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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Discoveries of John Lederer, by John
-Lederer
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Discoveries of John Lederer
-       In three several Marches from Virginia to the East of Carolina,
-       and other parts of the Continent
-
-Author: John Lederer
-
-Translator: Sir William Talbot
-
-Release Date: April 25, 2021 [eBook #65160]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
-             https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DISCOVERIES OF JOHN
-LEDERER ***
-
-
-
-
-
-Licensed,
-
-Nov. 1. 1671.
-
-ROGER L’ESTRANGE.
-
-
-
-
-                                   THE
-                               DISCOVERIES
-                                   OF
-                             _JOHN LEDERER_,
-                      In three several Marches from
-                                VIRGINIA,
-                             To the West of
-                                Carolina,
-                    And other parts of the Continent:
-          Begun in _March 1669_, and ended in _September 1670_.
-                              Together with
-                  A General MAP of the whole Territory
-                           which he traversed.
-
-        Collected and Translated out of Latine from his Discourse
-                              and Writings,
-                    By Sir _William Talbot_ Baronet.
-
-      _Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus æquor,_
-        _Et jam tempus equum fumanti a solvere colla._ Virg. Georg.
-
-          _London_, Printed by _J. C._ for _Samuel Heyrick_, at
-                    Grays-Inne-gate in Holborn. 1672.
-
-
-
-
-_The Epistle Dedicatory_
-
-                         To the Right Honourable
-                         _ANTHONY ~Lord ASHLEY~,
-                 Baron ~Ashley~ of ~Wimborn St. Giles~,
-                 Chancellor of his Majesties Exchequer,
-                      Under-Treasurer of ~England~,
-             One of the Lords Commissioners of his Majesties
-                    Treasury, one of the Lords of his
-                     most Honourable Privie Council,
-                    and one of the Lords Proprietors
-                             of ~CAROLINA~._
-
-
-    MY LORD,
-
-From this discourse it is clear that the long looked-for discovery of
-the _Indian_ Sea does nearly approach; and _Carolina_, out of her happy
-experience of your Lordships success in great undertakings, presumes that
-the accomplishment of this glorious Designe is reserved for her. In order
-to which, the _Apalatæan_ Mountains (though like the prodigious Wall
-that divides _China_ and _Tartary_, they deny _Virginia_ passage into
-the West Continent) stoop to your Lordships Dominions, and lay open a
-Prospect into unlimited Empires; Empires that will hereafter be ambitious
-of subjection to that noble Government which by your Lordships deep
-wisdom and providence first projected, is now established in _Carolina_;
-for it will appear that she flourishes more by the influence of that,
-than the advantages she derives from her Climate and Soyl, which yet do
-render her the Beauty and Envy of North-_America_. That all her glories
-should be seen in this Draught, is not reasonably to be expected, since
-the fate to my Author but once, and then too with a side-face; and
-therefore I must own it was never by him designed for the Press, but
-published by me, out of no other ambition than that of manifesting to the
-world, that I am
-
-    My Lord,
-
-            Your Lordships most humble and obedient Servant,
-
-                                                        _William Talbot_.
-
-
-
-
-TO THE READER.
-
-
-_That a Stranger should presume (though with Sir ~William Berkly~’s
-Commission) to go into those Parts of the ~American~ Continent where
-~Englishmen~ never had been, and whither some refused to accompany him,
-was, in ~Virginia~ look’d on as so great an insolence, that our Traveller
-at his Return, instead of Welcom and Applause, met nothing but Affronts
-and Reproaches; for indeed it was their part, that forsook him in the
-Expedition, to procure him discredit that was a witness to theirs;
-Therefore no industry was wanting to prepare Men with a prejudice against
-him, and this their malice improved to such a general Animosity, that he
-was not safe in ~Virginia~ from the outrage of the People, drawn into a
-perswasion, that the Publick Levy of that year, went all to the expence
-of his Vagaries. Forced by this storm into ~Maryland~, he became known to
-me, though then ill-affected to the Man, by the stories that went about
-of him: Nevertheless finding him, contrary to my expectation, a modest
-ingenious person, & a pretty Scholar, I thought it common Justice to give
-him an occasion of vindicating himself from what I had heard of him;
-which truly he did with so convincing Reason and circumstance, as quite
-abolished those former impressions in me, and made me desire this Account
-of his Travels, which here you have faithfully rendred out of Latine
-from his own Writings and Discourse, with an entire Map of the Territory
-he traversed, copied from his own hand. All these I have compared with
-~Indian~ Relations of those parts (though I never met with any ~Indian~
-that had followed a Southwest-Course so far as this ~German~) and finding
-them agree, I thought the Printing of these Papers was no injury to the
-Author, and might prove a Service to the Publick._
-
-                                                          William Talbot.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: A MAP OF THE WHOLE TERRITORY TRAVERSED BY JOHN LEDERER IN
-HIS THREE MARCHES.]
-
-
-
-
-THE
-
-Discoveries of JOHN LEDERER
-
-from _Virginia_ to the West of _Carolina_, and other parts of the
-Continent.
-
-
-
-
-_A General and brief Account of the North-~American~ Continent._
-
-
-North, as well as South-_America_, may be divided into three Regions: the
-Flats, the Highlands, and the Mountains. The Flats (in Indian, _Ahkynt_)
-is the Territory lying between the Eastern Coast, and the falls of the
-great Rivers, that there run into the _Atlantick_ Ocean, in extent
-generally taken Ninety miles. The Highlands (in Indian, _Ahkontshuck_)
-begin at those falls, and determine at the foot of the great ridge
-of Mountains that runs thorow the midst of this Continent, Northeast
-and Southwest, called by the Spaniards _Apalatæi_, from the Nation
-_Apalakin_; and by the Indians, _Pæmotinck_. According to the best of
-my observation and conjecture, they lie parallel to the _Atlantick_
-Sea-coast, that bearing from _Canada_ to Cape _Florida_, Northeast and
-Southwest, and then falling off due West as the Mountains do at _Sara_:
-but here they take the name of _Suala_; _Sara_ in the _Warrennuncock_
-dialect being _Sasa_ or _Sualy_.
-
-The Flats, or _Ahkynt_, are by former Writers made so well known to
-Christendom, that I will not stop the Reader here, with an unnecessary
-description of them; but shall onely say, that by the rankness of the
-Soyl, and salt moistness of the Air, daily discoveries of Fish-shells
-three fathom deep in the earth, and Indian tradition; these parts are
-supposed some Ages past to have lain under the Sea.
