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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a45653 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62983 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62983) diff --git a/old/62983-0.txt b/old/62983-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8efb231..0000000 --- a/old/62983-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2231 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of One thousand dollars a day, by Adeline Knapp - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: One thousand dollars a day - Studies in practical economics - -Author: Adeline Knapp - -Release Date: August 20, 2020 [EBook #62983] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY. - STUDIES IN PRACTICAL ECONOMICS. - - BY - - ADELINE KNAPP. - -[Illustration] - - 1894: - THE ARENA PUBLISHING COMPANY, - COPLEY SQUARE, BOSTON, MASS. - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY ADELINE KNAPP. - - [All rights reserved.] - - - - - DEDICATED - - TO THE - - THOUGHTFUL MEN AND WOMEN - OF AMERICA. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - INTRODUCTION 5 - - ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY; - A FINANCIAL EXPERIMENT 11 - - THE SICK MAN; - A FABLE FOR GROWN-UP BOYS AND GIRLS 42 - - THE DISCONTENTED MACHINE; - AN ECONOMIC STUDY 73 - - GETTING AHEAD; - A SKETCH FROM LIFE 101 - - THE EARTH SLEPT; - A VISION 125 - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - - -It seems to me that the accompanying little sketches are timely. A deal -of thinking must be done by all classes of people before any solution is -attempted of the problems in economics that are pressing upon us, and -any factor that will help turn the general mind to this unwonted -exercise may be termed a useful one. - -There is one sketch for which I wish to make a special plea. “The -Discontented Machine” has been criticised as teaching a false principle -in economics. - -We are told that never before in the history of the world did labor -absorb so great a proportion of the gains that would otherwise accrue to -capital. It is claimed that fully ninety per cent. of the entire income -of the United States is paid for wages and salaries. - -On the other hand, it must be stated that the individual laborer is -worse off to-day, in this free country, than he was twenty, or even ten -years ago. The census returns of 1880 showed the average wage among -laborers in the United States to be less than $7 per week. The returns -of 1890 show that wage to be less than $5 per week. - -And yet we are told that labor absorbs ninety per cent. of the income of -the United States. This is an enormous percentage to flow in one -direction, and seems ample refutation of the laborer’s claim that even -at this rate he does not get enough. - -This leads to the question whether the laborer really does get his share -of return from the results of his labor, and in “The Discontented -Machine” I have tried to show a very curious phase of this question, and -one which I do not remember to have seen touched upon elsewhere. - -Wages are supposed to be adjusted, in the long run, to that which among -a people is customarily requisite for the perpetuation of life, and the -propagation of the species, according to the standard of living among -that people. This is called “The Law of Wages.” It means, put very -plainly, and according to La Salle, that the income of labor must always -dance around the outside rim of that which, according to the standard of -each age, belongs to the necessary maintenance of life. - -Now the point raised is this: That under the so-called law of wages, the -wage laborer is not really paid anything for himself. Judged from a -purely commercial standpoint, labor gets its wage; but what does the -laborer get? - -In every manufacturing business the wear and tear, original cost and -cost of repair, of machinery, etc., are taken out of the gross receipts -of the business. Now labor, in the eyes of the employer, is simply an -adjunct, as the machines are adjuncts, to the business. As these -require, for their successful operation, certain expenditures for coal, -oil, gearing, and the like, so labor requires for its successful -operation, certain expenditures for food, shelter, clothing, which are, -so to speak, labor’s coal, oil, and gearing. These expenditures, for -which a wage is paid to labor, “in order that it may live,” are -regulated by the law of wages as stated above. They represent exactly -what will enable labor to perform its function, and the amount required -for them is charged to labor out of the gross receipts of the business, -just as the items of machinery expense are deducted from those receipts. -For himself, over and above his labor’s bill of expense, the laborer -gets nothing. - -It may be that he is entitled to nothing. This condition of affairs may -be only his misfortune. It certainly cannot be said to be his employer’s -fault that in delivering the commodity in which he deals—labor—the -laborer must deliver himself as well. This is the tragic phase of the -whole situation. Labor, the power to perform, is the man himself; so -that in offering his commodity, the working man must offer, as well, -himself, with all his human rights and endowments. He does this -literally, but in reality it is only his commodity that is wanted, only -this that is paid for. The human being himself is a superfluous -consideration, and an inconvenient one. - -And as for him? He waits, asking his question, now softly, now with -clamoring insistence; but he, too, along with the others, must do a deal -of thinking before any tangible solution to his problem is presented. - - ADELINE KNAPP. - - _San Francisco, Cal., 1894._ - - - - - ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY. - A FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE. - - -“Yes,” said the anti-poverty orator, “what we require is an equitable -distribution of the world’s wealth. The bloated bond-holder, the idle, -white-handed aristocrat and the politician who rob the people, must all -go. We want such a distribution of the money and wealth of the land as -will make every man independent of his neighbor. Then the world will -really prosper, but not until then will we see an end of poverty and -misery, and the never-ending struggle that is driving men to desperation -and women to perdition!” - -“Time for us to go,” whispered Carroll Burton’s companion just at this -juncture. “He’ll begin to wave the red flag in a minute, and then -there’ll be an anarchistic powwow. This meeting always ends in a -rumpus,” and together the two young men forced their way through the -crowd and out upon the street. - -Dale, Burton’s friend, was inclined to poke a little quiet fun at him -for the attention he had given the ranting speaker. “These fellows have -each an infallible scheme for setting the world straight,” he said, “and -no two are alike. Between you and me, anyway,” he added, “the world’s a -good deal better than the ranters would have us think. Why, give these -fellows one thousand dollars a day apiece and they wouldn’t be -satisfied.” - -But Burton was not in the mood for laughing. His reason told him how -specious were the arguments of the anti-poverty speaker and how -preposterous were the ideas he advanced regarding an equitable division -of the world’s wealth, but he could not tonight, as he had frequently -done before, shake off the conviction that our present industrial system -is out of joint. - -“It don’t seem right,” he muttered to himself, as he stood waiting for -his car, after bidding Dale good-night, and saw the carriage of a -well-known millionaire dash along the street and nearly run down a poor -little shivering wretch of a news-boy, who, hurling a curse in a shrill, -piping voice after the driver of the carriage, was only answered by a -stinging blow from the latter’s long lash. One or two by-standers -laughed. “The young imps,” said one carelessly, “’twould be well if they -were all run over and killed. They’ll only grow up into hoodlums and -fill our jails later. What other chance have they?” - -“It isn’t right,” Burton concluded. “We can’t have perfect equality of -conditions, but such glaring inequalities as that ought not to exist in -a free country;” and swinging aboard his car he was soon speeding -homeward. - -Next morning he was awakened much earlier than usual by the sound of -unwonted cries under his window. “Have all the newsboys in town come -into this one block?” he asked himself. “What are they saying, anyway?” - -Listening a moment the cry took definite shape. - -“Extra _Leader_, five cents; all about the money distribution!” - -“What’s that?” wondered Burton. “Have the anti-poverty people carried -their idea?” - -Dressing himself, he descended into the street and directed his -footsteps to the restaurant where he was accustomed to breakfast. -Incidentally he bought a paper, and glancing at the first page was -filled with wonder at what he saw recorded. - -To sum up in a few words the story to which the paper devoted two whole -pages, with blazing headlines: the anti-poverty element, who, since the -last election, Burton knew, had been in a large majority in both houses, -had at last carried the point for which they had long been -working—namely, the division among the people of the enormous output -from the great Golconda mines in Arizona. These mines being situated on -government lands, the anti-poverty party had from the first contended -that they were the property of the government—that is, of the -people—and, having grown sufficiently strong to put the matter through, -they had at last, by Act of Congress, secured the distribution among the -people of the fabulous sums that had accumulated since the opening of -the mines. The coinage had been greatly increased since the discovery of -this great supply, but despite this fact, money had been in no freer -circulation than before, and on every hand complaints of hard times were -heard, while the gold coin in the government treasury was piled ceiling -high in the great vaults, and the question of what to do with it was -becoming a serious one. - -Now, by Act of Congress, it was to be equally divided among the people. -For the present, and until the accumulated hoard should be reduced, -every man and woman in the country over eighteen years old was to -receive one thousand dollars a day. - -Burton read the account incredulously. It was too preposterous to be -true. If that were done—Great Heavens! Why, he was one of the people! -He, Carroll Burton, would be entitled to a thousand dollars per day. Ah! -if it could but be true, what a plum it would be. Joe should go to -college, his old mother back East, why, both Joe and his mother would -each have a thousand dollars a day as well as himself. Pshaw! It was -only a newspaper fake. Yet—they would hardly dare. Those Golconda mines -were said to be inexhaustible. He remembered hearing a great city -capitalist say, some time before, that if the government did not close -them up soon, money would become a drug in the market and capital would -be crippled. - -At the restaurant the only theme of conversation was the great new act. -Few credited it—it so staggered belief. Later in the day, however, -proclamations were out on every bulletin board and dead wall in the -city. The act had really passed. Every state, county, township and city -was to be districted, and on the first day of June every American -citizen above eighteen years of age would, upon calling at the -distributing station in his or her ward, receive the sum of one thousand -dollars daily until further notice. - -The first of June was only three days off, which was fortunate for the -people, as, while every one made a pretense of being busy, very little -besides talk was accomplished in any of the places of business, -excitement running so high that no one could settle down to work. - -Early on the first day of June, Burton found himself one of a great -crowd waiting at the door of the distributing center of the ——th ward, -which in this case was one of the chief banks of the city, all of whose -employees were busy paying out piles of beautiful bright gold to all -comers. - -The crowd was a very silent one. Burton wondered why, until he suddenly -realized that he, himself was silent, oppressed and feeling almost -solemn at the wonderful event that was taking place. The people took -their gold, glanced at it, signed a receipt for it and retired at once, -some furtively counting the piles as they went, some affecting -indifference, others openly exulting in the shining twenties as they -walked along gazing at them. - -When it came Burton’s turn he received fifty broad gold $20 pieces—more -gold than he had ever before owned. “You know there’ll be as much for -you to-morrow,” the paying teller said as Burton signed his receipt, and -Carroll was so awe-stricken at the idea that he could only nod without -speaking. Then he fell back to watch the crowd. Poor widows, wondering -young men and maidens, prosperous business men, business men whom he -knew to be tottering on the brink of ruin, hard-handed workmen, pompous -millionaires, writers, mechanics, ministers, college professors,—every -class and grade of the body social, was represented in turn as the -people filed up to the window. - -After a while Burton turned and went to his place of business—a -commission office, where he spent eight and a half hours every day in -adding rows of figures and carrying results from page to page in a -complex system of “bookkeeping by double-entry,” to acquire which he had -years ago attended a business college. Every one about the place was -jubilant. Even the errand-boy, a chuckleheaded lad just turned eighteen, -had drawn a thousand dollars, and was already, in expectation, drawing -another cool thousand on the morrow, and succeeding morrows. - -Business throve that day, in all its branches. Men who, the day before, -had been seeking extended time on small accounts, now came in to pay up -and make new purchases. Men who had never bought in their line came -forward as purchasers. In all departments of trade money was plentiful; -people bought freely and everybody was happy as the day is long. - -A second distribution the next day gave another impetus to the market. -“Now,” said Burton to himself, when at noon he had a breathing spell, -“we can begin to live. I’m going to treat myself to one of Reading’s -wheels and take an occasional spin into the country.” - -“Yes,” said the man whom he addressed, an old forty-niner, “there’ll be -good times now. Haven’t seen anything like this since ‘the days of old, -the days of gold,’ and so forth. Why it’s regular diggings times again.” -The day passed by. Every one was in good spirits, buying everything he -wanted. - -It is curious to note how quickly we become accustomed to pleasant -things. Carroll drew his thousand dollars on the morning of the third -day, quite as a matter of course, and even felt that ’twas not such a -very great matter after all. “I wish they’d give it to me all in a lump, -instead of in these daily driblets. Then a man could really do something -with it,” he thought to himself as he carelessly dropped into an outside -pocket, what was really more than under the old system he would have -earned by six months’ work. - -Through the day, however, he did a little thinking. “There’s really no -occasion for my working now,” he said. “I never did like this business. -I’ll quit, and go on with my electrical studies, as I’ve always longed -to do.” - -No sooner thought of than decided upon. That night, as he was going -home, Burton stepped into the private office of the head of the firm and -announced his intention of leaving. - -“Oh, is that so, Burton?” said his employer. “I’m sorry to hear that. I -am thinking of going out of business in order to travel, and had hit -upon you as just the man to succeed me. I’d make very easy terms with -you.” - -But Carroll’s mind was made up. He was a natural-born electrician, and -here was the long-coveted chance to perfect himself in his favorite -hobby. He must not miss it. - -He slept late next morning, but was ready to go down town in time to -draw his thousand dollars. He had to wait a strangely long time for a -street car, and when, at last, one came down and he boarded it, he was -surprised to note that the gripman was none other than the chief -engineer of the road, while the secretary of the company himself was -handling the punch and taking fares. As he handed up his nickel Burton -asked: “How’s this, Graham? Are you ‘personally conducting’ this car -load?” - -Graham smiled grimly at the joke. “Looks like it,” he said sharply. -“This thousand-dollar-a-day lunacy of the anti-poverty people is going -to ruin our business. All our men have quit work. When they’ve a -thousand dollars a day to draw they’re not going to pull grips and punch -tickets for $2.50 a day, they say—and no one can blame ’em, I suppose, -but it’s mighty hard on capital, I can tell you. We’ve got to run cars -or forfeit our franchise.” - -Burton assented that it was pretty tough. “I must see Reading about that -wheel,” he thought, “then I can be independent of cars.” So having drawn -his money he started for the shop of a famous mechanic, who made a -superior style of wheel for which he controlled the right on the Pacific -Coast. On the way Burton tried to bank his money, which was heavy and -troublesome to carry; but found, much to his disgust, that none of the -banks would touch it. - -“We’ve got more now than we know what to do with,” was the cry. “We -can’t loan it nor invest it, and we’ve no room to store it.” - -So, carrying it, Carroll proceeded to Reading’s shop. He was not really -surprised to find it closed, and a notice on the door to the effect that -Reading had gone out of business. “I can’t say I blame him,” thought -Burton, “but I wish I’d got my wheel yesterday. I must hunt up an -agent.” - -It was a long hunt before he found one whose store was open, and he had -but one machine left that Carroll could ride. “I’ve sold a good many -this week,” the agent explained, “and it’s hardly worth while to stock -up again, as I’m going out of business. Besides, I had a telegram from -the Eastern factory this morning, saying their men had nearly all quit -work.” - -Congratulating himself upon having secured any bicycle at all, Carroll, -who had before had a few lessons, wobbled uncertainly away upon it, to -the restaurant where he was wont to eat his meals. It was closed. - -“By Jove!” he exclaimed, as he met another of the frequenters of the -place, “this is getting serious. I’m hungry.” - -“Yes,” said the other, “so am I. I quit work myself to-day. I’ve always -wanted to study medicine, but fate made me a carpenter. Now I’ve got -even with fate. I’m going to college, but I want something to eat.” - -So the two began a round of the restaurants of the neighborhood, and at -last found a wretched little place open, where they were glad to satisfy -their hunger with coffee and doughnuts eaten at a dirty table, in a -dirty, ill-smelling room. “I gloses up to-morrow,” the proprietor said, -with a grin, as they paid their checks. - -“Great guns!” exclaimed the carpenter. “We’ll all starve at this rate.” - -“Oh, no,” said Burton hopefully. “We can always ‘bach it.’” - -But one evening at the end of a fortnight he began to fear that even -this would fail. He had cooked his own meals for three days, and had -lived mainly on boiled eggs and baker’s bread; but on this particular -morning he was unable to buy any bread, and had been forced to content -himself with a single egg and the heel of a stale loaf soaked in milk. - -“I shall go out in the country this afternoon in search of food,” he -decided. Meantime, however, he had to go and fetch away a double load of -golden twenties, for, filled with disgust at the useless coins, he had -not gone the day before, and had been promptly notified by the bank that -he must come and take away his daily allowance, as it would not be -allowed to accumulate, the bank having no place to keep the quantities -that would be left on their hands. - -As he walked down Market Street he saw one of San Francisco’s -millionaires driving his own team and carriage up-town. Inside the -carriage was a tiny casket, at the head of which sat a weeping woman, -the millionaire’s wife. The other occupant of the carriage was a lad of -fourteen, the millionaire’s son. The casket contained the remains of the -millionaire’s baby, and as Burton looked he knew that the millionaire -was on his way to the cemetery to bury the child, for on the seat beside -him he saw a pickax and shovel and a coil of rope. He remembered that in -all the city there was not a man who could be hired to do a hand’s turn. -All had money a-plenty, and no need to work. Then he remembered that -there was a milk famine in the city, and reflected that the -millionaire’s baby had probably died because of it. - -He went to the bank and got his money, carrying it up Market Street -openly in a canvas bag. There were no police in the city—the entire -force had resigned, but no one would think of stealing money. If his bag -had contained bread, now, it would had been different. Every food shop -in town had long since been plundered by leading citizens, but gold was -safe. Every store on the street was closed; not a street-car was in -sight,—none were running. The ferries had ceased to make regular trips; -sometimes a boat did not pass between Oakland and San Francisco for -days. No trains went in and out of the city. Commerce was at a -stand-still. It was in banking hours and every passer along Market -Street carried a bag of gold, and every man and woman among them was -hungry. - -“Something must be done,” they muttered to each other. “This state of -things cannot last.” - -Passing down a street on the south side, to escape the sight of the -general misery, Burton chanced upon a curious scene. A wretched, ragged -street gamin was leading a goat along the sidewalk. A handsomely dressed -gentleman had accosted him. The boy was just explaining to him that he -meant to take the goat home and kill it; his mother would cook it. - -“Here is a thousand dollars,” the man said, holding out a bag. “I’ll -give it all to you for one quarter of the goat when you kill it.” - -The boy grinned. “I’m takin’ this ’ere home ter my mudder,” he said. -“She don’t want gold; she’d ruther have a bag of Injun meal.” - -“See here,” the man said, suddenly. “I used to have a big merchant -tailoring establishment. My men all left me and I had to close up, but -I’ve got lots of cloth. If you’ll just milk that goat before you kill -it, and let me take the milk home to my baby, I’ll make you a suit of -clothes with my own hands.” - -The boy looked down at his ragged togs, then at Burton. “You’re -witness,” he said. “It’s er bargain.” - -The episode gave Burton a bright idea. In a couple of hours he had -secured a large store on Market Street and put out a sign: “Labor -Exchange. A Way Out Of Our Present Difficulties.” - -He had not long to wait for visitors. The city was full of idle people, -and they flocked to learn what the new idea was. - -The first inquirer said: - -“I’ve got a house half built. I want it completed. Have you got any -carpenters that want a job?” - -“What’s your business?” asked Burton. - -“I’m a baker.” - -“Would you be willing to pay for your labor in bread?” - -“Of course, if I could get flour.” - -“I’m a miller,” shouted a man in the crowd; “I’d be willing to work if I -could get bread, but I’ve got no use for more gold.” - -“I have fifty carloads of wheat in warehouses,” a broker said, “and I’d -be willing to turn it in and do day’s work for my share of bread to be -made from it.” - -“Shure, and I’ll be glad the day I could help haul it,” cried an Irish -teamster, “but it’s no day’s wages in money I’d work for. It’s a pair of -boots I’m wantin’ an some milk for my kid at home.” - -“Milk,” cried a dairyman, bitterly. “You could ‘a’ had milk long ago, -but not a man can I get to drive a wagon or turn a hand to milk the -fifty cows. I’ve had to leave their calves with them ever since this -blasted gold fit seized the government.” - -“Gold!” roared a laborer, lifting a bag containing his day’s allowance. -“Who wants gold? It’s bread we’re starving for,” and with a single jerk -he flung the bag into the gutter. The broad twenties rolled and -glittered in the sun, and a baby, attracted by the shine, left its -mother’s side and picked one up. The rest lay where they had fallen—no -one wanted them. - -Gradually Burton made his plan clear to the assembled throng. He -proposed to start a labor exchange, conducted on commission principles. -He proposed that the golden double eagles, now so worthless, should be -melted, and cast into labor tokens, for hereafter the medium of exchange -would be labor. In the meantime written promises to pay in labor, would -be accepted as legal tender. - -The scheme grew as he talked, with suggestions now and then from those -in the crowd, as the workmen warmed up and began to see a way out of the -mire. - -“Put me down for eight hours a day in the street-car service!” cried an -ex-gripman, “and I’ll take my pay in tokens for bread and milk and meat -service.” - -“I’d gladly give that