”), from -the shortness of his stature and his birth at Xativa, -in Spain; while Tommaso Guidi (born 1402, died -1428), merited his better-known name of <b>Masaccio</b>, -owing to the slovenliness of his habits, the direct consequence -of an all-absorbing attention to his studies. -Jacopo Robusti (born 1512, died 1594) received his -now far more popular name of <b>Tintoretto</b> because -his father followed the occupation of a <i>tintore</i>, or dyer. -During his lifetime, this celebrated Italian painter -merited the additional sobriquet of <b>Il Furioso</b> owing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> -to the rapidity with which he produced his work. -Quintin Matsys (born 1466, died 1530), whose -masterpiece, “The Taking Down from the Cross,” -has achieved a world-wide reputation, is equally -known to fame by the name of <b>The Smith of Antwerp</b>, -owing to the circumstance of having followed -for a time, and with great distinction, his father’s -occupation of a blacksmith. His attachment to the -pretty daughter of a painter, however, caused him -eventually to forsake the anvil for the palette. -Nearer home the historical portrait painter, David -Allan (born 1744, died 1796) was surnamed <b>The -Scottish Hogarth</b> in compliment to his excellence; -and William Huggins (born 1821, died 1884), <b>The -Liverpool Landseer</b>, in favourable comparison with -the celebrated English animal painter of that name.</p> - -<p>Simon Bolivar, the South American hero (born -1783, died 1830), justly merited the dignified title of -<b>The Liberator</b>; while General John Charles Fremont -(born 1813, died 1890) won the surname of -<b>The Pathfinder</b> after his fourth successful exploring -expedition across the Rocky Mountains in 1842. -Lastly, Jonathan Hastings, a farmer of Cambridge, -Massachusetts, U.S., was styled <b>Yankee Jonathan</b> -in consequence of his addiction to the word <i>Yankee</i> -in the place of “excellent.” Thus he would say, -“A Yankee good horse,” “A Yankee good cider,” -&c. This individual, however, must not be confounded -with “Brother Jonathan,” the nickname of -the typical American, to which reference is made -in another portion of this work.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="THE_INNS_OF_COURT"><i>THE INNS OF COURT.</i></h2> - -<p>As by reference to our article on <a href="#TAVERN_SIGNS"><span class="smcap">Tavern Signs</span></a> -it will be seen how the word <i>Inn</i> originally -denoted a private mansion, it will suffice to -state here that the various colleges of the law -students in London are styled <b>Inns</b> because the -chief of them were at one time the residences of the -nobility whose family names they still bear. Thus, -<b>Lincoln’s Inn</b> was the town mansion of the Earls -of Lincoln, <b>Gray’s Inn</b>, of the Earls Gray, <b>Furnival’s -Inn</b>, of the Lords Furnival, and <b>Clifford’s -Inn</b>, of the Lords Clifford. The two first-named, -together with the Inner and Middle Temple, are the -principal <b>Inns of Court</b>, so called because the -earliest seminaries for the study of the law were -established in one of the courts of the King’s palace. -The Inns of lesser import are:—<b>Serjeants’ Inn</b>, -originally the establishment of the “Frères Serjens,” -or Serving Brothers to the Knights Templars who -occupied <b>The Temple</b> close by; <b>Barnard’s Inn</b>—sold -and abolished in 1881—named after its ancient -owner; <b>Staple Inn</b>, formerly the Hall of the -Merchants of the Staple, <i>i.e.</i>, wool; <b>Clement’s Inn</b> -and <b>Dane’s Inn</b>, so designated from their proximity -to the Church of St. Clement-Danes; and <b>New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span> -Inn</b>, the latest of all the Inns erected in the early -part of the last century. <b>Thavie’s Inn</b> no longer -exists, but the title still adheres to a range of -modern buildings erected upon its site. No person -of the name of Thavie ever owned or occupied the -original premises; nevertheless, when the Inn was -established as an appendage to Lincoln’s Inn, about -the middle of the fourteenth century, the Benchers -unanimously agreed to perpetuate the memory of -one John Thavie, an armourer who, dying in the -year 1348, bequeathed a number of houses in -Holborn, representing considerable rentals, to the -neighbouring church of St. Andrew, and named it -“Thavie’s Inn” accordingly.</p> - -<p>The senior members of the Inns of Court are -styled <b>Benchers</b> by reason of the benches on which -they formerly sat.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="RACES"><i>RACES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Goodwood Races</b> are held once a year in -Goodwood Park, the property of the Duke -of Richmond; <b>Ascot Races</b>, on Ascot -Heath, in Berkshire, and <b>Epsom Races</b>, on Epsom -Downs, near London. The <b>Derby Stakes</b>, at -Epsom, were named after Edward Smith Stanley, -twelfth Earl of Derby, who founded them in 1780, the -year after he established the <b>Oaks Stakes</b>; so called -from an inn known as “Lamberts’ Oaks,” originally -erected by the Hunters’ Club and rented by a -family named Lambert upon land which subsequently -passed into the possession of the Derby family. The -<b>St. Leger Stakes</b>, otherwise the <b>Doncaster St. -Leger</b>, annually run for at Doncaster, were established -by Colonel Anthony St. Leger in 1776.</p> - -<p>A <b>Hurdle Race</b> is one in which hurdles are -placed at different points along the course. A -<b>Steeplechase</b> is confined to thoroughbred hunters -whose riders are bound to make for the winning-post -straight across the country, guided by flags displayed -on the highest points along the line, and to clear -whatever ditches, fences, walls, or other obstacles -that may lie in their course. The term originated -from the incident of an unsuccessful hunting-party<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> -agreeing to race to the village church, of which the -steeple was just in sight; and he who touched the -building first with his whip was to be declared the -winner. A <b>Scratched Horse</b> is one whose name -has been struck out of the final list of runners in a -particular race. A <b>Sweepstake</b> is a term used to -denote the whole amount staked by different persons -upon one race, and cleared literally “at one sweep” -by the fortunate individual who has backed the -winner.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_CHURCHES_AND"><i>LONDON CHURCHES AND -BUILDINGS.</i></h2> - -<p>In all probability the name of <b>Westminster -Abbey</b> would never have come into existence -had it not been necessary to distinguish the -Abbey Church lying to the west of St. Paul’s (founded -by Ethelbert in 610) from another Abbey Church -that stood upon the rising ground now known as -Tower Hill. Consequently, the one was described -as the <i>West Minster</i>, the other the <i>East Minster</i>; and -when, in course of time, the latter was swept away, -the western edifice not only retained the description -of “The West Minster,” but gave its name also to -the district around. The earliest mention of West -Minster occurs in a Saxon charter dated 785.</p> - -<p>The <b>Temple</b> comprised the chief seat in this -country of the Knights Templars after their return -from the Holy Land. The <b>Savoy Chapel</b> is a -modern edifice built by the Queen to replace the -original, destroyed by fire July, 7, 1864, which -formed the only remaining portion of the old <b>Savoy -Palace</b> erected by Peter of Savoy, the uncle of -Eleanor, queen of Henry III., in 1249, on land -granted to him by that monarch.</p> - -<p>The Church of <b>St. Clement-Danes</b> owes its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> -compound title to the fact of being dedicated to St. -Clement, and of Harold, a Danish king, together -with several other Danes lying buried within its -walls. The Church of <b>St. Mary-le-Bow</b>, Cheapside, -otherwise <b>Bow Church</b>, was so denominated -because it was the first church ever built upon bows -or arches. The Church of <b>St. Mary Woolnoth</b>, -at the corner of Lombard Street and King William -Street, is supposed to be a corruption of St. Mary -Woolnough, so called by way of distinction from a -neighbouring church of “St. Mary of the Wool,” -that stood beside the beam or wool-staple. The -Church of <b>St. Mary-Axe</b>, now vanished, received -this name from its situation opposite to a shop -that displayed an axe for its sign. The Church of -<b>St. Catherine Cree</b>, Leadenhall Street, is properly -St. Catherine and Trinity, being originally a chapel -dedicated to St. Catherine in the churchyard of the -priory church of Holy Trinity, afterwards merged into -the parishes of Christ Church, St. Mary Magdalen, -and St. Michael. The Church of <b>St. Catherine -Coleman</b>, Fenchurch Street, dedicated to St. -Catherine, is so designated because it was built in -a large garden belonging to a person named Coleman. -The Church of <b>St. Margaret Pattens</b>, -Rood Lane, did not receive its denomination -from the patten-makers who congregated in this -neighbourhood, but because its roof was formerly -decorated with gilt spots or <i>patines</i>; a patine being -the name of a small circular dish of gold used to -cover the chalice at the altar. Lovers of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> -Shakespeare may recollect the passage in the <i>Merchant of -Venice</i> where Lorenzo, referring to the stars, says:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="verse">“Sit, Jessica: Look how the floor of heaven</div> -<div class="verse">Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold;</div> -<div class="verse">There’s not the smallest orb which thou behold’st,</div> -<div class="verse">But in his motion like an angel sings,</div> -<div class="verse">Still quiring to the young-ey’d cherubins;</div> -<div class="verse">Such harmony is in immortal souls,</div> -<div class="verse">But whilst this muddy vesture of decay</div> -<div class="verse">Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.”</div> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The original <b>Church of St. Sepulchre</b>, founded -during the time of the Crusades, was so denominated -in honour of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. The -name of <b>St. Bride’s Church</b>, Fleet Street, is a contraction -of St. Bridget’s Church. The Church of <b>St. -Andrew Undershaft</b>, Leadenhall Street, dedicated -to St. Andrew, was originally so called because its -steeple was of lesser altitude than the tall shaft -or maypole which stood opposite the south door. -Hence, the church was literally “under the shaft.” -The parish of St. Mary-Axe is now united to that -of St. Andrew Undershaft. The Church of <b>St. -Helen’s</b>, Bishopsgate, was built and dedicated to -St. Helena, the mother of Constantine, in 1180, just -thirty years before William Fitzwilliam, a rich goldsmith, -founded in connection therewith a priory of -Benedictine nuns, dedicated to the Holy Cross and -St. Helena. The neighbouring Church of <b>St. -Ethelburga</b> was so named in honour of the -daughter of King Ethelbert. The Church of <b>Allhallowes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> -Barking</b>, at the bottom of Mark Lane, -derived the second portion of its title from the fact -that it belonged to the ancient abbey and convent -at Barking, in Essex. <b>St. Olave’s Church</b>, Tooley -Street, is properly described as <b>St. Olaf’s Church</b>, -being dedicated to Olaf, a Norwegian prince of great -renown, who came over to this country at the -invitation of the King Ethelred, and rendered good -service in expelling the Danes.</p> - -<p>The central portion of the Tower of London, supposed -to have been built by Julius Cæsar, is known -as the <b>White Tower</b> on account of the white -stone employed in its construction. In the <b>Bloody -Tower</b> the Infant Princes were murdered by order -of their uncle, Richard III.; and in the <b>Beauchamp -Tower</b>, Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, -was imprisoned by Richard II. for leading the conspiracy -of the Barons for the removal of Sir Simon -de Burley, the young King’s favourite. At the accession -of Henry IV. the Earl obtained his liberty. -<b>Traitors’ Gate</b> denotes the river gate by which all -State prisoners convicted of high treason were -admitted into the Tower. <b>Newgate Prison</b> derived -its name from its original situation next to the -newest of the five principal gates of the City. The -prison is first mentioned in history under date 1207. -The present gloomy edifice was built in 1782. The -open space between the prison and the Old Bailey -was formerly known as the <b>Press Yard</b>, because -here it was that prisoners who refused to plead upon -trial were barbarously pressed to death. The <b>Old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> -Bailey</b> Sessions House received its name from the -street in which it stands [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_260"><span class="smcap">Old Bailey</span></a> in the -article “<a href="#LONDON_STREETS_AND_SQUARES"><span class="smcap">London Streets and Squares</span></a>.”] The -old <b>Marshalsea Prison</b>, Southwark, abolished and -pulled down in 1842, was so called because it contained -the Court of the Knight-Marshal, whose duty it -was to settle disputes occurring between the members -of the Royal Household. This office now belongs to -the Steward of the Royal Household. <b>Bridewell</b> was -a corruption of “St. Bridget’s Well,” discovered in -the grounds attached to an ancient hospital, afterwards -converted into a house of correction for -females. An iron pump let into the wall of the -churchyard at the upper end of Bride Lane indicates -the exact spot where the dames of old were wont to -drink the virtuous waters. The <b>Fleet Prison</b> took -its name from the river, now a common sewer, near -which it stood. The northern boundary of the prison -is now defined by <b>Fleet Lane</b>, which runs from -Farringdon Street to the Old Bailey.</p> - -<p><b>St. John’s Gate</b>, Clerkenwell, is the sole remaining -portion of the priory of St. John of Jerusalem, -the seat in this country of the Knights Hospitallers, -instituted by Godfrey de Boulogne. The Gate now -forms the headquarters of the St. John’s Ambulance -Association. <b>Temple Bar</b> was not one of the City -fortifications, but the ordinary gateway of the Temple. -It was popularly known as <b>The City Golgotha</b>, -owing to the spiked heads of traitors exposed thereon—<i>Golgotha</i> -being Hebrew for “the place of skulls.” -The Bar was taken down in 1878. <b>London Bridge</b>—that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> -is to say, the original structure—was the first -bridge over the Thames. The present structure was -thrown open August 1, 1831. <b>Billingsgate</b> traces its -origin to Belin, one of the early kings of Britain, who -built a gate on the site of the present market and gave -it his name. <b>St. Katherine’s Docks</b> received their -title from an ancient hospital dedicated to St. -Katherine, swept away by their construction in the -year 1828. <b>The Mint</b> is so called in accordance -with the Anglo-Saxon <i>mynet</i>, coin [<i>see</i> <a href="#MONEY"><span class="smcap">Money</span></a>]. -The <b>Trinity House</b>, the seat of the Trinity Corporation, -which controls the pilotage of the Thames -and the various lighthouses, buoys, harbour-dues, -&c., around our coast, owed its foundation to Sir -Thomas Spert, Comptroller of the Navy of Henry -VIII., and commander of the <i>Harry Grace de Dieu</i>, -originally situated at Deptford; it was incorporated -in 1529 under the style of “The Master-Wardens -and Assistants of the Guild, or Fraternity, or -Brotherhood, of the most glorious and undivisible -Trinity, and St. Clement, in the parish of Deptford, -Stroud, in the County of Kent.” The present -edifice was built in 1795. <b>Crosby Hall</b>, Bishopsgate, -at one time a palace, but now converted into -a restaurant, was built by Sir John Crosby about -the middle of the fifteenth century. The <b>Congregational -Memorial Hall</b>, Farringdon Road, -which occupies part of the site of the old Fleet -Prison, was built in 1872 to memorate the ejection -of more than two thousand Church of England -ministers from their charges, August 24, 1662,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> -consequent upon their refusal to subscribe to the -“Act of Uniformity” [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_74"><span class="smcap">Nonconformists</span></a>]. -The <b>Guildhall</b> is the hall of the City guilds; -the word <span class="smcap">Guild</span> being derived from the Anglo-Saxon -<i>gildan</i>, to pay, alluding to the fee paid for -membership. <b>Doctors’ Commons</b>, originally established -as a college for the Professors of Canon -and Civil Law, received its name from the rule -which required the Doctors to dine at a common -table. That sombre-looking structure, the <b>College -of Arms</b>, otherwise <b>Heralds’ College</b>, is the office -where the records of the genealogical descent of all -our noble families are preserved, and where searches -for coats-of-arms may be instituted. The Corporation -of the College dates back to the year -1484. The General Post Office is officially denominated -<b>St. Martin’s-le-Grand</b> because it occupies -the site of a collegiate church and sanctuary -of that name founded by Within, King of Kent in -750, and chartered by William the Conqueror in -1068.</p> - -<p>The <b>Charterhouse</b>, originally a monastery of the -Carthusians, is a corruption of <i>La Chartreuse</i>, the -name of the district in France where this religious -Order first came into existence. <b>Christ’s Hospital</b>, -also known as the <b>Blue Coat School</b>, from the -colour of the coats worn by the boys, retains the -ancient designation of a church and school belonging -to the Grey Friars. It is only in modern times, by -the way, that the term <b>Hospital</b> has come to be exclusively -applied in this country to a refuge for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> -sick. Properly understood, a hospital denotes a -house intended for the reception and accommodation -of travellers; the source of the word being the Latin -<i>hospitalis</i>, pertaining to a guest, based upon <i>hospes</i>, a -stranger, a guest, and from which we derive the -word <span class="smcap">Hospitality</span>. The great Bernardine monastery -on the summit of the Alps, devoted to the good -work of rescuing snow-bound travellers, is appropriately -denominated a <b>Hospice</b>, which answers to -our Hospital. <b>St. Bartholomew’s Hospital</b> was -founded by Rahare, a monk attached to the neighbouring -Priory of St. Bartholomew in 1123; whereas -<b>Guy’s Hospital</b> arose out of the bequest of -£238,292, by the will of Thomas Guy, a benevolent -bookseller of Lombard Street, who died in 1722. -<b>Bedlam</b> is a contraction of <b>Bethlehem Hospital</b>, a -lazar-house named after the Hospital of St. Mary at -Bethlehem, and converted into a lunatic asylum in -1815. This was the common designation in ancient -times for a refuge for the poor, the word <b>Bethlehem</b> -expressing the Hebrew for “a house of bread”; but -in more modern times the synonym <b>Lazar-house</b> -was substituted in allusion to Lazarus, who picked -up the crumbs under the table of Dives. A refuge -for fallen women has always borne the name of a -<b>Magdalen Hospital</b> in honour of Mary Magdalen.</p> - -<p><b>St. James’s Palace</b> marks the site of an ancient -leper hospital dedicated to St. James the Less, -Bishop of Jerusalem. The present edifice was built -by Henry VIII. in 1530. <b>Buckingham Palace</b> -displaced old Buckingham House, the town mansion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span> -of John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, in the year -1825. The total cost to the nation of this “desirable -residence” was £1,000,000. <b>Marlborough House</b> -was originally the town residence of John, Duke of -Marlborough, erected by Sir Christopher Wren in -1709. <b>Somerset House</b> reverted to the Crown by -the attainder of its owner, Edward Seymour, Duke -of Somerset, the Lord Protector of Edward VI., -executed January 22, 1552. <b>Whitehall</b> received -its name from the fresh appearance of its exterior as -contrasted with the ancient buildings on the opposite -side of the way. The present fabric, viz., <b>The -Banquetting Hall</b>, is merely a vestige of the -palace originally set apart by Cardinal Wolsey for -the London See of York: whence he gave it the name -of “York House.” The <b>Horse Guards</b> is so called -because a troop of Horse Guards are regularly -quartered here. <b>Dover House</b> was named after its -owner, the Hon. George Agar Ellis, afterwards -created Lord Dover; and <b>York House</b>, after the -Duke of York and Albany who bought it in 1789. -<b>Devonshire House</b>, Piccadilly, is the town residence -of the Duke of Devonshire. <b>Apsley House</b>, Hyde -Park Corner, well known as the residence of the Duke -of Wellington, received its name from Henry Apsley, -Lord Chancellor, afterwards created Lord Bathurst, -who built it in 1784. <b>Chandos House</b>, Cavendish -Square, was the residence of James Brydges, “the -Princely Duke of Chandos.” The <b>Albany</b>, Piccadilly, -perpetuates the memory of the Duke of York -and Albany, who acquired it from Lord Melbourne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> -in exchange for his older residence, York House, in -Whitehall. <b>Burlington House</b>, the home of the -Royal Academy of Arts and quite a number of -learned societies, was built by Sir John Denham, the -poet and judge, in 1718, and refronted by the -celebrated amateur architect, Richard Boyle, Earl of -Burlington and Cork, in 1731. This palatial edifice -was purchased by the State in 1854. The <b>Soane -Museum</b>, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, was the private -collection of Sir John Soane, the architect and -antiquary, who died in 1837. <b>The Rolls Chapel</b>, -Chancery Lane, bears this name because it was -annexed by patent to the office of the Master of the -Rolls of Chancery after the banishment of the Jews -from England in the year 1290. The history of -the chapel dates from 1283, when Henry III. -founded it for the reception of the Jewish rabbis -converted to Christianity.</p> - -<p>The <b>Painted Hall</b>, Greenwich Hospital, owes its -name to its magnificently decorated ceiling. <b>Vanburgh -Castle</b>, Blackheath, was built in the castellated -style by Sir John Vanburgh, in 1717. <b>Rye -House</b>, famous for being the scene of the conspiracy -to assassinate Charles II., which was discovered -June 12, 1683, is so called from the rye on which -it stands; <span class="smcap">Rye</span> being an Old English term for a -common, derived from <i>ree</i>, a watercourse: hence -<span class="smcap">Peckham Rye</span>.</p> - -<p><b>Bruce Castle</b>, Tottenham, has a history all its -own. The present structure dates back to the latter -part of the seventeenth century; but the original<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> -building was erected by Earl Waltheof, whose -marriage with Judith, the niece of William the -Conqueror, brought him portions of the earldoms -of Northumberland and Huntingdon. Their only -daughter, Maud, on becoming the wife of David I., -King of Scotland, placed him in possession of the -Huntingdon estates, and, as appended to that -property, the manor of Tottenham, in Middlesex. -Ultimately these possessions descended to Robert -Bruce, the brother of William III., King of Scotland. -The contention between Robert Bruce and -John Baliol for the Scottish throne being decided -in favour of the latter, the former retired to England, -and settling on his grandfather’s estate -at Tottenham, repaired the castle to which he -gave the name of “The Castle Bruce.” <b>Lincoln -House</b>, Enfield, was the residence of the second and -third Earls of Lincoln in the seventeenth century. -<b>Sandford House</b>, Stoke Newington, is interesting -as having been the residence of Thomas Day, the -author of “Sandford and Merton” (born 1748, died -1789). <b>Cromwell House</b>, Highgate, now a Convalescent -Hospital for sick children, was occupied -for some time by Oliver Cromwell, who built <b>Ireton -House</b>, close by, for Henry Ireton, his son-in-law, -in 1630; while <b>Lauderdale House</b>, lately a Convalescent -Home in connection with St. Bartholomew’s -Hospital, was the residence of the Earls -of Lauderdale during the seventeenth century. -<span class="smcap">Waterlow Park</span>, in this neighbourhood—in fact, -comprising among other valuable property the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> -grounds appertaining to Lauderdale House—was -generously presented to the London public by Sir -Sydney Waterlow, in November, 1890. The -<b>Clock House</b>, Hampstead, originally displayed a -clock in place of the present sun-dial. <b>Rosslyn -House</b>, Hampstead, which gives the name to -<span class="smcap">Rosslyn Hill Park</span>, was erected by Alexander -Wedderburn, first Earl of Rosslyn and Lord -Chancellor of England, in 1795. <b>Erskine House</b>, -Hampstead, adjoining “The Spaniards,” was the -residence of Lord Erskine, Lord Chancellor of -England, who died here in 1823.</p> - -<p><b>Strawberry Hill</b>, the celebrated palace of curiosities -built by Horace Walpole in 1750, received its -name from the rising ground upon which it stood. -The building was sold by public auction, and purchased -by Baron H. de Stein, in July, 1883. -<b>Orleans House</b>, Twickenham, now a club, was -named after Louis Philippe of France, who resided -in it when he was simply Duc d’Orleans. <b>Essex -House</b>, Putney, was one of the many residences of -Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, the favourite of -Queen Elizabeth. <b>Bristol House</b>, Putney, was, -until recently, the property of the Bristol family. -<b>Craven Cottage</b>, Fulham, was built by the Countess -of Craven, afterwards created Margravine of Anspach. -<b>Munster House</b>, Fulham, derived its title from its -one-time resident, Melesina Schulenberg, created -Duchess of Munster in 1716. <b>Peterborough -House</b>, Parson’s Green, was formerly the mansion -of the Mordaunts, Earls of Peterborough. <b>Sussex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> -House</b>, Hammersmith, was the favourite residence -of the late Duke of Sussex. <b>Holland House</b>, -Kensington, owes its name to Henry Rich, Earl of -Holland, by whose father-in-law, Sir William Cope, -it was built in 1607. Here Charles James Fox, the -eminent orator and statesman (born 1749, died 1806), -passed many of his earlier years; here also Joseph -Addison, the poet and essayist, died in the year 1719.</p> - -<p>The <b>Albert Hall</b>, <b>Albert Memorial</b>, <b>Albert -Bridge</b>, and <b>Albert Palace</b>, each preserve the -memory of the Prince Consort, whose death took -place in 1861. The <b>Crystal Palace</b>, opened by the -Queen, June 10, 1854, derived its title from its glass -structure, which, when the sun shines upon it, -glistens like crystal. The <b>Alexandra Palace</b> was -named after the Princess of Wales, who was to have -opened the original building, May 24, 1873; but, for -some unexplained reason, she did not perform that -ceremony. <b>Olympia</b>, opened December, 1886, is -an appropriate designation for a huge edifice eminently -adapted for every variety of popular amusement. -The allusion is to Olympia, in Greece, where -the celebrated “Olympian Games” were anciently -held every fourth year. The <b>Polytechnic Institution</b>, -Regent Street (now the Y. M. C. A.), was -designated in strict conformity with its set purpose -as an educational establishment, viz., from the two -Greek words <i>polus</i>, many, and <i>techne</i>, an art. <b>St. -George’s Hall</b> was originally, when opened in -1867, St. George’s Opera House, so styled because -situated in the fashionable parish of St. George’s,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> -Hanover Square. The <b>Egyptian Hall</b>, built in -1812, is a particularly well-chosen title; at -least, it appears so at the present day, since the -regular performances of those modern magicians, -Messrs. Maskelyne and Cooke, have long ago -become one of the institutions, if not actually one -of the sights, of the Metropolis. <b>St. James’s -Hall</b> was named after the parish church just -opposite. <b>Willis’s Rooms</b>, so called after their late -proprietor, were originally opened by a Scotsman -named Almack, under the style of <b>Almack’s Assembly -Rooms</b>, February 12, 1765. <b>Exeter Hall</b> -was built in the year 1830 in the grounds of Exeter -House, which also gave the name to <b>Exeter -’Change</b>, erected in 1680 and pulled down in 1829 -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_275"><span class="smcap">Exeter Street</span></a>]. The world-famous waxworks -exhibition known as <b>Madame Tussaud’s</b> retains -the name of its foundress (born 1760, died 1850) who -first set up her figures at the old Lyceum Theatre -in 1802, and after undergoing a variety of misfortunes -settled down permanently in Baker Street -in the year 1833.</p> - -<p><b>Scotland Yard</b>, the headquarters of the Metropolitan -Police, received its name from an ancient -palace erected on this spot for the accommodation -of the Scottish kings in the days when they were -annually required to pay homage to the Crown of -England at Westminster. The first monarch so accommodated -was Kenneth II. (died 854); the last -was Margaret, Queen of Scots, the sister of Henry -VIII. <b>Lord’s Cricket Ground</b>, familiarly styled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> -<b>Lord’s</b>, owes its existence to Thomas Lord, who -established, upon land of his own, first on the site of -Dorset Square in 1780, and subsequently on its -present site, the only cricketing ground where -genteel players could meet to enjoy this game without -fear of rubbing shoulders with the City apprentices. -Previous to his enterprise the formation -of a private Cricket Club had never been thought of. -<b>Tattersall’s</b>, the well-known rendezvous for the sale -of horses, was opened by Richard Tattersall near -Hyde Park Corner in 1766, and removed to Knightsbridge -April 10, 1865.</p> - -<p><b>Lloyd’s Rooms</b>, better known as <b>Lloyd’s</b>, derived -this title from Edward Lloyd, a coffee-house -keeper in Abchurch Lane, whose premises became -the regular resort of merchants and others interested -in shipping. The original location of a special office -for the transaction of mercantile business over the -Royal Exchange took place in 1775; but the name -of the genial coffee-house keeper was by common -consent transferred with it. On the destruction by -fire of the first Royal Exchange, in 1838, “Lloyd’s” -was temporarily removed until the completion of -the present building in 1844.</p> - -<p>The entrance to the privileged precincts of the -Stock Exchange is called <b>Capel Court</b>, because it -marks the residence of Sir William Capel, Lord -Mayor of London in the year 1504. The term <b>Exchange</b> -owes its origin to the French <i>echanger</i>, to -trade, to barter. The object of the original <b>Royal -Exchange</b>, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> -1506 and opened by Queen Elizabeth amid sundry -public rejoicings over the event (which accounts for -the prenomen “Royal”), January 31, 1571, was to -provide a convenient place where the merchants, -bankers, and brokers of the City could meet throughout -the day for the transaction of business. The -<b>Stock Exchange</b> is the great money mart of the -world [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_256"><span class="smcap">Stock</span></a> in the article “<a href="#MONEY"><span class="smcap">Money</span></a>”].</p> - -<p>The <b>Bankers’ Clearing House</b>, in Lombard -Street, is the establishment where all cheques, -drafts, and bills drawn upon the various bankers -are sorted, distributed, and balanced up. The -<b>Railway Clearing House</b>, adjoining Euston -Railway Station, is a similar establishment devoted -to the adjustment of the value represented by the -tickets issued by the different Railway Companies. -In conclusion, the title of <b>Mansion House</b>, though -somewhat suggestive of tautology, may be accepted -as denoting <i>the</i> house of all other houses, since it is -the official residence of the Lord Mayor.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="CLASS_NAMES_AND_NICKNAMES"><i>CLASS NAMES AND NICKNAMES.</i></h2> - -<p>An unmarried female originally received the -designation of <b>Spinster</b> from her employment -at the distaff or spindle. According to -the practical notions of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers, -a female was not considered fit to enter the married -state until she had made for herself a complete set of -body, bed, and table-linen. Hence the significance of -the term <b>Wife</b>, derived from the Anglo-Saxon <i>wif</i>, by -virtue of the verb <i>wyfan</i>, to weave. The designation -<b>Widow</b> is an Indo-European importation, derived -from the Sanskrit <i>vid-hava</i>, without husband. <b>Grass -Widow</b>, denoting a woman temporarily separated -from her husband, is a corruption of “Grace Widow”—in -other words, a widow by grace, or courtesy. The -word <b>Chaperon</b> is French, derived from the chapeau, -or cap, worn by the duennas of Spain. <b>Duenna</b>, -signifying a guardian, is Spanish, founded upon the -Latin <i>domina</i>, a mistress. The title of <b>Dowager</b>, -which distinguishes a widow left with a jointure from -the wife of her late husband’s heir, comes from the -French <i>douairière</i>, built upon the verb <i>douaire</i>, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> -dower. The name of <b>Blue Stocking</b> arose from -the colour of the stockings worn by the members of -the lady clubs in England during the days of Boswell. -Gentlemen were not excluded from these -assemblies, but the wearing of blue stockings was a -<i>sine quâ non</i> of admittance. The last surviving member -of the original <span class="smcap">Blue Stocking Club</span>, founded by Mrs. -Montague in 1780, died in 1840. The earliest Blue -Stocking assembly came into existence at Venice, -under the title of <i>Della Calza</i> in the year 1400. A -lady’s-maid is familiarly styled an <b>Abigail</b>, in allusion -to the handmaid who introduced herself to -David (1 <i>Samuel</i> xxv. 23). This class-name came -into particular prominence during the early part of the -eighteenth century, in compliment to Abigail Hill, the -maiden name of Mrs. Mashem, the waiting-woman -of Queen Anne. A Parisian shop or work-girl is -known as a <b>Grisette</b> on account of the grey cloth -of which her dress is made. In olden times all -inferior classes in France were expected to be clad -in <i>gris</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, grey. <b>Colleen</b> is the native Irish for -girl; and <b>Colleen Bawn</b> for a blonde girl. How -little the latter expression is understood by actresses -is shown by the way in which some of them essay to -impersonate (?) the heroine of Dion Boucicault’s -well-known drama whilst wearing their own dark -hair or a dark wig. Truly, a little knowledge is a -useful thing!</p> - -<p>As nowadays comprehended, a <b>Milliner</b> is one who -retails hats, feathers, bonnets, ribbons, and similar -appurtenances to female costume. The name is really<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> -a corruption of <i>Milaner</i>, alluding to the city of Milan, -which at one time set the fashion to the north of -Europe in all matters of taste and elegance. -<b>Haberdasher</b> is a modern form of the Old English -word <i>Hapertaser</i>, or a retailer of hapertas cloth, the -width of which was settled by Magna Charta. -<b>Grocer</b> is a contraction and modified spelling of -<b>Engrosser</b>, the denomination of a tradesman who, -in the Middle Ages, claimed a monopoly for the -supply of provisions. A vendor of vegetables is appropriately -called a <b>Greengrocer</b>. An innkeeper -is facetiously styled a <b>Boniface</b> in honour of a -devout and hospitable man whom St. Augustine -caused to be canonized, and who subsequently -became the patron saint of Germany. Shakespeare, -Dante, Bacon, and Lamb never tired of referring to -Boniface. <b>Ostler</b> is a corruption of the French -<i>hostelier</i>, an innkeeper; hence we sometimes speak -of an inn as a <span class="smcap">Hostelry</span>. The term <b>Carpenter</b>, -from the Latin <i>carpentum</i>, a waggon, originally -denoted a mechanic who constructed the wooden -body of a vehicle of any kind, as distinguished from -the <b>Wheelwright</b>; but in process of time the same -term came to be applied to artificers in timber -generally. The provincial name for such a one is -a <b>Joiner</b>, literally a joiner of wooden building -materials. In some districts of England a shoemaker -still bears the name of <b>Cordwainer</b>. -Formerly all shoemakers were styled Cordwainers, -because they were workers in <span class="smcap">Cordwain</span>, a corruption -of <span class="smcap">Cordovan</span>, which was the name of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> -particular kind of leather brought from Cordova. -The designation <b>Tailor</b> is an Anglicized form of -the French <i>Tailleur</i>, derived from the verb <i>tailler</i>, -to cut. [For <b>Tallyman</b> <i>see</i> <a href="#Page_256"><span class="smcap">Tally</span></a>, in the article -“<a href="#MONEY"><span class="smcap">Money</span></a>.”] A Pawnbroker is familiarly called -<b>Uncle</b>, in perpetuation of an ancient pun on the -Latin word <i>uncus</i>, a hook. For, whereas in modern -times the spout is employed as a means of communication -between the pawnshop and the store-rooms -overhead, the Roman pawnbrokers used a large -hook; and accordingly, the expression “Gone to -the <i>uncus</i>,” was equivalent to our slang phrase “Up -the spout.” A <b>Barber</b> derives his class-title from -the Latin <i>barba</i>, a beard. Rude and semi-civilized -tribes were anciently called <b>Barbarians</b>, because -they belonged to no order of society. Between the -fourteenth and sixteenth centuries the hairdressers -of this country combined the practice of surgery, -and were accordingly styled <b>Barber-Surgeons</b>. -The surviving “Barber’s Pole” attests this fact. -The separation of the two professions took place -in 1540.</p> - -<p>A shepherd or an ideal farmer bears the poetical -description of an <b>Arcadian</b>, in allusion to the -Arcadians, who were a pastoral people. A friendly -adviser is designated a <b>Mentor</b>, in memory of the -wise and faithful counsellor of Telemachus so named. -The word <b>Usher</b> signifies a doorkeeper, agreeably -to the Old French <i>huisher</i>, a door. <b>Bachelor</b> comes -from the Welsh <i>bach</i>, small, young. This name -originally meant one inexperienced in anything.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> -The title of <b>Bachelor of Arts</b> denotes a degree -next below that of <b>Master of Arts</b>.