-
-The Highlands (or _Ahkontshuch_) though under the same Parallels, are
-happie notwithstanding in a more temperate and healthful Air. The ground
-is over-grown with under-wood in many places, and that so perplext and
-interwoven with Vines, that who travels here, must sometimes cut through
-his way. These Thickets harbour all sorts of beasts of prey, as Wolves,
-Panthers, Leopards, Lions, _&c._ (which are neither so large nor so
-fierce as those of _Asia_ and _Africa_) and small Vermine, as wilde Cats,
-Foxes, Racoons. These parts were formerly possessed by the _Tacci_,
-aliàs _Dogi_; but they are extinct; and the Indians now seated here,
-are distinguished into the several Nations of _Mahoe_, _Nuntaneuck_,
-aliàs _Nuntaly_, _Nabyssan_, _Sapon_, _Managog_, _Mangoack_, _Akenatzy_,
-and _Monakin_, &c. One Language is common to them all, though they
-differ in Dialects. The parts inhabited here are pleasant and fruitful,
-because cleared of Wood, and laid open to the Sun. The Valleys feed
-numerous herds of Deer and Elks larger then Oxen: these Valleys they call
-_Savanæ_, being Marish grounds at the foot of the _Apalatæi_, and yearly
-laid under water in the beginning of Summer by flouds of melted Snow
-falling down from the Mountains.
-
-The _Apalatæan_ Mountains, called in Indian _Pæmotinck_, (or the
-origine of the Indians) are barren Rocks, and therefore deserted by
-all living creatures but Bears, who cave in the hollow Cliffs. Yet do
-these Mountains shoot out to the Eastward great Promontories of rich
-Land, known by the high and spreading trees which they bear: these
-Promontories, because lower then the main Ridge, are called by the
-Indians _Tanx-Pæmotinck_ (aliàs _Aquatt_). To the Northeast the Mountains
-rise higher; and at _Sara_ they sink so low, that they are easily passed
-over: but here (as was said before) they change their course and name,
-running due West, and being called _Sualy_: now the _Sualian_ Mountains
-rise higher and higher Westward.
-
-
-
-
-_Of the Manners and Customs of the ~Indians~ inhabiting the Western parts
-of ~Carolina~ and ~Virginia~._
-
-
-The Indians now seated in these parts, are none of those which the
-English removed from _Virginia_, but a people driven by an Enemy from the
-Northwest, and invited to sit down here by an Oracle above four hundred
-years since, as they pretend: for the ancient inhabitants of _Virginia_
-were far more rude and barbarous, feeding onely upon raw flesh and fish,
-until these taught them to plant Corn, and shewed them the use of it.
-
-But before I treat of their ancient Manners and Customs, it is necessary
-I should shew by what means the knowledge of them hath been conveyed from
-former ages to posterity. Three ways they supply their want of Letters:
-first by Counters, secondly by Emblems or Hieroglyphicks, thirdly by
-Tradition delivered in long Tales from father to son, which being
-children they are made to learn by rote.
-
-For Counters, they use either Pebbles, or short scantlings of straw or
-reeds. Where a Battel has been fought, or a Colony seated, they raise
-a small Pyramid of these stones, consisting of the number slain or
-transplanted. Their reeds and straws serve them in Religious Ceremonies:
-for they lay them orderly in a Circle when they prepare for Devotion
-or Sacrifice; and that performed, the Circle remains still, for it is
-Sacriledge to disturb or to touch it: the disposition and sorting of the
-straws and reeds, shew what kinde of Rites have there been celebrated, as
-Invocation, Sacrifice, Burial, _&c._
-
-The faculties of the minde and body they commonly express by Emblems. By
-the figure of a Stag, they imply swiftness; by that of a Serpent, wrath;
-of a Lion, courage; of a Dog, fidelity: by a Swan, they signifie the
-_English_, alluding to their complexion, and flight over the Sea.
-
-An account of Time, and other things, they keep on a string or leather
-thong tied in knots of several colours. I took particular notice of small
-Wheels serving for this purpose amongst the _Oenocks_, because I have
-heard that the _Mexicans_ use the same. Every Nation gives his particular
-Ensigne or Arms: The _Sasquesahanaugh_ a Tarapine, or small Tortoise; the
-_Akenatzy’s_ a Serpent; the _Nahyssanes_ three Arrows, _&c._ In this they
-likewise agree with the _Mexican_ Indians. _Vid. Jos. à Costa._
-
-They worship one God, Creator of all things, whom some call _Okæè_,
-others _Mannith_: to him alone the High-priest, or _Periku_, offers
-Sacrifice; and yet they believe he has no regard to sublunary
-affairs, but commits the Government of Mankinde to lesser Deities, as
-_Quiacosough_ and _Tagkanysough_, that is, good and evil Spirits: to
-these the inferiour Priests pay their devotion and Sacrifice, at which
-they make recitals, to a lamentable Tune, of the great things done by
-their Ancestors.
-
-From four women, _viz._ _Pash_, _Sepoy_, _Askarin_, and _Maraskarin_,
-they derive the Race of Mankinde; which they therefore divide into four
-Tribes, distinguished under those several names. They very religiously
-observe the degrees of Marriage, which they limit not to distance of
-Kindred, but difference of Tribes, which are continued in the issue of
-the Females: now for two of the same Tribe to match, is abhorred as
-Incest, and punished with great severity.
-
-Their places of Burial they divide into four quarters, assigning to every
-Tribe one: for, to mingle their bodies, even when dead, they hold wicked
-and ominous. They commonly wrap up the corpse in beasts skins, and bury
-with it Provision and Houshold stuff for its use in the other world.
-When their great men die, they likewise slay prisoners of War to attend
-them. They believe the transmigration of souls: for the Angry they say is
-possest with the spirit of a Serpent; the Bloudy, with that of a Wolf;
-the Timorous, of a Deer; the Faithful, of a Dog, _&c._ and therefore they
-are figured by these Emblemes.
-
-_Elizium_, or the abode of their lesser Deities, they place beyond the
-Mountains and Indian Ocean.
-
-Though they want those means of improving Humane Reason, which the
-use of Letters affords us; let us not therefore conclude them wholly
-destitute of Learning and Sciences: for by these little helps which they
-have found, many of them advance their natural understandings to great
-knowledge in Physick, Rhetorick, and Policie of Government: for I have
-been present at several of their Consultations and Debates, and to my
-admiration have heard some of their Seniors deliver themselves with as
-much Judgement and Eloquence as I should have expected from men of Civil
-education and Literature.