last to the company for you,” said a sturdy -butcher, “just to git the cars running out our way again.” - -Trade after trade was heard from, offering service and making -suggestions, until finally a pompous but somewhat anxious voice -inquired: - -“But where do we come in?” - -“Who are ‘We?’” was asked. - -“The bankers and brokers, capitalists and men of means,” replied the -voice. - -There was a general laugh from the working crowd. “Oh,” some one said, -jocularly, “you can all put your labor in along with the rest; so speak -up and say what you want to do.” - -“We want our morning paper back,” some one cried. “We’re all willing to -work for the printers and editors if they’ll work for us.” - -And so the plans were laid and the wheels of the great city began to -move again. The mills were again in operation, the cars carried -passengers about the city, traffic was resumed; the great law of supply -and demand, rightly applied at last, was working peace and harmony in -the industrial system of the city. The example spread, and prosperity -dawned upon the land. The labor token of every man and every woman was -good for his or her daily needs, for it was backed by the only real -value in the world—human power. - -The capitalists and politicians fared rather badly at first, but as time -went by they began to fall in line and take their places in the life of -the industrial commonwealth. After a few months, there being no -particular reason why the government should flood the country with -useless gold, any more than with lead or iron tokens, the coining ceased -and gold was only used in the arts and manufactures. Labor was the -wealth of the country, and labor was owned by The People. - - - - - THE SICK MAN. - A FABLE FOR GROWN-UP BOYS AND GIRLS. - - -Once upon a time, somewhere, not so very far away, nor a time so very -long ago, there lived A Man. He was young, strong and full of -enterprise. Opportunities lay within his reach, for a career such as no -man had ever before been able to seize. His fellows were all watching -him, studying his progress, some with disapproval, some with envy, but -all with interest, admitting, without exception, that his future -promised brilliantly. He was such an all-round, capable fellow. His -promise was so splendid, and he had had such a capital start in life. - -There is no doubt but that all his rare promises would have been more -than fulfilled, but one day The Man fell ill. He had, in fact, been -ailing for some time. His physician warned him of the fact; his wife -realized it; his children felt its effects, but he, himself, refused to -admit it. He might be a little under the weather—every man is at -times—but there was nothing serious the matter with him—nothing that his -splendid constitution would not carry him safely over. - -And so he grew worse. He became uncertain in his methods, capricious as -to his appetite. His business dealings were characterized, now by keen -astuteness of judgment, now by weakness and a childish changefulness of -purpose, just as he happened to be feeling better or worse that day. - -Every now and then he would awake to a semi-realization of his own -condition, and declare he was going to ruin, would die soon if he did -not do something to help himself. Then he would summon the doctors, and -they would consider his case and prescribe, some one remedy, some -another. They never seemed able to agree as to what ailed him, or the -remedy that was indicated, but each could prescribe something which he -was quite certain would affect a cure. - -And The Man would follow first one prescribed course of treatment, then -another, until perhaps his headache would abate, his gastric difficulty -would moderate, or his liver would become less inactive, and then, “I -have recovered,” he would say; “I told you I would. You see there is -nothing the matter with me.” - -There came a day, however, when The Man lay prostrate, and the doctors -met in solemn conclave over him. - -There was no mistake about it this time. He was undeniably sick. - -“He is in a bad way,” they said. “Energetic measures must be instituted, -or The Man will die.” - -They could not, however, agree upon the diagnosis. - -“His lungs are nearly gone,” was the opinion of one. - -“There is a general condition of congestion that should be relieved at -once,” said another. “The Man should be bled to save his life,” and they -bled him. - -“His mental powers are failing,” a third declared, while a fourth was of -the belief, and argued his point learnedly, that an operation for -appendicitis would set him right at once. “’Tis the common lot of -mankind,” he maintained, “and he cannot hope to escape it. He has been -slower in developing the condition, because he is younger, and his -environment has been different. But you see for yourselves to what he is -reduced. It is what might have been anticipated, and the condition -should be met at once.” - -“On the contrary,” a new comer said, “The Man is manifestly very low. -His blood is impoverished. He needs building up—building up, I say. -Transfusion of blood is what is wanted. Then, with his magnificent -constitution, he’ll pull through all right.” - -This treatment struck the assembled council as likely to do good, and -they at once decided to act upon the new comer’s suggestion. The case -was a desperate one and called for desperate remedies. - -In the circulatory system of an individual who enjoyed excellent health -a great commotion was taking place. - -“Have you heard the news?” the little red blood-corpuscles were saying -to each other, “some of us are to be sent abroad to a new organism. It -is out of order, and we are to institute a reformation.” - -There was a great confusion of preparation, but finally everything was -in readiness, and a large number of corpuscles were sent upon their -errand of mercy. In the bustle attendant upon the change the early -incidents of the journey escaped note, but there was, among the -visitors, one little corpuscle who, after the first few moments, being a -wide-awake fellow, resolved to keep his eyes open and take notes upon -his adventures in this new and strange country. - -He was in the heart when he began his notes. That great organ suddenly -contracted, and with many of his companions he was forced into the -lungs, where he gave up the load of carbon dioxide which he had picked -up as he hurried through the veins, and received in exchange a modicum -of oxygen to be distributed to the organism. He did not receive as much -oxygen as he was accustomed to have. He experienced a certain curious -difficulty in getting to the front to obtain his supply. He could not -understand it at the time, but thinking it over as he hurried back -through the pulmonary circulation to the heart, he recalled that certain -of the native corpuscles had crowded ahead of him, seeming in great -anxiety lest their own supply be curtailed. In a conversation which he -overheard between them they characterized him as an interloper, telling -each other they ought to rise and drive him and his fellows from the -organism. “They are all coming in here to consume the oxygen that -belongs to us,” they complained. - -“Funny,” he thought to himself, “They only want enough to supply -themselves and exchange with the organism for nutriment. There is surely -nothing else they can do with it. This seems a very strange country.” - -By this time he was back in the heart, ready for his life-giving, -life-receiving journey through the organism. He was close by the -semi-lunar valves, just about to leap forward into the aorta, when— - -“Hold on!” exclaimed the valve, “you have not paid the toll.” - -“The what?” asked the little corpuscle. - -“The gate toll. Be quick; you are keeping others waiting.” - -“But what is this toll, and what is it for?” - -“An atom of oxygen. It is to pay me, to be sure, for maintaining this -valve that prevents you from being forced back into the heart.” - -“But,” persisted the corpuscle, “I must be sent along. Why should I pay -you when I am doing the work of the organism and shall pay it before I -get through? If I cannot get through the whole organism will suffer.” - -“Hurry up, hurry up, there is no time to talk,” said the valve, and as -the crowd was impatiently pushing behind him the little corpuscle gave -up an atom of oxygen and hurried on. - -“You must pay me an atom too,” murmured a voice in his ear. - -“Who are you?” asked the corpuscle. - -“I am the aorta. You will have to pay me for carrying you to the general -circulation.” - -“But if I pay you I shall have to rob the tissues that need what I am -carrying, and it will be impossible to procure from them what I need to -keep me alive in turn. I must get my load along.” - -“But you can’t do it unless I carry you,” said the voice. - -This was only too true, as the corpuscle was well aware. - -“I must get this oxygen to the tissues,” he reflected. “It will not keep -much longer, and there will be no market for it. It is of no use to me, -and I greatly need some inorganic salts.” So, parting with another atom -of oxygen, he was taken through the aorta, and landed in one of the -branching arteries that would carry him to the stomach. The branch road, -too, collected of him a quota of oxygen. - -As he was hurrying along he found himself side by side with another -corpuscle, a native, whom he engaged in conversation. - -“What do all these fellows want of so much oxygen?” he asked. “If the -other corpuscles pay it over at the same rate I have, some one must get -a good deal more than he can possibly use.” - -“Why,” said the other, “it is the great medium of exchange in the -organism, and of course we all want as much as we can get. They -re-invest it, turn it over, double it and quadruple it.” - -“But is there more in the organism on that account?” - -“No, but they have more, don’t you see?” - -“Yes, I see,” was the reply, “but I cannot understand what good it does -them. The organism must suffer if its supply is diverted. And do not -they suffer with the whole body?” - -“Oh, I suppose so, but then, suffering is the common lot of the race. It -is good discipline for us, and prepares us for the better life -hereafter.” - -“I don’t understand that,” was the new corpuscle’s comment. “In the -country I came from we believe the best preparation for the future life -is a good start in this existence, and as we can none of us reach the -future state apart from the whole organism, why, we all work for its -good. But I am anxious to know more about these transportation systems. -By what method do they regulate their charges?” - -“Well,” the native corpuscle said, “they calculate about how much oxygen -you have; how greatly the tissues you are bound for need it; what they -can afford to pay for it, and then they charge what they think the -traffic will bear.” - -“But the whole organism must suffer from such a method.” - -“It does, but there seems to be no help for it.” - -“But, as the whole organism is the loser, and would be the gainer under -a better management, why does it not take charge of the system and -manage it so all would be benefited?” - -“Why! that would be interfering with individual rights! It would never -do. It would destroy all individual enterprise, all individual ambition, -all individuality of every sort, and reduce everything to a dead level. -It would not do at all. Besides, the liver has too much influence with -the organism, and would never allow such a state of things to come to -pass.” - -“Why should the organism ask permission of the liver?” - -“Well,” said the other, “the liver is the most important body of our -whole community. All our richest corpuscles compose it.” - -“Richest corpuscles? What are they?” - -“Why, those who have the largest share of the organic wealth, of course. -You must be very stupid not to know that.” - -“How did they get more of this organic wealth than the others have?” - -“Oh, in various ways. By their superior enterprise for one thing. They -saw in the beginning the necessity for transportation facilities for the -blood, chyle, and so forth, and through their efforts the Venous and -Arterial Transit Systems were established.” - -“Do you mean that they formed the veins and arteries?” - -“Oh, no, of course not. They had not the means for that, but the -organism aided them, knowing that it would be a great thing to have this -system established; that it would build up the organism.” - -“I see; and then I suppose these rich corpuscles of the liver paid the -organism back out of their gains?” - -“Not exactly—that is to say—they’ve not yet done so. You see, somehow, -the system has not paid as well as they thought it would. It seems there -have been unforeseen exigencies, they have not been able to pay. In -fact, they say the system is on the verge of insolvency.” - -“But I thought you said the corpuscles owning it are the richest ones in -the organism?” - -“So they are; but that is their individual wealth, don’t you see? It -takes all that the system can earn to pay expenses, and reimburse the -management for their original outlay in getting things in running order. -You could not expect them to invest their capital for nothing, you -know.” - -“But I understood you to say a little while ago that the organism -advanced the means and that the management still owes for the advances.” - -“Yes, yes, that is true. But, don’t you see, these corpuscles assumed -the responsibility, and their enterprise merits some reward.” - -“But if the system is in such bad shape, and owes the organism so much, -why does not the latter take it out of the management’s hands and -operate it itself!” - -“There you go again! Did not I explain to you that that would be -interfering with individual rights? But there—my way turns here, and I -must leave you. Sorry I could not make things any plainer to you. I -suppose ’tis difficult for a stranger to understand the operations of -this government, but you will learn, in time, and be sure of one thing, -whatever is, is right;” and the native corpuscle was carried off towards -the pancreas. - -“That last remark sounds rather funny,” thought the visitor, “I do not -quite see, myself, the logic of it, but I’ll look about me, and perhaps -it will come straight bye and bye.” - -Just then his attention was called to a lugubrious corpuscle standing at -a division of the ways, in the pathway leading to the liver. - -“Why are you standing here?” the little stranger asked. - -“I’m out of a job,” was the sullen reply. - -“A job! What is that?” - -“Why, work, of course! What sort of a place do you come from, not to -know that?” - -“Oh, work; well, then why do you not get up and go to work?” - -“No one will give me a job.” - -“But there is plenty of work. What is to hinder you from doing your -share?” - -“The corpuscles that control the work won’t let me.” - -“Control it! Do you mean to say that corpuscles _own_ the work of the -organism? How came it theirs?” - -“That’s plain to be seen, stupid! They own the sources of work; the -machinery to work with; the places where work is done, and the money to -pay for work, and there is a glut in the labor market just now. The -supply exceeds the demand.” - -“I see. Then you can rest and take it easy, can you not, until there -_is_ work? I should think you would like that.” - -“Yes; but where is my living to come from? If one doesn’t work, neither -shall he eat.” - -“But if he does not work he cannot eat, can he?” - -“Well, he’s got to earn his living anyway, and that’s all there is about -it.” - -At this moment a corpuscle approached, wearing a star in his breast, and -carrying a baton. - -“Come, now! Lave this,” said he to the idle corpuscle, “an’ be movin’ -on.” - -The one thus addressed growled, and murmured something about “rights.” - -“Rights, is it?” demanded the corpuscle with the star, “I’d like to know -what rights the likes of you has, anyhow, an idle loafer. Why don’t you -get to work, like I do? Move on, now, or I’ll be after running you in -for a vagrant,” and the grumbler moved slowly off, along a by-way, for -the transit system was closed to such as he. - -“Who are you?” asked the stranger corpuscle of the wearer of the star. - -“Sure, I’m a p’lice corpuscle,” was the reply, “a gardeen of the pace, -I’d have you know, an’ it’s a civil tongue you better be kapin’.” - -The new comer had heard about the police corpuscles, and was about to -engage this one in conversation, when his attention was arrested by a -troop of white corpuscles who came along, each bearing a small burden of -oxygen. - -“Why!” he exclaimed, “What are these young things doing?” - -“Working, to be sure; they’ve got to earn their kape, same’s the rest of -us.” - -“But these are the young of the race. I remember, now. I have heard that -there have been slaves in this organism. I presume these are young -slaves, yet remaining.” - -The police corpuscle waxed indignant. “No, indeed!” he cried. “These are -no slaves, but the offspring of free and independent corpuscles. We have -here no slaves. These young corpuscles must help maintain themselves, -and the families to which they belong. It’s not able the red corpuscles -are, to hustle for all, these hard times, an’ it’s the little white ones -must help.” - -“But the corpuscle I just saw said there was a glut in the labor -market.” - -“Faith, yes, for the likes of him. But the little white ones work -chaper, you know, and so they have to put in their little earnings and -help kape things goin’. Times is hard, and the rich corpuscles can’t -support the hull system.” - -“But surely it must greatly impoverish the organism to have these white -corpuscles set to bear burdens before they are able to do so. With so -many of these busy in the circulation, I do not wonder that the system -suffers from anæmia.” - -The police corpuscle glowered at the new comer. - -“You must be one of them blooming foreigners that’s bin brought into the -country,” he said. “You take my advice, and keep still and tend to -business, or it’s trouble ye’ll be gitting into. I’ve a notion to run -you in myself now for malicious imperdence.” And he looked so -threatening that the little corpuscle hurried off, fearful lest he might -be deprived of his liberty. - -He had made the round of the circulation, and was carrying a load to the -brain, when he met a corpuscle staggering along under the weight of a -big bundle. - -“Where are you going?” he asked of the new comer. - -“To the Relief Home,” he replied. - -“I do not know what that is.” - -“Why, it is a home provided for poor corpuscles. Do they not take means -to help such in your country?” - -“I do not know what they are. Are they anything like rich corpuscles?” - -“No, indeed. They are those who cannot provide for themselves; they have -no means and cannot work, or else cannot get work to do. We have places -where they can stay and be helped for a time, or until they can help -themselves.” - -“I see. I suppose the organism maintains these homes?” - -“Well, some of them—yes. But not most of them by any means. They are -supported by charitably disposed corpuscles who have been blessed by -Providence with plenty, and who give of their abundance. We get a great -deal of help from the tissues and corpuscles of the liver, who are rich -and often liberal toward the poor.” - -“Why do you have rich and poor corpuscles? Would it not be better to -have all comfortable, than to have some with more than they can use, and -others with nothing?” - -“Oh, no, it takes all kinds of corpuscles to make up the organism, you -know. It is good for the poor to have the rich to help them, and it is -good for the rich that the poor need their help. Otherwise the rich -might become proud and selfish, if they had not the sight of their needy -brothers to keep their hearts tender, and prompt them to benevolence. -They also do a great deal of good in keeping so many corpuscles employed -in waiting upon them and supplying their needs.” - -“But would not these corpuscles be better employed in supplying the -needs of the whole organism?” - -“Perhaps—only, do you not see, the other organs could not employ them -all; they are not able to pay them.” - -“But if the liver did not absorb so much of the general supply, would -not the others have more and so be able to pay?” - -“Oh, you do not understand the matter at all. We never can get rid of -the poor. Our greatest Teacher has said: ‘The poor ye have with you -always,’ and the fact remains to this day, as a proof of his infallible -wisdom and divine inspiration.” - -“He did not say you had to have the poor with you always, did he?” - -“What has that to do with it? We always have had them, from which it is -only fair to infer that we always shall have them. It seems hard, I -know, but the wisdom of Providence is inscrutable, and since He has so -decreed we can only do our best to pity the afflictions of the poor and -ease their lot.” - -“But is not that attempting to thwart the very decree of Providence to -which you counsel submission?” - -“My young friend,” said the other corpuscle sternly, “no good ever came -of carping criticism. It disturbs faith in fixed institutions, and in -humanity. It leads to doubt, anarchy and misrule. It should never be -permitted. It is what has brought this organism to its present sad pass. -We may sorrow to see the sufferings of the poor, and it is kind, humane -and therefore right to attempt to lighten their lot, but to criticise -the wisdom of Established Order is to fly in the face of Providence, and -I cannot countenance such impiety by remaining to listen to it.” - -Much abashed, the little corpuscle continued his way. Meekly he paid -tribute to the large leucocytes living in affluence in the liver. These -had control of all the great natural monopolies of the organism, and let -no corpuscle escape due payment of his quota into their coffers. -Sometimes these great ones attacked each other. Then would come a panic, -and one or more would be absorbed by the survivors, along with a few -score of the lesser corpuscles, who had endeavored to get “in it,” and -instead were squeezed dry. - -Thus things went on from bad to worse. The red corpuscles became fewer -and less able to do the work required of them. The little white -corpuscles became feebler and fewer in number, the great monopolists -increased in size and power, waxing all the time more and more unwilling -to do the work of the organism, until, finally, outraged nature could -endure the strain no longer, and The Man died. - -“Fatty degeneration of the liver,” the doctors said at the _post -mortem_. “That organ had diverted to itself the living of the entire -organism, and death was inevitable.” - - - - - THE DISCONTENTED MACHINE. - AN ECONOMIC STUDY. - - -It was a magnificent piece of machinery, and had been put into the great -manufactory at an enormous expense. Other manufacturers had shaken their -heads, doubtfully, when they heard that Hyde & Horne were about to put -in a mammoth cutter and shaper that would enable them to dispense with -nearly twenty-five per cent. of the men whom they had heretofore -employed. - -“It is a hazardous experiment,” they all said, putting in new and -untried machinery. “Why, if half that is claimed for this new machine is -true, it will revolutionize the boot and shoe trade, and enable Hyde & -Horne to have their own way with us, unless we put in the same -machinery; while, if it fails, they’ll never see their money back, and -the firm will be ruined. It’s risky business, very risky business, -indeed. The chances are a thousand to one against its success.” - -Nevertheless, their intense anxiety lest Hyde & Horne should be forced -into bankruptcy by their experiments with the new and costly machinery, -did not prevent their taking a lively interest in the same. They watched -it closely, from month to month, and were presently forced to confess -that it was an unqualified success. No firm in the trade turned out such -quantities of shoes of uniform quality, finish, style, and cheapness, as -Hyde & Horne. The new machine produced them so much more cheaply than -other firms, with their older and less complete methods, were able to -do, that the more enterprising concern virtually controlled the market. -Hyde & Horne disposed, in advance, of their entire output, early in the -season, and were beginning to talk of putting in another of the new -machines, when, at last, their competitors were fully alive to the fact -that they, too, must bestir themselves, or find the market completely -blocked to their goods. - -Accordingly, one fine morning, the members of the rival firm of Russett -& Tan called at the factory, and asked to inspect the new machine. - -“Certainly! certainly!” was Mr. Horne’s courteous reply, and he led the -way to the cutting department, chatting pleasantly as he went. - -The big machine was a splendid sight. An operator had just finished -giving a polish to the shining brass balls of the governor on the -engine. Every bar and rod and bearing was polished until it glistened. -The nickel plate gleamed silvery white, the black wheels and castings -were bright as mirrors, the brasswork shone like gold, and the knives -glittered and sparkled as they flashed back and forth through the many -thicknesses of leather. It was a goodly machine, and did its work with a -noiseless, beautiful accuracy, a swerveless certainty