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+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65169 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65169)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early Man Projectile Points in the
-Southwest, by Kenneth Honea
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest
-       Museum of New Mexico Press, Popular Series Pamphlet No. 4
-
-Author: Kenneth Honea
-
-Release Date: April 26, 2021 [eBook #65169]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE
-SOUTHWEST ***
-
-
-
-
-                               Early Man
-                           Projectile Points
-                            in the Southwest
-
-
-                       MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO PRESS
-                     POPULAR SERIES PAMPHLET NO. 4
-
-
-
-
-                            EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST
-                                                      _by Kenneth Honea_
-
-
-
-
-                              INTRODUCTION
-
-
-The cultures of Early Man in the Southwest, though yet imperfectly
-known, seem most readily distinguishable by characteristic types of
-projectile points. The majority of finds, and they are rare, have been
-made on the surface; much less often at camp or kill sites.
-
-Camp sites were situated on ridges, in sand dunes, or on hills
-overlooking streams, lakes, or ponds. Occupational features generally
-include hearths, split and charred food bones, debris from stone tool
-manufacturing, and a full inventory of stone tools. Seeds, grinding
-stones, storage and cooking pits are rarely found at such early sites.
-
-Kill sites, by contrast, are usually situated on the edges of streams,
-lakes, or ponds. Features will include animal skeletons, sometimes
-partially dismembered, points used in killing game, some stone
-butchering tools such as scrapers, knives, utilized flakes, and waste
-flakes resulting from the sharpening of stone tools. Preferred parts of
-game may be missing, indicating they were carried back to camp. Hearths
-are occasionally found at kill sites, indicating that part of the game
-may have been prepared there.
-
-Points used by Early Man were likely thrown at game with a spear-thrower
-or atl-atl, rather than shot at them with a bow and arrow. Atl-atls were
-probably of wood, and had a long groove on one side. Into this groove
-was placed the spear with a point hafted onto one end. The atl-atl was
-thrust back and thrown forward, releasing the spear on the forward
-thrust.
-
-On the basis of findings, archaeologists have reconstructed two
-widespread methods of hunting by Early Man. In the first instance, game
-was observed, stalked and killed at watering places. In the second, game
-was driven into an arroyo, stream, lake, or pond, or stampeded over a
-cliff.
-
-
-
-
-                    EARLY MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES
-
-
-It is a curious fact that Early Southwestern Man most often made his
-tools of very finely textured stone. Perhaps this custom was induced by
-the exacting, finely controlled technologies of stone flaking practiced
-and the kinds of tools made. Indeed, workmanship on many projectile
-points, knives, and scrapers is so well achieved that one is led to
-believe that Early Man strove to express some degree of esthetic
-idealism in his tools.
-
-Demands in technology often led to the widespread trading of choice
-materials. The best known of these is from the alibates quarries near
-Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle. Fine quality flint from this locality
-has been found at Early Man sites as far west as Arizona and as far
-north as Wyoming and Montana.
-
-Early man prepared point “blanks” by the striking of suitable primary
-flakes by direct percussion from a block of stone, the core. The striker
-consisted either of a hard subround hammerstone, or a cylinder-hammer of
-soft stone, bone, antler, or hard wood. Flakes driven off by the former
-were usually thicker at one end. Those produced in the second instance
-were relatively thin throughout their length. Long flakes or “blades”
-were also often used as blanks, especially in the making of long
-projectile points. They could be detached from cores with either of the
-above strikers, or by holding a bone or stone “punch” on an edge of a
-core and striking the top of the punch with a hammerstone. This is a
-form of indirect percussion. Blades were also produced by what has been
-called impulsive pressure. A bone, antler, or stone-tipped crutch was
-applied to an edge of a core, and pressed downwards with the chest,
-driving off a blade.
-
-Often cores were pre-shaped before the striking or pressing off of
-flakes or blades by what is termed the “Levallois technique.” A block of
-stone was initially trimmed on both faces into a round, oval, or
-triangular shape. Either one or a series of flakes or blades were then
-driven off one or both faces of the core, using any of the above
-percussion or pressure instruments. A distinct advantage to the
-technique was that the upper face of the detached flake or blade blanks
-had already been trimmed in the process of initial preparation of the
-core. This same preparation also predetermined to a large extent the
-shape of blanks produced in the Levallois technique.
-
-The processes by which appropriate blanks were turned into finished
-projectile points involved several manufacturing stages and one or a
-combination of flaking techniques. The techniques employed consisted of
-direct or indirect percussion, using a hammerstone, cylinder-hammer, or
-punch, and direct or indirect pressure, using a crutch, an animal claw
-or tooth, the edge of a length of bone, antler, or stone.