-
-
-
-
-The First EXPEDITION,
-
-From the head of _Pemæoncock_, aliàs _York-River_ (due West) to the top
-of the _Apalatæan_ Mountains.
-
-
-Upon the ninth of _March 1669_ (with three Indians whose names were
-_Magtakunh_, _Hopottoguoh_, and _Naunnugh_) I went out at the falls of
-_Pemæoncock_, aliàs _York-River_ in _Virginia_, from an Indian Village
-called _Shickehamany_, and lay that night in the Woods, encountring
-nothing remarkable, but a Rattle-snake of an extraordinary, length and
-thickness, for I judged it two yards and a half or better from head to
-tail, and as big about as a mans arm: by the distention of her belly, we
-believed her full with young; but having killed and opened her, found
-there a small Squirrel whole; which caused in me a double wonder: first,
-how a Reptile should catch so nimble a creature as a Squirrel; and having
-caught it, how she could swallow it entire. The Indians in resolving my
-doubts, plunged me into a greater astonishment, when they told me that
-it was usual in these Serpents, when they lie basking in the Sun, to
-fetch down these Squirrels from the tops of trees, by fixing their eye
-stedfastly upon them; the horrour of which strikes such an affrightment
-into the little beast, that he has no power to hinder himself from
-tumbling down into the jaws of his enemy, who takes in all his sustenance
-without chewing, his teeth serving him onely to offend withal. But I
-rather believe what I have heard from others, that these Serpents climb
-the trees, and surprise their prey in the nest.
-
-The next day falling into Marish grounds between _Pemæoncock_ and the
-head of the River _Matapeneugh_, the heaviness of the way obliged me to
-cross _Pemæoncock_, where its North and South-branch (called _Ackmick_)
-joyn in one. In the Peninsula made by these two branches, a great Indian
-King called _Tottopottoma_ was heretofore slain in Battel, fighting for
-the Christians against the _Mahocks_ and _Nahyssans_, from whence it
-retains his name to this day. Travelling thorow the Woods, a Doe seized
-by a wild Cat crossed our way; the miserable creature being even spent
-and breathless with the burden and cruelty of her rider, who having
-fastned on her shoulder, left not sucking out her bloud until she sunk
-under him: which one of the Indians perceiving, let flie a luckie Arrow,
-which piercing him thorow the belly, made him quit his prey already
-slain, and turn with a terrible grimas at us; but his strength and
-spirits failing him, we escaped his revenge, which had certainly ensued,
-were not his wound mortal. This creature is something bigger then our
-English Fox, of a reddish grey colour, and in figure every way agreeing
-with an ordinary Cat; fierce, ravenous and cunning: for finding the Deer
-(upon which they delight most to prey) too swift for them, they watch
-upon branches of trees, and as they walk or feed under, jump down upon
-them. The Fur of the wilde Cat, though not very fine, is yet esteemed for
-its vertue in taking away cold Aches and Pains, being worn next to the
-body: their flesh, though rank as a Dogs, is eaten by the Indians.
-
-The eleventh and twelfth, I found the ways very uneven, and cumbred with
-bushes.
-
-The thirteenth, I reached the first Spring of _Pemæoncock_, having
-crossed the River four times that day, by reason of its many windings;
-but the water was so shallow, that it hardly wet my horses pasterns. Here
-a little under the surface of the earth, I found flat pieces of petrified
-matter, of one side solid Stone, but on the other side Isinglas, which I
-easily peeled off in flakes about four inches square: several of these
-pieces, with a transparent Stone like Crystal that cut Glass, and a white
-Marchasite that I purchased of the Indians, I presented to Sir _Wiliam
-Berkley_ Governour of _Virginia_.
-
-The fourteenth of _March_, from the top of an eminent hill, I first
-descried the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, bearing due West to the place I stood
-upon: their distance from me was so great, that I could hardly discern
-whether they were Mountains or Clouds, until my Indian fellow travellers
-prostrating themselves in Adoration, howled out after a barbarous manner,
-_Okée pœze_, i. e. _God is nigh_.
-
-The fifteenth of _March_, not far from this hill, passing over the
-South-branch of _Rappahanock_-river, I was almost swallowed in a
-Quicksand. Great herds of Red and Fallow Deer I daily saw feeding; and
-on the hill-sides, Bears crashing Mast like Swine. Small Leopards I have
-seen in the Woods, but never any Lions, though their skins are much worn
-by the Indians. The Wolves in these parts are so ravenous, that I often
-in the night feared my horse would be devoured by them, they would gather
-up and howl so close round about him, though Tether’d to the same tree at
-whose foot I my self and the Indians lay: but the Fires which we made, I
-suppose, scared them from worrying us all. Beaver and Otter I met with at
-every River that I passed; and the Woods are full of Grey Foxes.
-
-Thus I travelled all the sixteenth; and on the seventeenth of _March_ I
-reached the _Apalatæi_. The Air here is very thick and chill; and the
-waters issuing from the Mountain-sides, of a Blue colour, and Allumish
-taste.
-
-The eighteenth of _March_, after I had in vain assayed to ride up, I
-alighted, and left my horse with one of the Indians, whilst with the
-other two I climbed up the Rocks, which were so incumbred with bushes
-and brambles, that the ascent proved very difficult: besides, the first
-precipice was so steep, that if I lookt down, I was immediately taken
-with a swimming in my head; though afterwards the way was more easie.
-The height of this Mountain was very extraordinary: for notwithstanding
-I set out with the first appearance of light, it was late in the evening
-before I gained the top, from whence the next morning I had a beautiful
-prospect of the _Atlantick_-Ocean washing the _Virginian_-shore; but to
-the North and West, my sight was suddenly bounded by Mountains higher
-than that I stood upon. Here did I wander in Snow, for the most part,
-till the Four and twentieth day of _March_, hoping to finde some passage
-through the Mountains; but the coldness of the Air and Earth together,
-seizing my Hands and Feet with numbness, put me to a _ne plus ultra_; and
-therefore having found my _Indian_ at the foot of the Mountain with my
-Horse, I returned back by the same way that I went.
-
-
-
-
-The Second EXPEDITION,
-
-From the Falls of _Powhatan_, aliàs _James-River_, in _Virginia_, to
-_Mahock_ in the _Apalatæan_ Mountains.