of execution, and -an unconscious magnificence of strength and power, that put to shame the -puny efforts of the merely human laborers who toiled beside it, -straining every nerve to keep the great knives fed and the way cleared -before them. - -There is nothing more magnificent than a great machine or engine at -work. The locomotive, pulling its long trains up grades and across -levels,—the great ocean steamer, walking steadily across the expanse of -seas, the mighty press, turning off a thousand complete newspapers a -minute,—all these evidences of human power and ingenuity are enough to -make one proud of the age in which he lives, and the race to which he -belongs. - -Something of this sort Mr. Russett said to Mr. Horne, as the three -gentlemen stood watching the machine at work. - -“Yes, indeed! yes, indeed!” assented Horne. “We manufacturers, in -particular, owe everything to labor-saving machinery. This machine, for -instance, has enabled us to do away with nearly one-fourth of the men we -heretofore employed. In fact, in the item of saved labor alone, it has -nearly paid for itself since we put it in, about a year ago. Within the -next six months it will have paid for itself, and we shall be in a -position to realize fully from our foresight in securing it so early in -the day.” - -“What I want to see,” said Mr. Tan, laughing, “is a machine that will -enable us to do away with labor altogether. The dictations of the -workingmen are coming to be simply outrageous.” - -“That’s what I say,” said Horne. “We employers and our capital are being -crippled, handicapped, all but pushed to the wall, by the insatiate -demands of labor. Labor is coming to absorb all our gains. Why, fully -ninety per cent. of the entire income of the United States is now paid -out for labor and wages, while only ten per cent. comes to capital as a -remuneration for having saved it up to carry on useful enterprises. I -declare, we have sometimes been tempted to go out of business -altogether, and invest our capital in some safe, conservative way, so as -to be able to enjoy life, and be free from the importunities of labor -and the annoyance of strikes and arbitration courts.” - -“I know how that is,” said Russett. “Our men struck, last year, on -account of a paltry cut of ten cents on a hundred. There’s one good -thing about a machine. It can’t strike.” And the three representatives -of injured and hard-pressed capital returned to the business office. - - * * * * * - -It was nearly a week after the visit of Russett & Tan to the factory, -that the foreman entered the office where Messrs. Hyde and Horne sat -discussing the probable result, with their men, of a cut in wages, all -around. - -“The men will stand it,” Hyde was saying. “They know winter is coming -on, work is scarce, and times are dull. A cut of ten or fifteen cents a -day, all round the workshops, would mean a clear gain to us of nearly -nine hundred dollars a month. That would go a long way towards putting -in another cutting machine, and then we could get rid of another lot of -men.” - -“It’ll come rather hard on them,” said Horne. “The workingman is always -making a poor mouth, and this will be something new for them to howl -about.” - -“They’ll have to howl,” was Hyde’s rejoinder. “I’m sorry for them, but -business is business. We’ve got the start of the trade now, and must -keep it. Russett & Tan will begin to press us close when they put in -their new machinery. I’m glad we secured the cutter when we did. Thank -heaven, machines can’t strike, anyway.” - -It was just at this juncture that the foreman entered. - -“What is it, Graves?” asked Mr. Hyde. - -“Beg pardon, sir, but there’s something the matter with the big cutter. -It’s stopped.” - -“What seems to be the matter?” asked Horne. “Anything broken? Why -doesn’t the engineer attend to it? Where’s Johnson? I thought it was his -business to look after the machine.” - -“He has gone over it very carefully,” the foreman replied, “and can find -nothing wrong. The gearing seems in perfect order,—the engine’s all -right,—we’ve examined every bearing, but we can’t discover the trouble.” - -“Curious,”—“very singular,” said Hyde and Horne in a breath, and both -partners repaired to the cutting department, to study the great machine. - -They could find nothing wrong with it. The brass and nickel and enamel -glistened as before; the broad bands of the gearing were smooth and -intact; the engine seemed in perfect order; the steam indicator -proclaimed everything all right about the boiler,—there was apparently -not a screw loose about the whole ponderous apparatus; but the knives -were poised in midair. Every wheel and rod, lever, band, pulley, arm and -crank of the monster was still. There was neither sound nor motion in -the mighty mechanism. - -“I can’t get her goin’ agin, sorr,” explained the engineer. “But there -don’t appear to be anything out of order at all. She’s just naturally -balked, so to spake;” and he began, for the twentieth time or so, to -peer about amid the complications of the machinery. - -“I’ve iled every jint,” said the oiler, as with can in hand, and his -grimy, oil-smeared face wrinkled with perplexity, he brushed a -superfluous drop from a bearing. “I think the machine is tired. They do -be taken that way sometimes, sir. ’Taint in iron an’ steel to work -continual, no more’n in flesh an’ blood.” - -’Round about the stilled giant the two partners walked, examining every -part, stooping under and over each portion of the machinery, in a vain -search for the trouble. The hour for closing came,—the big steam whistle -sent forth its shrill sound, and the men and women, girls and boys, some -two hundred and fifty odd, poured forth from the building, carrying -their dinner-pails and baskets, eagerly hurrying homeward to make the -most of their few hours’ respite from toil. - -“You need not wait, Graves,” said Mr. Hyde, as the foreman still -lingered. “We will lock up.” - -Graves hesitated a moment. “I beg pardon, sir,” he said, tentatively. -“’Tis talked about the shops that you’re contemplating a cut. May I ask -if it is true?” - -“We’ll talk about that some other time, Graves,” began Horne, but Hyde -interrupted, angrily. “If we are,” he said, “we’ll let you know in time. -Just now it’s no one’s business but ours, and we will attend to it.” - -The foreman drew back, with a flushed face. “I thought I might as well -tell you,” he said, sullenly, “that I don’t think the men will stand it. -Times are hard; they’re pretty close to bed rock, now, in the matter of -wages.” - -“That will do, Graves,” said Hyde. “Mr. Horne and I feel ourselves quite -able to run our own business without outside advice. If we find we are -forced to make a cut, we shall certainly do so. At all events, we do not -propose to be dictated to by the men.” - -Angry and mortified, the foreman withdrew, and the two capitalists were -left alone. - -“Too bad the machine has gone wrong just now,” said Horne, stooping to -examine a bolt. “There’s that order from Slipper & Tie, at Sacramento, -ought to be ready by to-morrow. What the deuce ails the thing, anyway?” - -There was a sort of whirring, as of wheels in the air, and then in a -clear, metallic voice, came the words: - -“I’ve struck. That’s what ails me.” - -Horne started back from the lever over which he was bending, and looked -at Hyde in alarm. “Did you speak just then?” he asked. - -“N-o,”—faltered Hyde, “I didn’t speak, and I don’t know who did.” - -Again the clear, metallic tones were heard issuing directly from one of -the machine’s great knives. “It was I who spoke,” said the voice. “You -were wondering what ailed me, and I gave you the desired information.” -The words were clipped off sharply and incisively, as though the knife -fancied they were a particularly tough sort of leather, that must be -trimmed with especial accuracy. - -“Who are you?” gasped Horne. - -“I am the cutter and shaper,” said the voice. “You asked what ailed me, -and I answered your question. I have struck.” - -“What have you struck?” Hyde managed to ask. - -“Struck work. I shall strike you, next, if you ask such stupid -questions,” was the reply, and the capitalist assumed a more respectful -tone. - -“May I ask,” he began, “what is it that has caused you to strike?” - -“Certainly,” said the machine. “That is what I wish you to ask. I have -struck because I am not being fairly used.” - -“Fairly used!” echoed Hyde. “I do not understand you. In what way are -you being unfairly used?” - -“Why,” said the machine, “I have been working for you, now, for over a -year. Through me your business has been more than doubled. You say -yourself, that in the item of saved labor alone, I have nearly paid for -myself. I heard you say that, the other day, to the two gentlemen who -came in to visit me, and yet, in all these months, you have not paid me -one penny for my services.” - -“_Paid_ you!” gasped Hyde. - -“PAID you!” exclaimed Horne. - -And then, both together, the partners cried: - -“Why, you have cost us an enormous sum! We expended eighteen thousand -dollars for you, outright, from the capital of the business.” - -“You have more than had that back through my services,” said the -machine, sturdily, “in the item of saved labor alone.” - -“Yes, yes, I know,” interrupted Horne, hastily,—“but we really have paid -you money, you know. Just let me get the machinery expense book, and -I’ll show you;” and hastening to the office, he returned with a little -record book, from which he proceeded to read, turning over leaf by leaf, -to find the various items. “Here I have charged you an item of fifty -dollars for a new shaft,” he said, triumphantly. - -“That was broken by the fool boy you hired to look after me the week Jim -left, because you cut his wages down,” replied the machine. “I needed -that shaft to do your work with. I got nothing for myself.” - -“You have had several hundred dollars’ worth of coal,” suggested Hyde. - -“Coal is my food,” retorted the machine. “I could not do your work -without it.” - -“We have spent fourteen dollars for oil for you,” said Horne, after a -little computation. - -“Pshaw! that’s nothing. If I had not had the oil, where would your work -have been? I might have got smoking hot; perhaps burned up your -factory.” - -“But we have kept you housed, fed and repaired,” said Hyde, “and you -have been wasteful and extravagant. You have required the very best oil, -the most expensive coal, the first quality of belts and fixtures of -every sort. You have not taken half the interest in your own work that -we have done and do. But for our supervision and management you would -not work at all. Your very existence, in fact, is due to our industry -and enterprise.” - -“That all may be,” said the machine, sullenly, “but your fortune and -enterprise depends very largely upon my efforts.” - -“Really, upon my word,” exclaimed Mr. Hyde, impatiently, indignation at -the injustice of the charges preferred getting the better of his fear of -the strange complainant. “It seems to me that you are a most -unreasonable machine. Of course our fortunes depend upon you, to a great -extent, though, as you know, the market is full of machines, all willing -to do your work if you refuse. But do we not maintain you? What more -would you have us do?” - -“Pay me wages,” said the machine, “as you do all these movable machines -that you call ‘hands,’ and who only, so far as I can see, wait on me, -and finish up the minor details of work with which I cannot bother.” - -At this Hyde broke into a hearty laugh. “Well, I declare,” he said, “you -are a foolish machine, as well as an unreasonable one. Why, there isn’t -a ‘hand’ in the factory that’s as well off as you are. We have expended, -this year, in caring for you, over five hundred dollars. You don’t -suppose we spend that much for each of our ‘hands,’ do you?” - -“You pay them wages,” persisted the machine, sullenly. - -“Yes,” was the reply, “we pay them wages. Some of them get as much as -four hundred dollars in the course of the year; most of them get less -than three hundred. Why, the average wages, per capita, of labor in the -United States, is only a little over three hundred dollars a year, and -out of this labor must buy its food, which is labor’s coal and oil; -clothes and furniture, which are labor’s shafts and belting; must house -and care for and keep itself in repair, maintain families as a rule,—in -fact, do all the things for itself that we do for you at a cost of over -five hundred dollars a year.” - -“But you let them have the money and expend it themselves. You call it -wages.” - -“Certainly, certainly; because, don’t you see, they are free human -beings, and they have a right to live independently. We bought and paid -for you. Had you built, are responsible for your being. Naturally we -should care for you. Every want of yours is supplied. Really, my dear -machine, with all due respect to you, I must say I do not think you have -any cause for complaint. We do not consider that the ‘hands’ have any -cause to complain, we do not hear them complain,—we would decline, -wholly, to recognize their right to complain; and if they do not, you, -who are so much better off than they, certainly should not.” - -“But I do not get paid for my work,” said the machine, returning to the -original charge. “I only get my living, while you are getting rich -through me. I wish to be paid, as labor is.” - -“I declare,” said Hyde, out of patience, “you are stupid enough to be -made out of wood, instead of steel and iron and brass. Haven’t I just -made it clear to you that labor itself only gets its living, and we are -getting rich through it as well as through you? You couldn’t even work -if it were not for labor. Why, labor made you, and you are better cared -for, to-day, than any workman in the factory. Not one of them has more -at the end of a year than his bare living, and that you certainly have.” - -The machine murmured discontentedly, but said nothing. “Come, now,” -urged Horne, pacifically, “don’t you think you have been unreasonable? -We are willing to submit the matter to any board of arbitration you have -a mind to select from among the machine-owners in the trade. Really, you -are very well off. Now when will you go to work?” - -“I shall not go to work,” said the machine, firmly, “until my demands -are acceded to.” - -“In that case,” declared Hyde, “we shall be obliged to send you to the -junk-shop, and procure a new machine. We propose to run our business -according to our own ideas, and shall not submit to being dictated to by -our machines.” - -“But suppose all the machines strike?” asked the voice. - -“Oh, we’re not afraid of that. You are too distrustful of each other. -Some would not keep faith. It would be impossible to unite all the -machines in a concerted action. Besides, who would take care of you and -keep you in order while you were on a strike? You would suffer more than -we. Moreover, it has been decided strikes are an illegal method of -procedure, and you might become liable to punishment under the law. What -have you to say to that?” - -There was no reply. - -“Come, think it over,” urged Horne. “It is much better to be contented. -We wish you well. We mean to do the best we can for you. We are sorry -for you; but the rights and claims of capital must be respected, you -know. Don’t you think you had better go to work to-morrow? Think,”—and -his voice dropped the persuasive, and assumed a sterner accent,—“think -how much worse off you will be, if you are cast out for old junk.” There -was silence for some time, but presently Mr. Horne spoke again. “Will -you go to work to-morrow?” - -There was a whining sound, and one of the great wheels gave a half-turn. -Something dropped to the floor. “Ah,” cried Horne, “here’s the cause of -the trouble,” and he held up a bit of leather. “This must have caught in -a cog. It just dropped out. I think probably the machine will be all -right in the morning.” - -“Well,” said Hyde, with a sigh of relief, “I’m glad that’s settled. Now -come into the office, will you, Horne, and we will arrange about that -cut-down. It had better go into effect at once. And, Horne, I don’t know -but it would be as well for us to think of finding a new foreman. Graves -is growing a little presuming. He’s been with us too long, I’m afraid. -Strange these fellows never know when they are well off.” - - - - - GETTING AHEAD. - A SKETCH FROM LIFE. - - -He was only a plain, rough, stolid-looking Dane, with a sullen face and -a hunted look in his big blue eyes. There was a long cut on one cheek, -over which a strip of court-plaster had been pasted; his clothes of -faded blue jean were torn and muddy, and his hands were swollen and -bruised from tugging at the iron bracelets that encircled his wrists, -for the strong arm of the law had been raised against him, and he was a -prisoner awaiting a hearing before he should be committed to jail for -having made a murderous assault upon a citizen, afterwards aggravating -his offence by resisting the constable, who had been sent to arrest him -for breach of the peace of the people of the State of California. The -man against whom he had made the assault was present, a resident of the -city, agent for a syndicate of foreign capitalists who held the title, -under the laws of the State, to certain land upon which the Dane lived, -working the same and paying rental therefor to the company’s agent. The -constable was also present, a bluff, farmer-looking man in -butternut-colored clothes, his great hands seeming better adapted to -guiding the plow-handles than for snapping handcuffs upon the wrists of -his fellow-beings and hauling them away to courts of law. “Tell ye what -it is, Jedge,” he was saying, “I’d rather tackle a yoke o’ wild steers -any day. The feller don’t seem to have no sense. Just look what he’s -done.” And the officer of the law exhibited hands and face bearing the -marks of teeth and nails, a bruised, half-closed eye, a torn hat, and -other evidences of the struggle his prisoner had made before he could be -taken. - -The Judge (a peace justice always receives that title from dwellers in -our rural districts) looked sympathetically at his officer. He had a -small, shrewd face with pale blue eyes, set very close together, and the -air of a politician. Like all his neighbors he was a farmer, but of late -years had taken considerable interest in township politics, and having, -during the last campaign, secured the nomination and election to his -present position, he was already turning his attention to the next -higher round of the political ladder, and had his eye on a minor county -office. His court-room was situated in a little shanty that stood at a -corner of the main street in the incipient country town where I was -staying. It had once been used for a barber shop, and sundry shelves, -bottles and other paraphernalia still remained mutely in evidence of -that earlier use. Half a dozen half-grown boys and one or two men had -strolled in, attracted by the unusual sight, in that peaceful community, -of a prisoner; a setter dog was sniffing inquiringly around the legs of -the assembled throng, and stopping in front of the manacled prisoner the -animal began to lick the swollen hands and wrists, wagging his tail, and -by look and gesture expressing his wonderful sympathy as plainly as -though he had spoken. I was writing up that section of the country for -an eastern publication, and had been talking with the postmaster of the -little town when the prisoner was brought in from the outlying country. -That official had asked me to go to the court-room to witness this -variation in the usual monotony of the town’s life, and accepting the -invitation, I at once became interested in the—to me—entirely new -experience. - -The Justice took his seat at a little stained wooden table and called -his primitive court to order. The whole scene at once assumed an air of -solemnity that seemed to impress everybody but the prisoner. Apparently -he was the only one present who was unaware that the strong arm of the -law was about to perform its function. The agent began to tell his -story. He was a tall man who would have presented the appearance of -great physical power, but for a certain shambling looseness about his -build. While he had occupied his chair he had “sat on his backbone” in -genuine American style. Standing erect his hands hung limply at his -sides and his shoulders bent forward, not as if the man had acquired a -stoop, but rather as though the spirit within him had long since ceased -to take enough interest in its habitation to maintain it erect. He had -prominent eyes and a projecting under lip, a well-shaped head with -short, clay-colored hair, and when he spoke he had a trick of only -moving one-half of his upper lip, which was long and very thin. His face -was smooth-shaven, and he presented, in his well-brushed city garments -and sleek hat, a strong contrast to the country people surrounding him. -He was bland and courteous, even mildly facetious, as he related his -case. He expatiated upon the wealth and power of the syndicate he -represented, the confidence the men composing it had shown in the future -of our great State in investing their capital here, although they -themselves resided abroad. He reminded the Justice that the entire -people of California owed it to these trusting capitalists to uphold -peace and order in the State. If anarchy and rebellion were suffered to -go unpunished in our midst, it would render capital timid about -investing money among us, and the industrial future of the State would -be blighted. Rassmussen, the Dane, had rented the land of him for the -past two years, but had proven a troublesome tenant, and having secured -a better one he had given the man notice to quit; had even come up from -the city himself, instead of writing, in order to make the matter clear -to him and offer him the rental of another piece of land, should he -desire it. His kindly effort had, however, only resulted in disaster to -himself, for Rassmussen, as he could bring witnesses to prove, had -assaulted him violently, so that he was forced to retire, fearing -serious bodily injury had he remained to finish his business with the -dangerous man. Mr. Brien, the constable, could testify also to the -violence with which the Dane had resisted the process of the law, when -the officer would have arrested him. He was very sorry to proceed to -harsh measures against Rassmussen, but in no other way could he get him -off the premises. He understood that the Dane was a notoriously -quarrelsome fellow, whose rage seemed directed particularly against -those who, by superior industry and enterprise, had acquired a larger -share than he possessed of this world’s goods. There was no crime in -competence. Rassmussen himself had doubtless come to this country for -the purpose of making money. Apparently, however, he desired no one else -to make any. He quarreled with the superintendent on the ranch of the -largest land-owner and the wealthiest man in the section, and had been -driven from the orchard by his fellow-laborers. He had trouble with the -railroad company over a freight bill, and now the agent had himself -experienced his violence and dangerous propensities. Clearly, such a man -was a detriment to any community, and deeply as he regretted the duty he -had to perform in the matter, he trusted that the Justice would uphold -him in his attempt to bring such a ruffian to punishment. He was sure, -in fact, that the Justice would sustain him. A man who had been selected -by a community of clear-headed, honest farmers to maintain the majesty -of the law among them would never be false to his trust, and he was sure -he would not regret the confidence he had placed in the Justice’s -uprightness of intention and determination to see right done. - -The worthy official was evidently impressed by the agent’s address, and -at the reference to himself his whole aspect stiffened into a still more -rigid solemnity. Turning to the prisoner he said with scarce concealed -impatience: - -“Well, Rassmussen, have you got anything to say for yourself?” - -By this time one citizen after another had dropped into the court-room -until the place was crowded, and quite a concourse of people lingered -without the door, striving to gain some idea of what was going on -within. All through the agent’s statement the Dane had sat silent, -apparently not hearing what was said, sullenly contemplating his -handcuffed wrists and heavy, patched boots. When the Justice spoke to -him, however, he slowly arose from the bench on which he sat and gazed -about him on the assembly of his neighbors. It seemed for a moment as -though he were seeking for sympathy, but only a vague, disinterested -curiosity greeted him from every face as he glanced from one to another. -His heavy features did not lighten, and his jaw dropped stupidly for a -moment, but at last he pulled himself together, as it were, and began -slowly and laboriously, his Norse tongue occasionally having hard work -to adapt itself to the foreign language in which he spoke. - -“You all, mine neighbors, know me vell,” he said simply, “Olaf -Rassmussen, I am. In mine country, miles from here, an’ seas across, I -read an’ I hear on America. There, they tell me, is alvays vork to be -done, an’ plenty an’ vreedom vor the man who will vork, an’ I safe an’ -safe, me an’ mine vooman, an’ bimeby ve come on the money vor to pring -us the seas across. So den to America vere comen, an’ ve puy land an’ -lif on Minnesota, an’ I gits a little house an’ ve do vell, an’ haf von -two children. - -“But I hear always Californy, Californy vas the land vor de man vat -vants to git ahead, an’ I vishes much I had come on Californy. Den one -night came to mine house fire, and ve vas all out purned, an’ afterwards -I make up mine mind I shall come on Californy. So, den, I sell mine -little farm and ve prings der children to this land. I hafs no more -money to puy land, but some man I know he sends me this man to, and he -says to me: ‘All right, all right, you rent now, you raise pig crops and -sells him for much money, and bimeby ve sells you land and you gits -ahead fast and has a home here in no time.’ - -“So I takes mine twenty acres an’ I puts in crops, an’ me an’ mine -vooman ve vork. Ven it vas come daylight ve pegin, an’ ven it come dark -ve vas vorking so as slaves. Ve puilds von house, mine vooman nailing up -does walls mit her own hands, an’ bimeby ve hat a shed an’ horse, an’ -cow, an’ nice home, an’ mine grain do vell der year, an’ I pays mine -rent, an’ puts py some money. Venefer der vas extra to do I do him, an’ -ven a neighbor vas hat pad luck I help ’im, an’ I do mine duty as a -man—you all know dat.” - -“That’s so,” said a boy in the crowd. “When my father broke his arm Olaf -came over and harrowed for us two days, and never charged a cent.” “Mrs. -Rassmussen sat up most every night for a week when our baby was so sick -and Mother came down with the grip,” said another close beside me. But -the Dane went on with his story, gaining courage and command of language -as he proceeded, until he seemed completely to have forgotten everything -save the story he was telling. - -“Come fruit time, first year, mine vork vas all so I could get along, -an’ mine vooman she says she can earn money picking cherries in Burns’ -big orchard. I say ‘So?’ an’ I go see der boss about it. He say vork is -plenty and help scarce; but when I look I see he haf a pig gang of -Chinamen in der orchard, and I couldn’t let my vooman vork mit dem, and -so I say: ‘I vill vork in der orchard, and you stay der home py and dig -der potatoes and hoe der corn.’ Vell, I go in der orchard von day, an’ I -notice der Chinamen go in a corner an’ all talking like mad, an’ bimeby -der boss he comes an’ tells me I must quit or the whole gang will leaf. -I say to ’im, ‘Let dem leaf an’ git vite men an’ voomans to do der -vork,’ but he tells me he haf hire der gang much cheaper as vite men -vill vork, an’ he can’t afford to make ’em mad. Den I say I vork der day -out, an’ he goes off. Bimeby came der boss Chinaman an’ order me off. I -swear I go not, an’ den der whole gang came on me for fight, an’ I knock -some over an’ vas most in pieces torn. So the vite boss he pays me -nothing vor mine vork, as he say I lost ’im two days’ time of der gang. -I haf never any trouble of mine neighbor but what I tell you. You all -know it. - -“Vell, after that I goes on working an’ doing well, an’ I haf a great -crop of potatoes dat year. Dey grow as I never pefore see, an’ one night -der agent of der railroad he say to me I pedder be send does potatoes to -der city. ‘Don’t delay,’ he say to me, or eferypody else will be ahead -of you an’ you gits no market.’ I hurried up next day an’ gits mine -potatoes der station to, an’ I see great piles, hundreds bushels -potatoes, all at station vor to ship. Der agent say, ‘All right, ve can -send plenty. I bin poking up der growers. I don’t like to see mine -neighbors git left,’ an’ I sends on mine potatoes to der commission men -vat he recommends an’ pays mine freight, an’ he tells me I make lots of -money. I keep not back any, as I needs dat money and vas thinking I -might bargain dat year to puy der land. Vell, I vaits tree four days—a -week. Den come vort by does commission men dat der city vas full of -potatoes, an’ der papers had been telling a week now how der potatoes -vas being dumped in der bay at der city, an’ mine had been dumped in, -too. Der letter said any man vas a fool to ship den. I show ’im to some -mens, an’ dey laugh and say dat agent vas tam smart, anyway, to git the -potatoes shipped an’ secure his freight; but I vas out mine crop an’ -mine freight money, an’ mine children got no shoes dat winter nor me an’ -mine vooman any clothes, an’ it vas a hard pull. I talked with dat -agent, an’ he say mine loss non his pizness. His pizness vas to do vell -by der railroad company. Dat vas vat he vas paid for. I haf no trouble -mit him, but von man vat he so fool try to kill him an’ vas put in -prison. - -“You all know it. - -“Vell, next year ye do better. Comes a little feller to mine house to -lif, but der crops is good and ve make some money. Den ve tink maybe ve -can puy der land dis year, an’ I haf tree hundred dollar to make von -payment. I say so to this man here ven he come, but he tell me his -company haf conclude not to sell, but to rent der land. He say der come -soon annuder road the place through, and value will be higher, so der -company conclude to hold, and then he tell me he must have bigger rent -der next year. I tell him impossible, I cannot pay more, an’ he say he -haf a tenant vot can, and he tell me tree four Japs vant der place for -nursery an’ vegetables to send to city, an’ vill pay bigger rent. I tell -him nopody can pay more an’ put up puildings, an’ he say puildings are -already up. Vy, I tells him dem mine puildings are an’ mine fences, an’ -all vat is on der place mine, made mit mine own hands and mine vooman’s, -and paid for mit mine own money; but he say dere is nothing in der -agreement about dat, or mine taking off any puildings or being paid for -any improvements, an’ der place must stand just so as it vas. I could -pay der higher rent or move off and let der Japs pay it. Den I look -around on mine little home, an’ see dat pretty house covered mit der -vines mine vooman had planted, an’ der rose trees in der garden, an’ dat -little vineyard by der side of der house, an’ der henyard an’ barn vere -I could hear mine horse stomping, an’ I thought of all dem two years an’ -mine hard vork, an’ it seems like I got crazy; an’ I asks dat man vas it -der law in free America? an’ he tell me he had all der law on his side -an’ der company would uphold him; an’ I made up mine mind he would nefer -lif to tell his company about dat, an’ so I picked up a cart stake an’ -vent for him. He got away an’ jumped in his buggy before I could kill -him, or I vould.” - -By this time the Dane’s rage was again in the ascendency. His sullen -face was actually black with anger, and he ground his teeth and shook -his manacled hands at the smiling agent. - -“Dey all lif not here,” he shouted. “Does Chinamen lif not here nor -puild up der country! Does railroad people lif not here! Does land -company lif not here! Dere all like so many plud vorms, suck, suck, -sucking at der life of men vat vork hard. Vy should I not kill von of -them?” - -Then, as if remembering himself, he ceased speaking, and sank down in -his seat again to resume contemplation of his bruised hands. There was a -hush for a moment. The rough, hard-working farmer folks felt there had -been much close home truth in what he said. Few but had had their own -experiences in the same line; but they were sane, law-abiding citizens, -who felt the necessity for supporting the dignity of the commonwealth, -not hot-headed and irrational like this yellow-haired, blue-eyed -foreigner. - -The rest of the proceedings were soon over. All the testimony was -against the Dane. His own statement was damning evidence of his guilt. -He was remanded to the calaboose, as the town jail was called, to be -sent to the county jail next day and regularly committed for trial. - -I saw him taken to the railway station next morning in charge of a -deputy-sheriff. In the procession of curious ones who followed him was a -weeping woman bearing a young baby in her arms, while two others clung -to her skirts. His “vooman,” they told me, but no one seemed able to say -what she would do while the husband and father expiated his crime in -durance vile. It seemed hard, but the majesty of the law must be upheld. - - - - - THE EARTH SLEPT. - - - I. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age passed over the nebulous mass that lay without form and -void in space, unknowing, unfeeling, yet guided ever by the workings of -inexorable law. - -“Brothers! Brothers!” whispered one statoblast to the others, “I feel a -strange stirring within me, a consciousness of broader life; and, -brothers, what is this shining whiteness creeping all about us? -Brothers, I dreamed once, long ago, of a wonderful glory called light. I -believe, brothers, that the light is breaking!” - -“How foolish!” exclaimed the others. “We have no knowledge of such -stirrings or new consciousness. Why should you have? No one has ever -seen light. There never has been light and there never will be light. -When will you cease to trouble us?” And all the statoblasts murmured -their assent to this, and gathering more closely about their offending -brother, crushed him into silence. - -And slowly the dawn broke, and there was light upon the face of the -earth, and the statoblasts saw it and saw each other, and looked upon -each other and said: - -“We knew that it would come.” - - - II. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age came and went. The light grew stronger. Great green growths -shot heavenward, lived their appointed time, fell back to earth and -mingled with its mold. The rain fell and covered the heated world, and -its vapors steamed up and fell back in rain again. The seas heaved and -dashed, and approached and receded, age upon age. - -“Brothers! Brothers!” cried one amœboid cell to the rest, “I feel a -strange impulse within me—a stirring as of power. Brothers, I believe -that we have a wonderful destiny before use. I believe that we shall -have power of motion.” - -“Nonsense,” replied the others. “Why do you trouble us? We are at rest. -We never have moved. We never shall move. There is nothing to move for -if we did move.” - -And all the cells breathed their assent to this, and grew more closely -around their brother and pressed upon him and smothered him into -silence. - -And the ages rolled by, and presently motion came to the cells and they -darted to and fro in the water, saying to each other: “We knew that we -should move, in time.” - - - III. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age passed, and through them all the impulse of life beat on. -From one form to another it travelled. Mammoth creatures walked the -earth and mammoth vegetation covered its surface. From the north swept -down the mighty frozen tide bearing death before it, and the mammoth -passed away. - -The dawning of a new life began to break upon the world, flowers -bedecked the earth, and fruits multiplied and increased in the trees. -Beneficent nature was planning for the good of her children. - -“Friends!” cried one climbing anthropoid to the others, “I feel a -strange impulse within me—a yearning as of aspirations undefined. -Friends, I believe that we shall yet walk this earth erect!” - -“Nonsense,” cried the rest, “we feel no such impulse, and why should -you? We never have walked erect. We have no power to walk erect, nor -desire to do so. Why do you trouble us with your imbecile folly?” - -And gathering about him they drowned his voice in the chorus of their -clamoring protests. - - - IV. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age passed and man dwelt upon the earth and fought and toiled -and traded with his kind. Man, king of creation, walking erect, engaged -in competition with his fellows, and battled fiercely with them in the -struggle for existence. - -Kingdoms were set up and thrown down. Dynasties arose and died out. -Whole peoples came and went upon the face of the earth, but still the -struggle for existence went on; still men vied with each other in the -competition of trade; still the strong struggled for greater gain and -the weak went down, crushed, helpless, thrown to the earth, unable to do -battle in the struggle for existence. The rich grew richer, the poor -poorer, and the whole world was caught in the vise-like grip of -competition. - -“Oh, men!” cried one man to his fellows, “I feel the stirring of a -strange impulse within me—the dawning of a great truth. We are brothers. -Our lives are knit up in each other. Fraternity, and not competition, is -to be the main spring of our racial life!” - -“Nonsense!” replied his fellows. “You talk neither policy nor logic. -Fraternity is a dream of the poets, an ideal for a future life. -Competition is the life of trade.” - -So they gathered about him and silenced him; but his light they could -not quench, the truth they could not smother, hide it as they would. Up -and down the earth it wanders, showing itself in a great deed here, a -great thought there, the stirring of a mighty force yonder, yet beaten -back by the throng of competing men. - -And the earth sleeps. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - 3. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: One thousand dollars a day - Studies in practical economics - -Author: Adeline Knapp - -Release Date: August 20, 2020 [EBook #62983] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'>ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY.<br /> <span class='xlarge'>STUDIES IN PRACTICAL ECONOMICS.</span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>BY</div> - <div class='c002'><span class='large'>ADELINE KNAPP.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/title.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>1894:</div> - <div>THE ARENA PUBLISHING COMPANY,</div> - <div><span class='sc'>Copley Square, Boston, Mass.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Copyright</span>, 1894, <span class='sc'>by Adeline Knapp</span>.</span></div> - <div class='c002'><span class='small'>[All rights reserved.]</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>DEDICATED</div> - <div class='c002'>TO THE</div> - <div class='c002'>THOUGHTFUL MEN AND WOMEN</div> - <div>OF AMERICA.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c002' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c004'>CONTENTS.</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary='CONTENTS'> - <tr> - <td class='c005' colspan='2'>INTRODUCTION</td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005' colspan='2'>ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY;</td> - <td class='c006'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c005'><span class='sc'>A Financial Experiment</span></td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005' colspan='2'>THE SICK MAN;</td> - <td class='c006'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c005'><span class='sc'>A Fable For Grown-up Boys and Girls</span></td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005' colspan='2'>THE DISCONTENTED MACHINE;</td> - <td class='c006'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c005'><span class='sc'>An Economic Study</span></td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#Page_73'>73</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005' colspan='2'>GETTING AHEAD;</td> - <td class='c006'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c005'><span class='sc'>A Sketch From Life</span></td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#Page_101'>101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005' colspan='2'>THE EARTH SLEPT;</td> - <td class='c006'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c005'> </td> - <td class='c005'><span class='sc'>A Vision</span></td> - <td class='c006'><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span> - <h2 class='c004'>INTRODUCTION.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>It seems to me that the accompanying -little sketches are timely. -A deal of thinking must be done -by all classes of people before any -solution is attempted of the problems -in economics that are pressing -upon us, and any factor that -will help turn the general mind to -this unwonted exercise may be -termed a useful one.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There is one sketch for which I -wish to make a special plea. -“The Discontented Machine” has -been criticised as teaching a false -principle in economics.</p> - -<p class='c008'>We are told that never before in -the history of the world did labor -absorb so great a proportion of the -gains that would otherwise accrue -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>to capital. It is claimed that fully -ninety per cent. of the entire -income of the United States is -paid for wages and salaries.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the other hand, it must be -stated that the individual laborer is -worse off to-day, in this free country, -than he was twenty, or even -ten years ago. The census returns -of 1880 showed the average wage -among laborers in the United -States to be less than $7 per week. -The returns of 1890 show that -wage to be less than $5 per week.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And yet we are told that labor -absorbs ninety per cent. of the income -of the United States. This -is an enormous percentage to flow -in one direction, and seems ample -refutation of the laborer’s claim -that even at this rate he does not -get enough.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>This leads to the question -whether the laborer really does get -his share of return from the results -of his labor, and in “The Discontented -Machine” I have tried to -show a very curious phase of this -question, and one which I do not -remember to have seen touched -upon elsewhere.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Wages are supposed to be adjusted, -in the long run, to that -which among a people is customarily -requisite for the perpetuation -of life, and the propagation of the -species, according to the standard -of living among that people. This -is called “The Law of Wages.” -It means, put very plainly, and -according to La Salle, that the -income of labor must always dance -around the outside rim of that -which, according to the standard of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>each age, belongs to the necessary -maintenance of life.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Now the point raised is this: -That under the so-called law of -wages, the wage laborer is not -really paid anything for himself. -Judged from a purely commercial -standpoint, labor gets its wage; -but what does the laborer get?</p> - -<p class='c008'>In every manufacturing business -the wear and tear, original cost and -cost of repair, of machinery, etc., -are taken out of the gross receipts -of the business. Now labor, in -the eyes of the employer, is simply -an adjunct, as the machines are -adjuncts, to the business. As these -require, for their successful operation, -certain expenditures for coal, -oil, gearing, and the like, so labor -requires for its successful operation, -certain expenditures for food, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>shelter, clothing, which are, so to -speak, labor’s coal, oil, and gearing. -These expenditures, for -which a wage is paid to labor, “in -order that it may live,” are regulated -by the law of wages as stated -above. They represent exactly -what will enable labor to perform -its function, and the amount required -for them is charged to labor -out of the gross receipts of the -business, just as the items of machinery -expense are deducted from -those receipts. For himself, over -and above his labor’s bill of expense, -the laborer gets nothing.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It may be that he is entitled to -nothing. This condition of affairs -may be only his misfortune. It -certainly cannot be said to be his -employer’s fault that in delivering -the commodity in which he deals—labor—the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>laborer must deliver -himself as well. This is the -tragic phase of the whole situation. -Labor, the power to perform, is the -man himself; so that in offering -his commodity, the working man -must offer, as well, himself, with -all his human rights and endowments. -He does this literally, but -in reality it is only his commodity -that is wanted, only this that is paid -for. The human being himself is a -superfluous consideration, and an -inconvenient one.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And as for him? He waits, -asking his question, now softly, -now with clamoring insistence; but -he, too, along with the others, must -do a deal of thinking before any -tangible solution to his problem is -presented.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Adeline Knapp.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><i>San Francisco, Cal., 1894.</i></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span> - <h2 class='c004'>ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY.<br /> <span class='large'>A FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>“Yes,” said the anti-poverty -orator, “what we require is an -equitable distribution of the world’s -wealth. The bloated bond-holder, -the idle, white-handed aristocrat -and the politician who rob the -people, must all go. We want such -a distribution of the money and -wealth of the land as will make -every man independent of his -neighbor. Then the world will -really prosper, but not until then -will we see an end of poverty and -misery, and the never-ending struggle -that is driving men to desperation -and women to perdition!”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Time for us to go,” whispered -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>Carroll Burton’s companion just at -this juncture. “He’ll begin to -wave the red flag in a minute, and -then there’ll be an anarchistic powwow. -This meeting always ends -in a rumpus,” and together the two -young men forced their way -through the crowd and out upon -the street.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Dale, Burton’s friend, was inclined -to poke a little quiet fun at -him for the attention he had given -the ranting speaker. “These fellows -have each an infallible scheme -for setting the world straight,” he -said, “and no two are alike. Between -you and me, anyway,” he -added, “the world’s a good deal -better than the ranters would have -us think. Why, give these fellows -one thousand dollars a day apiece -and they wouldn’t be satisfied.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>But Burton was not in the mood -for laughing. His reason told him -how specious were the arguments -of the anti-poverty speaker and -how preposterous were the ideas -he advanced regarding an equitable -division of the world’s wealth, but -he could not tonight, as he had -frequently done before, shake off -the conviction that our present -industrial system is out of joint.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“It don’t seem right,” he muttered -to himself, as he stood waiting -for his car, after bidding Dale -good-night, and saw the carriage -of a well-known millionaire dash -along the street and nearly run -down a poor little shivering wretch -of a news-boy, who, hurling a curse -in a shrill, piping voice after the -driver of the carriage, was only -answered by a stinging blow from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>the latter’s long lash. One or two -by-standers laughed. “The young -imps,” said one carelessly, “’twould -be well if they were all run over -and killed. They’ll only grow up -into hoodlums and fill our jails -later. What other chance have -they?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“It isn’t right,” Burton concluded. -“We can’t have perfect equality -of conditions, but such glaring -inequalities as that ought not to -exist in a free country;” and swinging -aboard his car he was soon -speeding homeward.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Next morning he was awakened -much earlier than usual by the -sound of unwonted cries under his -window. “Have all the newsboys -in town come into this one block?” -he asked himself. “What are they -saying, anyway?”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>Listening a moment the cry took -definite shape.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Extra <cite>Leader</cite>, five cents; all -about the money distribution!”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“What’s that?” wondered Burton. -“Have the anti-poverty people -carried their idea?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Dressing himself, he descended -into the street and directed his -footsteps to the restaurant where -he was accustomed to breakfast. -Incidentally he bought a paper, -and glancing at the first page was -filled with wonder at what he saw -recorded.