-
-The principal manufacturing stages include: 1) over-all initial shaping
-by the careful thinning of both faces of the blank; 2) secondary
-trimming of lateral and basal edges, including eventual fluting; and 3)
-smoothing by grinding of lateral and basal edges.
-
-As will later be seen in the descriptions, special kinds of initial
-flaking, or facial thinning, are often characteristically associated
-with certain Early Man points. On some, flaking may conform to
-traditional patterns, while on others it may be irregular. The following
-kinds of initial flake scars are distinguished:
-
-_Irregular_: flake scars are of irregular shape, and they are in no
-particular alignment to one another or the point long-axis.
-
-_Transverse_: long, parallel flake scars are horizontal, or nearly so,
-to the point long-axis; opposite flake scars end smoothly near the point
-center line, appearing to form a continuous flake scar across the point
-face.
-
-_Collateral_: similar to transverse flaking, except that opposite flake
-scars end abruptly near the point center line, forming in some cases a
-central ridge.
-
-_Oblique_: long, parallel flake scars are oblique or slanted in relation
-to the point long-axis.
-
-
-
-
-                             BLANCO POINTS
-
-
-To be counted possibly among the earliest projectile point types of the
-Southwest are what have been called Blanco points, named after the
-Blanco River of Central Texas. They were discovered by the writer, along
-with other stone and bone tools, in alluvial banks and other formations
-which in part may have accumulated during the Late Pleistocene.
-Lanceolate-shaped points from type localities are characteristically
-desert varnished and have been dulled and battered by being washed about
-in stream gravels. Heavily weathered points quite like those of the
-Blanco type have been reported in other parts of Texas and also in
-central and southeast New Mexico. They have also been recovered from a
-number of sites in Mexico and South America under circumstances that
-seem to suggest great antiquity. The eminent American archaeologist,
-Marie Wormington, has suggested that points much like those of our
-Blanco type may well have been the basic type from which later Early Man
-points evolved.
-
-    [Illustration: _Blanco_]
-
-Blanco points are lanceolate-shaped and are broadest at or somewhat
-below mid-section. The cross-section at this point is a flattened oval
-shape. Lateral edges are slightly rounded, converging to a point at the
-tip, while the base is round. The few known specimens range in length
-from about 4.0 to 6.0 cm., in width from 2.0 to 2.5 cm., and in
-thickness 0.7 to 1.0 cm. Specimens having dimensions somewhat in excess
-of those listed may be expected. Manufacture is by direct percussion and
-is not particularly well achieved nor patterned. Initial flake scars on
-point faces are irregular; point bases have been thinned by
-multi-directional flaking. Pressure working of edges is absent. Due to
-intense weatherings, it is not known whether Blanco points were basally
-ground.
-
-Blanco points are associated in central Texas with the San Marcos
-Complex. They may represent a primary Early Man projectile point type.
-Undisturbed San Marcos sites have not been found as yet. Tools ascribed
-to this complex have been found only in secondary gravel beds at type
-localities along the Blanco River. It is conceivable that some of these
-formations may have accumulated during the Late Pleistocene. In view of
-all factors, dating of Blanco points relative to other Early Man points
-must await future excavations.
-
-
-
-
-                            SANDIA I POINTS
-
-
-This projectile point type was named after the type site, Sandia Cave,
-situated at the north end of the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque, New
-Mexico. Such points have also been found at the Lucy Site in Central New
-Mexico, in Central Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, and possibly
-Alabama, Alberta, and Saskatchewan.
-
-    [Illustration: _Sandia I_]
-
-Sandia I points are lanceolate in shape and may be somewhat asymmetrical
-in outline. They are distinctive in having a single shoulder on one side
-of the stem. Gently rounded lateral edges on the upper portion taper to
-a point, while the rounded stem edges taper to the somewhat narrow,
-rounded base. Specimens are broadest somewhat below mid-section and have
-a lenticular cross section at this point. Both the stem and the base
-have been smoothed by grinding. Total length may vary from about 6.0 to
-9.0 cm., and width from 2.0 to 4.0 cm. Manufacture was evidently by
-direct percussion and not as refined as on some later Early Man Points.
-Initial flake scars on point faces are irregular; point bases have been
-thinned by multi-directional flaking. Pressure retouch is absent.
-
-Sandia I projectile points are accepted by most archaeologists as among
-the oldest documented, though not reliably dated, point types of the
-Southwest and North America in general. Similarly, the relationship of
-Sandia points to Clovis and other Early Man point types has not yet been
-clearly established. That Sandia points are older than Folsom points
-does remain certain, however. They may also be older than Clovis points.
-
-
-
-
-                            SANDIA II POINTS
-
-
-Sandia II points were discovered together with Sandia I points at Sandia
-Cave near Albuquerque, New Mexico. They differ from Sandia I points in a
-number of respects.