</p> - -<p><b>Beefeaters</b> is a vulgar perversion of <i>Buffetiers</i>, as -the Yeoman of the Guard were styled during the -reign of Henry VIII., on account of their attendance -upon the King’s <i>Buffet</i>, or side-table. The word -<span class="smcap">Buffet</span> is French, derived from the Spanish <i>búfia</i>, a -wineskin. The civic guardians of law and order are -denominated <b>Police</b> in accordance with the Greek -<i>polis</i>, the city. For many years after the establishment -of the Police through the measures of Sir -Robert Peel (in Ireland, as the national constabulary -in 1814; in London as a regular force in 1829), all -<b>Policemen</b> were nicknamed <b>Bobbies</b> and <b>Peelers</b>, -in allusion to their founder. <b>Bow Street Runners</b> -were the original London detective force; so called -because their headquarters was Bow Street, whence -they were despatched to any part of the country in -quest of the perpetrator of a particular crime. The -predecessors of the Police were a set of decrepit old -watchmen whose regular habit was to fall asleep in -their boxes with their lanthorns beside them. These -were derisively nicknamed <b>Old Charlies</b>; while -their natural enemies, who loved nothing so much as -to turn their boxes upon them, to molest defenceless -females, mutilate males, and in many other ways to -terrorize the peaceable inhabitants of the Metropolis, -styled themselves first of all <b>Scourers</b>, and at a -later date <b>Mohocks</b>, after the North American -Indian tribe of that name. During the years 1859 -and 1860 an even more grievous terror haunted the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> -streets of London in the persons of <b>The Garrotters</b>, -so called from the <i>Garrotte</i>, the instrument with -which condemned malefactors are strangled in Spain. -The punishment of the “cat o’ nine tails” for -“Garrotting,” which came into operation July 13, -1861, gradually put an end to the practice. The -latest terror of the streets which, unhappily, abounds -in American cities, are the <b>Sandbaggers</b>, so called -because they stun their victims with an ordinary -sand-bag, such as is used to keep the draught from -penetrating between a pair of window-sashes; after -which robbery becomes an easy matter.</p> - -<p>Pleasanter it is to turn from the birds of night to -the fops and dandies by day. The word <b>Fop</b> comes -from the German <i>foppen</i>, to make a fool of; and -<b>Dandy</b> from the French <i>dandin</i>, a ninny. Between -these two poor specimens of humanity there is no -perceptible difference. The <b>Macaronies</b> of the last -century derived their designation from the fashionable -“Macaroni Clubs” to which they belonged. The -modern class-title of <b>Masher</b> finds its origin in the -Romany or gipsy word <i>mâsha</i>, signifying “to fascinate -the eye.” <i>En passant</i>, the term <b>Gipsy</b> is a -corruption of <i>Egyptian</i>, so called because the -original family or tribe of low caste Hindoos expelled -by Timour about the year 1399 eventually -travelled into Europe by way of Egypt. The <b>Gipsies</b> -were also in former times known as <b>Bohemians</b>, -from the district in which they first attracted popular -attention before they scattered themselves over -Western Europe. Hence, any individual whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> -habits are unconventual, and to a certain extent -nomadic, is styled a <b>Bohemian</b>. The name of -<b>The Upper Ten</b> applied to the aristocracy, is -short for “The Upper Ten Thousand,” a term originally -applied by N. P. Willis, the American poet -(born 1807, died 1867), to the fashionables of New -York who, at the time he introduced it, numbered -about ten thousand. A distinctly latter-day expression -conveying much the same signification is <b>The -Four Hundred</b>, by which we are left to conclude -that the “select” society of New York must have -undergone a considerable weeding-out during the -last twenty years.</p> - -<p>The temperance terms <b>Teetotal</b> and <b>Teetotaler</b> -originated in the stuttering exhortation of one -Richard Turner, an artizan of Preston, who, while -addressing a meeting of abstainers in September, -1833, observed that “Nothing but t-t-t-total abstinence -will do!” Several bodies of total abstainers -from alcoholic beverages in England and America -style themselves <b>Rechabites</b>, after the descendants -of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, who lived in tents and -foreswore wine. Others rejoice in the name of -<b>Good Templars</b>, after the Templars of old. The -<b>Good Templar Movement</b> cannot be accurately -described as a <i>crusade</i> against drink; but the -<b>League of the Cross</b>, established by the Roman -Catholics for the total suppression of drunkenness, -is, in title and in fact, one of the most powerful -crusades ever distinguished in modern times.</p> - -<p>A sailor is called a <b>Jack Tar</b> because he puts on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span> -<i>tarpaulin</i> “overalls” in “dirty weather.” <b>Longshoreman</b> -is a corruption of <i>alongshoreman</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, a -wharfinger, &c. <b>Navvy</b> is a contraction of <i>Navigator</i>, -which name was first given to the labourers -employed in the construction of canals for inland -navigation. A cabman is popularly styled a <b>Jehu</b> -in allusion to one of the kings of Israel noted for -his furious driving. A <b>Jerry Builder</b> is so called -after one Jeremiah, a London builder who amassed -a fortune by putting up houses with inferior materials -in order to sell them at a large profit. A <b>Journeyman</b> -is properly one who hires himself out to work -by the day, agreeably to the first portion of the word -<i>Jour</i>, the French for day. A debt-collector is known -as a <b>Dun</b>, and his persistence is styled “Dunning,” -in memory of Joe Dun, a famous bailiff of Lincoln, -who was so successful in the discharge of his duties -that it became quite customary when an individual -refused to pay his debts to exclaim, “Why don’t you -<i>Dun</i> him for it?” which was tantamount to saying, -“Why don’t you send <i>Dun</i> to arrest him?” Whilst -on the subject of law, we may here add that the expression -<b>A Man of Straw</b>, employed to denote a -person without capital or means, originated in the -days when a certain class of men, chiefly ruined -tradesmen, found it a profitable occupation to hire -themselves out as witnesses in the law courts. The -recognized mark of these persons was a wisp of straw -protruding from their shoes; and as often as a lawyer -stood in need of a convenient witness to prove his case, -he knew by the presence of “a pair of straw shoes”<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> -in court that the owner of the said shoes would -recollect and swear to any incident in consideration -of a fee.</p> - -<p><b>Costermonger</b> is a corruption of <i>Costardmonger</i>, -a seller of the famous costard apple introduced into -this country by the Dutch in 1736. Both these terms -are used by Shakespeare; nevertheless, they bore a -totally different signification in his time. The word -<b>Monger</b> comes from the Anglo-Saxon <i>mongere</i>, one -who trades. An itinerant salesman in the olden -time was styled a <b>Pedlar</b>, in accordance with the -Latin <i>pedes</i>, the feet, because he travelled on foot; -whereas <b>Hawker</b> comes from the German <i>hoken</i>, to -carry on the back, to retail. Hawkers and Pedlars -were first licensed in England in 1698. An itinerant -salesman of another kind is known as a <b>Cheap Jack</b> -on account of the word “cheap” which is Saxon for -market, derived from <i>ceapan</i>, to buy. A travelling -medicine-vendor originally received the nickname of -<b>Quack-doctor</b>, or <b>Quack</b>, from <i>Quacksalber</i>, the -German term for quicksilver, because, differing from -the regular practitioners, he resorted to mercury and -other dangerous ingredients. At times a Quack, or -any other individual gifted with humorous colloquial -powers, is dubbed a <b>Merry Andrew</b>, in allusion to -Andrew Borde, a physician of the time of Henry -VIII., noted for his facetious manners and sayings. -<b>Juggler</b> is a corruption of <i>jongleur</i>, the French -designation of one of the companions of the troubadours, -whose business it was to supplement the -lyrical accomplishments of the latter with feats of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span> -sleight-of-hand and other tricks for the amusement -of the company. A <b>Stump Orator</b> is properly one -who delivers a speech from the stump of a tree; the -literal meaning of a <span class="smcap">Stump Speech</span> being thus -explained.</p> - -<p>The now approbrious name of <b>Blackguard</b> was -formerly given to the scullions or dirty dependants of -the English Court who washed out the saucepans, -carried coals up to the kitchens, and performed other -menial duties. As the “Guards of Honour” in the -Royal Household were distinguished by their fine -appearance, so these kitchen-men were equally distinguished -by their grimy appearance; consequently -the latter were styled “Black Guards.” The origin -of the word <b>Scullion</b> was the Norman-French -<i>esculle</i>, a porringer or dish. The place where the -dishes are cleansed is still called a <span class="smcap">Scullery</span>, while -the domestic who performs such work bears the -name of <b>Scullery Maid</b>. A rascal or sharper is -designated a <b>Blackleg</b>, because such a one was -generally to be found among the lower orders of -turf and sporting men at the time these were especially -characterized by the wearing of black top-boots. -A <b>Plunger</b> is one who bets heavily either on -the turf or at the gaming-table, without consideration -for the risks he incurs. A <b>Bookmaker</b> is so -called because he arranges his book, <i>i.e.</i>, his bets, in -such a manner that his losses and gains upon each -day’s racing must balance themselves. The Bookmaker -who absconds after a race in order to avoid -paying those who have entered bets with him and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> -won is styled a <b>Welsher</b>, in allusion to the thieving -propensities of a certain race of people, as set forth -in the old song, which begins, “Taffy was a Welshman, -Taffy was a thief,” &c. The word <b>Burglar</b> -is made up of the Old English <i>burgh</i>, a borough, -derived from the German <i>burg</i>, a fortified place, and -the French <i>lair</i>, a thief; the allusion being that such -a one breaks into a private dwelling for purposes of -theft. Down to a comparatively recent date the -common hangman in this country bore the nickname -of <b>Jack Ketch</b>, really a corruption of Richard -Jacquett, to whom the manor of Tyburn, where our -malefactors were executed prior to the year 1783, -belonged.</p> - -<p>A native of London is popularly styled a -<b>Cockney</b>, pursuant to the Old English <i>cockeney</i>, -an effeminate person, or rather one who has been -rendered effeminate by the luxuries of the table; -this term tracing its origin directly from the Latin -verb <i>coquere</i>, to cook, whence we have the Italian -<i>cuchina</i>, the French <i>cuisine</i>, the German <i>küche</i>, and -the English <i>kitchen</i>. A popular satiric poem of -the thirteenth century, entitled “The Land of -Cockaygne,”—<i>i.e.</i>, Kitchen Land, draws a picture -of an imaginary Fool’s Paradise, where there is -nothing but eating and drinking, where care, trouble, -and toil find no place—a desirable country for those -monks of the Church who delight in the pleasures -of the table rather than the observance of their -spiritual exercises. After this performance the term -<b>Cockaigne</b> or <b>Cockaygne</b> gradually came to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span> -applied to our capital city, where <i>cockenies</i>, or kitchen-servants, -abounded, and where the luxury of good -living was supposed to attain its highest development.</p> - -<p>A raw youth, or a countryman new to the ways -of the world, is dubbed a <b>Greenhorn</b>, in reference -to the undeveloped horns of a young ox; the word -“Green” being derived from the Anglo-Saxon <i>grêne</i>, -that which is in process of growing. <b>Nincompoop</b> -is a corruption of the Latin phrase <i>non compos -[mentis]</i>, not in sound mind. A person of defective -mind is called a <b>Lunatic</b>, from the Latin <i>luna</i>, the -moon, in accordance with the Roman idea that the -mind was affected by the changes of the moon. A -person addicted to making foolish mistakes is styled -a <b>Dutchman</b>, in allusion to the dull comprehensions -supposed to be possessed by the inhabitants of the -Low Countries. The term first came into use as an -epithet of derision during the wars with Holland. -A <b>Humbug</b> is one whose representations, though -sounding plausible enough, are not to be relied -upon. The origin of this word is as follows: In -olden times there resided in the neighbourhood of -the Mearns, in Scotland, a gentleman of landed -property whose name was Hume, and whose estate -was known as “The Bogue.” Owing to the great -falsehoods which this “Hume of the Bogue” was -in the habit of relating about himself, his family, -and everything connected with his affairs, it became -customary, as often as the people of that district -heard anything at all remarkable or absurd to exclaim, -“That is a Hume of the Bogue.” The word<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> -spelt in its present form first appeared on the title-page -of “The Universal Jester: a choice collection -of <i>bonmots</i> and <i>humbugs</i>,” published by Fernando -Killigrew about the year 1736. The assurance that -Humbug is of such old date can scarcely tend to our -satisfaction.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="MALT_LIQUORS"><i>MALT LIQUORS.</i></h2> - -<p>At the present day the terms <b>Ale</b> and <b>Beer</b> -are used somewhat confusedly. The former, -derived from the Gaelic and Irish <i>ól</i>, drink, -is the real name of our national beverage, which, to -judge from its intoxicating effects, must, in the days -of our forefathers, have been a very strong drink -indeed. The latter, on the other hand, is essentially -a Saxon word, from the same root as <i>barm</i>, signifying -“fermented drink,” and used to denominate the -lighter kinds of fermented liquors generally, as well -as other drinks obtained from the roots or leaves of -plants, such as <span class="smcap">Ginger-beer</span>, <span class="smcap">Spruce-beer</span>, &c. We -still speak of <b>Old Ales</b>; whereas <b>Small Beer</b> -indicates a liquor of very poor quality.</p> - -<p>In former times the only varieties of malt liquor -in this country were <b>Ale</b> and <b>Beer</b>, the one strong, -the other comparatively weak. To these a third, -popularly described as <b>Twopenny</b>, was eventually -added. However, it was rare that any one of these -three was demanded singly; it being the custom, -particularly in London, for the working-classes to -call either for <b>Half-and-Half</b> or <b>Three Thirds</b>, -meaning a tankard filled with equal portions of ale<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> -and beer, or of ale, beer, and twopenny. This -custom remained in vogue until the year 1730, -when it occurred to Mr. Harwood, a brewer of East -London, to prepare a liquor analogous to the mixture -of ale, beer, and twopenny; and thus save the -time of the tavern-keepers, who were compelled to -serve each customer from three different casks. -Almost immediately, therefore, he introduced the -malt liquor known as <b>Entire</b>, because it was drawn -<i>entire</i> from one cask. It was first retailed at the -sign of “The Blue Last,” in Curtain Road, Shoreditch, -where it soon came to be in active demand -by the City porters, who made this house their -regular resort, whereupon the enterprising publican -adroitly called it <b>Porter</b>. The word “Entire” still -appears upon the facia-boards of numerous taverns -throughout the Metropolis; but who thinks of calling -for <i>Entire</i> at the present day? By the term -<b>Stout</b> is implied a malt liquor of the stoutest -quality, <i>i.e.</i>, having the most body in it.</p> - -<p><b>Stingo</b> expresses an old beer of particular sharpness, -in allusion to its <i>stinging</i> properties; while -<b>Yorkshire Stingo</b> is, of course, peculiar to the -county of York. Originally the single X displayed -on beer-barrels denoted that the liquor had paid a -ten shillings’ duty. The additional X’s are merely -brewers’ trade-marks, indicating various degrees of -strength over and above that of the single X ale.</p> - -<p>Concerning German beers, we need only allude to -<b>Mum</b>, or <b>Mumm</b>, which is peculiar to Brunswick, -and named after Christoph Mumme, who first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> -brewed it in 1492; <b>Lager-Bier</b>, so called because it -is kept in a lager or cellar; and <b>Bock-bier</b>, a liquor -which causes the inconsiderate tippler to caper about -like a bock, or goat.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="DIAMONDS_AND_PRECIOUS"><i>DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS -STONES.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Diamond</b> is a corruption of, and -synonymous with, <b>Adamant</b>, derived from -the Greek <i>adamas</i>, untamable, infrangible, -not to be subdued, in accordance with the prefix <i>a</i>, -without, and <i>damas</i>, to tame, to subdue. As every -one must be aware, the diamond is capable of resisting -fire.</p> - -<p>The great diamonds of the world are the following:—<b>The -Kohinoor</b>, or “Mountain of Light,” weighing -106 carats, came into the possession of Queen -Victoria on the annexation of the Punjaub in 1849; -the <b>Mattan</b> (367 carats) belongs to the Rajah of -Mattan; the <b>Orloff</b> (194 carats) preserves the family -name of Catherine II. of Russia, who purchased it -in 1775; the <b>Shah</b> (86 carats), presented by Chosroes -I., Shah of Persia, who died in the year 579, to the -Czar of Russia; the <b>Star of the South</b> (254 carats), -discovered in Brazil by a poor negress in 1853; the -<b>Sauci</b> (106 carats), originally the property of a -French gentleman of this name, and bought by the -Russian Czar for half a million roubles in 1835; the -<b>Regent</b>, also known as the <b>Pitt</b> (137 carats), first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> -acquired by Mr. Pitt, the grandfather of the Earl -of Chatham, and subsequently sold to the Duc -d’Orleans, Regent of France, for £135,000; the -<b>Pigott</b> (82¼ carats), brought from India by Lord -Pigott sometime previous to 1818, when it came into -the possession of Messrs. Rundell and Bridge; the -<b>Dudley</b> (44½ carats), found at the Cape by a black -shepherd in 1868, and, after various changes of -ownership, bought by the Earl of Dudley for -£30,000; and the <b>Twin Diamonds</b>, both found in -the bed of the river Vaal at the Cape in 1872.</p> - -<p>With regard to precious stones:—the <b>Turquois</b> -derived its name from Turkey, where it was first -found; the <b>Topaz</b>, from Topazos, an island in the -Red Sea; and the <b>Agate</b>, from the Greek <i>Achates</i>, a -river in Sicily, in the bed of which it was anciently -discovered. The term <b>Amethyst</b> comes from the -Greek <i>amethustos</i>, a precious stone, and <b>Opal</b>, through -the Latin <i>opalus</i>, from the Sanskrit <i>opula</i>, a precious -stone. <b>Emerald</b> traces its origin through the -French <i>emerande</i> to the Latin and Greek <i>omaragdus</i>; -<b>Garnet</b>, through the French <i>grenat</i>, from the Latin -<i>granatus</i>; and <b>Ruby</b>, from the Latin <i>ruber</i>, red. -<b>Pearl</b> is an Anglo-Saxon word derived from the -Latin <i>pirula</i>, a diminutive of pear.</p> - -<p>We may conveniently add that the weight of -precious stones, as well as that of gold, is regulated -by <b>Carats</b>, because formerly carat seeds, or the seed -of the Abyssinian coral flower were employed for -this purpose.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="NAVAL_AND_MILITARY"><i>NAVAL AND MILITARY -SOBRIQUETS.</i></h2> - -<p>The Roman Manlius (appointed Consul in the -year 224 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span>) received the name of <b>Torquatus</b> -from the incident of having torn the -golden torque or collar from the neck of his adversary -in the field. Charles, the son of Pepin d’Heristal, -was surnamed <b>Martel</b> in recognition of his victory -over the Saracens, who attempted the invasion of -France in the year 732. According to the chronicler, -“he knocked down the foe and crushed them between -his axe, as a martel or hammer crushes what it -strikes.” Robert, Duke of Normandy, the father of -William the Conqueror (died 1035), bore the name -of <b>Robert le Diable</b>, or <b>Robert the Devil</b>, on -account of his courageous cruelty in war. The -Scottish outlaw, Sir William Wallace (born 1270, beheaded -1305), was styled <b>The Hammer and Scourge -of England</b> by reason of his patriotism. William -Douglas, Lord of Nithsdale (died 1390), was known -as <b>Black Douglas</b> because his frame was tall, -strong, and well-built, while his hair was dark and -his complexion swarthy. Archibald Douglas, Earl -of Angus (died 1514), merited the sobriquet of <b>Bell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> -the Cat</b> for having put to death the upstart favourites -of James III., and so prevented the creation of -nobles out of architects and masons whom the king -particularly patronized. At a meeting convened in -the Church of Lauder by the Scottish nobles for the -purpose of taking measures to obtain the removal -of these persons, Lord Gray had put the question, -“But who will bell the cat?” “That will I!” -answered Douglas on the instant; and he kept his -word, for in the very presence of the king he slew -the obnoxious minions with his own hand.</p> - -<p>Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick (born 1420, died -1471), was surnamed <b>The King Maker</b> for the -reason that while he espoused the cause of the -Yorkists, Edward IV. succeeded in his efforts to gain -the English Crown; and when, subsequently, he -transferred his influence to the Lancastrians, Henry -VI. was restored and the usurper deposed. Harry -Percy (born 1364, died 1403) was styled <b>Hotspur</b>, -and Prince Rupert (born 1619, died 1682) <b>The Mad -Cavalier</b> because they found it impossible to -restrain their rash courage in time of war. The -soldiers of Cromwell, after the Battle of Marston -Moor, received the popular name of <b>Ironsides</b> on -account of their armour and their iron resolution. -The sobriquet of <b>The Almighty Nose</b> was bestowed -upon Oliver Cromwell (born 1599, died 1658), in -allusion to his nasal enormity. Strange, indeed, -that he who had attained to the highest position in -the land by the sheer force of arms should have been -so continually taunted with the length and colour of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> -his nose! Yet so it was. Nevertheless, there have -been others whose peace of mind was daily threatened -by popular malice in this selfsame respect. Even -the great Roman poet Ovid suffered a lifelong -martyrdom, and became the recipient of the sobriquet -of <b>Naso</b>, owing to the possession of an unusually -large nose; just as in modern times Wilson, the -painter, and Cervetto, the violincellist of Drury Lane -Theatre, never succeeded in putting their heads out -of their own doors without being greeted with shouts -of “<b>Nosey!</b>” from the mob.</p> - -<p>The Duke of Cumberland (born 1721, died 1765) -rightly deserved the opprobrious surname of <b>The -Bloody Butcher</b> on account of his merciless -slaughter of the vanquished adherents of the Young -Pretender after the Battle of Culloden. The soldiers -of the Duke of Marlborough (born 1650, died 1722) -familiarly styled their leader <b>Corporal John</b> because -he had risen from the rank of Corporal; while -General Bonaparte, afterwards Emperor of the -French (born 1769, died 1821), bore the name of -<b>The Little Corporal</b>, in allusion to his original -rank, his low stature, youthful appearance, and -extraordinary courage. As most readers are aware, -Wellington (born 1769, died 1852) earned the name -of <b>The Iron Duke</b> by his iron will and resolution; -and Blucher (born 1742, died 1819) that of <b>Marshal -Forward</b>, by his dash and readiness to attack the -enemy in the campaign which terminated in the -Battle of Waterloo. Prince Bismarck, the late -Chancellor of the German Empire (born 1815) owed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> -his surname of <b>The Iron Chancellor</b> to his extraordinary -vigour and indomitable will. Helmuth, -Count von Moltke, Field-Marshal of the German -armies (born 1800, died 1891), was popularly surnamed -<b>Helmuth the Taciturn</b>, because though a master -of half a dozen languages, he was never known to -betray himself in one of them. The sobriquet -of <b>Stonewall Jackson</b>, possessed by Thomas -Jonathan Jackson, the Confederate General in the -American War of 1861 to 1865, originated with -General Lee, who, after rallying his troops at the -Battle of Bull Run, exclaimed, “There is Jackson, -standing like a stone wall!” A less complimentary -sobriquet bestowed upon General Andrew Jackson, -President of the United States (born 1767, died -1845), by his own soldiers, was that of <b>Old -Hickory</b>, in allusion to his tough, unyielding disposition. -The circumstance is thus commented -upon by Parton, the author of Jackson’s Life:—“The -name of <i>Old Hickory</i> was not an instantaneous -inspiration, but a growth. First of all, the remark -was made by some soldier, who was struck with his -commander’s pedestrian powers, that the General -was tough. Next, it was observed that he was as -tough as hickory. Then he was called <i>Hickory</i>. -Lastly, the affectionate adjective ‘old’ was prefixed, -and the General thenceforth rejoiced in the -completed nickname, usually the first-won honour -of a great commander.”</p> - -<p>Of naval sobriquets we shall mention only three. -Commodore John Byron, the circumnavigator (born<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> -1723, died 1786), was popularly known as <b>Foul -Weather Jack</b> because, it was said, he never -enjoyed a fine passage throughout the whole of his -experience. Admiral Edward Vernon (born 1684, -died 1757), to whom reference is made in our article -on “<a href="#MALT_LIQUORS">Spirits</a>,” was called <b>Old Grog</b>, because he wore -a “Grogram” coat in “dirty weather” [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_178"><span class="smcap">Grogram</span></a>]. -Admiral Sir Henry Digby received his well-known -sobriquet of <b>The Silver Captain</b> under the following -interesting circumstances:—On the October 14, -1799, when commanding the frigate <i>Alcmene</i>, on a -cruise off the Spanish coast, he shaped his course -for Cape St. Vincent, and was running to the southward, -in the latitude of Cape Finisterre. Twice -during the night he rang his bell to summon the -officer on the watch, and asked him if any person -had been in the cabin. “No, sir; nobody,” was the -answer. “Very odd,” rejoined Sir Henry. “Every -time I dropped asleep I heard somebody shouting in -my ear, ‘Digby! Digby! go to the northward; -Digby! Digby! go to the northward!’ I shall certainly -do so. Take another reef in your topsails, -haul your wind, tack every hour till daybreak, and -then call me.” These orders were strictly carried -out, and the frigate was tacked at four, at five, at six, -and at seven o’clock. She had just come round for -the last time when the man at the masthead called -out, “Large ship on the weather-bow, sir!” On -nearing her a musket was discharged to bring her to. -She was quickly boarded, when she proved to be a -Spanish vessel laden with dollars, in addition to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> -large cargo of cochineal and spices. By this -capture therefore, the fortunate dreamer secured, as -his (Captain’s) share of the prize-money, the sum of -£40,730 18s.; the lieutenants each £5,091 7s. 3d.; -the warrant officers each £2,468 10s. 9½d.; the midshipmen -each £791 17s. 0¼d.; and the seamen and -marines each £182 14s. 9½d. The captured treasure -was said to have been so weighty that sixty-three -artillery tumbrils had to be requisitioned for the purpose -of transporting it from the vessel to Plymouth -Citadel.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="MONEY"><i>MONEY.</i></h2> - -<p>The word <b>Money</b> owes its existence to -<i>Moneta</i>, one of the surnames of Juno, in -whose temple the first coinage of the Romans -took place. <b>Mint</b> claims the same etymology, being -a contraction of the Latin <i>moneta</i>, brought about -through the Anglo-Saxon <i>mynet</i>. By <b>Sterling -Money</b> is meant the standard coin of Great Britain, -and for this reason:—During the reign of King John -the merchants of the Hansa Towns, of which the -inhabitants were commonly described as Esterlings, -because they resided in the eastern portions of -Germany, having long been noted for the purity of -their coinage, the king invited a number of them -over to this country for the purpose of reforming -and perfecting our coinage. The invitation was -accepted; and ever afterwards good English money -received the name of Esterling or sterling money.</p> - -<p>A <b>Guinea</b> was an English gold piece first struck -in 1663 out of gold brought from the coast of Guinea, -West Africa. Its value has been subject to fluctuations -at different periods. Thus, in 1663 it was -worth 20s.; in 1695, 30s.; in 1717, 21s.; in 1810, -22s. 6d.; and in 1816, 26s. The coinage of guineas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span> -was discontinued July 1, 1817. A <b>Sovereign</b> is so -called because when originally coined, during the -reign of Henry VIII., it bore a representation of -that sovereign in his royal robes. A <b>Crown-piece</b> -when first introduced displayed a crown on its reverse -side. The <b>Florin</b> took its name from Florence, in -which city it was struck as long ago as the thirteenth -century. Its reverse side has always borne a representation -of a lily, emblematical of “The City of -Flowers.” The term <b>Shilling</b> traces its origin in the -Anglo-Saxon <i>scilling</i>, the Icelandic <i>skillinge</i>, and the -Gothic <i>skilliggs</i>, in each case denoting the twentieth -part of a pound, as at present. A <b>Penny</b>, so called -from the Anglo-Saxon <i>penig</i>, and Danish <i>pennig</i> -(whence the modern German <b>Pfennig</b> has been -derived), originally denoted a copper coin of full -value; a <b>Halfpenny</b>, the half of a penny; and a -<b>Farthing</b>, a corruption of the Old English <i>fourthling</i>, -denotes a penny divided into four parts. We must -not omit to mention that in olden times only penny-pieces -were struck; and these were deeply indented -in the form of a cross—exactly, in fact, after the -manner of our Good Friday buns; so that when half-pennies -or farthings were required the pennies could -be broken into two or four portions without -difficulty.</p> - -<p>Among coins other than those now current in this -country we may mention the <b>Ducat</b>, or Duke’s -Money, specially struck for circulation in the Duchy -of Apulia in the year 1140, and which bore this -beautiful inscription: “Sit tibi Christi, datus, quem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span> -tu regis, iste ducatus” (“May this duchy which -You rule be devoted to You, O Christ”); and the -<b>Noble</b>, so called on account of the superiority of its -gold. During the reign of Henry III. this gold piece -found its way into England under the name of <b>Rose-Noble</b>, -owing to the impression of a rose on its -reverse side; but in the reign of Henry VIII., -simultaneous with the substitution of the figure of -St. George, it was designated a <b>George-Noble</b>. -The value of this coin at both periods was six-and-eightpence. -The current value of an <b>Angel</b>, so -styled from the angel on its reverse side, was, when -introduced in the reign of Henry VI., six-and-eightpence; -but at the accession of Elizabeth it had -increased to ten shillings.</p> - -<p>The <b>Thistle-crown</b> of James VI. of Scotland -(James I. of England), value four shillings, was so -called because it had a rose on one side and a thistle -on the other; both surmounted by a crown. The -Scottish sovereign of this period was styled a -<b>Jacobus</b>, the Latinized form of the King’s name. -After the union of the two countries it became, of -course, current in England also; but in the two succeeding -reigns it was denominated a <b>Carolus</b>, the -Latin for the name of Charles. A French gold -coin long current in Scotland was the <b>Dolphin</b>, -which derived its name from the fact of its introduction -by Charles V., who was also Dauphin of -Vienne. The French <b>Louis d’or</b> (a louis of gold) -was first struck in the reign of Louis XIII.; -this was superseded by the <b>Napoleon</b>, during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span> -consulate of Napoleon Bonaparte. The <b>Franc</b> -originally denoted the silver coin of the Franks. -The term <b>Dollar</b> is a British modification of the -German Thaler, an abbreviation of Joachim’s-Thaler; -by which was implied a piece of money -struck out of the silver discovered in the Thal, or -Valley, of St. Joachim, France, about the year 1518. -The silver drawn from this valley being of superior -quality, it was coined into ounce pieces, which -received the name of <b>Joachims-Thalers</b>; but all -other ounce pieces subsequently struck from silver -obtained elsewhere were simply called <b>Thalers</b>. -The <b>Kreuzer</b>, now superseded, owed its name to the -cross on its reverse side.</p> - -<p><b>Wood’s Halfpence</b> was the designation of an -inferior copper coinage circulated in Ireland by a -certain William Wood, under a patent granted to -him by George I. The withdrawal of the patent -was eventually procured owing to the denunciations -of Dean Swift in the mysterious “Drapier’s Letters.” -The legal tender notes of the United States are -commonly styled <b>Greenbacks</b>, from the colour of -the device imprinted on the back of them. Bank of -England notes formerly bore the name of <b>Abraham -Newlands</b> from the signature of the chief cashier.</p> - -<p>By the term <b>Bullion</b>, remotely derived from the -Low Latin <i>bulla</i>, a seal, and, more directly, from the -Old French <i>bullione</i>, the Mint, is meant the stock of -the precious metals formed into bars and stored in the -strong rooms of the Bank of England in readiness for -coinage. Money vested in Government securities is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> -known as <b>Stock</b>, or <b>Government Stock</b>, in allusion -to the origin of the term, viz., the Anglo-Saxon -stocc, a trunk, a stick; because prior to the year 1782, -when the practice was abolished, the official acknowledgment -of money received on behalf of the Government -was written on both sides of a broad piece of -wood, which was then cut in two; and the one portion, -called the Stock, was delivered to the person -lending the money, the Counterstock being retained -at the Tally Office. The instrument of reckoning -in this manner was styled the <b>Tally</b>, in accordance -with the French verb <i>tailler</i>, to cut; while the correspondence -of the Stock and Counterstock, or, in -other words, the two portions of the Tally, furnished -the origin of the modern phrase “to tally,” as well -as the designation <span class="smcap">Tallyman</span>, or a trader who lets -out goods, principally clothing, on the system of payment -by weekly instalments. The word <b>Consols</b> is -a contraction of “Consolidated Annuities,” or the -funded portion of the National Debt. The fund -which provides for the annual reduction of the latter -is styled the <b>Sinking Fund</b>. The French State -Loans known as <b>Tontines</b> perpetuate the name of -Lawrence Tonti, a Neapolitan <i>protégé</i> of Cardinal -Mazarine, who projected the scheme in 1653. The -annual statement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer -of the finances of this country is called the <b>Budget</b>, -agreeably to the French <i>bougetta</i>, a little bag; because -formerly the various documents were presented to -Parliament in a leathern bag.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="SPIRITS"><i>SPIRITS.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Rum</b> is a native West Indian term for a spirit -distilled from cane-juice; <b>Whisky</b> is an -English rendering of the Irish <b>Uisquebaugh</b>, -derived from the two Gaelic words <i>uisge</i>, -water, and <i>beatha</i>, life; <b>Brandy</b> is a corruption of -the Old English <i>brandwine</i>, literally burnt wine; -while <b>Gin</b> is short for Geneva, where this spirit was -first distilled. <b>Hollands</b> is the popular English -name for Dutch gin. <b>Cognac</b>, a French brandy of -the best quality, owes its designation to the town -of which it forms the staple industry; and <b>Nantes</b> -to the port where it is shipped. <b>Old Tom</b> was -named after Tom Chamberlain, the senior partner -in Messrs. Hodges’ well-known distillery.</p> - -<p>The term <b>Punch</b> traces its origin to the Hindoo -<i>pantsch</i>, signifying five, because this favourite concoction -originally consisted of five ingredients, viz., -arrack, sugar, tea, lemons, and water; whereas -<b>Toddy</b> is a western corruption of <i>taudi</i>, the native -Hindoo name for palm-juice. The word <b>Grog</b> -perpetuates the memory of “Old Grog,” the nickname -of Admiral Edward Vernon, who first ordered -his sailors to dilute their rum with water [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_250"><span class="smcap">Old -Grog</span></a>].</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span></p> - -<p>Scotch whisky is usually styled <b>Mountain Dew</b>, -from the fact that in former times it was often distilled -in the mountains in order to escape the watchfulness -of the excise officers. The superior Scotch -whisky known as <b>Glenlivet</b> derives its name from -the district in which it is distilled. The popular -<b>LL Whisky</b> originated under the following circumstances: -When the Duke of Richmond was -Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, he one day, in the year -1807, sent to various Dublin distilleries for samples -of their best whisky; and preferring that furnished -by Messrs. Kinahan, his Grace ordered a large vat -in which this particular quality of the spirit was -kept to be reserved for his own use. Accordingly, the -letters “LL,” signifying Lord Lieutenant, were -painted on the vat; and ever since Messrs. Kinahan’s -whisky of the same quality has borne the -name of “LL Whisky.”</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span></p> - -<h2 id="LONDON_STREETS_AND_SQUARES"><i>LONDON STREETS AND SQUARES.