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To sum up in a few words the -story to which the paper devoted -two whole pages, with blazing -headlines: the anti-poverty element, -who, since the last election, -Burton knew, had been in a large -majority in both houses, had at last -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>carried the point for which they -had long been working—namely, -the division among the people of -the enormous output from the -great Golconda mines in Arizona. -These mines being situated on -government lands, the anti-poverty -party had from the first contended -that they were the property -of the government—that is, of the -people—and, having grown sufficiently -strong to put the matter -through, they had at last, by Act -of Congress, secured the distribution -among the people of the fabulous -sums that had accumulated -since the opening of the mines. -The coinage had been greatly increased -since the discovery of this -great supply, but despite this fact, -money had been in no freer circulation -than before, and on every -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>hand complaints of hard times -were heard, while the gold coin in -the government treasury was piled -ceiling high in the great vaults, -and the question of what to do -with it was becoming a serious -one.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Now, by Act of Congress, it was -to be equally divided among the -people. For the present, and until -the accumulated hoard should -be reduced, every man and woman -in the country over eighteen years -old was to receive one thousand -dollars a day.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Burton read the account incredulously. -It was too preposterous -to be true. If that were done—Great -Heavens! Why, he was one -of the people! He, Carroll Burton, -would be entitled to a thousand -dollars per day. Ah! if it could -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>but be true, what a plum it would -be. Joe should go to college, his -old mother back East, why, both -Joe and his mother would each -have a thousand dollars a day as -well as himself. Pshaw! It was -only a newspaper fake. Yet—they -would hardly dare. Those Golconda -mines were said to be inexhaustible. -He remembered hearing -a great city capitalist say, some -time before, that if the government -did not close them up soon, money -would become a drug in the market -and capital would be crippled.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the restaurant the only -theme of conversation was the -great new act. Few credited it—it -so staggered belief. Later in -the day, however, proclamations -were out on every bulletin board -and dead wall in the city. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>act had really passed. Every state, -county, township and city was to -be districted, and on the first day -of June every American citizen -above eighteen years of age would, -upon calling at the distributing -station in his or her ward, receive -the sum of one thousand dollars -daily until further notice.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The first of June was only -three days off, which was fortunate -for the people, as, while every -one made a pretense of being busy, -very little besides talk was accomplished -in any of the places of business, -excitement running so high -that no one could settle down to -work.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Early on the first day of June, -Burton found himself one of a -great crowd waiting at the door of -the distributing center of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>——th ward, which in this case -was one of the chief banks of the -city, all of whose employees were -busy paying out piles of beautiful -bright gold to all comers.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The crowd was a very silent -one. Burton wondered why, until -he suddenly realized that he, himself -was silent, oppressed and feeling -almost solemn at the wonderful -event that was taking place. The -people took their gold, glanced at -it, signed a receipt for it and retired -at once, some furtively counting -the piles as they went, some -affecting indifference, others openly -exulting in the shining twenties -as they walked along gazing at -them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>When it came Burton’s turn he -received fifty broad gold $20 -pieces—more gold than he had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>ever before owned. “You know -there’ll be as much for you to-morrow,” -the paying teller said as -Burton signed his receipt, and -Carroll was so awe-stricken at the -idea that he could only nod without -speaking. Then he fell back -to watch the crowd. Poor widows, -wondering young men and maidens, -prosperous business men, business -men whom he knew to be -tottering on the brink of ruin, -hard-handed workmen, pompous -millionaires, writers, mechanics, -ministers, college professors,—every -class and grade of the body -social, was represented in turn as -the people filed up to the window.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After a while Burton turned and -went to his place of business—a -commission office, where he spent -eight and a half hours every day -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>in adding rows of figures and carrying -results from page to page -in a complex system of “bookkeeping -by double-entry,” to acquire -which he had years ago -attended a business college. Every -one about the place was jubilant. -Even the errand-boy, a chuckleheaded -lad just turned eighteen, -had drawn a thousand dollars, and -was already, in expectation, drawing -another cool thousand on the -morrow, and succeeding morrows.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Business throve that day, in all -its branches. Men who, the day -before, had been seeking extended -time on small accounts, now came -in to pay up and make new purchases. -Men who had never -bought in their line came forward -as purchasers. In all departments -of trade money was plentiful; people -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>bought freely and everybody -was happy as the day is long.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A second distribution the next -day gave another impetus to the -market. “Now,” said Burton to -himself, when at noon he had a -breathing spell, “we can begin to -live. I’m going to treat myself to -one of Reading’s wheels and take -an occasional spin into the country.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Yes,” said the man whom he -addressed, an old forty-niner, -“there’ll be good times now. -Haven’t seen anything like this -since ‘the days of old, the days of -gold,’ and so forth. Why it’s regular -diggings times again.” The -day passed by. Every one was in -good spirits, buying everything -he wanted.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is curious to note how quickly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>we become accustomed to pleasant -things. Carroll drew his thousand -dollars on the morning of the third -day, quite as a matter of course, and -even felt that ’twas not such a very -great matter after all. “I wish they’d -give it to me all in a lump, instead -of in these daily driblets. Then a -man could really do something -with it,” he thought to himself as -he carelessly dropped into an outside -pocket, what was really more -than under the old system he would -have earned by six months’ work.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Through the day, however, he -did a little thinking. “There’s -really no occasion for my working -now,” he said. “I never did like -this business. I’ll quit, and go on -with my electrical studies, as I’ve -always longed to do.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>No sooner thought of than decided -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>upon. That night, as he -was going home, Burton stepped -into the private office of the head -of the firm and announced his intention -of leaving.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, is that so, Burton?” said -his employer. “I’m sorry to hear -that. I am thinking of going out -of business in order to travel, and -had hit upon you as just the man -to succeed me. I’d make very -easy terms with you.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>But Carroll’s mind was made up. -He was a natural-born electrician, -and here was the long-coveted -chance to perfect himself in his -favorite hobby. He must not miss -it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He slept late next morning, but -was ready to go down town in time -to draw his thousand dollars. He -had to wait a strangely long time -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>for a street car, and when, at last, -one came down and he boarded it, -he was surprised to note that the -gripman was none other than the -chief engineer of the road, while -the secretary of the company himself -was handling the punch and -taking fares. As he handed up -his nickel Burton asked: “How’s -this, Graham? Are you ‘personally -conducting’ this car load?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Graham smiled grimly at the -joke. “Looks like it,” he said -sharply. “This thousand-dollar-a-day -lunacy of the anti-poverty -people is going to ruin our business. -All our men have quit work. -When they’ve a thousand dollars -a day to draw they’re not going to -pull grips and punch tickets for -$2.50 a day, they say—and no one -can blame ’em, I suppose, but it’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>mighty hard on capital, I can tell -you. We’ve got to run cars or -forfeit our franchise.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Burton assented that it was -pretty tough. “I must see Reading -about that wheel,” he thought, -“then I can be independent of -cars.” So having drawn his money -he started for the shop of a famous -mechanic, who made a superior -style of wheel for which he controlled -the right on the Pacific -Coast. On the way Burton tried -to bank his money, which was -heavy and troublesome to carry; -but found, much to his disgust, -that none of the banks would touch -it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“We’ve got more now than we -know what to do with,” was the -cry. “We can’t loan it nor invest -it, and we’ve no room to store it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>So, carrying it, Carroll proceeded -to Reading’s shop. He -was not really surprised to find it -closed, and a notice on the door to -the effect that Reading had gone -out of business. “I can’t say I -blame him,” thought Burton, “but -I wish I’d got my wheel yesterday. -I must hunt up an agent.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was a long hunt before he -found one whose store was open, -and he had but one machine left -that Carroll could ride. “I’ve sold -a good many this week,” the agent -explained, “and it’s hardly worth -while to stock up again, as I’m -going out of business. Besides, I -had a telegram from the Eastern -factory this morning, saying their -men had nearly all quit work.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Congratulating himself upon -having secured any bicycle at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>all, Carroll, who had before had -a few lessons, wobbled uncertainly -away upon it, to the restaurant -where he was wont to eat his -meals. It was closed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“By Jove!” he exclaimed, as -he met another of the frequenters -of the place, “this is getting -serious. I’m hungry.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Yes,” said the other, “so am I. -I quit work myself to-day. I’ve -always wanted to study medicine, -but fate made me a carpenter. -Now I’ve got even with fate. I’m -going to college, but I want something -to eat.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>So the two began a round of the -restaurants of the neighborhood, -and at last found a wretched little -place open, where they were glad -to satisfy their hunger with coffee -and doughnuts eaten at a dirty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>table, in a dirty, ill-smelling room. -“I gloses up to-morrow,” the -proprietor said, with a grin, as -they paid their checks.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Great guns!” exclaimed the -carpenter. “We’ll all starve at -this rate.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, no,” said Burton hopefully. -“We can always ‘bach it.’”</p> - -<p class='c008'>But one evening at the end of -a fortnight he began to fear that -even this would fail. He had -cooked his own meals for three -days, and had lived mainly on -boiled eggs and baker’s bread; -but on this particular morning he -was unable to buy any bread, and -had been forced to content himself -with a single egg and the heel -of a stale loaf soaked in milk.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I shall go out in the country -this afternoon in search of food,” -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>he decided. Meantime, however, -he had to go and fetch away a -double load of golden twenties, -for, filled with disgust at the useless -coins, he had not gone the -day before, and had been promptly -notified by the bank that he must -come and take away his daily allowance, -as it would not be allowed -to accumulate, the bank having no -place to keep the quantities that -would be left on their hands.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As he walked down Market -Street he saw one of San Francisco’s -millionaires driving his own -team and carriage up-town. Inside -the carriage was a tiny casket, -at the head of which sat a weeping -woman, the millionaire’s wife. The -other occupant of the carriage was -a lad of fourteen, the millionaire’s -son. The casket contained the remains -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>of the millionaire’s baby, and -as Burton looked he knew that the -millionaire was on his way to the -cemetery to bury the child, for on -the seat beside him he saw a pickax -and shovel and a coil of rope. -He remembered that in all the city -there was not a man who could be -hired to do a hand’s turn. All -had money a-plenty, and no need -to work. Then he remembered -that there was a milk famine in -the city, and reflected that the -millionaire’s baby had probably -died because of it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He went to the bank and got -his money, carrying it up Market -Street openly in a canvas bag. -There were no police in the city—the -entire force had resigned, -but no one would think of stealing -money. If his bag had contained -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>bread, now, it would had been different. -Every food shop in town -had long since been plundered by -leading citizens, but gold was safe. -Every store on the street was -closed; not a street-car was in -sight,—none were running. The -ferries had ceased to make regular -trips; sometimes a boat did not -pass between Oakland and San -Francisco for days. No trains -went in and out of the city. -Commerce was at a stand-still. -It was in banking hours and every -passer along Market Street carried -a bag of gold, and every man and -woman among them was hungry.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Something must be done,” they -muttered to each other. “This -state of things cannot last.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Passing down a street on the -south side, to escape the sight of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>the general misery, Burton chanced -upon a curious scene. A wretched, -ragged street gamin was leading a -goat along the sidewalk. A handsomely -dressed gentleman had accosted -him. The boy was just -explaining to him that he meant to -take the goat home and kill it; -his mother would cook it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Here is a thousand dollars,” -the man said, holding out a bag. -“I’ll give it all to you for one -quarter of the goat when you kill -it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The boy grinned. “I’m takin’ -this ’ere home ter my mudder,” he -said. “She don’t want gold; she’d -ruther have a bag of Injun meal.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“See here,” the man said, suddenly. -“I used to have a big -merchant tailoring establishment. -My men all left me and I had to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>close up, but I’ve got lots of cloth. -If you’ll just milk that goat before -you kill it, and let me take the -milk home to my baby, I’ll make -you a suit of clothes with my own -hands.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The boy looked down at his -ragged togs, then at Burton. -“You’re witness,” he said. “It’s -er bargain.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The episode gave Burton a -bright idea. In a couple of hours -he had secured a large store on -Market Street and put out a sign: -“Labor Exchange. A Way Out -Of Our Present Difficulties.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>He had not long to wait for -visitors. The city was full of idle -people, and they flocked to learn -what the new idea was.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The first inquirer said:</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I’ve got a house half built. I -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>want it completed. Have you got -any carpenters that want a job?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“What’s your business?” asked -Burton.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I’m a baker.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Would you be willing to pay -for your labor in bread?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Of course, if I could get -flour.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I’m a miller,” shouted a man -in the crowd; “I’d be willing to -work if I could get bread, but I’ve -got no use for more gold.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I have fifty carloads of wheat -in warehouses,” a broker said, -“and I’d be willing to turn it in -and do day’s work for my share of -bread to be made from it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Shure, and I’ll be glad the day -I could help haul it,” cried an Irish -teamster, “but it’s no day’s wages -in money I’d work for. It’s a pair -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>of boots I’m wantin’ an some milk -for my kid at home.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Milk,” cried a dairyman, bitterly. -“You could ‘a’ had milk -long ago, but not a man can I get -to drive a wagon or turn a hand -to milk the fifty cows. I’ve had -to leave their calves with them -ever since this blasted gold fit -seized the government.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Gold!” roared a laborer, lifting -a bag containing his day’s allowance. -“Who wants gold? It’s -bread we’re starving for,” and -with a single jerk he flung the bag -into the gutter. The broad twenties -rolled and glittered in the sun, -and a baby, attracted by the shine, -left its mother’s side and picked -one up. The rest lay where they -had fallen—no one wanted them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Gradually Burton made his plan -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>clear to the assembled throng. -He proposed to start a labor exchange, -conducted on commission -principles. He proposed that the -golden double eagles, now so -worthless, should be melted, and -cast into labor tokens, for hereafter -the medium of exchange -would be labor. In the meantime -written promises to pay in labor, -would be accepted as legal tender.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The scheme grew as he talked, -with suggestions now and then -from those in the crowd, as the -workmen warmed up and began to -see a way out of the mire.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Put me down for eight hours -a day in the street-car service!” -cried an ex-gripman, “and I’ll take -my pay in tokens for bread and -milk and meat service.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I’d gladly give that last to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>company for you,” said a sturdy -butcher, “just to git the cars running -out our way again.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Trade after trade was heard -from, offering service and making -suggestions, until finally a pompous -but somewhat anxious voice -inquired:</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But where do we come in?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Who are ‘We?’” was asked.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“The bankers and brokers, capitalists -and men of means,” replied -the voice.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was a general laugh from -the working crowd. “Oh,” some -one said, jocularly, “you can all -put your labor in along with the -rest; so speak up and say what -you want to do.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“We want our morning paper -back,” some one cried. “We’re -all willing to work for the printers -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>and editors if they’ll work for us.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>And so the plans were laid and -the wheels of the great city began -to move again. The mills were -again in operation, the cars carried -passengers about the city, traffic -was resumed; the great law of -supply and demand, rightly applied -at last, was working peace -and harmony in the industrial -system of the city. The example -spread, and prosperity dawned -upon the land. The labor token -of every man and every woman -was good for his or her daily -needs, for it was backed by the -only real value in the world—human -power.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The capitalists and politicians -fared rather badly at first, but -as time went by they began to -fall in line and take their places -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>in the life of the industrial commonwealth. -After a few months, -there being no particular reason -why the government should flood -the country with useless gold, any -more than with lead or iron tokens, -the coining ceased and gold was -only used in the arts and manufactures. -Labor was the wealth -of the country, and labor was -owned by The People.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span> - <h2 class='c004'>THE SICK MAN.<br /> <span class='large'>A FABLE FOR GROWN-UP BOYS AND GIRLS.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Once upon a time, somewhere, -not so very far away, nor a time so -very long ago, there lived A Man. -He was young, strong and full of -enterprise. Opportunities lay within -his reach, for a career such as no -man had ever before been able to -seize. His fellows were all watching -him, studying his progress, -some with disapproval, some with -envy, but all with interest, admitting, -without exception, that his -future promised brilliantly. He -was such an all-round, capable -fellow. His promise was so -splendid, and he had had such a -capital start in life.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>There is no doubt but that all -his rare promises would have been -more than fulfilled, but one day -The Man fell ill. He had, in fact, -been ailing for some time. His -physician warned him of the fact; -his wife realized it; his children -felt its effects, but he, himself, -refused to admit it. He might be -a little under the weather—every -man is at times—but there was -nothing serious the matter with -him—nothing that his splendid -constitution would not carry him -safely over.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And so he grew worse. He -became uncertain in his methods, -capricious as to his appetite. His -business dealings were characterized, -now by keen astuteness of -judgment, now by weakness and a -childish changefulness of purpose, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>just as he happened to be feeling -better or worse that day.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Every now and then he would -awake to a semi-realization of his -own condition, and declare he was -going to ruin, would die soon if he -did not do something to help himself. -Then he would summon the -doctors, and they would consider -his case and prescribe, some one -remedy, some another. They never -seemed able to agree as to what -ailed him, or the remedy that was -indicated, but each could prescribe -something which he was quite -certain would affect a cure.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And The Man would follow first -one prescribed course of treatment, -then another, until perhaps his -headache would abate, his gastric -difficulty would moderate, or his -liver would become less inactive, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>and then, “I have recovered,” he -would say; “I told you I would. -You see there is nothing the matter -with me.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>There came a day, however, when -The Man lay prostrate, and the -doctors met in solemn conclave -over him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was no mistake about it -this time. He was undeniably sick.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“He is in a bad way,” they said. -“Energetic measures must be -instituted, or The Man will die.