-
-
-The twentieth of _May_ 1670, one Major _Harris_ and my self, with
-twenty _Christian_ Horse, and five _Indians_, marched from the Falls of
-_James-River_, in _Virginia_, towards the _Monakins_; and on the Two
-and twentieth were welcomed by them with Volleys of Shot. Near this
-Village we observed a Pyramid of stones piled up together, which their
-Priests told us, was the Number of an _Indian_ Colony drawn out by Lot
-from a Neighbour-Countrey over-peopled, and led hither by one _Monack_,
-from whom they take the Name of _Monakin_. Here enquiring the way to
-the Mountains, an ancient Man described with a staffe two paths on the
-ground; one pointing to the _Mahocks_, and the other to the _Nahyssans_;
-but my _English_ Companions slighting the _Indians_ direction, shaped
-their course by the Compass due West, and therefore it fell out with us,
-as it does with those Land-Crabs, that crawling backwards in a direct
-line, avoid not the Trees that stand in their way, but climbing over
-their very tops, come down again on the other side, and so after a days
-labour gain not above two foot of ground. Thus we obstinately pursuing a
-due West course, rode over steep and craggy Cliffs, which beat our Horses
-quite off the hoof. In these Mountains we wandred from the Twenty fifth
-of _May_ till the Third of _June_, finding very little sustenance for Man
-or Horse; for these places are destitute both of Grain and Herbage.
-
-The third of _June_ we came to the South-branch of _James_-River, which
-Major _Harris_ observing to run Northward, vainly imagined to be an Arm
-of the Lake of _Canada_; and was so transported with this Fancy, that he
-would have raised a Pillar to the Discovery, if the fear of the _Mahock
-Indian_, and want of food, had permitted him to stay. Here I moved to
-cross the River and march on; but the rest of the Company were so weary
-of the enterprize, that crying out, _One and All_, they had offered
-violence to me, had I not been provided with a private Commission from
-the Governour of _Virginia_ to proceed, though the rest of the company
-should abandon me; the sight of which laid their fury.
-
-The lesser Hills, or _Akontshuck_, are here unpassable, being both steep
-and craggy: the Rocks seemed to me at a distance to resemble Eggs set up
-an end.
-
-_James_-River is here as broad as it is about an hundred mile lower at
-_Monakin_; the passage over is very dangerous, by reason of the rapid
-Torrents made by Rocks and Shelves forcing the water into narrow Chanels.
-From an observation which we made of straws and rotten chuncks hanging in
-the boughs of Trees on the Bank, and two and twenty foot above water, we
-argued that the melted Snow falling from the Mountains swelled the River
-to that height, the Flood carrying down that rubbish which, upon the
-abatement of the Inundation, remained in the Trees.
-
-The Air in these parts was so moist, that all our Biscuit became mouldy
-and unfit to be eaten, so that some nicer stomachs, who at our setting
-out laughed at my provision of _Indian_-meal parched, would gladly
-now have shared with me: but I being determined to go upon further
-Discoveries, refused to part with any of that which was to be my most
-necessary sustenance.
-
-
-
-
-_The Continuation of the ~Second Expedition~ from ~Mahock~, Southward,
-into the Province of ~Carolina~._
-
-
-The fifth of _June_, my Company and I parted good friends, they back
-again, and I with one _Sasquesahanough-Indian_, named _Jackzetavon_,
-only, in pursuit of my first Enterprize, changing my course from West
-to Southwest & by South, to avoid the Mountains. Major _Harris_ at
-parting gave me a Gun, believing me a lost man, and given up as a prey to
-_Indians_ or savage Beasts; which made him the bolder in _Virginia_ to
-report strange things in his own praise and my disparagement, presuming
-I would never appear to disprove him. This, I suppose, and no other, was
-the cause that he did with so much industry procure me discredit and
-odium; but I have lost nothing by it, but what I never studied to gain,
-which is Popular applause.
-
-From the fifth, which was _Sunday_, until the ninth of _June_, I
-travelled through difficult Ways, without seeing any Town or _Indian_;
-and then I arrived at _Sapon_, a Village of the _Nahyssans_, about
-an hundred miles distant from _Mahock_, scituate upon a branch of
-_Shawan_, aliàs _Rorenock_-River; and though I had just cause to fear
-these _Indians_, because they had been in continual Hostility with the
-_Christians_ for ten years before; yet presuming that the Truck which
-I carried with me would procure my welcome, I adventured to put my self
-into their power, having heard that they never offer any injury to a
-few persons from whom they apprehend no danger: nevertheless, they
-examined me strictly whence I came, whither I went, and what my business
-was. But after I had bestowed some trifles of Glass and Metal amongst
-them, they were satisfied with reasonable answers, and I received with
-all imaginable demonstrations of kindness, as offering of Sacrifice, a
-complement shewed only to such as they design particularly to honour:
-but they went further, and consulted their Godds whether they should not
-admit me into their Nation and Councils, and oblige me to stay amongst
-them by a Marriage with the Kings or some of their great Mens Daughters.
-But I, though with much a-do, waved their courtesie, and got my Pastport,
-having given my word to return to them within six months.
-
-_Sapon_ is within the limits of the Province of _Carolina_, and as
-you may perceive by the Figure, has all the attributes requisite to a
-pleasant and advantagious Seat; for though it stands high, and upon a dry
-land, it enjoyes the benefit of a stately River, and a rich Soyl, capable
-of producing many Commodities, which may hereafter render the Trade of it
-considerable.
-
-Not far distant from hence, as I understood from the _Nahyssan_ Indians,
-is their Kings Residence, called _Pintahæ_, upon the same River, and
-happy in the same advantages both for pleasure and profit: which my
-curiosity would have led me to see, were I not bound, both by Oath and
-Commission, to a direct pursuance of my intended purpose of discovering a
-passage to the further side of the Mountains.
-
-This Nation is governed by an absolute Monarch; the People of a high
-stature, warlike and rich. I saw great store of Pearl unbored in their
-little Temples, or Oratories, which they had won amongst other spoyls
-from the Indians of _Florida_, and hold in as great esteem as we do.