</i></h2> - -<p><b>Fleet Street</b> received its name from the -<b>Fleet</b>, once a swift-flowing stream, now -converted into a sewer. <b>Mitre Court</b>, -<b>Falcon Court</b>, and <b>Red Lion Court</b> were designated -after old taverns respectively bearing these -signs. <b>Bolt Court</b> was so called from the “Bolt-in-Tun,” -an ancient coaching-house, transformed -into a railway goods receiving office standing on the -opposite side of the way. <b>Johnson’s Court</b> did -not receive its title from Dr. Johnson, who lived in -it for some time, but from the owner of the property. -<b>Wine Office Court</b> originally contained an office -where wine licences were issued. <b>Shoe Lane</b> received -this designation from the traditional account -that when the Devil ran away with Lady Hatton -[<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_270"><span class="smcap">Hatton Garden</span></a>] he dropped one of her shoes -in Shoe Lane and her cloak in <b>Cloak Lane</b>, -near Cannon Street. <b>St. Bride Street</b> and <b>Bride -Lane</b> owe their names to the Church of St. -Bride close by. <b>Salisbury Court</b> occupies the -site of an ancient palace of the Bishops of Salisbury. -<b>Dorset Street</b> and <b>Dorset Buildings</b> -carry us back in fancy to the <b>Dorset Gardens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> -Theatre</b>, erected in the grounds attached to the -residence of the Earl of Dorset in the early days of -the Restoration. <b>Whitefriars Street</b> marks the -western boundary of the monastery of the Carmelites, -or White Friars, built in 1245. The whole -district of Whitefriars formerly comprised a Sanctuary -infested by debtors and lawbreakers; on which -account it bore the name of <b>Alsatia</b>, in allusion to -the French province of Alsace, long notorious for its -intestine strife and political disaffection. <b>Bridge -Street</b> is a modern thoroughfare leading to <b>Blackfriars -Bridge</b> and <b>Blackfriars Road</b>, so called -from the monastery of the Dominicans or Black -Friars established on the site of <b>Printing House -Square</b> and the <i>Times</i> office, about the year 1276. -<b>Water Lane</b> was originally a narrow lane winding -down to the Thames.</p> - -<p><b>Ludgate Hill</b> derived its name from the old -Lud Gate, built by King Lud in the year 66 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> on -the spot where the London, Chatham, and Dover -Railway now crosses this busy thoroughfare. The -gate was removed in 1760. <b>La Belle Sauvage -Yard</b> was formerly the coachyard of the celebrated -Inn of this name. <b>The Old Bailey</b> is a corruption -of <i>Bail Hill</i>, which contained the residence and court -of the Bail, or Bailiff, from very early times. The -<b>Broadway</b> was doubtless considered a fine thoroughfare -in the days when London streets generally -were so narrow that opposite neighbours could shake -hands out of their top-story windows. <b>Friar -Street</b> was designated after the Black Friars’<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span> -Monastery. <b>Sermon Lane</b> is a corruption of -“Shere-moniers’ Lane,” in which stood the office of -the money-shearers or clippers at the time when -the Mint was in this neighbourhood. <b>Paul’s -Chain</b> owed its name to a chain formerly drawn -across its northern extremity the while service was -held in St. Paul’s. <b>Old Change</b> was originally -known as “The King’s Exchange” on account of the -building where the bullion was stored convenient to -the Money-shearers’ Office and the Mint. <b>Paternoster -Row</b> received its name from the stationers -who sold religious texts, prayer-books, and rosary -beads, formerly called <i>Paternosters</i> in this street. -<b>Ave Maria Lane</b>, <b>Creed Lane</b>, and <b>Amen Corner</b>, -being of later date, their designation to complete -the religious metaphor was perhaps natural. <b>Warwick -Lane</b> stands on the site of a magnificent -palace owned by the Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick. -<b>Ivy Lane</b> contained the ivy-clad houses of -the prebendaries attached to St. Paul’s Cathedral. -In <b>Panyer Alley</b> may be seen a curious stone let -into the wall of the middle house on the east side, -upon which are chiselled the rude figure of a boy -seated on a pannier or basket, and a distich reminding -the pedestrian that this is the highest ground in -the City. The alley was a standing-place for bakers -with their panniers at the time when a corn market -was held at the western extremity of Cheapside.</p> - -<p><b>Cheapside</b> properly denotes that side of the Cheap -where the rich goldsmiths had their shops. The -term <i>cheap</i> is Saxon for a market, derived from <i>ceapan</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> -to buy. The Old English spelling of the name of -this locality was <b>Chepe</b>. <b>Ironmonger Lane</b> was -the regular habitation of the artificers in iron in the -reign of Edward I.; <b>Bread Street</b> of the bakers; -and <b>Friday Street</b> of the fishmongers who supplied -the fast-day markets. <b>Milk Street</b> was the ancient -milk market. <b>Gutter Lane</b> is a corruption of -“Guthurun Lane,” so called after a wealthy Danish -burgher. <b>Foster Lane</b> contains the Church of St. -Vedast (otherwise St. Foster), Bishop of Arras in -the French province of Artois, in the time of Clovis. -<b>Wood Street</b> was anciently inhabited by turners -and makers of wooden cups and dishes and measures. -<b>Lawrence Lane</b> received its name from -the Church of St. Lawrence in <b>Gresham Street</b>, -which perpetuates the memory of Sir Thomas -Gresham, merchant and founder of the Royal -Exchange (born 1519, died 1579), because <b>Gresham -College</b>, established by him in his own mansion, -on the site of the present <b>Gresham House</b>, Old -Broad Street, was removed here in 1843. <b>Lad Lane</b>, -now absorbed in Gresham Street, was a corruption -of “Our Lady Lane,” so called from a -statue of the Virgin. <b>Aldermanbury</b> was so -called from the original Guildhall that stood on its -east side. The approach to the present Guildhall -received the name of <b>King Street</b> in honour of -Henry IV., in whose reign the edifice was opened. -In <b>Basinghall Street</b> stood the mansion of -Solomon Basing, Lord Mayor in 1216. <b>Coleman -Street</b> preserves the memory of the first builder<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> -upon the land. The <b>Old Jewry</b> was the privileged -quarter of the Jews, whose first synagogue was -erected here in 1262. <b>The Poultry</b> comprised the -shops of the scorchers and stuffers, who afterwards -settled down in the <b>Stocks Market</b> (so called from -the old stocks for public offenders that stood there), -displaced by the building of the Mansion House in -1739. <b>Bucklersbury</b> was originally the property -of a wealthy grocer named Buckle who owned -a manor-house here; the Anglo-Saxon word <i>bury</i> -being applicable either to a town or to an inhabited -enclosure. <b>King William Street</b> was named soon -after William IV. opened the present London -Bridge, on August 1, 1831. <b>Queen Victoria -Street</b> was cut through in the reign of her present -Majesty.</p> - -<p><b>Cannon Street</b> is a corruption of <b>Candlewick -Street</b>, colloquially styled “Can’lwick Street,” from -the candlemakers who congregated in it. <b>Budge -Row</b> received its name from the sellers of budge, -or lambskin-fur, which at one time was greatly used -as an ornamentation to their attire by scholars and -civic dignitaries. <b>London Stone</b> marked the centre -of the City during its occupation by the Romans in -the year 15 <span class="smcapuc">B.C.</span> <b>Watling Street</b> is a mispronunciation -of “Vitellina strata,” meaning the street of -Vitellius, who at the time it was constructed occupied -the Imperial throne. This was the great highway of -the Romans, running from Dover, through Canterbury -and London, direct to Cardigan in Wales. <b>Walbrook</b>, -formerly written “Wall-brook,” reminds us of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> -pleasant stream of clear water that once ran along -the west side of this street and emptied itself into -the Thames. <b>Crooked Lane</b> was so called from its -winding character. <b>Swan Alley</b>, in Upper Thames -Street, derived its title from an ancient mansion of -the Beauchamps whose crest was a swan. <b>Boss -Alley</b> calls attention to the fact that the executors -of Sir Richard Whittington erected a <i>boss</i>, or conduit, -hereabouts in the long, long ago. <b>College -Hill</b> is all that remains to remind us of the College -of St. Spirit and St. Mary founded on its site by the -same generous Lord Mayor and benefactor of the -public. <b>Fye Foot Lane</b> is properly “five-foot -lane,” the actual width of this thoroughfare at one -end; while <b>Duck’s Foot Lane</b> is a corruption of -“Duke’s Foot Lane,” signifying the private path -leading from the manor-house of the Dukes of -Suffolk in what is now <b>Suffolk Lane</b> down to the -water-side. <b>Queenhithe</b> was so called because the -tolls collected at this <i>hithe</i>, or wharf, were claimed -as pin-money by Eleanor, queen of Henry II. -<b>Dowgate</b> is a modern spelling of “Dwrgate” (<i>dwr</i> -being Celtic for water), where, in the absence of -bridges, the Romans had a ferry across the river -to the continuation of Watling Street towards -Dover. The <b>Steelyard</b> was the place where the -King’s beam, or <i>Steel yard</i>, for weighing merchandise -was set up. Foreigners who landed goods here -were, between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, -known as <span class="smcap">The Steelyard Merchants</span>.</p> - -<p><b>Gracechurch Street</b>, formerly corrupted into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span> -“Gracious Street,” received its name from an old -church standing in a grass market hereabouts. -<b>Fenchurch Street</b> recalls the church in the fens, -or marshy land, on the north bank of the Thames. -<b>Eastcheap</b> was the eastern <i>cheap</i> or market, as distinguished -from Chepe or Cheapside. <b>Mincing Lane</b> -is a corruption of “Mynchen Lane,” denoting the -tenements held by the <i>minichery</i>, a Saxon name for -a nunnery, of St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate Street. -<b>Mark Lane</b> was originally styled “Mart Lane,” -from a fair held here from the earliest times. -<b>Blind Chapel Court</b>, situated at the north-east -corner of Mark Lane, carries the imagination -back to “Blanch Appleton,” the documentary -description of a white stone manor belonging to a -knight named Appleton, in the reign of Richard II. -In <b>Rood Lane</b> stood an ancient <i>rood</i>, or cross, -representing the dying Saviour. <b>Seething Lane</b> -is a corruption of Sidon Lane; and <b>Billiter Street</b> -of Belzetti Street, commemorating the names of -the original owners of, and builders upon, the land. -The <b>Minories</b> marks the site of the Priory of the -<span class="smcap">Minoresses</span>, or <span class="smcap">Nuns of St. Clare</span> (the Order -founded in Italy, by St. Clare in 1212); corresponding -to the <b>Minims</b>, or Lesser Friars, founded by St. -Francis de Paula in 1453. <b>Crutched Friars</b> was -the Priory of the Crutched, or Crossed, Friars of -the Holy Trinity [<i>see</i> <a href="#RELIGIOUS_ORDERS"><span class="smcap">Religious Orders</span></a>]. <b>Aldgate</b> -received its name from the <i>Ald Gate</i>, the oldest of -the City gates, taken down in 1760. Aldgate Pump, -which stood beside the gate, still remains. <b>George<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> -Yard</b> was formerly the inn yard of “The George.” -<b>Duke’s Place</b> preserves the memory of Thomas -Howard, Duke of Norfolk, beheaded in 1572, who -had inherited the property of the Crutched Friars -by marriage.</p> - -<p><b>Leadenhall Street</b> derived its title from the -<b>Leadenhall Market</b>, a corruption of “Leather -Hall,” the leather-sellers’ market of olden times. <b>St. -Mary-Axe</b> owes its name to the Church of St. Mary-Axe -which stood in it [<i>see</i> the article “<a href="#LONDON_CHURCHES_AND"><span class="smcap">London -Churches and Buildings</span></a>”]. <b>Throgmorton -Street</b> and <b>Nicholas Lane</b> were both named after -Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, a wealthy London -banker, and the head of an ancient Warwickshire -family, said to have been poisoned by Robert -Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in 1571. <b>Threadneedle -Street</b> is a corruption of “Three-Needle-Street,” -so called from the arms of the Needle -Makers’ Company. <b>Bartholomew Lane</b> was designated -after the Church of St. Bartholomew, at -the back of the Royal Exchange. <b>Lothbury</b> -was originally “Lattenbury,” inhabited by the -workers in <i>latten</i>, a fine kind of brass or bronze, which -formed an important industry in the Middle Ages. -<b>Cornhill</b> was the ancient corn market. <b>St. -Michael’s Alley</b>, where the first English coffee-house -was opened, took its name from the neighbouring -church. <b>Finch Lane</b> is properly “Finke -Lane,” in honour of Sir Robert Finke, who built the -Church of St. Bennet Finke, pulled down to enlarge -Gresham’s Royal Exchange. <b>Change Alley</b>, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span> -contraction of “Exchange Alley,” was in the year -1720 the busy centre of the South Sea Bubble. -<b>Birchin Lane</b> is a corruption of “Birchover Lane,” -named after the builder.</p> - -<p><b>Lombard Street</b> constituted the colony of the -Jews of Lombardy sent over to England by Pope -Gregory IX. for the purpose of advancing money -to those who were unable to pay the taxes so -rigorously demanded throughout the country in -1229. <b>Austin Friars</b> contained the Priory of the -Austin, or Augustin Friars. <b>Bishopsgate Street</b> -was designated after the strong gate built by the -good Bishop Erkenwald, son of Offa, King of the -Saxons; and repaired by Bishop William in the -reign of William I. <b>Great St. Helen’s</b> comprises -the ground anciently held by the Nuns of the Order -of St. Helen. <b>Devonshire Square</b>, in this neighbourhood, -marks the situation of the mansion of -William Cavendish, second Earl of Devonshire, who -died under its roof in 1628. <b>Artillery Lane</b> stands -upon the old practising ground of the Tower -Gunners prior to the seventeenth century. <b>Houndsditch</b> -was the old ditch beyond the city wall, -anciently considered by the inhabitants to be the -proper depository for dead dogs. <b>Bevis Marks</b> is -a corruption of “Bury’s Marks,” where stood the -mansion and grounds of the Abbots of Bury. -<b>Petticoat Lane</b>, also known as <b>Rag Fair</b>, is the -central old clothes mart of the Jewish inhabitants of -the metropolis. <b>Wormwood Street</b> and <b>Camomile -Street</b> were so called on account of the herbs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span> -found growing among the Roman stones. <b>London -Wall</b> defines the ancient boundary of Roman -London. <b>Barbican</b>, a continuation of the old -Roman Wall, is an English form of the Saxon -<i>burgh kennin</i>, or postern tower. Here it was that -the Romans placed sentinels by night and day to -give notice of conflagrations in the City or of dangers -from outside quarters. In <b>Great Winchester Street</b> -stood the original <b>Winchester House</b>, built by -the first Marquis of Winchester. <b>Old Broad Street</b> -was in Elizabeth’s reign the most fashionable -thoroughfare in London, containing the mansions of -the wealthiest city merchants. <b>Moorgate Street</b> -was so called from the gate that divided the City from -the moor, comprising the borough of Finsbury. -<b>Beech Lane</b> was designated after Nicholas de la -Beech, Lieutenant of the Tower during the reign -of Edward III. <b>Cripplegate</b> is the narrow -thoroughfare anciently graced (or disgraced) by a -stone gate which received its name from the beggars -and cripples who congregated around it. This -affection for the old gate on the part of the cripples -may be explained by the circumstance that the -neighbouring church was dedicated to St. Giles, the -patron of cripples. <b>Whitecross Street</b> and <b>Red -Cross Street</b> were respectively denominated from a -white and a red cross of stone, which defined the -boundaries of the land belonging to the Knights -Templars and the Knights Hospitallers. <b>Playhouse -Yard</b> reminds us that the old “Fortune -Theatre” stood here. <b>Jewin Street</b> was for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span> -centuries the only burying-ground permitted to the -Jews of London. <b>Aldersgate Street</b> took its name -from the old City gate, distinguished for several -alder-trees that grew beside it. In <b>Bridgewater -Square</b> stood the mansion, destroyed by fire in -1687, of the Egertons, Earls of Bridgewater. <b>Bartholomew -Close</b> marks the situation of the cloisters -of St. Bartholomew’s Priory, of which the church -still remains. <b>Cloth Fair</b> comprised the ancient -rendezvous of the Flemish and Italian merchants -for the annual sale of cloths. This was the real -Fair, to which “Bartholomew Fair” was merely an -adjunct designed for the amusement of the populace -who came from all accessible parts of the country. -<b>Duke Street</b> and <b>Little Britain</b> were so called -because in olden times the Dukes of Brittany -resided here. <b>Newgate Street</b> received its name -from the latest of the City gates, which also lent its -title to the gloomy prison hard by. <b>Bath Street</b> -contained one of the Turkish Bagnios, or Baths, -introduced in London as early as the year 1679. -<b>King Edward Street</b> serves to remind us that the -neighbouring Grammar School known as Christ’s -Hospital was established by Edward VI. <b>Giltspur -Street</b>, formerly styled <b>Knightrider Street</b>, was -so called from the Knights, distinguished by their -gilt spurs, who passed through it on their way to -the tournaments in Smithfield. <b>Pie Corner</b>, where -the great Fire of London ceased its ravages in 1666, -derived its name from an eating-house that rejoiced -in the sign of “The Magpie.” <b>Farringdon Street</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> -and <b>Farringdon Road</b> perpetuate the memory of -William Farrindon, citizen and goldsmith, who purchased -the Aldermanry of the Ward still known by -his name for twenty marks in 1279, and became -Sheriff two years later. <b>Saffron Hill</b> owes its -designation to the rich crops of saffron that grew on -its site at the time when it formed the eastern portion -of the grounds attached to Ely House, the -London residence of the Bishops of Ely, which -stood on the spot now marked by <b>Ely Place</b>, and -bounded on the west by <b>Hatton Garden</b>; so called -because, when the property became demised to the -Crown, it was presented by Queen Elizabeth to Sir -Christopher Hatton, who literally danced himself -into Her Majesty’s favour. <b>Snow Hill</b> was formerly -described as “Snore Hill,” from the fact that the -stage-coach passengers intended for “The Saracen’s -Head” were generally fast asleep when they arrived -at their destination.</p> - -<p><b>Holborn</b> is a contraction of “The Hollow Bourne,” -indicative of a stream in a hollow. In Domesday -Book the name appears as “Holebourne.” <b>Holborn -Bars</b> marks the City boundary on its western -side. <b>Leather Lane</b> was the recognized colony of -the leather-sellers. <b>Fetter Lane</b> is a perversion of -“Fewtor’s Lane”—in other words, a lane infested -by vagabonds in the days when it led to some pleasure -gardens. The term was derived from the Norman-French -<i>faitour</i>, signifying an evil-doer. <b>Brooke -Street</b> (in which Chatterton, the boy-poet, ended his -life by poison), and <b>Greville Street</b> preserve the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> -name of Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, Councillor to -James I., whose house stood in the latter thoroughfare. -<b>Gray’s Inn Road</b> forms the eastern boundary -of Gray’s Inn. <b>Verulam Buildings</b>, Gray’s Inn, -facing Gray’s Inn Road, received this title in honour -of Lord Bacon, who was created Baron Verulam and -Viscount St. Albans. <b>Furnival Street</b>, on the east -side of Holborn Bars, owes its name to Furnival’s -Inn, which it faces. Until quite recently this street -was designated <b>Castle Street</b>, from the old “Castle -Inn,” whose site it covers. The name of <b>Dyers’ -Buildings</b> memorializes the one-time existence of -some almshouse erected hereabouts by the Dyers’ -Company. <b>Cursitor Street</b> received its title from -the Cursitors’ Office founded in this vicinity by the -father of the great Lord Bacon. The Cursitors were -those who issued writs in the name of the Court of -Chancery. The word <i>cursitor</i> is a corruption of -chorister. Anciently all the officers of the Court of -Chancery were divines; and the Lord High Chancellor -himself was the Ecclesiastical Keeper of the -King’s Conscience. <b>Chancery Lane</b> is a corruption -of “Chancellor’s Lane,” originally containing the -court and official residence of the Lord High Chancellor. -<b>Southampton Buildings</b> occupy the site -of Southampton House, which witnessed the death -of Thomas, the last Earl of Southampton, Lord -Treasurer of Charles II. Those sorry tenements, -<b>Chichester Rents</b> supply the place of the old town -mansion of the Bishops of Chichester. <b>Lincoln’s -Inn Fields</b> are situated on the east side of the Inn,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span> -or mansion, of Henry de Lacey, Earl of Lincoln, in -the fourteenth century [<i>see</i> <a href="#THE_INNS_OF_COURT"><span class="smcap">Inns of Court</span></a>]. <b>Sardinia -Street</b> takes its name from the <b>Sardinian -Chapel</b>, the oldest Roman Catholic chapel in -London, dating back to the year 1648, and originally -the residence of the Sardinian ambassador. <b>Great -Turnstile</b> and <b>Little Turnstile</b> are pleasant-sounding -names, eminently suggestive of the rural -character of this neighbourhood in bygone days. -The turnstiles were set up to prevent sheep and -cattle from straying out of Lincoln’s Inn Fields into -the public highway. <b>Great Queen Street</b> was so -called in compliment to Queen Elizabeth, in whose -reign it was first formed into a footway for pedestrians -plodding westwards from Lincoln’s Inn towards -the narrow path, anciently designated, as the -modern street still is, <b>Long Acre</b>. The word <i>Acre</i>, -derived from the Greek <i>agros</i>, Latin <i>ager</i>, and Anglo-Saxon -<i>acer</i>, means a ploughed or sown field. -<b>Drury Lane</b> derived its name from Drury House, -the town residence of Sir William Drury, K.G., one -of our most able commanders in quelling the wars -with Ireland. The house was situated where the -Olympic Theatre now stands. <b>Denzil Street</b> and -<b>Holles Street</b> were so designated by Gilbert, Earl -of Clare, whose house occupied the site of <b>Clare -Market</b>, in memory of his uncle Denzil, Lord -Holles, one of the five members of the House of -Commons whose persons Charles I. made an ineffectual -attempt to seize. <b>Hart Street</b> and <b>White -Hart Street</b> both owe their titles to “The White<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span> -Hart” Inn, demolished in the time of George I. -<b>Catherine Street</b>, Strand, and <b>Portugal Street</b>, -Lincoln’s Inn Fields, were designated in honour of -Catherine of Braganza, queen of Charles II. <b>Serle -Street</b> received its name from Henry Serle, a -bencher of Lincoln’s Inn, who left considerable -property in the parish of St. Clement-Danes when -he died in 1690. <b>Wych Street</b> was known in early -times as <i>Aldwyche</i>, denoting the road leading directly -from the Strand and the church just mentioned to -the “Old town,” now known as Broad Street, St. -Giles’s parish. <b>Holywell Street</b> took its title from -the Holy Well discovered on the eastern side of St. -Clement-Danes.</p> - -<p>The <b>Strand</b> literally means the strand of the -Thames. At one time Somerset House and a few -other princely mansions only occupied its southern -side. <b>Thanet Place</b>, a secluded <i>cul de sac</i> comprising -ten houses, opposite the Law Courts, was -named after the Earl of Thanet, to whom, previous -to 1780, the property belonged. <b>Palsgrave Place</b> -was so called in compliment to the Palsgrave -Frederick, King of Bohemia, who married the -Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., in 1612. -<b>Devereaux Court</b> received its title from Essex -House, which also gave its name to <b>Essex Street</b>, -the residence of Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, -the Parliamentary General. <b>Milford Lane</b> was in -olden times characterized by a rustic mill; and the -lane itself led down to a ford across the river. -<b>Arundel Street</b>, <b>Norfolk Street</b>, <b>Surrey Street</b>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> -and <b>Howard Street</b>, stand upon the site of the -town house and grounds of the Howards, Dukes of -Norfolk, and Earls of Arundel and Surrey. <b>Savoy -Street</b> leads to the Chapel Royal, the only remaining -portion of the ancient Savoy Palace [<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_212"><span class="smcap">Savoy -Chapel</span></a>]. <b>Wellington Street</b>, constructed in -1829-30, was named to complete the compliment -partially bestowed upon the Duke of Wellington by -the designation of <b>Waterloo Bridge</b>, opened June -18, 1817, or two years after the famous victory. -<b>Bow Street</b> was so called on account of its bent -shape when it was first laid out to connect the -Strand with Oxford Street in 1637. <b>Covent Garden</b> -is a corruption of Convent Garden, or the -garden belonging to St. Paul’s Convent. <b>York -Street</b> and <b>James Street</b> were both named in -honour of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. -<b>King Street</b>, constructed in his reign, was designated -after Charles I., and <b>Henrietta Street</b> after -his queen, Henrietta Maria. In <b>Tavistock Street</b>, -<b>Russell Street</b>, <b>Bedford Street</b>, and <b>Southampton -Street</b>, we trace some of the family titles of one -of the ancestors of the present ground landlord, -viz., Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, -Marquis of Tavistock, Duke of Bedford, whose -daughter is known in history as the celebrated -Rachel, the wife of Lord William Russell, the -patriot, beheaded in 1683. Southampton House, in -which Lady Russell was born, stood in the street -named after it. <b>Bedfordbury</b> originally denoted -the enclosed property of the Bedford family.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> -<b>Maiden Lane</b> was so styled on account of a statue -of the Virgin that stood at the corner of this -thoroughfare at the time when it skirted the south -wall of the Convent Garden. <b>Chandos Street</b> -received its name from James Bridges, Lord -Chandos, the ancestor of the “Princely Duke of -Chandos.” <b>Exeter Street</b> marks the situation of -Exeter House and its grounds, the property of a -lineal descendant of the great Lord Burleigh, after -whom <b>Burleigh Street</b> was designated. <b>Cecil -Street</b> and <b>Salisbury Street</b>, on the opposite side -of the Strand, remind us that here stood Salisbury -House, the residence of Robert Cecil, first Earl of -Salisbury, one of the sons of Lord Burleigh just -alluded to.</p> - -<p><b>Adelphi</b> is the Greek word for brothers. This -collective title was chosen for the pleasantly situated -little district which comprises <b>Adelphi Terrace</b>, -<b>Adam Street</b>, <b>John Street</b>, <b>Robert Street</b>, and -<b>James Street</b>, the work of the brothers Adam, -after whose Christian names three of the streets were -designated. Similarly, <b>George Street</b>, <b>Villiers -Street</b>, <b>Duke Street</b>, and <b>Buckingham Street</b> -preserve the memory of George Villiers, second -Duke of Buckingham, of whose mansion the old -gate built by Inigo Jones may still be seen. -<b>Charing Cross</b> is a perversion of “Chère Reine -Cross,” so named from the memorial cross erected -upon the spot where the body of Eleanor, the <i>dear -queen</i> of Edward I., was last set down while on its -way to Westminster Abbey. The present cross is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> -merely a model of the original demolished by the -Puritans in 1647. <b>Craven Street</b> is the property -of Lord Craven. <b>Northumberland Street</b> and -<b>Northumberland Avenue</b> owe their names to -Northumberland House, the town mansion of the -Dukes of Northumberland, taken down in 1874.</p> - -<p><b>Trafalgar Square</b> received its title from the -Nelson Column, set up in 1843, two years before the -Square itself was completed. <b>St. Martin’s Lane</b> -was named after the parish church of St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields. -<b>King William Street</b> was built -upon in the reign of William IV. The name of -<b>Seven Dials</b> arose from a column set up at the -diverging point of seven streets, and displaying as -many clock faces. Its object was to mark the limits -of St. Giles’s and St. Martin’s parishes. <b>Cranbourne -Street</b> marks the course of a long, narrow -bourne, or stream, that formerly ran from Tyburn -by way of Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, and -across Leicester Fields into Long Acre, and thence -emptied itself into the Thames at the bottom of -Milford Lane. The first portion of the name was in -allusion to the long, slender neck and legs of the -crane. <b>Leicester Square</b> (formerly denominated -<b>Leicester Fields</b>) derived its name from -Leicester House, the noble mansion built on its -east side by Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester, in -1636. On the site of <b>Coventry Street</b> stood the -mansion of Henry Coventry, Secretary of State in -the reign of Charles II. <b>Great Windmill Street</b> -reminds us of the old windmill that stood hereabouts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span> -a couple of centuries ago. It was not until January, -1831, that the hay market, properly so called, was -removed from the spacious thoroughfare still known -as the <b>Haymarket</b>. <b>Jermyn Street</b> was named -after Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, whose residence, -St. Alban’s House, stood on its north side. -In <b>Arundel Street</b> we have one of the family -titles of the ground landlord, Lord Arundel of -Wardour. <b>Orange Street</b> was designated in -honour of the Prince of Orange, afterwards William -III. <b>Panton Street</b> perpetuates the memory of -Colonel Thomas Panton, a notorious gamester, -whose daughter married into the Arundel family. -<b>Suffolk Street</b> marks the situation of the old town -mansion of the Earl of Suffolk.</p> - -<p><b>Spring Gardens</b>, during the days of the Stuarts, -contained an ingenious contrivance by which any -person stepping upon a hidden spring was suddenly -immersed in a shower of water. <b>Pall Mall</b> is a -modern spelling of <i>paille maille</i>, the title of a French -game at ball, somewhat similar to our croquet, first -played in this thoroughfare—then open to St. -James’s Park—about the year 1621. <b>Carlton -House Terrace</b> stands on the site of Carlton -House, the palace of Frederick, Prince of Wales, -the father of George III. <b>King Street</b>, <b>St. -James’s Street</b>, and <b>St. James’s Square</b> were -designated in honour of James I. <b>Bury Street</b> is -properly “Berry Street,” after the name of its builder.</p> - -<p>The <b>Green Park</b> deserves its title on account of -its verdure, so refreshing to the eye. <b>Hyde Park</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> -anciently comprised the manor of Hyde held by the -Abbots of St. Peter’s, Westminster, but claimed by the -Crown on the dissolution of the monasteries. <b>Hyde -Park Corner</b> defines the position of the old toll-gate -at the western extremity of London. <b>Rotten -Row</b> is a corruption of <i>route du roi</i>, the French for -“route of the King,” to the historic royal residence -at Kensington. <b>Albert Gate</b>, <b>Queen’s Gate</b>, and -<b>Prince’s Gate</b> are of modern date, named in honour -of the royal personages indicated. The <b>Marble -Arch</b> is an imposing structure of white marble -originally erected in front of Buckingham Palace in -1830, and removed to its present position in 1851. -<b>Rutland Gate</b> was designated after the mansion of -the Dukes of Rutland hard by. <b>Cumberland Gate</b> -and <b>Duke Street</b>, Grosvenor Square, were both -named after the Duke of Cumberland, brother to -George III. <b>Grosvenor Gate</b>, <b>Grosvenor Street</b>, -and <b>Grosvenor Square</b> preserve the memory of Sir -Richard Grosvenor, Grand Cup-bearer to George II., -who died in 1732. The ancestral line of the Grosvenors -may be traced back to <i>Le Gros Veneur</i>, “the -chief hunter,” to the Dukes of Normandy prior to -the Conquest. <b>Stanhope Gate</b>, <b>Great Stanhope -Street</b>, and <b>Chesterfield Street</b> received their -names from <b>Chesterfield House</b>, the residence of -Philip Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield, of epistolary -fame. <b>Park Lane</b> was formerly a narrow lane -skirting the east side of the Park. <b>Portugal -Street</b> was named in honour of the queen of -Charles II. <b>Chapel Street</b> owes its designation to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span> -its proximity to Grosvenor Chapel. <b>Hamilton -Place</b> perpetuates the name of Colonel James -Hamilton, Ranger of Hyde Park, and boon companion -of Charles II.</p> - -<p>That fine thoroughfare known as <b>Piccadilly</b> was -designated after “Piccadilla Hall,” its most westerly -building during the reign of Elizabeth, and utilized -as a depôt for the sale of the then fashionable <span class="smcap">Piccadilly -Lace</span>, so called on account of its little spearlike -points, <i>piccadilly</i> being the diminutive of <i>pica</i>, a -pike, a spear. In the succeeding reign of James I., -the high ruff worn by males was styled a piccadilly, -though the lace had disappeared from its edge. -<b>Curzon Street</b> was named after George Augustus -Curzon, third Viscount Howe, the ground landlord. -<b>Charles Street</b> and <b>Queen Street</b> were first built -upon in the reign of Charles II., in honour of whom -and his queen they were designated. <b>Shepherd -Street</b>, <b>Shepherd’s Market</b>, and <b>Market Street</b> -faithfully preserve the memory of the owner of the -land upon which the ancient “May Fair” was held. -<b>Hay Hill</b>, <b>Hill Street</b>, and <b>Farm Street</b> mark -the situation of an old farm that stood upon the -lands of John, Lord Berkeley of Stratton, an able -officer in the army of Charles I., whose titles are -perpetuated in <b>John Street</b>, <b>Berkeley Square</b>, -<b>Berkeley Street</b>, and <b>Stratton Street</b>; while -<b>Bruton Street</b> refers to the family seat of the -Berkeleys, situated at Bruton, Somersetshire. -<b>Mount Street</b> marks the site of one of the western -forts or bastions hastily formed by the Parliamentarians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span> -in 1643 to resist an expected attack -upon the Metropolis from this side by the Royalists. -<b>Clarges Street</b> derived its name from the residence -of Sir Walter Clarges built in 1717, and afterwards -occupied by the Venetian Ambassador. In <b>Half-Moon -Street</b> stood an old tavern bearing the sign -of “The Half-Moon.” <b>Arlington Street</b> and -<b>Bennett Street</b> were named after Henry Bennett, -Earl of Arlington, whose town house was situated -on the site of the former thoroughfare. <b>Dover -Street</b> was so called in memory of Henry Jermyn, -Lord Dover, who died in it in 1782. <b>Albemarle -Street</b> contained the residence of Christopher Monk, -second Duke of Albemarle, acquired from the Earls -of Clarendon. <b>Old Bond Street</b>, of which <b>New -Bond Street</b> is a modern continuation, received its -name from the Bond family, now extinct. The land -upon which it stands was the property of Sir Thomas -Bond, Comptroller of the Household of Henrietta -Maria, queen of Charles I. <b>Clifford Street</b> preserves -the memory of Elizabeth Clifford, who -became the wife of Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington -(died 1753), after whom <b>Old Burlington Street</b>, -and subsequently, <b>New Burlington Street</b> were designated. -In <b>Cork Street</b> resided Lord Cork, one -of the four brothers of the Boyle family advanced to -the peerage at the same time. <b>Savile Row</b> was -named after Dorothy Savile, who became Countess -of Burlington and Cork, and inherited the property. -<b>Vigo Street</b> commemorates the capture of Vigo, in -Spain, by the British on several occasions in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> -course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. -The street dates back to the year 1720. <b>Sackville -Street</b>, built in 1679, serves its purpose as perpetuating -the memory of the witty Charles Sackville, -Earl of Dorset, whose friends were unwilling -that his fame should be allowed to die. <b>Air Street</b>, -Piccadilly Circus, was at the time of its erection -in the year 1659 one of the most westerly, and -consequently, open streets of the town. <b>Swallow -Street</b> is a corruption of “Slough Street,” at one -time a miry thoroughfare much infested by footpads. -<b>Vine Street</b> recalls the ancient vineyard belonging -to the Abbey at Westminster, situated here.</p> - -<p><b>Regent Street</b> was named by John Nash, the -architect, after his royal patron, the Prince Regent. -It was commenced in 1813. <b>Conduit Street</b> received -its name from the conduit or spring-head set -up in the meadow formerly known as “Conduit -Mead,” now swallowed up by Old Bond Street. -<b>Maddox Street</b> was built by one Maddox in 1720. -<b>Brook Street</b> reminds us of the pleasant stream -that wound its way from Tyburn down to Leicester -Fields, where it was designated the Cranbourne, and -ultimately spent itself in the Thames. <b>Mill Street</b> -affords us an additional memory of the rurality of -London in bygone times. <b>George Street</b> (also -<b>St. George’s Church</b>), <b>Hanover Street</b>, and -<b>Hanover Square</b> were designations in honour of -the Hanoverian succession in the person of George -I. <b>Davies Street</b>, connecting Berkeley Square -with Oxford Street, received its name in compliment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span> -to Miss Mary Davies, the heiress of Ebury Manor, -Belgravia, who carried that estate by her marriage -into the possession of the Grosvenors.