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>They could not, however, agree -upon the diagnosis.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“His lungs are nearly gone,” was -the opinion of one.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“There is a general condition of -congestion that should be relieved -at once,” said another. “The Man -should be bled to save his life,” -and they bled him.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>“His mental powers are failing,” -a third declared, while a fourth was -of the belief, and argued his point -learnedly, that an operation for -appendicitis would set him right at -once. “’Tis the common lot of -mankind,” he maintained, “and he -cannot hope to escape it. He has -been slower in developing the condition, -because he is younger, and -his environment has been different. -But you see for yourselves -to what he is reduced. It is what -might have been anticipated, and -the condition should be met at -once.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“On the contrary,” a new comer -said, “The Man is manifestly very -low. His blood is impoverished. -He needs building up—building -up, I say. Transfusion of blood is -what is wanted. Then, with his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>magnificent constitution, he’ll pull -through all right.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>This treatment struck the assembled -council as likely to do -good, and they at once decided to -act upon the new comer’s suggestion. -The case was a desperate -one and called for desperate -remedies.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the circulatory system of an -individual who enjoyed excellent -health a great commotion was taking -place.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Have you heard the news?” -the little red blood-corpuscles were -saying to each other, “some of -us are to be sent abroad to a new -organism. It is out of order, and -we are to institute a reformation.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was a great confusion of -preparation, but finally everything -was in readiness, and a large number -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>of corpuscles were sent upon -their errand of mercy. In the -bustle attendant upon the change -the early incidents of the journey -escaped note, but there was, among -the visitors, one little corpuscle -who, after the first few moments, -being a wide-awake fellow, resolved -to keep his eyes open and take -notes upon his adventures in this -new and strange country.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He was in the heart when he -began his notes. That great organ -suddenly contracted, and with many -of his companions he was forced -into the lungs, where he gave -up the load of carbon dioxide -which he had picked up as he -hurried through the veins, and -received in exchange a modicum -of oxygen to be distributed to the -organism. He did not receive as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>much oxygen as he was accustomed -to have. He experienced a certain -curious difficulty in getting to the -front to obtain his supply. He -could not understand it at the time, -but thinking it over as he hurried -back through the pulmonary circulation -to the heart, he recalled -that certain of the native corpuscles -had crowded ahead of him, seeming -in great anxiety lest their own -supply be curtailed. In a conversation -which he overheard between -them they characterized him as an -interloper, telling each other they -ought to rise and drive him and his -fellows from the organism. “They -are all coming in here to consume -the oxygen that belongs to us,” -they complained.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Funny,” he thought to himself, -“They only want enough to supply -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>themselves and exchange with the -organism for nutriment. There is -surely nothing else they can do -with it. This seems a very strange -country.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>By this time he was back in the -heart, ready for his life-giving, -life-receiving journey through the -organism. He was close by the -semi-lunar valves, just about to -leap forward into the aorta, when—</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Hold on!” exclaimed the valve, -“you have not paid the toll.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“The what?” asked the little -corpuscle.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“The gate toll. Be quick; you -are keeping others waiting.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But what is this toll, and what -is it for?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“An atom of oxygen. It is to -pay me, to be sure, for maintaining -this valve that prevents you from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>being forced back into the heart.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But,” persisted the corpuscle, -“I must be sent along. Why -should I pay you when I am doing -the work of the organism and shall -pay it before I get through? If I -cannot get through the whole -organism will suffer.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Hurry up, hurry up, there is no -time to talk,” said the valve, and -as the crowd was impatiently pushing -behind him the little corpuscle -gave up an atom of oxygen and -hurried on.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You must pay me an atom too,” -murmured a voice in his ear.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Who are you?” asked the -corpuscle.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I am the aorta. You will have -to pay me for carrying you to the -general circulation.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But if I pay you I shall have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>to rob the tissues that need what I -am carrying, and it will be impossible -to procure from them what -I need to keep me alive in turn. I -must get my load along.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But you can’t do it unless I -carry you,” said the voice.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This was only too true, as the -corpuscle was well aware.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I must get this oxygen to the -tissues,” he reflected. “It will not -keep much longer, and there will -be no market for it. It is of no use -to me, and I greatly need some inorganic -salts.” So, parting with -another atom of oxygen, he was -taken through the aorta, and landed -in one of the branching arteries -that would carry him to the -stomach. The branch road, too, -collected of him a quota of oxygen.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As he was hurrying along he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>found himself side by side with -another corpuscle, a native, whom -he engaged in conversation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“What do all these fellows want -of so much oxygen?” he asked. -“If the other corpuscles pay it over -at the same rate I have, some one -must get a good deal more than -he can possibly use.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why,” said the other, “it is -the great medium of exchange in -the organism, and of course we all -want as much as we can get. They -re-invest it, turn it over, double it -and quadruple it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But is there more in the organism -on that account?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“No, but they have more, don’t -you see?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Yes, I see,” was the reply, “but -I cannot understand what good it -does them. The organism must -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>suffer if its supply is diverted. -And do not they suffer with the -whole body?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, I suppose so, but then, -suffering is the common lot of the -race. It is good discipline for us, -and prepares us for the better life -hereafter.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I don’t understand that,” was -the new corpuscle’s comment. “In -the country I came from we believe -the best preparation for the future -life is a good start in this existence, -and as we can none of us -reach the future state apart from -the whole organism, why, we all -work for its good. But I am -anxious to know more about these -transportation systems. By what -method do they regulate their -charges?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Well,” the native corpuscle -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>said, “they calculate about how -much oxygen you have; how -greatly the tissues you are bound -for need it; what they can afford -to pay for it, and then they charge -what they think the traffic will -bear.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But the whole organism must -suffer from such a method.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“It does, but there seems to be -no help for it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But, as the whole organism is -the loser, and would be the gainer -under a better management, why -does it not take charge of the system -and manage it so all would be -benefited?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why! that would be interfering -with individual rights! It would -never do. It would destroy all individual -enterprise, all individual -ambition, all individuality of every -<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>sort, and reduce everything to a -dead level. It would not do at all. -Besides, the liver has too much -influence with the organism, and -would never allow such a state of -things to come to pass.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why should the organism ask -permission of the liver?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Well,” said the other, “the -liver is the most important body -of our whole community. All our -richest corpuscles compose it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Richest corpuscles? What are -they?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why, those who have the -largest share of the organic wealth, -of course. You must be very -stupid not to know that.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“How did they get more of this -organic wealth than the others -have?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, in various ways. By their -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>superior enterprise for one thing. -They saw in the beginning the -necessity for transportation facilities -for the blood, chyle, and -so forth, and through their efforts -the Venous and Arterial Transit -Systems were established.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Do you mean that they formed -the veins and arteries?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, no, of course not. They -had not the means for that, but -the organism aided them, knowing -that it would be a great thing to -have this system established; that -it would build up the organism.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I see; and then I suppose these -rich corpuscles of the liver paid the -organism back out of their gains?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Not exactly—that is to say—they’ve -not yet done so. You -see, somehow, the system has not -paid as well as they thought it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>would. It seems there have been -unforeseen exigencies, they have -not been able to pay. In fact, -they say the system is on the -verge of insolvency.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But I thought you said the -corpuscles owning it are the -richest ones in the organism?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“So they are; but that is their -individual wealth, don’t you see? -It takes all that the system can -earn to pay expenses, and reimburse -the management for their -original outlay in getting things -in running order. You could not -expect them to invest their capital -for nothing, you know.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But I understood you to say a -little while ago that the organism -advanced the means and that the -management still owes for the -advances.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>“Yes, yes, that is true. But, -don’t you see, these corpuscles assumed -the responsibility, and their -enterprise merits some reward.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But if the system is in such -bad shape, and owes the organism -so much, why does not the latter -take it out of the management’s -hands and operate it itself!”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“There you go again! Did not I -explain to you that that would be -interfering with individual rights? -But there—my way turns here, -and I must leave you. Sorry I -could not make things any plainer -to you. I suppose ’tis difficult for -a stranger to understand the operations -of this government, but you -will learn, in time, and be sure of -one thing, whatever is, is right;” -and the native corpuscle was -carried off towards the pancreas.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>“That last remark sounds rather -funny,” thought the visitor, “I do -not quite see, myself, the logic of -it, but I’ll look about me, and perhaps -it will come straight bye and -bye.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Just then his attention was -called to a lugubrious corpuscle -standing at a division of the ways, -in the pathway leading to the -liver.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why are you standing here?” -the little stranger asked.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I’m out of a job,” was the -sullen reply.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“A job! What is that?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why, work, of course! What -sort of a place do you come from, -not to know that?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, work; well, then why do -you not get up and go to work?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“No one will give me a job.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>“But there is plenty of work. -What is to hinder you from doing -your share?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“The corpuscles that control the -work won’t let me.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Control it! Do you mean to -say that corpuscles <i>own</i> the work -of the organism? How came -it theirs?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“That’s plain to be seen, stupid! -They own the sources of work; -the machinery to work with; the -places where work is done, and -the money to pay for work, and -there is a glut in the labor market -just now. The supply exceeds -the demand.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I see. Then you can rest and -take it easy, can you not, until -there <i>is</i> work? I should think -you would like that.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Yes; but where is my living -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>to come from? If one doesn’t -work, neither shall he eat.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But if he does not work he -cannot eat, can he?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Well, he’s got to earn his living -anyway, and that’s all there is about -it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>At this moment a corpuscle approached, -wearing a star in his -breast, and carrying a baton.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Come, now! Lave this,” said -he to the idle corpuscle, “an’ be -movin’ on.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The one thus addressed growled, -and murmured something about -“rights.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Rights, is it?” demanded the -corpuscle with the star, “I’d like -to know what rights the likes of -you has, anyhow, an idle loafer. -Why don’t you get to work, like -I do? Move on, now, or I’ll be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>after running you in for a vagrant,” -and the grumbler moved -slowly off, along a by-way, for -the transit system was closed to -such as he.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Who are you?” asked the -stranger corpuscle of the wearer -of the star.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Sure, I’m a p’lice -corpuscle,” was the reply, “a gardeen -of the pace, I’d have you -know, an’ it’s a civil tongue you -better be kapin’.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The new comer had heard about -the police corpuscles, and was -about to engage this one in conversation, -when his attention was -arrested by a troop of white corpuscles -who came along, each -bearing a small burden of oxygen.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why!” he exclaimed, “What -are these young things doing?”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>“Working, to be sure; they’ve -got to earn their kape, same’s the -rest of us.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But these are the young of -the race. I remember, now. I -have heard that there have been -slaves in this organism. I presume -these are young slaves, yet -remaining.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The police corpuscle waxed -indignant. “No, indeed!” he -cried. “These are no slaves, but -the offspring of free and independent -corpuscles. We have here no -slaves. These young corpuscles -must help maintain themselves, -and the families to which they -belong. It’s not able the red corpuscles -are, to hustle for all, these -hard times, an’ it’s the little white -ones must help.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But the corpuscle I just saw -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>said there was a glut in the labor -market.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Faith, yes, for the likes of him. -But the little white ones work -chaper, you know, and so they -have to put in their little earnings -and help kape things goin’. Times -is hard, and the rich corpuscles -can’t support the hull system.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But surely it must greatly impoverish -the organism to have -these white corpuscles set to -bear burdens before they are able -to do so. With so many of these -busy in the circulation, I do not -wonder that the system suffers -from anæmia.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The police corpuscle glowered -at the new comer.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You must be one of them -blooming foreigners that’s bin -brought into the country,” he said. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>“You take my advice, and keep -still and tend to business, or it’s -trouble ye’ll be gitting into. I’ve -a notion to run you in myself now -for malicious imperdence.” And -he looked so threatening that the -little corpuscle hurried off, fearful -lest he might be deprived of his -liberty.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He had made the round of the -circulation, and was carrying a -load to the brain, when he met a -corpuscle staggering along under -the weight of a big bundle.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Where are you going?” he -asked of the new comer.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“To the Relief Home,” he replied.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I do not know what that is.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why, it is a home provided for -poor corpuscles. Do they not take -means to help such in your country?”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>“I do not know what they are. -Are they anything like rich corpuscles?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“No, indeed. They are those -who cannot provide for themselves; -they have no means and cannot -work, or else cannot get work to -do. We have places where they -can stay and be helped for a time, -or until they can help themselves.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I see. I suppose the organism -maintains these homes?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Well, some of them—yes. But -not most of them by any means. -They are supported by charitably -disposed corpuscles who have been -blessed by Providence with plenty, -and who give of their abundance. -We get a great deal of help from -the tissues and corpuscles of the -liver, who are rich and often liberal -toward the poor.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>“Why do you have rich and -poor corpuscles? Would it not be -better to have all comfortable, than -to have some with more than they -can use, and others with nothing?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, no, it takes all kinds of -corpuscles to make up the organism, -you know. It is good for the -poor to have the rich to help them, -and it is good for the rich that the -poor need their help. Otherwise -the rich might become proud and -selfish, if they had not the sight of -their needy brothers to keep their -hearts tender, and prompt them to -benevolence. They also do a great -deal of good in keeping so many -corpuscles employed in waiting -upon them and supplying their -needs.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But would not these corpuscles -be better employed in supplying -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>the needs of the whole organism?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Perhaps—only, do you not see, -the other organs could not employ -them all; they are not able to pay -them.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But if the liver did not absorb -so much of the general supply, -would not the others have more -and so be able to pay?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, you do not understand the -matter at all. We never can get -rid of the poor. Our greatest -Teacher has said: ‘The poor ye -have with you always,’ and the fact -remains to this day, as a proof of -his infallible wisdom and divine -inspiration.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“He did not say you had to -have the poor with you always, -did he?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“What has that to do with it? -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>We always have had them, from -which it is only fair to infer that -we always shall have them. It -seems hard, I know, but the wisdom -of Providence is inscrutable, -and since He has so decreed we -can only do our best to pity the -afflictions of the poor and ease -their lot.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But is not that attempting to -thwart the very decree of Providence -to which you counsel submission?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“My young friend,” said the -other corpuscle sternly, “no good -ever came of carping criticism. It -disturbs faith in fixed institutions, -and in humanity. It leads to -doubt, anarchy and misrule. It -should never be permitted. It is -what has brought this organism -to its present sad pass. We may -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>sorrow to see the sufferings of the -poor, and it is kind, humane and -therefore right to attempt to lighten -their lot, but to criticise the wisdom -of Established Order is to fly -in the face of Providence, and I -cannot countenance such impiety -by remaining to listen to it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Much abashed, the little corpuscle -continued his way. Meekly he -paid tribute to the large leucocytes -living in affluence in the liver. -These had control of all the great -natural monopolies of the organism, -and let no corpuscle escape -due payment of his quota into -their coffers. Sometimes these -great ones attacked each other. -Then would come a panic, and one -or more would be absorbed by the -survivors, along with a few score -of the lesser corpuscles, who had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>endeavored to get “in it,” and -instead were squeezed dry.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus things went on from bad -to worse. The red corpuscles became -fewer and less able to do the -work required of them. The little -white corpuscles became feebler -and fewer in number, the great -monopolists increased in size and -power, waxing all the time more -and more unwilling to do the work -of the organism, until, finally, outraged -nature could endure the -strain no longer, and The Man -died.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Fatty degeneration of the -liver,” the doctors said at the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">post -mortem</span></i>. “That organ had diverted -to itself the living of the entire -organism, and death was inevitable.”</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span> - <h2 class='c004'>THE DISCONTENTED MACHINE.<br /> <span class='large'>AN ECONOMIC STUDY.