-
-From hence, by the Indians instructions, I directed my course to
-_Akenatzy_, an Island bearing South & by West, and about fifty miles
-distant, upon a branch of the same River, from _Sapon_. The Countrey
-here, though high, is level, and for the most part a rich soyl, as I
-judged by the growth of the Trees; yet where it is inhabited by Indians,
-it lies open in spacious Plains, and is blessed with a very healthful
-Air, as appears by the age and vigour of the people; and though I
-travelled in the month of _June_, the heat of the weather hindred me not
-from Riding at all hours without any great annoyance from the Sun. By
-easie journeys I landed at _Akenatzy_ upon the twelfth of _June_. The
-current of the River is here so strong, that my Horse had much difficulty
-to resist it; and I expected every step to be carried away with the
-stream.
-
-This Island, though small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fix’d
-here in great security, being naturally fortified with Fastnesses of
-Mountains, and Water of every side. Upon the North-shore they yearly
-reap great crops of Corn, of which they always have a twelve-months
-Provision afore-hand, against an Invasion from their powerful Neighbours.
-Their Government is under two Kings, one presiding in Arms, the other
-in Hunting and Husbandry. They hold all things, except their Wives, in
-common; and their custome in eating is, that every man in his turn feasts
-all the rest; and he that makes the entertainment, is seated betwixt the
-two Kings; where having highly commended his own chear, they carve and
-distribute it amongst the guests.
-
-At my arrival here, I met four stranger-Indians, whose Bodies were
-painted in various colours with figures of Animals whose likeness I had
-never seen: and by some discourse and signes which passed between us,
-I gathered that they were the only survivours of fifty, who set out
-together in company from some great Island, as I conjecture, to the
-Northwest; for I understood that they crossed a great Water, in which
-most of their party perished by tempest, the rest dying in the Marishes
-and Mountains by famine and hard weather, after a two-months travel by
-Land and Water in quest of this Island of _Akenatzy_.
-
-The most reasonable conjecture that I can frame out of this Relation,
-is, that these Indians might come from the Island of new _Albion_ or
-_California_, from whence we may imagine some great arm of the Indian
-Ocean or Bay stretches into the Continent towards the _Apalatæan_
-Mountains in the nature of a mid-land Sea, in which many of these Indians
-might have perished. To confirm my opinion in this point, I have heard
-several Indians testifie, that the Nation of _Rickohockans_, who dwell
-not far to the Westward of the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, are seated upon a
-Land, as they term it, of great Waves; by which I suppose they mean the
-Sea-shore.
-
-The next day after my arrival at _Akenatzy_, a _Rickohockan_ Ambassadour,
-attended by five Indians, whose faces were coloured with _Auripigmentum_
-(in which Mineral these parts do much abound) was received, and that
-night invited to a Ball of their fashion; but in the height of their
-mirth and dancing, by a smoke contrived for that purpose, the Room was
-suddenly darkned, and for what cause I know not, the _Rickohockan_
-and his Retinue barbarously murthered. This struck me with such an
-affrightment, that the very next day, without taking my leave of them,
-I slunk away with my Indian Companion. Though the desire of informing
-my self further concerning some Minerals, as _Auripigmentum, &c._ which
-I there took special notice of, would have perswaded me to stay longer
-amongst them, had not the bloody example of their treachery to the
-_Rickohockans_ frighted me away.
-
-The fourteenth of _June_, pursuing a South-southwest course, sometimes by
-a beaten path, and sometimes over hills and rocks, I was forc’d to take
-up my quarters in the Woods: for though the _Oenock_-Indians, whom I then
-sought, were not in a direct line above thirty odde miles distant from
-_Akenatzy_, yet the Ways were such, and obliged me to go so far about,
-that I reached not _Oenock_ until the sixteenth. The Country here, by the
-industry of these Indians, is very open, and clear of wood. Their Town
-is built round a field, where in their Sports they exercise with so much
-labour and violence, and in so great numbers, that I have seen the ground
-wet with the sweat that dropped from their bodies: their chief Recreation
-is Slinging of stones. They are of mean stature and courage, covetous
-and thievish, industrious to earn a peny; and therefore hire themselves
-out to their neighbours, who employ them as Carryers or Porters. They
-plant abundance of Grain, reap three Crops in a Summer, and out of their
-Granary supply all the adjacent parts. These and the Mountain-Indians
-build not their houses of Bark, but of Watling and Plaister. In Summer,
-the heat of the weather makes them chuse to lie abroad in the night under
-thin arbours of wilde Palm. Some houses they have of Reed and Bark; they
-build them generally round: to each house belongs a little hovel made
-like an oven, where they lay up their Corn and Mast, and keep it dry.
-They parch their Nuts and Acorns over the fire, to take away their rank
-Oyliness; which afterwards pressed, yeeld a milky liquor, and the Acorns
-an Amber-colour’d Oyl. In these, mingled together, they dip their Cakes
-at great Entertainments, and so serve them up to their guests as an
-extraordinary dainty. Their Government is Democratick; and the Sentences
-of their old men are received as Laws, or rather Oracles, by them.
-
-Fourteen miles West-Southwest of the _Oenocks_, dwell the
-_Shackory_-Indians, upon a rich Soyl, and yet abounding in Antimony,
-of which they shewed me considerable quantities. Finding them agree
-with the _Oenocks_ in Customs and Manners, I made no stay here, but
-passing thorow their Town, I travelled till the nineteenth of _June_;
-and then after a two days troublesome Journey thorow Thickets and
-Marish grounds, I arrived at _Watary_ above fourty miles distant, and
-bearing West-Southwest to _Shakor_. This Nation differs in Government
-from all the other Indians of these parts: for they are Slaves, rather
-then Subjects to their King. Their present Monarch is a grave man, and
-courteous to strangers: yet I could not without horrour behold his
-barbarous Superstition, in hiring three youths, and sending them forth
-to kill as many young women of their Enemies as they could light on, to
-serve his son, then newly dead, in the other world, as he vainly fancyed.
-These youths during my stay returned with skins torn off the heads and
-faces of three young girls, which they presented to his Majestie, and
-were by him gratefully received.
-
-I departed from _Watary_ the one and twentieth of _June_, and keeping a
-West-course for near thirty miles, I came to _Sara_: here I found the
-ways more level and easie. _Sara_ is not far distant from the Mountains,
-which here lose their height, and change their course and name: for they
-run due West, and receive from the Spaniards the name of _Suala_. From
-these Mountains or Hills the Indians draw great quantities of _Cinabar_,
-with which beaten to powder they colour their faces: this Mineral is of
-a deeper Purple then _Vermilion_, and is the same which is in so much
-esteem amongst Physitians, being the first element of Quicksilver.