-
-Single-shouldered Sandia II points are quite similar to those of the
-type Sandia I excepting details on the stem, base shape and certain
-aspects of workmanship. Instead of tapering to a rounded base, the
-straight-edged stem of Sandia II points contracts to a straight or
-slightly concave base. Workmanship is generally finer than in the other
-type, though achieved by the same means. Resolved secondary edge
-thinning is noticeable on many specimens. Sandia II points are also
-marked by vertical basal thinning, produced by the removal of a large,
-or several smaller longish flakes parallel to the point long-axis,
-anticipating perhaps the fluting found on Clovis and Folsom points.
-Vertical basal thinning is absent on points of the Sandia I type.
-
-    [Illustration: _Sandia II_]
-
-
-
-
-                           SANDIA III POINTS
-
-
-Sandia III points were discovered in 1954 together with Sandia I, Sandia
-II, and other Early Man points in a series of blow-outs near Lucy,
-central New Mexico.
-
-    [Illustration: _Sandia III_]
-
-Single-shouldered Sandia III points are similar in all respects to
-Sandia II points with these exceptions: the base on specimens of the
-Sandia III type is consistently deeply concave, and the stem portion is
-always vertically fluted.
-
-
-
-
-                             CLOVIS POINTS
-
-
-Clovis points are named after the type site located near Clovis, New
-Mexico. They were found associated with the remains of mammoth and other
-extinct animal forms in gravels at the bottom of a Late Pleistocene
-pond. This site is counted among the most important archaeological
-discoveries of the New World. The series of culture layers excavated
-from above the one containing Clovis material give the most complete
-sequence of Early Man cultures yet found at a single site.
-
-    [Illustration: _Clovis_]
-
-Clovis points are symmetrically lanceolate in outline and are broadest
-near mid-section or sometimes nearer to the tip. Upper lateral edges of
-the point body are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are commonly
-straight or slightly rounded and they may taper somewhat towards the
-consistently concave base. On some examples, the lateral edges near the
-base may be gently recurved. Both the basal concavity and the lateral
-edges are smoothed by intentional grinding. The characteristic flutes
-were struck vertically from only one or from both faces. In the latter
-case, they may not be of equal length. The longest flute usually does
-not extend up further from the base than about half the length of the
-point. Nonetheless, specimens are known on which fluting extends up
-almost the entire length of a face. Flaking on Clovis points was
-probably by direct percussion; lateral edges of some may have been
-thinned by secondary pressure retouch. Initial flake scars on point
-faces are irregular. Fluting was achieved by the removal of either one
-or a series of long flakes parallel to the point long-axis, possibly by
-indirect percussion. Dimensions are variable. Clovis points in the
-broader Southwest may range from nearly 3.5 to 14.0 cm. in length, and
-in width from about 2.0 to 4.0 cm.
-
-Radio carbon dates and geologic evidence obtained in recent years
-indicate Clovis points were in use by Early Man between about 11,000 and
-11,500 years ago in the Southwest. Though older than Folsom points,
-there evidently was a period towards the end of the Clovis sequence,
-during which both Clovis and Folsom points were made and used. Clovis
-points have been found with the remains of extinct Pleistocene fauna,
-primarily mammoth, not only at the type locality, but at sites near
-Angus, Nebraska; Dent, Colorado; Miami, Texas; and Naco, Arizona. Finds
-of such points, mostly on the surface, have also been made in northern
-Mexico, California, on the eastern seaboard, in the Midwest, Canada, and
-Alaska.
-
-Small Clovis points may be confused with Folsom points. However, Clovis
-points are both thicker and heavier; flutes do not ordinarily extend up
-the entire face, and workmanship is not as fine as on Folsom points.
-Also, Folsom points often have a small nipple in the middle of the basal
-concavity, a feature lacking on Clovis points.
-
-
-
-
-                             FOLSOM POINTS
-
-
-Folsom points were first discovered in the twenties at an Early Man kill
-site near Folsom, in northeast New Mexico. The points were associated
-with the remains of an extinct form of giant Late Pleistocene bison.
-These finds were among the first to demonstrate the great antiquity of
-man in the New World.
-
-    [Illustration: _Folsom_]
-
-Folsom points are symmetrically lanceolate in shape, and are broadest at
-mid-section or somewhat nearer to the tip. They are fluted on either one
-or both faces; flutes usually extend up almost an entire face. Upper
-lateral edges are ordinarily gently rounded, while the lower lateral
-edges are usually straight and either parallel-sided or slightly
-contracting towards the base. The base is consistently concave, in some
-examples, markedly so. Similar to Clovis points, stem edges near the
-base may be gently recurved. Average dimensions are: length 3.0 to 8.0
-cm., but averaging 3.0 to about 5.0 cm., and width from about 1.5 to
-nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is usually quite delicate, with initial
-shaping by either direct or indirect percussion or pressure. Initial
-flake scars on point faces, where preserved are irregular. Delicate
-secondary edge thinning was by pressure, during which the basal
-concavity was probably produced and a nipple left preparatory to
-fluting. Vertical fluting was probably produced by indirect percussion.