</p> - -<p>Crossing Regent Street, <b>Argyll Street</b> marks the -situation of the old town mansion of the Dukes -of Argyll. <b>Marlborough Street</b>, <b>Great Marlborough -Street</b>, and <b>Blenheim Street</b> were so -called in honour of the Duke of Marlborough, the -victor of Blenheim. <b>Wardour Street</b> is in allusion -to the family seat of the ground landlord, Lord -Arundel of Wardour. <b>Nassau Street</b> was named -in compliment to the royal House of Nassau, from -which the Prince of Orange claimed his descent. -<b>Golden Square</b> is a corruption of Gelding Square, -derived from an adjacent inn sign, “The Gelding.” -<b>Shaftesbury Avenue</b> is a modern thoroughfare -named after Anthony Ashley Cooper, seventh Earl of -Shaftesbury, who performed the opening ceremony -but a short time before his death, which occurred in -1885. <b>Windmill Street</b> furnishes another pleasant -reminder of green pastures and rural delights. -<b>Old Compton Street</b> was built in the reign of -Charles II. by Sir Francis Compton. <b>New Compton -Street</b> and <b>Dean Street</b> derived their names -from Bishop Compton, Dean of the Chapel Royal, -Savoy, who originally possessed the living of St. -Anne’s, Soho. <b>Gerrard Street</b> and <b>Macclesfield -Street</b> perpetuate the memory of Gerard, Earl of -Macclesfield, the owner of the site at the time when -buildings were first put up hereabouts in 1697. -<b>Greek Street</b> was so called from the Greek merchants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span> -who colonized this neighbourhood, and for -whose spiritual benefit a Greek church was erected -hard by. <b>Carlisle Street</b> was designated after the -Howards, Earls of Carlisle, a branch of the ducal -house of Norfolk, whose family mansion stood on -the east side of what is now Soho Square about the -middle of the last century.</p> - -<p><b>Hanway Street</b>, situated on the north side of -Oxford Street, received its name from Jonas Hanway, -who was the first to carry an umbrella through the -London streets. This occurred in the year 1750. -<b>Rathbone Place</b>, a somewhat exclusive thoroughfare, -supporting its own police, was built by a Captain -Rathbone in 1718. <b>Newman Street</b> and -<b>Goodge Street</b> retain the names of their speculative -builders. <b>Castle Street</b> took its title from an inn -sign at the corner of Oxford Market. <b>Wells Street</b> -is properly “Well Street,” so called after Well in -Yorkshire, the seat of the Strangeways family, from -whom Lady Berners, the original ground landlady -of <b>Berners Street</b>, descended. In <b>Foley Street</b> -stood Foley House, the town-mansion of Lord Foley. -<b>Charlotte Street</b> received its name in honour of -the queen of George III. <b>Bolsover Street</b>, <b>Great -Titchfield Street</b>, <b>Titchfield Street</b>, <b>Grafton -Street</b>, <b>Cleveland Street</b>, <b>Fitzroy Square</b>, -<b>Euston Square</b>, <b>Euston Road</b>, and <b>Southampton -Street</b>, are all designated after family names of -the Fitzroys, Dukes of Grafton, Earls and Lords of -Southampton, the ground landlords. Euston is the -seat of the Earl of Euston, son of the Duke of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> -Grafton and Marquis of Titchfield, situated at -Thetford, in the county of Norfolk; while Bolsover -is the Derbyshire seat of the Graftons. <b>Tottenham -Court Road</b> anciently comprised the manor of -Totten, or Totham, held by William de Tottenhall -in the reign of Henry III. In Elizabeth’s time the -manor was described as “Tottenham Court.” The -lease fell into the possession of Charles Fitzroy, -second Duke of Grafton, by right of his mother, -Lady Isabella Bennett, who inherited it.</p> - -<p><b>Oxford Street</b>, formerly styled Oxford Road, -<b>Oxford Market</b>, <b>Mortimer Street</b>, <b>Harley Street</b>, -<b>Edward Street</b>, and <b>Wigmore Street</b>, derived -their names from Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford -and Mortimer, created Baron Harley of Wigmore -Castle in Herefordshire in 1717, the owner of the -estate. <b>Cavendish Square</b>, <b>Old Cavendish -Street</b>, <b>New Cavendish Street</b>, <b>Holles Street</b>, -and <b>Henrietta Street</b>, preserve the memory of -Henrietta Cavendish, wife of the second Lord -Harley, and only daughter and heiress of John -Holles, the last Duke of Newcastle, who by her -marriage carried all this property into the family of -the Harleys. Her daughter, Lady Margaret Cavendish, -became in her turn the wife of William Bentinck, -second Duke of Portland; in honour of which -connection there have been designated the various -thoroughfares known as <b>Bentinck Street</b>, <b>Margaret -Street</b>, <b>Duke Street</b>, <b>Duchess Street</b>, -<b>Portland Place</b>, and <b>Great Portland Street</b>. -<b>Welbeck Street</b> was named after Welbeck Abbey,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span> -in Northamptonshire, the seat of the Portland -family; while <b>Clipstone Street</b> and <b>Carburton -Street</b> were respectively designated after villages, -the one in Nottinghamshire, the other in Northamptonshire, -included in the ducal estate. <b>Wimpole -Street</b> repeats the name of the seat of the Harleys -situated on the borders of Herefordshire and Cambridgeshire, -and purchased by Lord Chancellor -Hardwicke in the last century. <b>Stratford Place</b> -was built in 1775 by Edward Stratford, second Lord -Aldborough, on ground leased from the Corporation -of London for the purpose. The erection of <b>Queen -Anne Street</b> dates from the reign indicated by its -name. <b>Mansfield Street</b> is all that is left to -remind us of the town residence of the Earl of -Mansfield. <b>Langham Place</b> and <b>Langham Street</b> -were named after Sir James Langham, whose -mansion and grounds occupied the site of the latter. -<b>Vere Street</b> recalls the existence of the De Veres, -who for centuries held the Earldom of Oxford previous -to the Harleys. <b>Duke Street</b>, <b>Manchester -Street</b>, and <b>Manchester Square</b>, comprise the -property of the Duke of Manchester. <b>Spanish -Place</b> was originally so called from the residence of -the Spanish Ambassador during the last century. -<b>Chandos Street</b> derived its name from the mansion -built by James Bridges, Duke of Chandos. <b>Hinde -Street</b> perpetuates the memory of James Hinde, -a speculative builder and one of the lessees of -Marylebone Park more than a hundred years ago. -<b>North Audley Street</b> and <b>South Audley Street</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> -point to the existence of Hugh Audley, a barrister -of the Middle Temple and owner of a landed estate -hereabouts worth a million of money; which, at his -death, in 1662, fell to Sir William Davies, Lord Mayor -of London, the father of Miss Mary Davies already -alluded to in connection with Davies Street and -Ebury Manor, Belgravia.</p> - -<p><b>Old Quebec Street</b> commemorates the capture -of Quebec by General Wolfe in 1759, about which -period this street was first built upon. <b>Seymour -Place</b> and <b>Upper Seymour Street</b> were designated -after the Seymours, from whom the Portmans are -descended. <b>Montague Street</b> and <b>Montague -Square</b> were so called in compliment to Mrs. -Montague of Blue Stocking fame, who, on becoming -a widow, took up her residence in Portman Square -close by. <b>Orchard Street</b> was designated in allusion -to Orchard-Portman, one of the seats of the -Portmans, in Somersetshire. <b>Portman Square</b>, -<b>Portman Street</b>, <b>Berkeley Place</b>, <b>Upper -Berkeley Street</b>, <b>Lower Berkeley Street</b>, -<b>Bryanstone Square</b>, <b>Bryanstone Street</b>, <b>Wyndham -Place</b>, <b>Wyndham Street</b>, <b>Blandford -Square</b>, <b>Blandford Street</b>, <b>Dorset Square</b>, and -<b>Dorset Street</b>, all have reference to the titles and -estate of the sole landlord of this neighbourhood, -viz., Edward Berkeley Portman, Viscount Portman -of Bryanstone, near Blandford, Dorsetshire, many -years M.P. for Dorset, and some time M.P. for -Marylebone. <b>Baker Street</b> received its name in -compliment to Sir Edward Baker of Ranston, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span> -valued neighbour of the Portmans in Dorsetshire. -<b>Harewood Square</b> and <b>Harewood Street</b> mark -the position of the town mansion of the Earls of -Harewood. <b>Lisson Grove</b> stands on part of the -land formerly known as <i>Lideston Green</i>, really a corruption -of <i>Ossulton Green</i>. <i>Ossulton</i> is the name of a -Hundred mentioned in Domesday Book, and preserved -in <b>Ossulton Square</b>, close at hand, and also -in <b>Ossulton Street</b>, Euston Road.</p> - -<p><b>Regent’s Park</b> was named in honour of the -Prince Regent, for whom it was originally intended -to build a palace on the ground now utilized as the -Botanic Gardens. <b>Albany Street</b> and <b>Osnaburgh -Street</b> perpetuate the memory of Frederick, second -son of George III., nominally styled Prince-Bishop -of Osnaburgh in Hanover, and created Duke of -York and Albany, and Earl of Ulster. <b>Cumberland -Market</b>, whither the hay-market was removed -from what still bears the description of the Haymarket -in 1831, received its name in honour of -Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, one of the -sons of George III., who subsequently became King -of Hanover. <b>Munster Square</b> was so called in -compliment to the eldest son of William IV., created -Earl of Munster. <b>Park Street</b> is the direct approach -from High Street, Camden Town, to the Regent’s -Park. <b>Brecknock Road</b>, <b>Brecknock Crescent</b>, -<b>Bayham Street</b>, <b>Pratt Street</b>, <b>Jeffreys Street</b>, -<b>Henry Street</b>, <b>Charles Street</b>, <b>Frederick Street</b>, -<b>Edward Street</b>, <b>William Street</b>, and <b>Robert -Street</b>, repeat the titles, family and Christian names<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> -occurring in the family of the Earl of Brecknock, -Marquis of Camden, the owner of the estate, who died -in 1840. <b>Great College Street</b>, <b>College Place</b>, -and <b>College Street</b>, are situated within a stone’s -throw of the Royal Veterinary College. <b>Oakley -Square</b> owes its title to Oakley House, near Bedford; -and <b>Ampthill Square</b> to Ampthill Park, in -Bedfordshire, the names of two seats of the Bedfords; -while <b>Harrington Square</b> was denominated -after the Earl of Harrington, one of whose daughters -became the wife of the seventh Duke of Bedford. -<b>Mornington Crescent</b> and <b>Mornington Place</b> -were named in honour of the Earl of Mornington, -Governor-General of India, the brother of the Duke -of Wellington; and <b>Granby Street</b> after John -Manners, the popular Marquis of Granby. <b>Eden -Street</b> covers the site of the old “Adam and Eve” -Tea Gardens. <b>Skinner Street</b>, Somers Town, was -built, and is still owned by, the Skinners’ Company.</p> - -<p><b>Pancras Road</b> received its name from the parish -church of St. Pancras. <b>Battle Bridge Road</b> marks -the spot where the Romans defeated the Iceni, -under Queen Boadicea, in the year 61. <b>York -Road</b> owes its designation to the fact that the Great -Northern Railway was originally styled “The -London and York Railway.” <b>Caledonian Road</b>, -which extends northwards to <b>Caledonian Market</b>, -was so called after the Royal Caledonian Asylum, -founded for Scottish orphans in 1831. <b>Liverpool -Street</b> and <b>Sidmouth Street</b> recall the names of -two popular Lords of the Ministry, at the accession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span> -of George IV. <b>Burton Crescent</b> memorializes its -builder. <b>Judd Street</b> comprises the property bequeathed -by Sir Andrew Judd, Lord Mayor in 1551, -to the endowment of a school at Tunbridge, Kent, -his native place. <b>Great Coram Street</b> affords us a -pleasant reminder that the Foundling Hospital owes -its existence to the benevolence of Captain Thomas -Coram in the year 1739. <b>Lamb’s Conduit Street</b> -preserves the name of William Lamb, a clothworker -to whose enterprise “a faire conduit and standard,” -constructed in 1577, was due. <b>Harpur Street</b> -received its title in honour of Sir William Harpur, -Lord Mayor in 1562, whose property hereabouts, -together with that now known as <b>Bedford Row</b>, -High Holborn, was devoted at his death to the -foundation of a school and other charitable purposes -at Bedford, his native place.</p> - -<p><b>Southampton Row</b> and <b>Southampton Street</b>, -<b>Great Russell Street</b>, <b>Russell Square</b>, <b>Bedford -Square</b>, <b>Tavistock Square</b>, and <b>Tavistock Place</b>, -were named after Thomas Wriothlesley, Earl of -Southampton, Marquis of Tavistock, and Duke of -Bedford, father of Rachel, who became the wife of -Lord William Russell, the patriot, already alluded to -in connection with Southampton Street, Strand. -<b>Gordon Square</b> perpetuates the memory of Lady -Georgina Gordon, daughter of Alexander, fourth -Duke of Gordon, and wife of John, sixth Duke of -Bedford, who had had for his first wife a daughter -of the noble house of Torrington, memorialized by -<b>Torrington Square</b>. <b>Montague Street</b> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> -<b>Montague Place</b> occupy two sides of the site of Old -Montague House, the nucleus of the British -Museum. <b>Brunswick Square</b> and <b>Mecklenburgh -Square</b> were built and designated at the -time when it was considered the correct thing to -honour the Hanoverian succession in every possible -way. <b>Thurlow Place</b> was named in compliment -to Lord Chancellor Thurlow, whose house was -situated in <b>Great Ormond Street</b>, so called after -the British general and duke of that title. <b>Powis -Place</b> covers the ground formerly occupied by Powis -House, the town mansion of William Herbert, -Marquis of Powis, whose father was outlawed by -James I. <b>Bloomsbury Square</b> is properly “Lomesbury -Square,” marking the site of the manor-house -described in olden times as “Lomesbury Village.” -<b>Hart Street</b> received its name from “The White -Hart” Inn; and <b>Red Lion Square</b> and <b>Red Lion -Street</b>, from “The Red Lion,” both hostelries of -some importance in the coaching days. <b>Queen’s -Square</b> was designated in honour of Queen Anne, in -whose reign it was laid out. <b>Kingsgate Street</b> -was so styled because the King used it on his way -to Newmarket; while <b>Theobalds Road</b> led to -Theobalds, in Herefordshire, the favourite hunting -seat of James I.</p> - -<p><b>Coldbath Square</b>, Clerkenwell, marks the situation -of the celebrated Cold Bath, fed by a spring discovered -by Mr. Baynes in 1697. The surrounding -district before it was built over formerly bore the -name of <b>Coldbath Fields</b>. <b>Vinegar Yard</b> is a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> -corruption of the vineyard anciently belonging to -the Priory of the Knights of St. John. <b>Ray Street</b> -preserves the memory of Miss Ray, the mistress of -Lord Sandwich, shot by her lover Hackman. <b>Rosoman -Street</b> was designated after the enterprising -Mr. Rosoman, who converted Sadler’s Musick House -into a theatre in 1765. <b>Aylesbury Street</b> in olden -times skirted the wall of the garden attached to the -town mansion of the Earls of Aylesbury. <b>Berkeley -Street</b> derived its name from Berkeley House, the -residence of Sir Maurice Berkeley, standard-bearer -to Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Elizabeth. <b>Albemarle -Street</b> was built during the period that witnessed -the popularity of General Monk, Duke of -Albemarle. In bygone times the whole of Clerkenwell -received the opprobrious title of <b>Hockley-in-the-Hole</b>, -the name of a place in Bedfordshire -noted far and wide for its impassable and sloughy -character. <b>Hockley</b> is an Anglo-Saxon term, denoting -a muddy field. <b>Myddleton Square</b> and -<b>Myddleton Street</b> perpetuate the memory of Sir -Hugh Myddleton, the founder of the New River -Waterworks, opened September 16, 1613. <b>Pentonville -Road</b> owes its title to the <i>ville</i>, or rural mansion, -occupied by Henry Penton, Esq., Lord of the -Admiralty and M.P. for Winchester, on the spot -where <b>Penton Street</b> now stands. Mr. Penton died -in 1812. <b>St. John Street Road</b> took its name from -the Priory of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, -of which <b>St. John’s Gate</b> is an interesting relic. -<b>Windmill Street</b> marks the site of three large<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> -windmills erected in Finsbury Fields, on the mound -formed by a thousand cartloads of human bones -deposited there from the Charnel House, St. Paul’s, -by order of the Lord Protector Somerset, in 1549. -<b>City Road</b> was the regular highway from the City -to the “Angel” at Islington, and thence to the north -of England, <i>viâ</i> Highbury and Highgate. <b>Shepherdess -Walk</b> was originally a pleasant path -leading through the open fields direct from Finsbury -to St. Mary’s parish church, Islington. <b>Golden -Lane</b>, St. Luke’s, received its name from the number -of goldsmiths who formerly made this neighbourhood -their residence. In <b>Curtain Road</b>, Shoreditch, -stood the Curtain Theatre, opened in 1571, -so called because it was the first playhouse to make -use of a drop-curtain. Ben Jonson’s “Every Man -in his Humour” was produced here in 1596. By -<b>Norton Folgate</b> is meant “the northern Falgate,” -the latter word being the old English description of -a four-barred gate. <span class="smcap">The Falgate</span> is a common -inn sign in the rural districts. <b>Holywell Lane</b>, -near Shoreditch Church, was so called on account -of a miraculous well discovered here in ancient times. -In <b>Nichols Square</b>, Haggerstone, lived John -Nichols, the antiquary; and in <b>Sutton Place</b>, -Hackney, Thomas Sutton, the founder of the -Charterhouse. <b>Queen Elizabeth’s Walk</b>, Stoke -Newington, marks the position of a house and -grounds occupied by the Earl of Leicester, and often -visited by Her Majesty. <b>Fleetwood Road</b> covers -the site of Fleetwood House, the residence of Charles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span> -Fleetwood, the Parliamentary general, and Deputy-Governor -of Ireland.</p> - -<p><b>Seven Sisters’ Road</b>, Holloway, received its -name from seven trees, said to have been planted -by seven sisters, near Tottenham, six of which grew -erect; but the seventh presented a deformed appearance, -because the sister who had planted it was a -cripple. <b>Archway Road</b>, Highgate, is spanned by -the wonderful high arch completed in 1813. <b>Flask -Walk</b>, Hampstead, derived its name from “The -Flask,” a picturesque old inn close by. <b>Judges’ -Walk</b>, known also as <b>King’s Bench Avenue</b>, -was originally so called from a colony of judges and -gownsmen of the City, who sought refuge here in -tents during the Great Plague in 1665. <b>Fleet -Road</b>, Haverstock Hill, affords us a pleasing remembrance -of that little river, the Fleet, meandering -through the fields in this neighbourhood, and eventually -behind the older houses, on its way towards -Battle Bridge, the City, and the Thames. <b>Dale -Road</b> preserves the memory of Canon Dale, poet, -and vicar of St. Pancras. <b>Barrow Road</b> and -<b>Barrow Hill Place</b> commemorate the site of a -battle between the Britons and Romans, and the -sepulchre of the slain. The spot was formerly defined -by a farmhouse that stood upon the actual -barrow known as “Barrow Hill.” <b>Abbey Road</b>, St. -John’s Wood, points to the existence of the ancient -Abbey of the Holy Virgins of St. John the Baptist -(<i>see</i> <a href="#Page_156"><span class="smcap">St. John’s Wood</span></a>). <b>Desborough Place</b>, -Harrow Road, received its name from Desborough<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span> -House, the site of which it adjoins, and where lived -John Dessborough (or Desbrowe), the brother-in-law -of Oliver Cromwell. <b>Church Street</b>, Paddington, -was so called from the parish church of St. Mary, -situated on the open space still known as <b>Paddington -Green</b>. <b>Nottingham Place</b> was designated -after the county in which the chief landed estates of -the Duke of Portland are situated; and <b>Weymouth -Street</b>, in compliment to Lord Weymouth, son-in-law -of the same nobleman. <b>Paddington Street</b> -was formerly a narrow lane leading northwards into -Paddington Fields.</p> - -<p><b>Craven Hill Gardens</b> and <b>Craven Road</b>, Bayswater, -occupy the site of the mansion and grounds -of the Lords Craven previous to the year 1700, when -they migrated to Craven House, Drury Lane. -<b>Southwick Crescent</b> and <b>Southwick Place</b> -received their names from Southwick Park, the seat -of the Thistlewayte family, formerly the joint lessees -of Paddington Manor. <b>Orme Square</b> perpetuates -the memory of Mr. Orme, a print-seller, of Bond -Street, who bought the ground and commenced the -building of the Square in question. <b>Ladbroke -Grove</b> and <b>Ladbroke Square</b> likewise bear the -name of the Ladbroke family, who built upon the -land leased to them for the purpose. <b>Norland -Square</b>, Notting Hill, covers the site of Norland -House, a small, wooded estate, owned by one of the -Drummonds, the bankers, of Charing Cross, in the -reign of William IV. <b>Kensington Gore</b> took its -name from Gore House, the residence of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span> -Countess of Blessington, long the central literary -and social attraction in the Metropolis. In <b>Ennismore -Place</b>, the second title of the Earl of Listowel, -the ground landlord, is repeated. On part of -the site of <b>Cromwell Road</b> stood the house and -grounds owned by Richard Cromwell, the son of -Oliver Cromwell. <b>Gloucester Road</b> derived its -title from Oxford Lodge, the residence of the late -Duchess of Gloucester, in the immediate vicinity. -<b>Campden Hill</b> defines the estate belonging to -Campden House, still standing in <b>Campden Square</b>, -and originally occupied by Sir Baptist Hicks, who -built <b>Hicks’ Hall</b>, Clerkenwell, in 1612, afterwards -created Viscount Campden. <b>Warwick Road</b>, -<b>Warwick Gardens</b>, <b>Holland Road</b>, and <b>Earl’s -Court Road</b> are spacious modern thoroughfares, -designated after the Earls of Warwick, the original -owners of the estate known as <b>Earl’s Court</b>, now in -the possession of the Holland family. <b>Addison Road</b> -reminds us that Joseph Addison, the poet, essayist, -and dramatist, married the Dowager Countess of -Warwick, and died in Holland House.</p> - -<p><b>Cromwell Place</b>, Putney, stands upon the site -of Mr. Champion’s house, the lodging of General -Ireton, Oliver Cromwell’s son-in-law, in 1646. -<b>King’s Road</b>, Chelsea, was named in honour of -Charles II., who caused it to be made passable, -chiefly for the benefit of the frequenters of “The -World’s End,” then a popular house of entertainment. -<b>Cheyne Row</b> and <b>Cheyne Walk</b> perpetuate -the memory of Lord Cheyne, who held the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> -Manor of Chelsea in the seventeenth century. <b>Justice -Walk</b> formerly contained the residence of a magistrate. -<b>Marlborough Square</b> and <b>Marlborough -Road</b> derived their names from a neighbouring -tavern displaying the sign of “The Duke of Marlborough”; -and <b>Keppel Street</b>, from “The Admiral -Keppel,” situated at the corner of Fulham Road. -<b>Cadogan Street</b> and <b>Cadogan Square</b> remind us -that the manor of Chelsea came into the possession -of the first Earl of Cadogan by right of his marriage -with the heiress of Sir Hans Sloane, after whom -<b>Sloane Square</b>, <b>Sloane Street</b>, and <b>Hans Place</b> -were named. <b>Danvers Street</b> was so called after -Sir John Danvers, who introduced the Italian style of -horticulture into England during the reign of Elizabeth. -The street covers the site of Danvers House -in which he lived.</p> - -<p><b>Grosvenor Place</b> and <b>Grosvenor Street</b> received -their names from Sir Thomas Grosvenor, the -ancestor of the Duke of Westminster, the ground -landlord of the district collectively known as Belgravia; -<b>Eccleston Street</b> and <b>Eccleston Square</b> -from Eccleston, in Cheshire, the county in which -the landed property of the Grosvenors chiefly lies; -and <b>Belgrave Square</b> and <b>Belgrave Street</b> from -the Viscountcy of Belgravia, the second title of the -Duke of Westminster before he was raised to his -superior titles. <b>Ebury Street</b> and <b>Ebury Square</b> -mark the site of Ebury or Eabury Farm, an ancient -manor inherited by Miss Mary Davies, already -referred to when speaking of Davies Street, Oxford<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span> -Street, and carried into the family of the Grosvenors -by her marriage. <b>Chester Square</b> reproduces the -name of the city near which Eaton Hall, which -gives its title to <b>Eaton Square</b>, the principal seat -of the Duke of Westminster, is situated. <b>Lupus -Street</b> perpetuates a favourite Christian name in -the Grosvenor family, retained in honour of Henry -Lupus, created Earl of Chester soon after the Conquest. -<b>St. George’s Square</b> was designated after -the adjacent church dedicated to St. George. -<b>Lowndes Street</b>, <b>Lowndes Square</b>, and <b>Chesham -Street</b>, Pimlico, are indebted for their title to -Lowndes of the Bury, near Chesham, Buckinghamshire, -the ground landlord, a descendant of William -Lowndes, secretary to the Treasury during the reign -of Queen Anne.</p> - -<p><b>Vauxhall Bridge Road</b> forms a connecting link -between Vauxhall Bridge and <b>Victoria Street</b>, a -gloomy modern thoroughfare named in honour of -our present sovereign. <b>Birdcage Walk</b> comprised -the place where the aviary of Charles II. was permanently -located, under the superintendence of -Master Edward Storey, the royal keeper, whose -house covered the spot now styled <b>Storey’s Gate</b> -in his memory. <b>Queen Anne’s Gate</b> derived its -name from <b>Queen Anne’s Square</b>, in whose reign -this characteristic enclosure was built. <b>York -Street</b> was designated in honour of Frederick, Duke -of York, son of George III., who lived in it for a -short time. <b>Delahay Street</b> compliments a family -of this name long resident in St. Margaret’s parish.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> -<b>Rochester Row</b> was denominated after the -Bishopric of Rochester, anciently combined with -the Deanery of Westminster, but separated in the -reign of George III. <b>New Bridge Street</b> leads to -the handsome bridge over the Thames, opened May -24, 1862. <b>Cannon Row</b> is properly “Canon Row,” -formerly the residence of the Canons of St. Stephen’s -Chapel. <b>King Street</b> received its title because it -was the direct road between the Court and the -Abbey. <b>Princes Street</b>, a modern thoroughfare, -occupying the site of Old Westminster Mews, was -so called on account of its proximity to King Street. -<b>Parker Street</b> perpetuates the memory of Archbishop -Parker, one of the principal benefactors of -Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. This street -was formerly known as Bennet Street, the old name -of the College. <b>Great George Street</b> covers the -ground originally occupied by the stable-yard of -“The George and the Dragon,” a well-known -coaching house in bygone days. The name of <b>Broad -Sanctuary</b>, Westminster, reminds us of the protection -which in olden times was afforded to criminals -of all degrees so long as they remained beneath the -shadow of a monastery or cathedral. <b>Abingdon -Street</b> contained the mansion of the Earls of Abingdon. -<b>Holywell Street</b> owes its title to the name of -an estate of the Grosvenors in Flintshire, whose town -residence was displaced by the formation of this -street. <b>Barton Street</b> and <b>Cowley Street</b> were -both built by Barton Booth, the actor; to the former -he gave his Christian name, to the latter the name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span> -of his favourite poet. <b>Marsham Street</b>, <b>Earl -Street</b>, and <b>Romney Street</b> comprise the property -of Charles Marsham, Earl of Romney; while <b>Old -Pye Street</b> and <b>New Pye Street</b> commemorate -the existence of Sir Robert Pye, who lived in the -more modern portion of this neighbourhood known -as <b>The New Way</b>. <b>Great Peter Street</b> recalls -the fact that the Abbey of Westminster was dedicated -to St. Peter. <b>Vine Street</b> marks the situation -of the vineyard, and <b>Orchard Street</b> the orchard, -anciently possessed by the Abbots. <b>Tothill Street</b> -received its name from <b>Tothill Fields</b>, comprising -the old manor of Tothill, a corruption of Toothill, -or beacon hill; <i>toot</i> being derived from the Welsh -<i>twt</i>, a rising. <b>Horseferry Road</b> needs no comment. -<b>Millbank</b> derived its name from an old mansion -belonging to the Grosvenor family, that stood on the -site of an old mill which alone graced this portion of -the Thames bank.</p> - -<p>On the site of <b>Carlisle Lane</b>, Lambeth, stood -Carlisle House, the residence of the Bishops of -Rochester from the thirteenth century downwards. -<b>Marlborough Road</b>, Peckham, covers the ground -plot of a Marlborough House, the residence of John -Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. <b>Hanover Street</b> -was named in compliment to the accession of George -I. <b>Basing Yard</b>, at the rear of Hanover Street, -occupies the site of Basing House, well known -during the Restoration. <b>Rye Lane</b> leads to the -Rye, or Common. <b>Friern Place</b> and <b>Friern Road</b> -define the locality of Friern Manor; while <b>Lordship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span> -Lane</b> owes its designation to the lordship of the -manor. <b>Effra Road</b>, Camberwell, marks the course -of the little river Effra, now hidden, like the Fleet, -from public view. <b>Newington Butts</b> denotes the -archery grounds, formerly situated in the new town -in the meadow. <b>Holland Street</b>, Southwark, preserves -the name, at least in part, of an old manor, -described as “Holland’s Leaguer.” <b>Great Suffolk -Street</b> recalls the existence of Suffolk House, the -residence of George Brandon, Duke of Suffolk; -<b>Winchester Yard</b>, of Winchester House, the habitation -of the Bishops of Winchester; and <b>Sumner -Street</b>, of Dr. Sumner, Bishop of Winchester, one -of the last occupants of the house just referred to. -<b>Mill Lane</b> reminds us of an old windmill that stood -here in less prosaic times; and <b>Mint Street</b>, of the -Mint established by Henry VIII. in Suffolk House, -when that property became demised to the Crown. -<b>Stony Street</b> and <b>Stones End</b> received their -names from the stony nature of the ground; the -former having been the Roman continuation of -Watling Street, south of the Thames, in a direct -line to Dover. <b>Bear Garden</b>, situated at the -corner of Sumner Street, marks the exact position -of the old <b>Paris Garden</b>, a bear-baiting establishment, -opened by Robert de Paris in the time of -Richard I. <b>Bankside</b>, or the south strand of the -Thames, is historically interesting on account of its -theatrical associations.</p> - -<p><b>Old Kent Road</b>, which branches off at “The -Bricklayers’ Arms” into <b>Great Dover Street</b> and -<b>Kent Street</b>, forms the great Kentish highway into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> -London. <b>Thomas Street</b> perpetuates the christian -name of the philanthropic founder of Guy’s Hospital -hard by. <b>Grange Road</b> and <b>Grange Walk</b> occupy -the site of an old mansion known as “The Grange.” -<b>Spa Road</b> derived its name from a spa, or mineral -well, discovered here in the long, long ago. <b>Russell -Street</b> preserves the memory of Richard Russell, -who, dying here in 1784, left the whole of his -estate to neighbouring charities. In <b>Tooley Street</b> -lived the three tailors who, according to tradition, -presented a petition to the House of Commons that -began with the words, “We, the people of England, -&c.” During the Commonwealth this street -figured in documents as St. Tulie Street, but it is -properly designated St. Olaff Street, after the neighbouring -church dedicated to St. Olaff or Olave, the -Scandinavian hero-prince. <b>Blue Anchor Road</b> -and <b>Blue Anchor Lane</b> received their names from -“The Blue Anchor,” an old tavern that stood in the -latter thoroughfare; while <b>Jamaica Road</b> recalls -a similar establishment, formerly situated on the -site of <b>Cherry Gardens</b>, a popular place of resort -in bygone times, known as “The Jamaica,” after -the West Indian Island whence rum was shipped -and disembarked on the exact spot where the penny -steamboats now land and take up their passengers at -<b>Cherry Gardens Pier</b>. Lastly, <b>Evelyn Street</b>, -Deptford, was designated in honour of the present -head of the Evelyn family, descendants of John -Evelyn, the diarist, viz., William J. Evelyn, of -Wotton, who built the adjacent Church of St. Luke, -in the year 1872.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span></p> - -<h2>INDEX.</h2> - -<ul> - -<li class="ifrst">A.</li> - -<li class="indx">Abbess, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abbey, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abbey Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abbot, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abigail, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abingdon Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abney House, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abney Park, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abraham Newlands, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Abyssinia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Acre, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Acton, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adamant, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adamites, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adam Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Addison of the North, The, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Addison Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelaide, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelaide Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelphi, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adelphi Terrace, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Admirable Crichton, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Adonis, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Afghanistan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Africa, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Agar Town, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Agate, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Agnostic, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Air Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alabama, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albany, The, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albany Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albemarle Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albemarle Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Bridge, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Hall, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Memorial, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albert Palace, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Albigenses, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aldermanbury, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aldersgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aldgate, E., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ale, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aleutian Islands, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alexandra Palace, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alfred the Great, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Algiers, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Allhallows Barking, Church of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Allhallowes Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Allhallowe’en, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All Saints’ Bay, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All Saints’ Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All Souls’ Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">All the Nations, Battle of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almanac, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almack’s Assembly Rooms, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Almighty Nose, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alpaca, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Alsatia, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Amen Corner, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">America, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">American Indians, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Amethyst, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ampthill Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anabaptist, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anacreon Moore, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angel, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angel, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angelic Doctor, The, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anglesea, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Anglican Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Angola, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span>Annunciation, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Antarctic Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apocalypse, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apocrypha, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apollinarians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apostle of Temperance, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">April, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Apsley House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aquarians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arabia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arbor Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arcadian, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Archway Road, N., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arctic Ocean, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Argentina, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Argyll Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aristocracy, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arkansas, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arminians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arras, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Artemus Ward, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Artillery Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arundel Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Arundel Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ascension Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ascension Island, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ascot Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ash Wednesday, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Asia, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Asia Minor, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Assumption, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aspasia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Astoria, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Atheist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Atlantic Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Atlas, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Audley Street, North, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Audley Street, South, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Augsburg Confession, The, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">August, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Augustin Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Austin Friars, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Australasia, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Australia, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Austria, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Authorized Version, The, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ave Maria Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aylesbury Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">B.