-
-I did likewise, to my no small admiration, find hard cakes of white Salt
-amongst them; but whether they were made of Sea-water, or taken out of
-Salt-pits, I know not: but am apt to believe the later, because the Sea
-is so remote from them. Many other rich Commodities and Minerals there
-are undoubtedly in these parts, which if possessed by an ingenious and
-industrious people, would be improved to vast advantages by Trade. But
-having tied my self up to things onely that I have seen in my Travels, I
-will deliver no Conjectures.
-
-_Lingua sile non est ultra narrabile quidquam._
-
-These Indians are so indiscreetly fond of their children, that they will
-not chastise them for any mischief or insolence. A little Boy had shot
-an Arrow thorow my body, had I not reconciled him to me with gifts: and
-all this anger was, because I spurred my horse out of another Arrows way
-which he directed at him. This caused fetch a mutiny amongst the Youth of
-the Town, that the Seniors taking my horse and self into protection, had
-much ado (and that by intreaties and prayers, not commands) to appease
-them.
-
-From _Sara_ I kept a South-Southwest course until the five and twentieth
-of _June_, and then I reached _Wisacky_. This three-days march was more
-troublesome to me then all my travels besides: for the direct way which I
-took from _Sara_ to _Wisacky_ is over a continued Marish over-grown with
-Reeds, from whose roots sprung knotty stumps as hard and sharp as Flint.
-I was forc’d to lead my horse most part of the way, and wonder that he
-was not either plunged in the Bogs, or lamed by those rugged knots.
-
-This Nation is subject to a neighbour-King residing upon the bank of a
-great Lake called _Ushery_, invironed of all sides with Mountains, and
-_Wisacky_ Marish; and therefore I will detain the Reader no longer with
-the discourse of them, because I comprehend them in that of _Ushery_.
-
-The six and, twentieth of _June_, having crossed a fresh River which
-runs into the Lake of _Ushery_, I came to the Town, which was more
-populous then any I had seen before in my March. The King dwells some
-three miles from it, and therefore I had no opportunity of seeing him
-the two nights which I stayed there. This Prince, though his Dominions
-are large and populous, is in continual fear of the _Oustack_-Indians
-seated on the opposite side of the Lake; a people so addicted to Arms,
-that even their women come into the field, and shoot Arrows over their
-husbands shoulders, who shield them with Leathern Targets. The men it
-seems should fight with Silver-Hatchets: for one of the _Usheryes_ told
-me they were of the same metal with the Pomel of my Sword. They are a
-cruel generation, and prey upon people, whom they either steal, or force
-away from the _Usheryes_ in _Periago’s_, to sacrifice to their Idols.
-The _Ushery_-women delight much in feather-ornaments, of which they have
-great variety; but Peacocks in most esteem, because rare in those parts.
-They are reasonably handsome, and have more of civility in their carriage
-then I observed in the other Nations with whom I conversed; which is the
-reason that the men are more effeminate and lazie.
-
-These miserable wretches are strangely infatuated with illusions of the
-devil: it caused no small horrour in me, to see one of them wrythe his
-neck all on one side, foam at the mouth, stand bare-foot upon burning
-coals for near an hour, and then recovering his senses, leap out of the
-fire without hurt, or signe of any. This I was an eye-witness of.
-
-The water of _Ushery_-lake seemed to my taste a little brackish; which
-I rather impute to some Mineral-waters which flow into it, then to any
-saltness it can take from the Sea, which we may reasonably suppose is a
-great way from it. Many pleasant Rivulets fall into it, and it is stored
-with great plenty of excellent fish. I judged it to be about ten leagues
-broad: for were not the other shore very high, it could not be discerned
-from _Ushery_. How far this Lake tends Westerly, or where it ends, I
-could neither learn or guess.
-
-Here I made a days stay, to inform my self further in these Countries;
-and understood both from the _Usheries_, and some _Sara_-Indians that
-came to trade with them, that two-days journey and a half from hence to
-the Southwest, a powerful Nation of Bearded men were seated, which I
-suppose to be the Spaniards, because the Indians never have any; it being
-an universal custom amongst them, to prevent their growth, by plucking
-the young hair out by the roots. Westward lies a Government inhospitable
-to strangers; and to the North, over the _Suala_-mountains, lay the
-_Rickohockans_. I thought it not safe to venture my self amongst the
-Spaniards, lest taking me for a Spy, they would either make me away, or
-condemn me to a perpetual Slavery in their Mines. Therefore not thinking
-fit to proceed further, the eight and twentieth of _June_ I faced about,
-and looked homewards.
-
-To avoid _Wisacky_-Marish, I shaped my course Northeast; and after three
-days travel over hilly ways, where I met with no path or road, I fell
-into a barren Sandy desert, where I suffered miserably for want of water;
-the heat of the Summer having drunk all the Springs dry, and left no
-signe of any, but the Gravelly chanels in which they run: so that if now
-and then I had not found a standing Pool, which provident Nature set
-round with shady Oaks, to defend it from the ardour of the Sun, my Indian
-companion, horse and self had certainly perished with thirst. In this
-distress we travelled till the twelfth of _July_, and then found the head
-of a River, which afterwards proved _Eruco_; in which we received not
-onely the comfort of a necessary and seasonable refreshment, but likewise
-the hopes of coming into a Country again where we might finde Game for
-food at least, if not discover some new Nation or People. Nor did our
-hopes fail us: for after we had crossed the River twice, we were led by
-it upon the fourteenth of _July_ to the Town of _Katearas_, a place of
-great Indian Trade and Commerce, and chief Seat of the haughty Emperour
-of the _Toskiroro’s_, called _Kaskusara_, vulgarly _Kaskous_. His grim
-Majestie, upon my first appearance, demanded my Gun and Shot; which I
-willingly parted with, to ransom my self out of his clutches: for he was
-the most proud imperious Barbarian that I met with in all my Marches.
-The people here at this time seemed prepared for some extraordinary
-Solemnity: for the men and the women of better sort had decked themselves
-very fine with pieces of bright Copper in their hair and ears, and
-about their arms and neck, which upon Festival occasions they use as
-an extraordinary bravery: by which it should seem this Country is not
-without rich Mines of Copper. But I durst not stay to inform my self
-further in it, being jealous of some sudden mischief towards me from
-_Kaskous_, his nature being bloudy, and provoked upon any slight occasion.