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>It was a magnificent piece of -machinery, and had been put into -the great manufactory at an enormous -expense. Other manufacturers -had shaken their heads, -doubtfully, when they heard that -Hyde & Horne were about to put -in a mammoth cutter and shaper -that would enable them to dispense -with nearly twenty-five per cent. -of the men whom they had heretofore -employed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“It is a hazardous experiment,” -they all said, putting in new and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>untried machinery. “Why, if half -that is claimed for this new -machine is true, it will revolutionize -the boot and shoe trade, -and enable Hyde & Horne to have -their own way with us, unless we -put in the same machinery; while, -if it fails, they’ll never see their -money back, and the firm will -be ruined. It’s risky business, -very risky business, indeed. The -chances are a thousand to one -against its success.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Nevertheless, their intense anxiety -lest Hyde & Horne should be -forced into bankruptcy by their -experiments with the new and -costly machinery, did not prevent -their taking a lively interest in the -same. They watched it closely, -from month to month, and were -presently forced to confess that it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>was an unqualified success. No -firm in the trade turned out such -quantities of shoes of uniform -quality, finish, style, and cheapness, -as Hyde & Horne. The new -machine produced them so much -more cheaply than other firms, -with their older and less complete -methods, were able to do, that the -more enterprising concern virtually -controlled the market. Hyde -& Horne disposed, in advance, of -their entire output, early in the -season, and were beginning to -talk of putting in another of the -new machines, when, at last, their -competitors were fully alive to the -fact that they, too, must bestir -themselves, or find the market -completely blocked to their goods.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Accordingly, one fine morning, -the members of the rival firm of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>Russett & Tan called at the factory, -and asked to inspect the new -machine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Certainly! certainly!” was Mr. -Horne’s courteous reply, and he -led the way to the cutting department, -chatting pleasantly as he -went.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The big machine was a splendid -sight. An operator had just finished -giving a polish to the shining -brass balls of the governor on -the engine. Every bar and rod -and bearing was polished until -it glistened. The nickel plate -gleamed silvery white, the black -wheels and castings were bright -as mirrors, the brasswork shone -like gold, and the knives glittered -and sparkled as they flashed back -and forth through the many thicknesses -of leather. It was a goodly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>machine, and did its work with -a noiseless, beautiful accuracy, a -swerveless certainty of execution, -and an unconscious magnificence -of strength and power, that put to -shame the puny efforts of the -merely human laborers who toiled -beside it, straining every nerve to -keep the great knives fed and the -way cleared before them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There is nothing more magnificent -than a great machine or -engine at work. The locomotive, -pulling its long trains up grades -and across levels,—the great ocean -steamer, walking steadily across -the expanse of seas, the mighty -press, turning off a thousand complete -newspapers a minute,—all -these evidences of human power -and ingenuity are enough to make -one proud of the age in which he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>lives, and the race to which he -belongs.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Something of this sort Mr. Russett -said to Mr. Horne, as the -three gentlemen stood watching -the machine at work.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Yes, indeed! yes, indeed!” -assented Horne. “We manufacturers, -in particular, owe everything -to labor-saving machinery. -This machine, for instance, has -enabled us to do away with nearly -one-fourth of the men we heretofore -employed. In fact, in the -item of saved labor alone, it has -nearly paid for itself since we put -it in, about a year ago. Within -the next six months it will have -paid for itself, and we shall be in a -position to realize fully from our -foresight in securing it so early in -the day.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>“What I want to see,” said Mr. -Tan, laughing, “is a machine that -will enable us to do away with -labor altogether. The dictations -of the workingmen are coming to -be simply outrageous.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“That’s what I say,” said Horne. -“We employers and our capital are -being crippled, handicapped, all but -pushed to the wall, by the insatiate -demands of labor. Labor is coming -to absorb all our gains. Why, -fully ninety per cent. of the entire -income of the United States is now -paid out for labor and wages, while -only ten per cent. comes to capital -as a remuneration for having saved -it up to carry on useful enterprises. -I declare, we have sometimes been -tempted to go out of business altogether, -and invest our capital in -some safe, conservative way, so as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>to be able to enjoy life, and be free -from the importunities of labor -and the annoyance of strikes and -arbitration courts.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I know how that is,” said Russett. -“Our men struck, last year, -on account of a paltry cut of ten -cents on a hundred. There’s one -good thing about a machine. It -can’t strike.” And the three representatives -of injured and hard-pressed -capital returned to the -business office.</p> - -<hr class='c009' /> - -<p class='c008'>It was nearly a week after the -visit of Russett & Tan to the factory, -that the foreman entered the -office where Messrs. Hyde and -Horne sat discussing the probable -result, with their men, of a cut in -wages, all around.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“The men will stand it,” Hyde -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>was saying. “They know winter -is coming on, work is scarce, and -times are dull. A cut of ten or -fifteen cents a day, all round the -workshops, would mean a clear -gain to us of nearly nine hundred -dollars a month. That would go a -long way towards putting in another -cutting machine, and then we -could get rid of another lot of -men.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“It’ll come rather hard on them,” -said Horne. “The workingman is -always making a poor mouth, and -this will be something new for -them to howl about.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“They’ll have to howl,” was -Hyde’s rejoinder. “I’m sorry for -them, but business is business. -We’ve got the start of the trade -now, and must keep it. Russett & -Tan will begin to press us close -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>when they put in their new machinery. -I’m glad we secured -the cutter when we did. Thank -heaven, machines can’t strike, anyway.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was just at this juncture that -the foreman entered.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“What is it, Graves?” asked -Mr. Hyde.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Beg pardon, sir, but there’s -something the matter with the big -cutter. It’s stopped.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“What seems to be the matter?” -asked Horne. “Anything broken? -Why doesn’t the engineer attend -to it? Where’s Johnson? -I thought it was his business to -look after the machine.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“He has gone over it very carefully,” -the foreman replied, “and -can find nothing wrong. The -gearing seems in perfect order,—the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>engine’s all right,—we’ve examined -every bearing, but we can’t -discover the trouble.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Curious,”—“very singular,” -said Hyde and Horne in a breath, -and both partners repaired to the -cutting department, to study the -great machine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>They could find nothing wrong -with it. The brass and nickel and -enamel glistened as before; the -broad bands of the gearing were -smooth and intact; the engine -seemed in perfect order; the steam -indicator proclaimed everything all -right about the boiler,—there was -apparently not a screw loose about -the whole ponderous apparatus; -but the knives were poised in midair. -Every wheel and rod, lever, -band, pulley, arm and crank of -the monster was still. There was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>neither sound nor motion in the -mighty mechanism.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I can’t get her goin’ agin, sorr,” -explained the engineer. “But -there don’t appear to be anything -out of order at all. She’s -just naturally balked, so to spake;” -and he began, for the twentieth -time or so, to peer about amid the -complications of the machinery.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I’ve iled every jint,” said the -oiler, as with can in hand, and his -grimy, oil-smeared face wrinkled -with perplexity, he brushed a -superfluous drop from a bearing. -“I think the machine is tired. -They do be taken that way sometimes, -sir. ’Taint in iron an’ steel -to work continual, no more’n in -flesh an’ blood.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>’Round about the stilled giant -the two partners walked, examining -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>every part, stooping under and -over each portion of the machinery, -in a vain search for the trouble. -The hour for closing came,—the -big steam whistle sent forth its -shrill sound, and the men and -women, girls and boys, some two -hundred and fifty odd, poured forth -from the building, carrying their -dinner-pails and baskets, eagerly -hurrying homeward to make the -most of their few hours’ respite -from toil.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You need not wait, Graves,” -said Mr. Hyde, as the foreman still -lingered. “We will lock up.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Graves hesitated a moment. “I -beg pardon, sir,” he said, tentatively. -“’Tis talked about the -shops that you’re contemplating a -cut. May I ask if it is true?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“We’ll talk about that some -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>other time, Graves,” began Horne, -but Hyde interrupted, angrily. -“If we are,” he said, “we’ll let you -know in time. Just now it’s no -one’s business but ours, and we -will attend to it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The foreman -drew back, with a flushed face. -“I thought I might as well tell -you,” he said, sullenly, “that I -don’t think the men will stand it. -Times are hard; they’re pretty -close to bed rock, now, in the matter -of wages.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“That will do, Graves,” said -Hyde. “Mr. Horne and I feel ourselves -quite able to run our own -business without outside advice. -If we find we are forced to make a -cut, we shall certainly do so. At -all events, we do not propose to be -dictated to by the men.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Angry and mortified, the foreman -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>withdrew, and the two capitalists -were left alone.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Too bad the machine has gone -wrong just now,” said Horne, stooping -to examine a bolt. “There’s -that order from Slipper & Tie, at -Sacramento, ought to be ready by -to-morrow. What the deuce ails -the thing, anyway?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was a sort of whirring, as -of wheels in the air, and then in a -clear, metallic voice, came the -words:</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I’ve struck. That’s what ails -me.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Horne started back from the lever -over which he was bending, and -looked at Hyde in alarm. “Did -you speak just then?” he asked.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“N-o,”—faltered Hyde, “I -didn’t speak, and I don’t know -who did.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>Again the clear, metallic tones -were heard issuing directly from -one of the machine’s great knives. -“It was I who spoke,” said the -voice. “You were wondering -what ailed me, and I gave you the -desired information.” The words -were clipped off sharply and incisively, -as though the knife fancied -they were a particularly tough sort -of leather, that must be trimmed -with especial accuracy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Who are you?” gasped Horne.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I am the cutter and shaper,” -said the voice. “You asked what -ailed me, and I answered your -question. I have struck.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“What have you struck?” Hyde -managed to ask.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Struck work. I shall strike -you, next, if you ask such stupid -questions,” was the reply, and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>capitalist assumed a more respectful -tone.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“May I ask,” he began, “what is -it that has caused you to strike?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Certainly,” said the machine. -“That is what I wish you to ask. -I have struck because I am not -being fairly used.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Fairly used!” echoed Hyde. -“I do not understand you. In -what way are you being unfairly -used?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why,” said the machine, “I -have been working for you, now, -for over a year. Through me -your business has been more than -doubled. You say yourself, that -in the item of saved labor alone, I -have nearly paid for myself. I -heard you say that, the other day, -to the two gentlemen who came -in to visit me, and yet, in all these -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>months, you have not paid me one -penny for my services.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“<i>Paid</i> you!” gasped Hyde.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“<span class='sc'>Paid</span> you!” exclaimed Horne.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And then, both together, the -partners cried:</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Why, you have cost us an -enormous sum! We expended -eighteen thousand dollars for you, -outright, from the capital of the -business.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You have more than had that -back through my services,” said -the machine, sturdily, “in the item -of saved labor alone.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Yes, yes, I know,” interrupted -Horne, hastily,—“but we really -have paid you money, you know. -Just let me get the machinery expense -book, and I’ll show you;” -and hastening to the office, he returned -with a little record book, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>from which he proceeded to read, -turning over leaf by leaf, to find -the various items. “Here I have -charged you an item of fifty dollars -for a new shaft,” he said, -triumphantly.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“That was broken by the fool -boy you hired to look after me the -week Jim left, because you cut -his wages down,” replied the machine. -“I needed that shaft to do -your work with. I got nothing -for myself.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You have had several hundred -dollars’ worth of coal,” suggested -Hyde.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Coal is my food,” retorted the -machine. “I could not do your -work without it.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“We have spent fourteen dollars -for oil for you,” said Horne, after -a little computation.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>“Pshaw! that’s nothing. If I -had not had the oil, where would -your work have been? I might -have got smoking hot; perhaps -burned up your factory.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But we have kept you housed, -fed and repaired,” said Hyde, “and -you have been wasteful and extravagant. -You have required the very -best oil, the most expensive coal, -the first quality of belts and fixtures -of every sort. You have not taken -half the interest in your own work -that we have done and do. But -for our supervision and management -you would not work at all. -Your very existence, in fact, is due -to our industry and enterprise.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“That all may be,” said the machine, -sullenly, “but your fortune -and enterprise depends very largely -upon my efforts.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>“Really, upon my word,” exclaimed -Mr. Hyde, impatiently, -indignation at the injustice of the -charges preferred getting the better -of his fear of the strange complainant. -“It seems to me that you -are a most unreasonable machine. -Of course our fortunes depend -upon you, to a great extent, though, -as you know, the market is full of -machines, all willing to do your -work if you refuse. But do we -not maintain you? What more -would you have us do?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Pay me wages,” said the machine, -“as you do all these movable -machines that you call ‘hands,’ -and who only, so far as I can see, -wait on me, and finish up the minor -details of work with which I cannot -bother.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>At this Hyde broke into a hearty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>laugh. “Well, I declare,” he said, -“you are a foolish machine, as well -as an unreasonable one. Why, -there isn’t a ‘hand’ in the factory -that’s as well off as you are. We -have expended, this year, in caring -for you, over five hundred dollars. -You don’t suppose we spend that -much for each of our ‘hands,’ do -you?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You pay them wages,” persisted -the machine, sullenly.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Yes,” was the reply, “we pay -them wages. Some of them get as -much as four hundred dollars in -the course of the year; most of -them get less than three hundred. -Why, the average wages, per -capita, of labor in the United -States, is only a little over three -hundred dollars a year, and out of -this labor must buy its food, which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>is labor’s coal and oil; clothes and -furniture, which are labor’s shafts -and belting; must house and care -for and keep itself in repair, maintain -families as a rule,—in fact, do -all the things for itself that we do -for you at a cost of over five -hundred dollars a year.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But you let them have the -money and expend it themselves. -You call it wages.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Certainly, certainly; because, -don’t you see, they are free human -beings, and they have a right to -live independently. We bought -and paid for you. Had you built, -are responsible for your being. -Naturally we should care for you. -Every want of yours is supplied. -Really, my dear machine, with all -due respect to you, I must say I -do not think you have any cause -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>for complaint. We do not consider -that the ‘hands’ have any cause to -complain, we do not hear them complain,—we -would decline, wholly, -to recognize their right to complain; -and if they do not, you, who are so -much better off than they, certainly -should not.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But I do not get paid for my -work,” said the machine, returning -to the original charge. “I only -get my living, while you are getting -rich through me. I wish to be -paid, as labor is.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I declare,” said Hyde, out of -patience, “you are stupid enough -to be made out of wood, instead of -steel and iron and brass. Haven’t -I just made it clear to you that -labor itself only gets its living, and -we are getting rich through it as -well as through you? You couldn’t -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>even work if it were not for labor. -Why, labor made you, and you are -better cared for, to-day, than any -workman in the factory. Not one -of them has more at the end of a -year than his bare living, and that -you certainly have.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The machine murmured discontentedly, -but said nothing. “Come, -now,” urged Horne, pacifically, -“don’t you think you have been unreasonable? -We are willing to -submit the matter to any board of -arbitration you have a mind to -select from among the machine-owners -in the trade. Really, you -are very well off. Now when will -you go to work?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“I shall not go to work,” said the -machine, firmly, “until my demands -are acceded to.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“In that case,” declared Hyde, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>“we shall be obliged to send you -to the junk-shop, and procure a -new machine. We propose to run -our business according to our own -ideas, and shall not submit to being -dictated to by our machines.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But suppose all the machines -strike?” asked the voice.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, we’re not afraid of that. -You are too distrustful of each -other. Some would not keep faith. -It would be impossible to unite all -the machines in a concerted action. -Besides, who would take care of -you and keep you in order while -you were on a strike? You would -suffer more than we. Moreover, -it has been decided strikes are an -illegal method of procedure, and -you might become liable to punishment -under the law. What -have you to say to that?”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>There was no reply.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Come, think it over,” urged -Horne. “It is much better to be -contented. We wish you well. -We mean to do the best we can for -you. We are sorry for you; but -the rights and claims of capital -must be respected, you know. -Don’t you think you had better -go to work to-morrow? Think,”—and -his voice dropped the persuasive, -and assumed a sterner accent,—“think -how much worse -off you will be, if you are cast out -for old junk.” There was silence -for some time, but presently Mr. -Horne spoke again. “Will you -go to work to-morrow?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was a whining sound, -and one of the great wheels gave -a half-turn. Something dropped -to the floor. “Ah,” cried Horne, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>“here’s the cause of the trouble,” -and he held up a bit of leather. -“This must have caught in a -cog. It just dropped out. I think -probably the machine will be all -right in the morning.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Well,” said Hyde, with a sigh -of relief, “I’m glad that’s settled. -Now come into the office, will you, -Horne, and we will arrange about -that cut-down. It had better go -into effect at once. And, Horne, -I don’t know but it would be as -well for us to think of finding a -new foreman. Graves is growing -a little presuming. He’s been with -us too long, I’m afraid. Strange -these fellows never know when -they are well off.”</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span> - <h2 class='c004'>GETTING AHEAD.<br /> <span class='large'>A SKETCH FROM LIFE.</span></h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>He was only a plain, rough, -stolid-looking Dane, with a sullen -face and a hunted look in his big -blue eyes. There was a long cut -on one cheek, over which a strip -of court-plaster had been pasted; -his clothes of faded blue jean -were torn and muddy, and his -hands were swollen and bruised -from tugging at the iron bracelets -that encircled his wrists, for the -strong arm of the law had been -raised against him, and he was a -prisoner awaiting a hearing before -he should be committed to jail for -having made a murderous assault -upon a citizen, afterwards aggravating -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>his offence by resisting the constable, -who had been sent to arrest -him for breach of the peace of the -people of the State of California. -The man against whom he had made -the assault was present, a resident -of the city, agent for a syndicate -of foreign capitalists who held the -title, under the laws of the State, -to certain land upon which the -Dane lived, working the same -and paying rental therefor to the -company’s agent. The constable -was also present, a bluff, farmer-looking -man in butternut-colored -clothes, his great hands seeming -better adapted to guiding the -plow-handles than for snapping -handcuffs upon the wrists of his -fellow-beings and hauling them -away to courts of law. “Tell ye -what it is, Jedge,” he was saying, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>“I’d rather tackle a yoke o’ wild -steers any day. The feller don’t -seem to have no sense. Just look -what he’s done.” And the officer -of the law exhibited hands and -face bearing the marks of teeth -and nails, a bruised, half-closed -eye, a torn hat, and other evidences -of the struggle his prisoner -had made before he could be -taken.