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bacchanals, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bachelor, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bachelor of Arts, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Badminton, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baffin Land, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bag o’ Nails, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baker Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Balearic Islands, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ball, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ballad, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ballet, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ball’s Pond, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baltic Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baltimore-bird, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Banker Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bankers’ Clearing House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bankside, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Banks Land, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Banquetting Hall, Whitehall, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bantam, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baptists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barb, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbadoes, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbarians, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbary, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barber, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barber-Surgeons, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barbican, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baring Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barley Mow, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barnard’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barnsbury, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow Hill Place, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barrow’s Strait, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bartholomew Close, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bartholomew Fair, <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bartholomew Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barry Cornwall, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Barton Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Basilians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Basinghall Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Basing Yard, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span>Bassano, Il, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bath chair, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bath Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle Bridge Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of all the Nations, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of Spurs, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Giants, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Herrings, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Spurs of Gold, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battle of the Standard, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Battersea, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayeaux Tapestry, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayham Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Baynard’s Castle, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bay of Biscay, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayswater, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bayswater Fields, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bear, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bear and Ragged Staff, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bear Garden, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beau Brummell, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beauchamp Tower, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beauclerc, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beau Fielding, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beau Nash, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beckenham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedfordbury, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedford Row, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedfordshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedford Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedford Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bedlam, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beech Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beefeaters, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beer, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beer Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgium, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgrave Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgrave Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belgravia, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bell, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belleisle, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bell the Cat, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Beloochistan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Belvedere, The, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Benchers, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Benedictines, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bennett Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bentinck Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Place, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Square, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkeley Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berkshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berlin Blue, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bermondsey, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bermuda Islands, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bernardines, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Berners Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethlehem Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethlemites, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bethnal Green, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bevis Marks, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bible, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bidëford Postman, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Billingsgate, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Billiter Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Birchin Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Birdcage Walk, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Birds of Paradise, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bishops’ Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bishopsgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bishop’s Wood, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Agnes, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Bear, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackbird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Bull, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Cloaks, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Douglas, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackfriars Bridge, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackfriars Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackguard, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackheath, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Jack, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blackleg, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Posts, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Prince, Edward the, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Black Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blandford Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blandford Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blankets, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blenheim Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blind Chapel Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloody Butcher, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloody Mary, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloody Tower, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span>Bloomsbury, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bloomsbury Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Anchor Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Anchor Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Boar, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Book, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Coat School, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Lion, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Pig, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Posts, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Stocking, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Blue Stocking Club, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bluff King Hal, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boar’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boat-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bobbies, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bock-bier, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bohemia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bohemians, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolingbroke, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolivia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolsover Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bolt Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bomba, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bond Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boniface, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookmaker, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Deuteronomy, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Exodus, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Genesis, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Leviticus, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book of Numbers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookseller, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookstall Smith, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Borneo, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Borough, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boscobel, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bosnia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bosphorus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boss Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Botany Bay, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bottle, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bourbon Island, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bow Church, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bowling Green, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bow Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bow Street Runners, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boxing Day, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boycotters, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Boz, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brahma-fowl, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brahmins, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brandy, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brazil, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bread Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Break, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Breakdown, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brecknock, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brecknock Crescent, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brecknock Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Breeches Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brentford, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bricklayers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bride Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridewell, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridge Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridge Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bridgewater Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bristol-board, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bristol House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Britain, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Britannia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">British Columbia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">British Matron, The, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brittany, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brixton, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broad Church, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broadcloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broad Sanctuary, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broadside, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broad Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Broadway, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brocade, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brochure, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brook Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brooke Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brother Jonathan, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brougham, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bruce Castle, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brunswick Black, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brunswick Green, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brunswick Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Brussels Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bruton Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span>Bryanstone Square, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bryanstone Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buckingham Palace, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buckinghamshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buckingham Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bucklersbury, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Budge Row, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Budget, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buddhists, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buffet, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bug Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buggy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bulgaria, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bull and Gate, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bull and Mouth, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bullion, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bully Ruffian, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bunhill Fields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burglar, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burgundy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burleigh Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burlington House, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burmah, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Burton Crescent, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bury Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Buttercup, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“By Jingo!” <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">C.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cab, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cabbage-rose, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cabinet Portrait, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cabriolet, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cadogan Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cadogan Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caels, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caledonia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caledonian Market, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caledonian Road, N., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calendar, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calico, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">California, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Calvinists, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cam, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camberwell, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambria, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambric, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambridge, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cambridgeshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camden Town, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camellia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cameronians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camisards, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Camomile Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Campden Hill, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Campden Square, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canada, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canary, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canary Islands, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canary Wine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Candia, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Candlemas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Candlewick Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canning, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cannon Row, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cannon Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canonbury, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canterbury Arms, The, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Canterbury Music Hall, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capability Brown, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Colony, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cape Horn, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capel Court, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cape of Good Hope, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cap-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capri, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caps, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Capuchin Friars, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carat, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carbonari, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carburton Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cardigan, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cardinal, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caribbean Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlisle Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlisle Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carlton House Terrace, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carmarthen, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carmelites, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carmine, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carnarvon, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carnation, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carolina, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caroline Islands, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carolus, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carpentaria, Gulf of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carpenter, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span>Carpenters’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carte-de-Visite, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Carthusians, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cartoon, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cartridge-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cashmere, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Caspian Sea, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cassius, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castle, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castle Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Castle Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cat and Fiddle, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cat and Wheel, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catford, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catherine Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catherine Wheel, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catholics, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cavaliers, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cavendish Square, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cavendish Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cecil Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Celestial Empire, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Century White, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ceylon, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chaffinch, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chalk Farm, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Champagne, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chancery Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chandos House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chandos Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chandos Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Change Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chantilly Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chapel Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chaperon, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charing Cross, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charlemagne, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles Martel, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charles Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charlotte Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chart, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Charterhouse, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chartists, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chartreuse, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheap Jack, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheapside, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Check, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Checkers, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chelsea, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chepe, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chequers, The, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cherry Gardens, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cherry Gardens Pier, <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chesham Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheshire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chester, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chesterfield House, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chesterfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chester Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chevalier, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheyne Row, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cheyne Walk, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chickadee, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chichester Rents, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Childermas Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chili, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chimney-swallow, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">China, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chinese Yellow, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chintz, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chiswick, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christians, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Box, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Dole, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas Island, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christmas-rose, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Christ’s Hospital, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Chrysanthemum, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Church of England, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Church Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cinderella Dance, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Circassia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cistercians, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">City Golgotha, The, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">City Road, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clare Market, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clarence, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Claret, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clarges Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Claude Lorraine, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clearing House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clement’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clerkenwell, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cleveland Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clifford’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clifford Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span>Clipstone Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cloak Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clock House, The, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cloth Fair, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Clown Tavern, The, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cluniacs, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coach and Horses, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coachmakers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cobourg, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cockney, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cœur de Leon, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cognac, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colbertine, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coldbath Fields, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coldbath Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coleman Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colleen, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colleen Bawn, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College of Arms, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College Place, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">College Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colony, Cape, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Colorado, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Columbia, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Comb’s Mass, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Compton Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conduit Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Confederates, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Confessor, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conformists, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Congregationalists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Congregational Memorial Hall, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Connecticut, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Consols, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conqueror, The, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conservative, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Convent, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Conventional Friars, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Convolvulus, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Copenhagen Fields, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Copperheads, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordeliers, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corduroy, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordovan, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordwain, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cordwainer, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cork Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cornhill, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corn-feds, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corn Law Rhymer, The, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cornwall, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corporal John, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corpus Christi, Feast of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Corsica, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coryphée, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Costa Rica, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Costermonger, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Country Dance, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Covenanters, Scottish, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Covent Garden, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Coventry Street, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cowley Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cowslip, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cracknut Night, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cranbourne Street, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crane’s-bill, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cranmer’s Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Cottage, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Hill Gardens, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Craven Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Creed Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cremorne Gardens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cricketers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crimea, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crimson, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cripplegate, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cromwell Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crooked Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crosby Hall, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cross-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cross Keys, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown and Anchor, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown and Sceptre, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crown-piece, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cruel, The, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crusted Port, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crutched Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crutched Friars, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Crystal Palace, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span>Cuba, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cuckoo, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cumberland, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cumberland Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cumberland Market, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Curlew, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cursitor, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cursitor Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Curtain Road, E.C., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Curzon Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cyprus, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">D.</li> - -<li class="indx">Daffodil, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Daguerreotype, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dahlia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Daisy, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dale Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dalston, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Damask, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Damask-rose, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Damassin, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dancing Chancellor, The, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dandy, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dane’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Danvers Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dardanelles, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Davies Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“D.D. Cellars,” The, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dead Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dean Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">De Beauvoir Town, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">December, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Defender of the Faith, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Deist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Delahay Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Delaware, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Del Salviati, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Democrats, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denbigh, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denmark, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Denzil Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Deptford, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Derby Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Derbyshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Desborough Place, W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Desolation Island, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Deuteronomy, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devereaux Court, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devil, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devonshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devonshire House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Devonshire Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dimity, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dirty Dick, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dissenters, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Distaff’s Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Diver, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dizzy, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Doctors’ Commons, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dog and Duck, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dog-cart, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dog-rose, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dollar, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dolphin, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dominica Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dominicans, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Donatists, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Doncaster St. Leger, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Buildings, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Gardens Theatre, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorsetshire, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dorset Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Douay Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Douglas, Bell the Cat, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dover House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dover Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dowager, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dowgate, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Drury Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dry Wine, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ducat, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duchess Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duck-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duck’s Foot Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dudley Diamond, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duenna, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke of Cambridge, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke of Connaught, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke of Edinburgh, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke’s Place, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duke Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dulwich, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span>Dun, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Duodecimo, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Durham, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dutchman, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dye, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Dyers’ Buildings, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">E.