-
-Therefore leaving _Katearas_, I travelled through the Woods until the
-sixteenth, upon which I came to _Kawitziokan_, an Indian town upon a
-branch of _Rorenoke_-river, which here I passed over, continuing my
-journey to Menchœrinck; and on the seventeenth departing from thence,
-I lay all night in the Woods, and the next morning betimes going by
-_Natoway_, I reached that evening _Apamatuck_ in _Virginia_, where I was
-not a little overjoyed to see Christian faces again.
-
-
-
-
-The third and last EXPEDITION,
-
-From the Falls of _Rappahanock_-River in _Virginia_, (due West) to the
-top of the _Apalatæan_ Mountains.
-
-
-On the twentieth of _August_ 1670, Col. _Catlet_ of _Virginia_ and my
-self, with nine English Horse, and five Indians on foot, departed from
-the house of one _Robert Talifer_, and that night reached the falls of
-_Rappahanock_-river, in Indian _Mantepeuck_.
-
-The next day we passed it over where it divides into two branches North
-and South, keeping the main branch North of us.
-
-The three and twentieth we found it so shallow, that it onely wet our
-horses hoofs.
-
-The four and twentieth we travelled thorow the _Savanæ_ amongst vast
-herds of Red and Fallow Deer which stood gazing at us; and a little
-after, we came to the Promontories or Spurs of the _Apalatæan_-mountains.
-
-These _Savanæ_ are low grounds at the foot of the _Apalatæans_, which all
-the Winter, Spring, and part of the Summer, lie under snow or water, when
-the snow is dissolved, which falls down from the Mountains commonly about
-the beginning of _June_; and then their verdure is wonderful pleasant to
-the eye, especially of such as having travelled through the shade of the
-vast Forest, come out of a melancholy darkness of a sudden, into a clear
-and open skie. To heighten the beauty of these parts, the first Springs
-of most of those great Rivers which run into the _Atlantick_ Ocean, or
-_Cheseapeack_ Bay, do here break out, and in various branches interlace
-the flowry Meads, whose luxurious herbage invites numerous herds of Red
-Deer (for their unusual largeness improperly termed Elks by ignorant
-people) to feed. The right Elk, though very common in _New Scotland_,
-_Canada_, and those Northern parts, is never seen on this side of the
-Continent: for that which the _Virginians_ call Elk’s, does not at all
-differ from the Red Deer of _Europe_, but in his dimensions, which are
-far greater: but yet the Elk in bigness does as far exceed them: their
-heads, or horns, are not very different; but the neck of the Elk is so
-short, that it hardly separates the head from the shoulders; which is the
-reason that they cannot feed upon level ground but by falling on their
-knees, though their heads be a yard-long: therefore they commonly either
-brouse upon trees, or standing up to the belly in ponds or rivers feed
-upon the banks: their Cingles or tails are hardly three inches long, I
-have been told by a _New-England_-Gentleman, that the lips and nostrils
-of this creature is the most delicious meat he ever tasted. As for the
-Red Deer we here treat of, I cannot difference the taste of their flesh
-from those in _Europe_.
-
-The six and twentieth of _August_ we came to the Mountains, where
-finding no horse-way up, we alighted, and left our horses with two or
-three Indians below, whilst we went up afoot. The ascent was so steep,
-the cold so intense, and we so tired, that having with much ado gained
-the top of one of the highest, we drank the Kings Health in Brandy,
-gave the Mountain His name, and agreed to return back again, having no
-encouragement from that prospect to proceed to a further discovery; since
-from hence we saw another Mountain, bearing North and by West to us, of a
-prodigious height: for according to an observation of the distance taken
-by Col. _Catlet_, it could not be less then fifty leagues from the place
-we stood upon.
-
-Here was I stung in my sleep by a Mountain-spider; and had not an Indian
-suckt out the poyson, I had died: for receiving the hurt at the tip of
-one of my fingers, the venome shot up immediately into my shoulder, and
-so inflamed my side, that it is not possible to express my torment. The
-means used by my Physician, was first a small dose of Snakeroot-powder,
-which I took in a little water; and then making a kinde of Plaister of
-the same, applied it neer to the part affected: when he had done so,
-he swallowed some by way of Antidote himself, and suckt my fingers end
-so violently, that I felt the venome retire back from my side into my
-shoulder, and from thence down my arm: having thus sucked half a score
-times, and spit as often, I was eased of all my pain, and perfectly
-recovered. I thought I had been bit by a Rattle-snake, for I saw not what
-hurt me: but the Indian found by the wound, and the effects of it, that
-it was given by a Spider, one of which he shewed me the next day: it is
-not unlike our great blue Spider, onely it is somewhat longer. I suppose
-the nature of his poyson to be much like that of the _Tarantula_.
-
-I being thus beyond my hopes and expectation restored to my self, we
-unanimously agreed to return back, seeing no possibility of passing
-through the Mountains: and finding our Indians with our horses in the
-place where we left them, we rode homewards without making any further
-Discovery.
-
-
-
-
-CONJECTURES of the Land beyond the _Apalatæan_ Mountains.
-
-
-They are certainly in a great errour, who imagine that the Continent
-of North-_America_ is but eight or ten days journey over from
-the _Atlantick_ to the _Indian_ Ocean: which all reasonable men
-must acknowledge, if they consider that Sir _France Drake_ kept
-a West-Northwest course from _Cape Mendocino_ to _California_.
-Nevertheless, by what I gathered from the stranger Indians at _Akenatzy_
-of their Voyage by Sea to the very Mountains from a far distant Northwest
-Country, I am brought over to their opinion who think that the Indian
-Ocean does stretch an Arm or Bay from _California_ into the Continent as
-far as the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, answerable to the Gulfs of _Florida_
-and _Mexico_ on this side. Yet I am far from believing with some, that
-such great and Navigable Rivers are to be found on the other side the
-_Apalatæans_ falling into the Indian Ocean, as those which run from
-them to the Eastward. My first reason is derived from the knowledge and
-experience we already have of South-_America_, whose _Andes_ send the
-greatest Rivers in the world (as the _Amazones_ and _Rio de la Plata_
-&c.) into the _Atlantick_, but none at all into the _Pacifique_ Sea.