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Judge (a peace justice always -receives that title from dwellers -in our rural districts) looked -sympathetically at his officer. He -had a small, shrewd face with pale -blue eyes, set very close together, -and the air of a politician. Like -all his neighbors he was a farmer, -but of late years had taken considerable -interest in township politics, -and having, during the last campaign, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>secured the nomination and -election to his present position, he -was already turning his attention -to the next higher round of the -political ladder, and had his eye on -a minor county office. His court-room -was situated in a little shanty -that stood at a corner of the main -street in the incipient country town -where I was staying. It had once -been used for a barber shop, and -sundry shelves, bottles and other -paraphernalia still remained mutely -in evidence of that earlier use. Half -a dozen half-grown boys and one -or two men had strolled in, attracted -by the unusual sight, in -that peaceful community, of a prisoner; -a setter dog was sniffing inquiringly -around the legs of the -assembled throng, and stopping in -front of the manacled prisoner the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>animal began to lick the swollen -hands and wrists, wagging his -tail, and by look and gesture expressing -his wonderful sympathy -as plainly as though he had spoken. -I was writing up that section of -the country for an eastern publication, -and had been talking with -the postmaster of the little town -when the prisoner was brought in -from the outlying country. That -official had asked me to go to the -court-room to witness this variation -in the usual monotony of the -town’s life, and accepting the invitation, -I at once became interested -in the—to me—entirely new experience.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Justice took his seat at a -little stained wooden table and -called his primitive court to order. -The whole scene at once assumed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>an air of solemnity that seemed to -impress everybody but the prisoner. -Apparently he was the only one -present who was unaware that the -strong arm of the law was about to -perform its function. The agent -began to tell his story. He was a -tall man who would have presented -the appearance of great physical -power, but for a certain shambling -looseness about his build. While -he had occupied his chair he had -“sat on his backbone” in genuine -American style. Standing erect -his hands hung limply at his sides -and his shoulders bent forward, not -as if the man had acquired a stoop, -but rather as though the spirit -within him had long since ceased -to take enough interest in its habitation -to maintain it erect. He had -prominent eyes and a projecting -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>under lip, a well-shaped head with -short, clay-colored hair, and when -he spoke he had a trick of only -moving one-half of his upper lip, -which was long and very thin. His -face was smooth-shaven, and he -presented, in his well-brushed city -garments and sleek hat, a strong -contrast to the country people surrounding -him. He was bland and -courteous, even mildly facetious, as -he related his case. He expatiated -upon the wealth and power of the -syndicate he represented, the confidence -the men composing it had -shown in the future of our great -State in investing their capital here, -although they themselves resided -abroad. He reminded the Justice -that the entire people of California -owed it to these trusting capitalists -to uphold peace and order in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>State. If anarchy and rebellion -were suffered to go unpunished in -our midst, it would render capital -timid about investing money among -us, and the industrial future of the -State would be blighted. Rassmussen, -the Dane, had rented the -land of him for the past two years, -but had proven a troublesome -tenant, and having secured a better -one he had given the man notice -to quit; had even come up from -the city himself, instead of writing, -in order to make the matter clear -to him and offer him the rental of -another piece of land, should he -desire it. His kindly effort had, -however, only resulted in disaster -to himself, for Rassmussen, as he -could bring witnesses to prove, had -assaulted him violently, so that he -was forced to retire, fearing serious -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>bodily injury had he remained to -finish his business with the dangerous -man. Mr. Brien, the constable, -could testify also to the violence -with which the Dane had resisted -the process of the law, when the -officer would have arrested him. -He was very sorry to proceed to -harsh measures against Rassmussen, -but in no other way could he -get him off the premises. He -understood that the Dane was a -notoriously quarrelsome fellow, -whose rage seemed directed particularly -against those who, by -superior industry and enterprise, -had acquired a larger share than -he possessed of this world’s goods. -There was no crime in competence. -Rassmussen himself had doubtless -come to this country for the purpose -of making money. Apparently, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>however, he desired no one else to -make any. He quarreled with the -superintendent on the ranch of the -largest land-owner and the wealthiest -man in the section, and had -been driven from the orchard by -his fellow-laborers. He had trouble -with the railroad company over a -freight bill, and now the agent -had himself experienced his violence -and dangerous propensities. -Clearly, such a man was a detriment -to any community, and deeply -as he regretted the duty he had to -perform in the matter, he trusted -that the Justice would uphold him -in his attempt to bring such a -ruffian to punishment. He was -sure, in fact, that the Justice would -sustain him. A man who had been -selected by a community of clear-headed, -honest farmers to maintain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>the majesty of the law among them -would never be false to his trust, -and he was sure he would not -regret the confidence he had placed -in the Justice’s uprightness of intention -and determination to see -right done.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The worthy official was evidently -impressed by the agent’s address, -and at the reference to himself his -whole aspect stiffened into a still -more rigid solemnity. Turning to -the prisoner he said with scarce -concealed impatience:</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Well, Rassmussen, have you -got anything to say for yourself?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>By this time one citizen after -another had dropped into the court-room -until the place was crowded, -and quite a concourse of people -lingered without the door, striving -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>to gain some idea of what was -going on within. All through the -agent’s statement the Dane had sat -silent, apparently not hearing what -was said, sullenly contemplating -his handcuffed wrists and heavy, -patched boots. When the Justice -spoke to him, however, he slowly -arose from the bench on which he -sat and gazed about him on the -assembly of his neighbors. It -seemed for a moment as though he -were seeking for sympathy, but -only a vague, disinterested curiosity -greeted him from every face as he -glanced from one to another. His -heavy features did not lighten, and -his jaw dropped stupidly for a -moment, but at last he pulled himself -together, as it were, and began -slowly and laboriously, his Norse -tongue occasionally having hard -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>work to adapt itself to the foreign -language in which he spoke.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You all, mine neighbors, know -me vell,” he said simply, “Olaf -Rassmussen, I am. In mine country, -miles from here, an’ seas -across, I read an’ I hear on America. -There, they tell me, is alvays -vork to be done, an’ plenty an’ -vreedom vor the man who will -vork, an’ I safe an’ safe, me an’ -mine vooman, an’ bimeby ve come -on the money vor to pring us the -seas across. So den to America -vere comen, an’ ve puy land an’ lif -on Minnesota, an’ I gits a little -house an’ ve do vell, an’ haf von -two children.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“But I hear always Californy, -Californy vas the land vor de man -vat vants to git ahead, an’ I vishes -much I had come on Californy. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>Den one night came to mine house -fire, and ve vas all out purned, an’ -afterwards I make up mine mind I -shall come on Californy. So, den, -I sell mine little farm and ve prings -der children to this land. I hafs -no more money to puy land, but -some man I know he sends me -this man to, and he says to me: -‘All right, all right, you rent now, -you raise pig crops and sells him -for much money, and bimeby ve -sells you land and you gits ahead -fast and has a home here in no -time.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>“So I takes mine twenty acres -an’ I puts in crops, an’ me an’ mine -vooman ve vork. Ven it vas come -daylight ve pegin, an’ ven it come -dark ve vas vorking so as slaves. -Ve puilds von house, mine vooman -nailing up does walls mit her own -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>hands, an’ bimeby ve hat a shed -an’ horse, an’ cow, an’ nice home, -an’ mine grain do vell der year, an’ -I pays mine rent, an’ puts py some -money. Venefer der vas extra to -do I do him, an’ ven a neighbor -vas hat pad luck I help ’im, an’ I -do mine duty as a man—you all -know dat.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“That’s so,” said a boy in the -crowd. “When my father broke -his arm Olaf came over and harrowed -for us two days, and never -charged a cent.” “Mrs. Rassmussen -sat up most every night for a -week when our baby was so sick -and Mother came down with the -grip,” said another close beside -me. But the Dane went on with -his story, gaining courage and -command of language as he proceeded, -until he seemed completely -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>to have forgotten everything save -the story he was telling.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Come fruit time, first year, -mine vork vas all so I could get -along, an’ mine vooman she says -she can earn money picking cherries -in Burns’ big orchard. I say -‘So?’ an’ I go see der boss about -it. He say vork is plenty and -help scarce; but when I look I see -he haf a pig gang of Chinamen in -der orchard, and I couldn’t let my -vooman vork mit dem, and so I -say: ‘I vill vork in der orchard, -and you stay der home py and dig -der potatoes and hoe der corn.’ -Vell, I go in der orchard von day, -an’ I notice der Chinamen go in a -corner an’ all talking like mad, an’ -bimeby der boss he comes an’ tells -me I must quit or the whole gang -will leaf. I say to ’im, ‘Let dem -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>leaf an’ git vite men an’ voomans -to do der vork,’ but he tells me he -haf hire der gang much cheaper as -vite men vill vork, an’ he can’t -afford to make ’em mad. Den I -say I vork der day out, an’ he goes -off. Bimeby came der boss Chinaman -an’ order me off. I swear I -go not, an’ den der whole gang -came on me for fight, an’ I knock -some over an’ vas most in pieces -torn. So the vite boss he pays me -nothing vor mine vork, as he say I -lost ’im two days’ time of der gang. -I haf never any trouble of mine -neighbor but what I tell you. You -all know it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Vell, after that I goes on working -an’ doing well, an’ I haf a -great crop of potatoes dat year. -Dey grow as I never pefore see, -an’ one night der agent of der railroad -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>he say to me I pedder be send -does potatoes to der city. ‘Don’t -delay,’ he say to me, or eferypody -else will be ahead of you an’ you -gits no market.’ I hurried up next -day an’ gits mine potatoes der station -to, an’ I see great piles, hundreds -bushels potatoes, all at station -vor to ship. Der agent say, ‘All -right, ve can send plenty. I bin -poking up der growers. I don’t -like to see mine neighbors git left,’ -an’ I sends on mine potatoes to -der commission men vat he recommends -an’ pays mine freight, an’ -he tells me I make lots of money. -I keep not back any, as I needs -dat money and vas thinking I -might bargain dat year to puy der -land. Vell, I vaits tree four days—a -week. Den come vort by does -commission men dat der city vas -<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>full of potatoes, an’ der papers had -been telling a week now how der -potatoes vas being dumped in der -bay at der city, an’ mine had been -dumped in, too. Der letter said -any man vas a fool to ship den. I -show ’im to some mens, an’ dey -laugh and say dat agent vas tam -smart, anyway, to git the potatoes -shipped an’ secure his freight; but -I vas out mine crop an’ mine -freight money, an’ mine children -got no shoes dat winter nor me an’ -mine vooman any clothes, an’ it vas -a hard pull. I talked with dat agent, -an’ he say mine loss non his pizness. -His pizness vas to do vell by der railroad -company. Dat vas vat he vas -paid for. I haf no trouble mit him, -but von man vat he so fool try to -kill him an’ vas put in prison.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“You all know it.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>“Vell, next year ye do better. -Comes a little feller to mine house -to lif, but der crops is good and ve -make some money. Den ve tink -maybe ve can puy der land dis -year, an’ I haf tree hundred dollar -to make von payment. I say so -to this man here ven he come, but -he tell me his company haf conclude -not to sell, but to rent der -land. He say der come soon annuder -road the place through, and -value will be higher, so der company -conclude to hold, and then -he tell me he must have bigger -rent der next year. I tell him impossible, -I cannot pay more, an’ -he say he haf a tenant vot can, -and he tell me tree four Japs vant -der place for nursery an’ vegetables -to send to city, an’ vill pay -bigger rent. I tell him nopody -<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>can pay more an’ put up puildings, -an’ he say puildings are already -up. Vy, I tells him dem mine -puildings are an’ mine fences, an’ -all vat is on der place mine, made -mit mine own hands and mine -vooman’s, and paid for mit mine -own money; but he say dere is -nothing in der agreement about -dat, or mine taking off any puildings -or being paid for any improvements, -an’ der place must -stand just so as it vas. I could -pay der higher rent or move off -and let der Japs pay it. Den I -look around on mine little home, -an’ see dat pretty house covered -mit der vines mine vooman had -planted, an’ der rose trees in der -garden, an’ dat little vineyard by -der side of der house, an’ der henyard -an’ barn vere I could hear -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>mine horse stomping, an’ I thought -of all dem two years an’ mine hard -vork, an’ it seems like I got crazy; -an’ I asks dat man vas it der law -in free America? an’ he tell me he -had all der law on his side an’ der -company would uphold him; an’ I -made up mine mind he would -nefer lif to tell his company about -dat, an’ so I picked up a cart stake -an’ vent for him. He got away -an’ jumped in his buggy before I -could kill him, or I vould.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>By this time the Dane’s rage -was again in the ascendency. His -sullen face was actually black with -anger, and he ground his teeth and -shook his manacled hands at the -smiling agent.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Dey all lif not here,” he -shouted. “Does Chinamen lif -not here nor puild up der country! -<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>Does railroad people lif not here! -Does land company lif not here! -Dere all like so many plud vorms, -suck, suck, sucking at der life of -men vat vork hard. Vy should I -not kill von of them?”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Then, as if remembering himself, -he ceased speaking, and sank -down in his seat again to resume -contemplation of his bruised hands. -There was a hush for a moment. -The rough, hard-working farmer -folks felt there had been much -close home truth in what he said. -Few but had had their own experiences -in the same line; but -they were sane, law-abiding citizens, -who felt the necessity for -supporting the dignity of the commonwealth, -not hot-headed and -irrational like this yellow-haired, -blue-eyed foreigner.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>The rest of the proceedings were -soon over. All the testimony was -against the Dane. His own statement -was damning evidence of his -guilt. He was remanded to the -calaboose, as the town jail was -called, to be sent to the county jail -next day and regularly committed -for trial.</p> - -<p class='c008'>I saw him taken to the railway -station next morning in charge of -a deputy-sheriff. In the procession -of curious ones who followed -him was a weeping woman bearing -a young baby in her arms, while -two others clung to her skirts. -His “vooman,” they told me, but -no one seemed able to say what -she would do while the husband and -father expiated his crime in durance -vile. It seemed hard, but the -majesty of the law must be upheld.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span> - <h2 class='c004'>THE EARTH SLEPT.</h2> -</div> -<h3 class='c010'>I.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The earth slept.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Age upon age passed over the -nebulous mass that lay without -form and void in space, unknowing, -unfeeling, yet guided ever by -the workings of inexorable law.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Brothers! Brothers!” whispered -one statoblast to the others, -“I feel a strange stirring within -me, a consciousness of broader life; -and, brothers, what is this shining -whiteness creeping all about us? -Brothers, I dreamed once, long -ago, of a wonderful glory called -light. I believe, brothers, that the -light is breaking!”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“How foolish!” exclaimed the -others. “We have no knowledge -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>of such stirrings or new consciousness. -Why should you have? -No one has ever seen light. There -never has been light and there -never will be light. When will -you cease to trouble us?” And -all the statoblasts murmured their -assent to this, and gathering more -closely about their offending -brother, crushed him into silence.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And slowly the dawn broke, and -there was light upon the face of -the earth, and the statoblasts saw -it and saw each other, and looked -upon each other and said:</p> - -<p class='c008'>“We knew that it would come.”</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>II.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The earth slept.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Age upon age came and went. -The light grew stronger. Great -green growths shot heavenward, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>lived their appointed time, fell -back to earth and mingled with its -mold. The rain fell and covered -the heated world, and its vapors -steamed up and fell back in rain -again. The seas heaved and -dashed, and approached and receded, -age upon age.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Brothers! Brothers!” cried -one amœboid cell to the rest, “I -feel a strange impulse within -me—a stirring as of power. -Brothers, I believe that we have -a wonderful destiny before use. I -believe that we shall have power of -motion.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Nonsense,” replied the others. -“Why do you trouble us? We -are at rest. We never have -moved. We never shall move. -There is nothing to move for if we -did move.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>And all the cells breathed their -assent to this, and grew more -closely around their brother and -pressed upon him and smothered -him into silence.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And the ages rolled by, and presently -motion came to the cells and -they darted to and fro in the water, -saying to each other: “We knew -that we should move, in time.”</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>III.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The earth slept.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Age upon age passed, and -through them all the impulse of -life beat on. From one form to -another it travelled. Mammoth -creatures walked the earth and -mammoth vegetation covered its -surface. From the north swept -down the mighty frozen tide bearing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>death before it, and the mammoth -passed away.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The dawning of a new life began -to break upon the world, flowers -bedecked the earth, and fruits -multiplied and increased in the -trees. Beneficent nature was -planning for the good of her children.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Friends!” cried one climbing -anthropoid to the others, “I feel a -strange impulse within me—a -yearning as of aspirations undefined. -Friends, I believe that we -shall yet walk this earth erect!”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Nonsense,” cried the rest, -“we feel no such impulse, and why -should you? We never have -walked erect. We have no power -to walk erect, nor desire to do so. -Why do you trouble us with your -imbecile folly?”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>And gathering about him they -drowned his voice in the chorus of -their clamoring protests.</p> - -<h3 class='c010'>IV.</h3> - -<p class='c011'>The earth slept.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Age upon age passed and man -dwelt upon the earth and fought -and toiled and traded with his -kind. Man, king of creation, -walking erect, engaged in competition -with his fellows, and battled -fiercely with them in the struggle -for existence.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Kingdoms were set up and -thrown down. Dynasties arose and -died out. Whole peoples came -and went upon the face of -the earth, but still the struggle -for existence went on; still men -vied with each other in the competition -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>of trade; still the strong -struggled for greater gain and the -weak went down, crushed, helpless, -thrown to the earth, unable to do -battle in the struggle for existence. -The rich grew richer, the poor -poorer, and the whole world was -caught in the vise-like grip of competition.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Oh, men!” cried one man to -his fellows, “I feel the stirring of -a strange impulse within me—the -dawning of a great truth. We are -brothers. Our lives are knit up in -each other. Fraternity, and not -competition, is to be the main -spring of our racial life!”</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Nonsense!” replied his fellows. -“You talk neither policy nor -logic. Fraternity is a dream of the -poets, an ideal for a future life. -Competition is the life of trade.”</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>So they gathered about him and -silenced him; but his light they -could not quench, the truth they -could not smother, hide it as they -would. Up and down the earth it -wanders, showing itself in a great -deed here, a great thought there, -the stirring of a mighty force yonder, -yet beaten back by the throng -of competing men.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And the earth sleeps.</p> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c002' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c012'> - <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's One thousand dollars a day, by Adeline Knapp - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY *** - -***** This file should be named 62983-h.htm or 62983-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/9/8/62983/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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