</li> - -<li class="indx">Eagle, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earl of March, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earl Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earls’ Court Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Earls’ Court, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eastcheap, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Easter, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Easter Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eaton Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ebury Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ebury Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eccleston Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eccleston Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ecuador, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eden Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edgar Atheling, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edmonton, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edmund Ironsides, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward Longshanks, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward the Black Prince, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward the Confessor, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Edward the Martyr, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Effra Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Egalité Philippe, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Egypt, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Egyptian Hall, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Elephant-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Elephant and Castle, The, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Elia, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Eltham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ely Place, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ember Days, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ember Weeks, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Embroidery, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emerald, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emerald Green, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emerald Isle, The, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Emergency Men, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">England, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Engrosser, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ennismore Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Entire, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Epiphany, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Epsom Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Erie, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Erskine House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Essex, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Essex House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Essex Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ethelred the Unready, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ethiopia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ettrick Shepherd, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Europe, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Euston Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Euston Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Evacuation Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Evelyn Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exaltation of the Cross, Feast of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exchange, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exeter ’Change, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exeter Hall, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exeter Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Exodus, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">F.</li> - -<li class="indx">Factory King, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Faith Healers, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Helen, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Maiden Lilliard, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Maid of Kent, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fair Rosamond, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Falcon Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Falernian Wine, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Falgate, The, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farm Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farringdon Road, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farringdon Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farthing, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Farthing Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Father of Believers, The, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx">February, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Federals, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fenchurch Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fenians, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ferdinand Bomba, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span>Ferriertype, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fetter Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fifth Monarchy Men, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fighting Fitzgerald, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finality John, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finch, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finch Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fingal’s Cave, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finland, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Finsbury, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fire Worshippers, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fitzroy Square, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flamingo, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flask Walk, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Prison, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet River, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleet Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fleetwood Road, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Flint, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florence, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florence Wine, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florida, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Florin, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">F. M. Allen, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foley Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Folio, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foolscap, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fop, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forest Hill, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forefathers’ Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Formosa, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foster Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Foul-Weather Jack, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Four Hundred, The, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fox in the Hole, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franc, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">France, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franciscans, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franconia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frankfort Black, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frankincense, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Franks, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frederick Barbarossa, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frederick Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Free Church of Scotland, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Freemasons’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friar, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friar Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friar Tuck, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friday Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friendly Islands, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friern Place, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Friern Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frieze, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Frognal, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fuchsia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fulham, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fulham Bridge, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Funeral, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Furnival’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Furnival Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fustian, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Fye Foot Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">G.</li> - -<li class="indx">Gabrielites, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gaels, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gallican Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gamboge, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garnet, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garrotters, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Garter, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gaul, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gavotte, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Geneva Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Genesis, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gentleman Jack, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gentleman Smith, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George and Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George-Noble, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Ranger, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Sand, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">George Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Georgia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Geranium, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">German Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Germany, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gerrard Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ghibellines, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Giants, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span>Gibraltar, Straits of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gig, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gildas the Wise, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gilly-flower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Giltspur Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gin, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gingham, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gipsies, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Girondists, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glamorgan, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Glenlivet Whisky, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gloucester Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gloucestershire, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Globe, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gnostics, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goat and Compasses, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gobelin Tapestry, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gold Coast, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golden Cross, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golden Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golden Square, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goldfinch, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goldylocks, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Golgotha, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Friday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goodge Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Hope, Cape of, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goodman’s Fields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Queen Bess, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Good Templars, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Goodwood Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gordon Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gospellers, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gospel Oak, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gothland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Government Stock, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gracechurch Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grafton Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Granby Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grand Old Man, The, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grange Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grange Walk, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grapes, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grass-cloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grass Widow, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gray’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gray’s Inn Road, W.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Bear Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great College Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Coram Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Dover Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great George Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Marlborough Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Ormond Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Peter Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Portland Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Queen Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Russell Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great St. Helen’s, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Salt Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Stanhope Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Suffolk Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Titchfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Turnstile, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Winchester Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Great Windmill Street, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greece, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greek Church, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greek Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenbacks, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenfinch, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greengrocer, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenhorn, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenland, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Lanes, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenlet, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Man, The, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Man and Still, The, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Park, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Green Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greenwich, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gresham College, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gresham House, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gresham Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greville Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grey Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Greyhound, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grisette, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grizzly Bear, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grocer, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grog, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grogram, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Square, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>Grosvenor Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grosvenor Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Grouse Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guild, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guildhall, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guelphs, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guinea, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guinea-fowl, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guinea-piece, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gulf of Carpentaria, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gulf of St. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gulf Stream, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gunnersbury, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Gutter Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guy Fawkes Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Guy’s Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">H.</li> - -<li class="indx">Haberdasher, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hackney, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hackney-coach, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Haggerstone, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Half-and-Half, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Half-Moon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Half-Moon Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Halfpenny, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hallelujah Victory, The, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hamburg Lake, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hamilton Place, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hammer and Scourge of England, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hammer-cloth, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hammersmith, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hampshire, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hampstead, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hand-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Handsel Monday, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hangbird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Square, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanover Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hansards, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hansom Cab, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hans Place, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hants, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hanway Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hare and Hounds, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harefoot, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harewood Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harewood Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harley Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harold Harefoot, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harpur Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Harrington Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hart Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hats, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hatton Garden, W.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hawker, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hay Hill, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Haymarket, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hayti, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hearse, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heaven-sent Minister, The, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“He” Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hebrides, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heligoland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Helmuth the Taciturn, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henrietta Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henrietta Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry Beauclerc, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry Bolingbroke, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Henry Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Heralds’ College, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hereford, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Herrings, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hertfordshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hickory, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hicks’ Hall, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Highbury, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Highbury Barn, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">High Church, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Highgate, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hill Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hinde Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hindustan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hippocras, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hispania, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hock, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hockley, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hockley-in-the-Hole, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hog Lane, N., <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hog’s-back, N., <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holborn, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span>Holborn Bars, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holiday, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland-cloth, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland House, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holland Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hollands, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holles Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holles Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holloway, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hollyhock, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holly Village, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Cross Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Land, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Maid of Kent, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Rood Day, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Saturday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Thursday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holy Week, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holywell Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holywell Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Holywell Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Honduras, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Honiton Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Honor Oak, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hopkinsians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horn, Cape, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horn-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hornpipe, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horseferry Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hornsey, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse Guards, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse Latitudes, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horse Shoe, The, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Horselydown, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hospice, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hospital, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hospitality, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hostelry, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hotel, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hotspur, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Houndsditch, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Howard Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hoxton, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hudson’s Bay, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hudson’s Strait, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huguenots, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Humanitarians, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Humbug, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Humming-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hummuns’ Hotel, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hungary, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huns, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huntingdonshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hurdle Race, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Huron, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hurons, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hussites, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hyacinth, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hyde Park, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hyde Park Corner, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">I.</li> - -<li class="indx">Iberia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iceland, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Idol, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Idolater, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Il Bassano, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Il Furioso, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Illinois, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Il Perugino, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Independence Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Independents, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">India, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indiana, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indian Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indians, American, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">India-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indigo, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Indus, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Infant Roscius, The, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Inn, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Innocents’ Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Inns of Court, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iowa, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ireland, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ireton House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Irish Invincibles, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Irish Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iron Chancellor, The, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iron Devil, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Iron Duke, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ironmonger Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ironsides, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Irvingites, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isabel, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span>Isis, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Islam, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Island of Desolation, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Bourbon, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Dogs, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Man, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of St. Helena, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Trinidad, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isle of Wight, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Isleworth, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Islington, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Italy, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ivan the Terrible, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ivory Black, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ivy Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">J.</li> - -<li class="indx">Jacket, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jack Ketch, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jack Straw’s Castle, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jack Tar, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobins, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobite, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobites, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jacobus, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jamaica, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jamaica Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">James’ Bay, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">James’ Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jansenists, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">January, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Japan, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jaunting Car, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Java, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jay, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jeffreys Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jehu, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jermyn Street, W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jerry Builder, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jersey, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jersey Lily, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jesuits, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jewin Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jig, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jingo, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jingoes, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jingo Party, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Joachim’s Thaler, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Johannisberg, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Bull, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Chinaman, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Lackland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John of Gaunt, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Johnson’s Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">John Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Joiner, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Journeyman, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juan Fernandez, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jubilee Plunger, The, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Judaism, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Judd Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Judges’ Walk, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Juggler, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">June, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">July, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Justice Walk, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Jutland, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">K.</li> - -<li class="indx">Kaffraria, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kansas, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kennington, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kensington, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kensington Gore, S.W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kent, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kentish Town, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kent Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kentucky, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Keppel Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kersey, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kew, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Keystone State, The, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kilburn, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Edward Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingfisher, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King James’s Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Maker, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King of Bath, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Bench Avenue, N.W., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Cross, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingsgate Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingsland, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King’s Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kingston, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span>King Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King William Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">King William Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kit-Kat Canvas, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kit-Kat Club, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kit-Kat Portrait, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knickerbocker, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knife-board, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knight of the Swan, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knightrider Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Knightsbridge, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Know-Nothings, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kohinoor Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Koordistan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Koran, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Krems White, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kreuzer, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Kurdestan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">L.</li> - -<li class="indx">Labadists, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">La Belle Sauvage Inn, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - -<li class="indx">La Belle Sauvage Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Labrador, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lackland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ladbroke Grove, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ladbroke Square, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lad Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ladrone Islands, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lady Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lady Freemason, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lager-bier, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Huron, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Michigan, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Ontario, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Superior, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lake Winnipeg, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lambeth, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lamb’s Conduit Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lammas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lammastide, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lamp Black, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lancashire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lancaster, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lancers, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Landau, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langham Place, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Langham Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lapwing, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Latin Vulgate, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Latitudinarianism, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lauderdale House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Laughing Philosopher, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lavender, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lawn, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lawrence Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lazar-house, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lazzari, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lazzaroni, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leadenhall Market, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leadenhall Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leaf, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">League of the Cross, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leather Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leek, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leg and Star, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leicester Fields, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leicestershire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leicester Square, W., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lent, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Levellers, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leviticus, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lewisham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liberal, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liberator, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Libertines, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Library, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liguorians, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lilac, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lilliard’s Edge, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln’s Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lincoln’s Inn Fields, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Linen, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lion, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lion and Key, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lisle Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lisson Grove, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little Britain, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little Corporal, The, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little John, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Little Turnstile, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Liverpool Landseer, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span>Liverpool Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lloyd’s Rooms, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">LL. Whisky, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lollards, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lombard Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London Bridge, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London Stone, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">London Wall, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Acre, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Friday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Long Peter, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Longshanks, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Longshoreman, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lord Protector, The, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lord’s Cricket Ground, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lordship Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lo Spagnoletto, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lothbury, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louis d’or, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Louisiana, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Love Birds, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Low Church, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lower Berkeley Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lowndes Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lowndes Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Low Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Luciferians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ludgate Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lunatic, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lupus Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lutheran Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lutherans, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lyre-bird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">M.