-Another Argument is, that all our Water-fowl which delight in Lakes and
-Rivers, as Swans, Geese, Ducks, _&c._ come over the Mountains from the
-Lake of _Canada_, when it is frozen over every Winter, to our fresh
-Rivers; which they would never do, could they finde any on the other side
-of the _Apalatæans_.
-
-
-
-
-INSTRUCTIONS to such as shall march upon Discoveries into the
-North-_American_ Continent.
-
-
-Two breaches there are in the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, opening a passage
-into the Western parts of the Continent. One, as I am informed by
-Indians, at a place called _Zynodoa_, to the Norward; the other at
-_Sara_, where I have been my self: but the way thither being thorow a
-vast Forest, where you seldom fall into any Road or Path, you must shape
-your course by a Compass; though some, for want of one, have taken their
-direction from the North-side of the trees, which is distinguished from
-the rest by quantities of thick Moss growing there. You will not meet
-with many hinderances on horseback in your passage to the Mountains, but
-where your course is interrupted by branches of the great Rivers, which
-in many places are not Fordable; and therefore if you be unprovided of
-means or strength to make a Bridge by felling trees across, you may be
-forced to go a great way about: in this respect company is necessary, but
-in others so inconvenient, that I would not advise above half a dozen,
-or ten at the most, to travel together; and of these, the major part
-Indians: for the Nations in your way are prone to jealousie and mischief
-towards Christians in a considerable Body, and as courteous and hearty to
-a few, from whom they apprehend no danger.
-
-When you pass thorow an even level Country, where you can take no
-particular remarks from hill or waters to guide your self by when you
-come back, you must not forget to notch the trees as you go along with
-your small Hatchet, that in your return you may know when you fall into
-the same way which you went. By this means you will be certain of the
-place you are in, and may govern your course homeward accordingly.
-
-In stead of Bread, I used the meal of parched _Mayz_, i. e. Indian Wheat;
-which when I eat, I seasoned with a little Salt. This is both more
-portable and strengthning then Biscuit, and will suffer no mouldiness
-by any weather. For other provisions, you may securely trust to your
-Gun, the Woods being full of Fallow, and _Savanæ_ of Red-Deer, besides
-great variety of excellent Fowl, as wilde Turkeys, Pigeons, Partridges,
-Phesants, _&c._ But you must not forget to dry or barbecue some of these
-before you come to the Mountains: for upon them you will meet with no
-Game, except a few Bears.
-
-Such as cannot lie on the ground, must be provided with light Hamacks,
-which hung in the trees, are more cool and pleasant then any bed
-whatsoever.
-
-The Order and Discipline to be observed in this Expedition is, that
-an Indian Scout or two march as far before the rest of the company as
-they can in sight, both for the finding out provision, and discovery of
-Ambushes, if any should be laid by Enemies. Let your other Indians keep
-on the right and left hand, armed not onely with Guns, but Bills and
-Hatchets, to build small Arbours or Cottages of boughs and bark of trees,
-to shelter and defend you from the injuries of the weather. At nights it
-is necessary to make great Fires round about the place where you take up
-your lodging, as well to scare Wild-beasts away, as to purifie the air.
-Neither must you fail to go the Round at the close of the evening: for
-then, and betimes in the morning, the Indians put all their designes in
-execution: in the night they never attempt any thing.
-
-When in the remote parts you draw near to an Indian Town, you must
-by your Scouts inform your self whether they hold any correspondence
-with the _Sasquesahanaughs_; for to such you must give notice of your
-approach by a Gun; which amongst other Indians is to be avoided, because
-being ignorant of their use, it would affright and dispose them to some
-treacherous practice against you.
-
-Being arrived at a Town, enter no house until you are invited; and then
-seem not afraid to be led in pinion’d like a prisoner: for that is a
-Ceremony they use to friends and enemies without distinction.
-
-You must accept of an invitation from the Seniors, before that of young
-men; and refuse nothing that is offered or set afore you: for they
-are very jealous, and sensible of the least slighting or neglect from
-strangers, and mindful of Revenge.
-
-
-
-
-Touching TRADE with Indians.
-
-
-If you barely designe a Home-trade with neighbour-Indians, for skins of
-Deer, Beaver, Otter, Wild-Cat, Fox, Racoon, &c. your best Truck is a sort
-of course Trading Cloth, of which a yard and a half makes a Matchcoat
-or Mantle fit for their wear; as also Axes, Hoes, Knives, Sizars, and
-all sorts of edg’d tools. Guns, Powder and Shot, _&c._ are Commodities
-they will greedily barter for: but to supply the Indians with Arms and
-Ammunition, is prohibited in all English Governments.
-
-In dealing with the Indians, you must be positive and at a word: for if
-they perswade you to fall any thing in your price, they will spend time
-in higgling for further abatements, and seldom conclude any Bargain.
-Sometimes you may with Brandy or Strong liquor dispose them to an humour
-of giving you ten times the value of your commodity; and at other times
-they are so hide-bound, that they will not offer half the Market-price,
-especially if they be aware that you have a designe to circumvent them
-with drink, or that they think you have a desire to their goods; which
-you must seem to slight and disparage.
-
-To the remoter Indians you must carry other kinde of Truck, as small
-Looking-glasses, Pictures, Beads and Bracelets of glass, Knives, Sizars,
-and all manner of gaudy toys and knacks for children, which are light and
-portable. For they are apt to admire such trinkets, and will purchase
-them at any rate, either with their currant Coyn of small shells, which
-they call _Roanoack_ or _Peack_, or perhaps with Pearl, Vermilion, pieces
-of Christal; and towards _Ushery_, with some odde pieces of Plate or
-Buillon, which they sometimes receive in Truck from the _Oestacks_.
-
-Could I have foreseen when I set out, the advantages to be made by a
-Trade with those remote Indians, I had gone better provided; though
-perhaps I might have run a great hazard of my life, had I purchased
-considerably amongst them, by carrying wealth unguarded through so many
-different Nations of barbarous people: therefore it is vain for any man
-to propose to himself, or undertake a Trade at that distance, unless he
-goes with strength to defend, as well as an Adventure to purchase such
-Commodities: for in such a designe many ought to joyn and go in company.
-
-Some pieces of Silver unwrought I purchased my self of the _Usheries_,
-for no other end then to justifie this account I give of my Second
-Expedition, which had not determined at _Ushery_, were I accompanied with
-half a score resolute youths that would have stuck to me in a further
-discovery towards the Spanish Mines.
-
-
-FINIS.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DISCOVERIES OF JOHN LEDERER ***
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