</li> - -<li class="indx">Macaronies, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Macedonians, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Macclesfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Macmillanites, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madagascar, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madame Tussaud’s, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mad Cavalier, The, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madeira, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Madeira Wine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maddox Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mad Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Magdalen Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Magdalen Smith, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Magenta, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mahommedans, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maida Vale, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maiden Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maid Marian, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maid of Orleans, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maid of Saragossa, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maine, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Majorca, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malaga, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malmsey, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malta, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Malvasia, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manchester Square, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manchester Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manitoba, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Manlius Torquatus, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Man of Ross, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Man of Straw, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mansfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mansion House, The, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Map, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marble Arch, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">March, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Margaret Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marigold, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Market Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mark Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mark Twain, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marlborough Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marmora, Sea of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marquis of Granby, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marshal Forward, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marshalsea Prison, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marsham Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martel, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martin, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martinmas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martlemas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Martyr, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maryland, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Marylebone, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Masaccio, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Masher, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span>Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Master of Arts, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Materialism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mattan Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Maunday Thursday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mauritius, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">May, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mayfair, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mayflower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mazarin Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mazarine, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mazourka, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mecklenburgh Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mediterranean Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Memorial Hall, Congregational, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Memory-Corner Thompson, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Memory Woodfall, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mentor, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merino, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merioneth, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merry Andrew, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Merry Monarch, The, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Methodists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mexico, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Michaelmas Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Michigan, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Michigan, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Middlesex, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Midsummer Day, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mignonette, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mildmay House, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mildmay Park, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milford Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milk Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Millbank, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Milliner, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mill Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mill Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mincing Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minims, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Miniatori, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Miniature, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minnesota, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minorca, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minoresses, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minories, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minstrel of the Border, The, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mint, The, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mint Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Minuet, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Missionary Friars, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mississippi, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Missouri, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mitre, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mitre Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mocking-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moet and Chandon, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mohair, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mohocks, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moire Antique, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moldavia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moleskin, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mona Island, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monastery, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Money, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monger, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monk, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monkey-board, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monk Lewis, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monmouthshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Monotheism, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Square, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montague Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montepulciano, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montenegro, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Montgomery, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moorfields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moorgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moravia, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moravians, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morisonians, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mormons, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mornington Crescent, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mornington Place, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morocco, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morris Dance, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mortimer Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mosaism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moselle, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Moslem, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mosquito, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mosquito Coast, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mothering Cakes, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mothering Sunday, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mother of Believers, The, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span>Mother Red Cap, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mother Shipton, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mountain, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mountain Dew, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mount Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mrs. Grundy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muggletonians, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mugwump, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mulatto, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mumm, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Munster House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Munster Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muscovy Duck, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Musical Small-coal Man, The, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muslin, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mussulmans, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Muswell Hill, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Myddleton Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Myddleton Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mythologists, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Mythology, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">N.</li> - -<li class="indx">Nankeen, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nantes, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Napoleon, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Naso, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nassau Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Natal, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Navvy, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nazarenes, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nebraska, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Negro, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Negus, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nelson, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nepaul-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Netherlands, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nevada, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Bond Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Bridge Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Bridge Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Brunswick, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Burlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Cavendish Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Christians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Compton Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Cross, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newfoundland, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newgate Prison, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newgate Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Holland, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newington, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newington Butts, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Jersey, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Newman Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Orleans, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Pye Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Way, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Year’s Day, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New York, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">New Zealand, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Niagara, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nicaragua, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nicholas Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nichols Square, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nigger, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nightingale, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Night-jar, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nihilists, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nimrod, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nincompoop, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Niphon, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nitrate King, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noble, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noddy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nonconformists, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noon-flower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Noon-tide, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norfolk, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norfolk Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norland Square, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Normandy, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northamptonshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">North Audley Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">North Pole, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northumberland, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northumberland Avenue, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Northumberland Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">North Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norton Folgate, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norway, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Norwood, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nosey, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nottinghamshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nottingham Place, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Notting Hill, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span>Nova Zembla, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">November, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Numbers, Book of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nun, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nunhead, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Nuns of St. Clare, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">O.</li> - -<li class="indx">Oakley Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oaks Races, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Observant Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Octavo, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">October, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ohio, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Ale, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Bailey, The, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Bailey, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Bond Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Broad Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Burlington Street, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Catholics, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Cavendish Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Change, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Charlies, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Compton Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Grog, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Hat, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Hickory, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Jewry, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Kent Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Marshalsea Prison, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Pye Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Quebec Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Old Tom, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Olympia, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Omnibus, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ontario, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ontario, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Opal, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orange Free States, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orangemen, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orange Peel, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orange Street, W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orator Henley, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orchard Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orchard Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orchid, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oregon, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oriole, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orion House, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orleans House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orkney Islands, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orloff Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Orme Square, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Osnaburg Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ossulton Square, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ossulton Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ostler, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ottoman Empire, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ouida, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ovidius Naso, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Market, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Movement, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxfordshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Oxford Tracts, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">P.</li> - -<li class="indx">Pacific Ocean, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pack Horse, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddington, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddington Green, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paddington Street, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pagan, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Painted Hall, Greenwich, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pale Faces, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palestine, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pall Mall, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palmerston, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palm Sunday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Palsgrave Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pamphlet, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Panama, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pancake Tuesday, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pancras Road, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pansy, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pantechnicon, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pantheist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Panton Street, W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Panyer Alley, E.C. <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paper King, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Papua, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Para, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paraguay, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parchment, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span>Paris Garden, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parker Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parnellites, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Park Lane, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Park Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parry Islands, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parliamentarians, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parsees, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parson’s Green, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Partridge Day, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passenger-pigeon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passion-flower, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passionists, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passion Sunday, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passion Week, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Passover, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pat, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Patagonia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paternoster Row, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pathfinder, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paul’s Chain, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Paul Veronese, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peacock, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pearl, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pearl Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peckham, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peckham Rye, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peculiar People, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedlar, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pedro the Cruel, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peelers, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peep o’ Day Boys, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peewit, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pembroke, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Penny, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pentateuch, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pentecost, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Penton Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pentonville Road, N., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">People’s Friend, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Percy Cross, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perfectionists, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pernambuco, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Persia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peru, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Perugino, Il, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peterborough House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Peter Street, Great, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Petrel, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Petticoat Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Phaeton, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pharisees, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pheasant, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pfennig, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philippic, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philippe Egalité, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Philippine Islands, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Photograph, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Phyrric Dance, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Piccadilly, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Piccadilly Lace, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Picts, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pie Corner, E.C., <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pig and Whistle, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pigment, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pigott Diamond, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pigtails, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pillow Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pimlico, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pimlico Walk, N., <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pina-cloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pink, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pitcairn’s Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pitt Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plaid, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plain, The, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plantagenet, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Playhouse Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plough Monday, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plume and Feathers, The, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plunger, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plush, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Plymouth Brethren, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Point Lace, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Poland, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Police, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Polka, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Polytechnic Institution, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Polytheists, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pommery, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pompadour, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pontac, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Port, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porter, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portland Place, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portland Street, Great, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portman Square, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span>Portman Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portobello Arms, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Porto Rico, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portrait, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portugal, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portugal Street, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Portugal Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Poster, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Post-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pot-paper, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Poultry, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pouter-pigeon, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Powis Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Praise-God Barebones, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pratt Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Presbyterians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Press Yard, Newgate, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primitive Methodists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primrose, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primrose Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Primrose Hill, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince Albert, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince of Wales, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince of Wales’ Feathers, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince of Wales’ Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prince’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Princes Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Printer’s Devil, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Printing House Square, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prior, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prioress, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Priory, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Profile, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Protectionist, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Protestantism, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Protestants, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prussian Blue, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Prussian Red, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Public-house, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Punch, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Purification, Feast of the, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puritans, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Puseyites, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Putney, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pye Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Q.</li> - -<li class="indx">Quack, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quack Doctor, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quadragesima Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quadrille, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quaker Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quakers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quarto, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quatemala, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quebec, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quebec Street, Old, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Anne’s Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Anne Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Charlotte Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Elizabeth’s Walk, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queenhithe, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen’s Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Queen Victoria Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Quinquagesima Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">R.</li> - -<li class="indx">Radical Reformers, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Radicals, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Radnor, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rag Fair, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Railway Clearing House, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Railway King, The, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rainy-Day Smith, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ram and Teazle, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ranelagh Gardens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ranters, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ratcliffe Highway, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rathbone Place, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rationalism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ray Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rechabites, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Cross Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Redemptorists, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Letter Day, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion, The, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Lion Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Redowa, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red-poll, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Republicans, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span>Red Rose, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Red Skins, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Reel, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Reformed Presbytery, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Regent Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Regent’s Park, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Regent Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Religion, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rheims Bible, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rhodes, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rhododendron, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ribbonmen, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Richard Cœur de Leon, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Richmond, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ring-dove, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ritualists, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert le Diable, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robert the Devil, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Robin Hood, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rock Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rochester Row, S.W., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rogation Days, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rogation Sunday, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roger de Coverley, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rolls Chapel, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roman Catholic Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Romeo Coates, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Romney Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rood Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose and Crown, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rose-Noble, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosoman Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosslyn Hill Park, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rosslyn House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rotherhithe, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rotten Row, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roumania, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Roundheads, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royal Exchange, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royalists, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royal Oak, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Royal Oak Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ruby, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rufus, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rum, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Running Footman, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russell Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russell Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russell Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Russia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rutland, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rutland Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rye, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rye House, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Rye Lane, S.E., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">S.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sabbatarians, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sack, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sackville Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sacramentarians, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saddlers’ Arms, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sadler’s Wells, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saffron Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sahara, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sailor King, The, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Andrew Undershaft, Church of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bride’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Bride Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Catherine Coleman, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Catherine Cree, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Clement-Danes, Church of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. David’s Day, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Ethelburga’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George and Dragon, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Channel, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Church, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Fields, S.E., <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Hall, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. George’s Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Grouse’s Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Helena, Isle of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Helen’s, Great, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Helen’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Hall, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Palace, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. James’s Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. John’s Gate, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span>St. John Street Road, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. John’s Wood, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Katherine’s Docks, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Kitt’s Island, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Lawrence, Gulf of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Lawrence, River, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Leger Stakes, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Margaret Pattens, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Martin’s Lane, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Martin’s-le-Grand, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary-Axe, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary-Axe, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary-le-Bow, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Mary Woolnoth, Church of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Michael’s Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Olave’s Church, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Pancras, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Partridge’s Day, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Paul of the Cross, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Sepulchre’s Church, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Swithin’s Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">St. Valentine’s Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salisbury Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salisbury Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salop, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salt Lake, Great, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salutation, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Salviati, Del, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sambo, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandbaggers, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandford House, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandpiper, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandwich, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandwiches, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandwich Islands, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">San Salvador, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sandy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sansculottes, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sap Green, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saraband, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saracen’s Head, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardinia, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardinia Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sardinian Chapel, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sarsanet, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Satin, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saturday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sauci Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saunders Blue, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savile Row, W., <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savoy Chapel, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savoy Palace, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Savoy Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sawney, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saxons, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Saxony, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scarlet, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Schottische, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scissors-tail, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotia, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotists, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotland, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scotland Yard, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scots, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scottish Covenanters, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scottish Hogarth, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scottish Presbyterians, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scratched Horse, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scourers, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scriptures, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scullery, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scullery Maid, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Scullion, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sea of Marmora, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Secretary-bird, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sectarians, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Secularist, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sedan chair, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seekers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seething Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Selkirk’s Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Senegambia, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Separists, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sepia, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">September, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Septuagint, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Serjeants’ Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Serle Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sermon Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Serpentine, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Servia, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Servites, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seven Dials, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seven Sisters’ Road, N., <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seventh-Day Baptists, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sexagesima Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Seymour Place, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shadwell, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span>Shaftesbury Avenue, W.C., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shah Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shakers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shalloon, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shamrock, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“She” Bible, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sheen, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherdess Walk, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherd’s Bush, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherd’s Market, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepherd Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shepperton, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sherry, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shetland Isles, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">She-Wolf of France, The, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shilling, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ship, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shire, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shoe Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shoreditch, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shropshire, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Siberia, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sicily, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sidmouth Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sienna, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silhouette, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silk, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sillery, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver Captain, The, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Silver-tongued Sylvester, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sinking Fund, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sinner-saved Huntingdon, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sinner’s Friend, The, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Single-Speech Hamilton, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sixteen-string Jack, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skagerrack, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skinner Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skittles, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skylark, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sloane Square, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sloane Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Small Beer, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Smithfield, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Smith of Antwerp, The, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Snow Hill, E.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soane Museum, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sociable, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Socialists, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Society Islands, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Society of Friends, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Society of Jesus, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Socinians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soho, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Somersetshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Somerset House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Somers Town, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Soudan, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Buildings, W.C., <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Row, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southampton Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">South Audley Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">South Australian, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southgate, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southwark, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southwick Crescent, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Southwick Place, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sovereign, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spain, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spa Fields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spagnoletto, Lo, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spaniards, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish Main, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish Place, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spa Road, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spinster, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spiritualism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spitalfields, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spitzbergen, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spoon-bill, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sprat Day, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spread Eagle, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spring Gardens, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spring-Heel Jack, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spurs, Battle of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spurs of Gold, Battle of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Staffordshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stage-coach, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Staines, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Standard, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stanhope, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stanhope Gate, W., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span>Staple Inn, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Star, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Star and Garter, The, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Starling, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Star of the South Diamond, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Starvation Dundas, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stationer, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stationery, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Steeplechase, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Steelyard, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Steelyard Merchants, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stepney, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sterling Money, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stingo, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stock, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stock, Government, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stock Exchange, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stocks Market, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stockwell, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stoke Newington, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stones End, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stonewall Jackson, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stony Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Storey’s Gate, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stout, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Strait of Gibraltar, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Strand, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stratford Place, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stratton Street, W., <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Strawberry Hill, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stuart, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stump Orator, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stump Speech, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Subtle Doctor, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Suffolk, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Suffolk Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Suffolk Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sulky, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sumatra, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sumner Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sun, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sunday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sunflower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Superior, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sussex, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sussex House, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Surrey, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Surrey Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sutton Place, N., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swallow Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swan Alley, E.C., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swan, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swan with Two Necks, The, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Swedish Nightingale, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sweepstake, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sweetbriar, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Switzerland, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sydenham, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">T.</li> - -<li class="indx">Tabard, The, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taffeta, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taffety, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taffy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tailor, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tailor-bird, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Talbot, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Talbotype, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tally, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tally Ho! The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tallyman, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tammany Ring, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tankard, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tapestry, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarantella, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarantula Spider, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tarlatan, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tasmania, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tattersall’s, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavern, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavistock Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavistock Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tavistock Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Taylor, the Water Poet, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">T-cloth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tearless Victory, The, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Teetotaler, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Temple, The, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Temple Bar, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tennessee, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tent Wine, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Terpsichorean Art, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Texas, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thaler, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thanet Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thames, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thavie’s Inn, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Theist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span>Theobald’s Road, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Theocracy, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thomas Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thomists, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thirteen Cantons, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thistle, The, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thistle-crown, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Threadneedle Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Chairmen, The, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Kings, The, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Men Wine, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Nuns, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three Suns, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Three-thirds, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Throgmorton Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thundering Legion, The, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thurlow Place, W.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Thursday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tierra del Fuego, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tiger-flower, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tilbury, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tintoretto, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Titchfield Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Titchfield Street, Great, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tobacco, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tobago Island, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Toddy, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tokay, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tom Folio, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tommy Atkins, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tontine, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tooley Street, S.E., <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Topaz, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torquatus Manlius, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torres Strait, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Torrington Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tory, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tothill Fields, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tothill Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tottenham Court Road, W.C., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tractarians, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trafalgar, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trafalgar Square, W.C., <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Traitors’ Gate, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Transvaal, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Transylvania, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trappists, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Treacle Bible, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinidad Island, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinitarians, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinity House, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trinity Sunday, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tristan d’Acunha, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Trumpeter-bird, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tudor, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tuesday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tulle, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tunis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turkey, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turkestan, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Turquois, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tweed, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twelfth Day, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twelfth Night, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twickenham, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twill, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twin Diamonds, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Twopenny, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Tyburn, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">U.</li> - -<li class="indx">Uisquebaugh, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Ultramarine, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Umber, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Uncle,” <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Uncle Sam, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unitarians, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">United Brethren, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Unready, The, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Upper Berkeley Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Upper Seymour Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Upper Ten, The, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Uraguay, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Usher, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Utilitarianism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">V.</li> - -<li class="indx">Valence, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valenciennes, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valentine, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Valentine’s Day, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vanburgh Castle, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vancouver Island, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Van Dieman’s Land, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vandyke Brown, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vauxhall, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span>Vauxhall Gardens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Velvet, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Velveteen, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venerable Bede, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venetian Red, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Venezuela, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vere Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vermont, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Verulam Buildings, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria, The, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria Regia, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Victoria Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vignette, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vigo Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Viking, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Villiers Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vinegar Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vinegar Yard, E.C., <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vine Street, W., <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Vine Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Virginia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Virginia Bible, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Voltaire, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Volume, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">W.</li> - -<li class="indx">Wagtail, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walbrook, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walcheren, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waldenses, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wales, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walham Green, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wallachia, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walloon, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waltz, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Walworth, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wandsworth, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wardour Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wars of the Roses, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick Gardens, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick Road, W., <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Warwick, the King Maker, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Water Lane, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waterloo, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waterloo Bridge, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Waterlow Park, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Water Poet, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Watling Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weaver-bird, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wednesday, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weeping Philosopher, The, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Welbeck Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wellington, The, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wellington Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wells Street, W., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Welsher, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wesleyan Methodists, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wesleyans, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wessex, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westbourne Park, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - -<li class="indx">West Indies, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westminster, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westmoreland, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Westwood, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Weymouth Street, W., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wheelwright, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whig, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whigamore Raid, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whig Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whip-poor-Will, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whisky, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Boys, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitechapel, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Conduit House, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Conduit Tavern, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitecross Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Friars, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitefriars Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitehall, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Hart, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Hart Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Lion, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Quakers, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Queen, The, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Sunday, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Swan, The, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Swan and Antelope, The, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">White Tower, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whit Sunday, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whitsuntide, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Whittington Stone, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wicked Bible, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span>Widow, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Widow-bird, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wife, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wigmore Street, W., <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William Rufus, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William Street, N.W., <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William the Conqueror, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">William the Lion, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Willis’s Rooms, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Will Scarlet, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wilton, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wiltshire, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wimbledon, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wimpole Street, W., <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winchester House, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winchester Yard, S.E., <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Windmill Street, W., <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Windmill Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wine, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wine Office Court, E.C., <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Winnipeg, Lake, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Witanagemotes, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wizard of the North, The, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Woodcock, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wood Green, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Woodpecker, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wood’s Halfpence, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wood Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Woolwich, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Worcestershire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">World’s End, The, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wormwood Street, E.C., <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Worsted, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wryneck, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wych Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wyndham Place, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Wyndham Street, W., <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">X.</li> - -<li class="indx">X Ale, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">XX Ale, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Y.</li> - -<li class="indx">Yank, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yankee, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yankee Jonathan, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yellow Book, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yellow Sea, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yendys, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York and Albany, The, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York House, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York Road, N., <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yorkshire, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yorkshire Stingo, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yorkshire Stingo, The, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York Street, S.W., <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> - -<li class="indx">York Street, W.C., <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Yutacan, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Z.</li> - -<li class="indx">Zadkiel, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zanzibar, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zealand, New, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zeeland, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zoroastrianism, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zululand, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Zuyder Zee, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - -</ul> - -<p class="titlepage">UNWIN BROTHERS, THE GRESHAM PRESS, CHILWORTH AND LONDON.</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> -<img src="images/i002.jpg" width="300" height="450" alt="" /> -<p class="caption">Select Books PUBLISHED BY Mr. <span class="smcap">T. 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Jusserand</span>. Demy 8vo., cloth gilt. 1892.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Jules Bastien Lepage and his Art.</span> A Memoir, -by <span class="smcap">André -Theuriet</span>. With which is included Bastien Lepage as -Artist, by <span class="smcap">George Clausen</span>, A.R.W.S.; An Essay on Modern -Realism in Painting, by <span class="smcap">Walter Sickert</span>, N.E.A.C.; and -a Study of Marie Bashkirtseff, by <span class="smcap">Mathilde Blind</span>. -Illustrated by Reproductions of Bastien Lepage’s Works. -Royal 8vo., cloth, gilt tops, 10s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Women of the French Salons.</span> -A Series of Articles on the French Salons of the Seventeenth -and Eighteenth Centuries. By <span class="smcap">Amelia G. Mason</span>. -Profusely Illustrated. Foolscap folio, cloth, 25s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">These papers treat of the literary, political, and social influence of the women in -France, during the two centuries following the foundation of the salons; including -pen-portraits of many noted leaders of famous coteries, and giving numerous -glimpses of the Society of this brilliant period.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Real Japan.</span> Studies of Contemporary Japanese -Manners, Morals, Administrations, -and Politics. By <span class="smcap">Henry Norman</span>. Illustrated with about 50 -Photographs taken by the Author. Crown 8vo., cloth, 10s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller"><span class="smcap">Extract from Preface.</span>—These essays constitute an attempt, <i>faute de mieux</i>, -to place before the readers of the countries whence Japan is deriving her incentives -and her ideas, an account of some of the chief aspects and institutions of Japanese -life as it really is to-day.</p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Stream of Pleasure.</span> A Narrative of a Journey -on the Thames from -Oxford to London. By <span class="smcap">Joseph</span> and <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Robins -Pennell</span>. Profusely Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Joseph Pennell</span>. Small -Crown 4to., cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“Mrs. Pennell is bright and amusing. Mr. Pennell’s sketches of river-side bits -and nooks are charming; and a useful practical chapter has been written by Mr. -J. G. Legge. 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Third Edition. -Fcap. 8vo., buckram, gilt, 6s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“They can be compared only with the painted allegories of Mr. Watts … -The book is like nothing else in English. Probably it will have no successors as it -has had no forerunners.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">Gottfried Keller:</span> A Selection of his Tales. Translated, -with a Memoir, by <span class="smcap">Kate -Freiligrath Kroeker</span>, Translator of “Brentano’s Fairy -Tales.” With Portrait. Crown 8vo., cloth, 6s.</p> - -<p class="smaller">“The English reader could not have a more representative collection of Keller’s -admirable stories.”—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> - -<p class="hanging"><span class="larger">The Trials of a Country Parson:</span> Some -Fugitive -Papers by Rev. <span class="smcap">A. Jessopp</span>, D.D., Author of “Arcady,” -“The Coming of the Friars,” &c. 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