-
-The latest research suggests that Folsom points may be dated between
-10,000 and 11,000 years ago. Excavated sites producing Folsom points
-have in most all cases also produced the remains of giant bison, but not
-mammoth, which may have become extinct by the advent of Folsom Man.
-Folsom points have been discovered in both excavated and surface sites
-in most parts of the Southwest, including the Clovis type site in
-eastern New Mexico, numerous sites in most other portions of New Mexico,
-at the Lubbock, Lipscomb, Scharbauer, and Kincaid Sites in Texas, the
-Lindenmeier, Linger, and Powars Sites in Colorado, the Hell Gap Site in
-Wyoming and the MacHaffie Site in Montana.
-
-
-
-
-                            HELL GAP POINTS
-
-
-This recently defined Early Man projectile point has been named after a
-group of quarry sites in the Hell Cap Valley near Guernsey in
-east-central Wyoming.
-
-Hell Gap points, similar to many other Early Man types, are essentially
-lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges are slightly rounded, while lower
-lateral edges taper in straight lines to the generally narrow, slightly
-to noticeably rounded, occasionally nearly straight base. These points
-are commonly broadest at mid-section, but examples are known which are
-broadest a little below this point. Lower lateral edges are offset from
-the broadest section to such a degree that one is inclined to consider
-Hell Gap points stemmed. Dimensions are: length 4.5 to 8.8 cm., and
-width 2.0 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship is not nearly as fine as on Folsom
-points. Flaking was produced by direct percussion, with occasional
-secondary edge trimming by pressure. Initial flake scars on point faces
-are irregular; basal thinning was accomplished by multi-directional
-flaking. The stem and base are smoothed through grinding; basal
-smoothing may be absent on some specimens.
-
-Surface specimens have been found in many parts of Wyoming, Montana,
-Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Similar points are also known from
-California and parts of Texas. The most northerly known occurrence is
-Alberta, in Canada.
-
-    [Illustration: _Hell Gap_]
-
-
-
-
-                             MIDLAND POINTS
-
-
-Midland points were first discovered at the Scharbauer Site near
-Midland, in West Texas. They were evidently contemporaneous with Folsom
-points, which they greatly resemble.
-
-    [Illustration: _Midland_]
-
-Formal description of Midland points has not yet been made. They are
-mentioned, however, as appearing a great deal like Folsom points in
-shape, size, and thinness, but are distinct from them in not being
-fluted. Otherwise they are apparently of the same fine workmanship and
-technological tradition as Folsom points.
-
-Deposits in which a Midland point fragment was found with human remains
-at the Scharbauer Site have been dated to about 11,000 years ago,
-indicating a time range for this point type corresponding to that of
-Folsom. Similar points have been found near Lubbock, Texas; central New
-Mexico; and as far east as San Augustine County, Texas. Possibly they
-will be found to occur in other districts on or near the Llano Estacado.
-Quite frequently they are found together with Folsom points in west
-Texas and New Mexico localities.
-
-
-
-
-                            PLAINVIEW POINTS
-
-
-Plainview points were first defined on the basis of type specimens
-recovered from a bison kill site near Plainview in the Texas Panhandle.
-
-    [Illustration: _Plainview_]
-
-Lanceolate shaped, the upper lateral edges of the most Plainview points
-are slightly rounded but on some they are straight. Lower lateral edges
-are ordinarily straight and parallel-sided up to about one-half or
-three-quarters the distance from the base to the tip. They are usually
-broadest at mid-section. A variation in shape may include a recurve,
-rarely marked, of lateral edges near the base; such specimens are
-broadest either at or somewhat above the mid-section (see also the
-description of Golondrina points). The base of Plainview points varies
-from slightly to markedly concave; the former is typical. Workmanship is
-quite fine. Direct or indirect percussion or possibly pressure action is
-employed in retouching. Initial flake scars may be at either right
-angles or slightly oblique to the point long-axis. Though individual
-initial flake scars may be parallel, they are more often irregular.
-Dimensions of Plainview points are: length about 4.5 to 8.0 cm., width
-1.8 to 2.8 cm. Bases of these points were sometimes thinned by the
-removal of the series of relatively large, longish flakes parallel to
-the point long-axis in a technique reminiscent of fluting. Others
-however, were basally thinned by the removal of flakes from the lower
-lateral edges at right angles to the point long-axis. Basal edges are
-usually smoothed.
-
-Plainview points are considered by most archaeologists to date around
-9,000 to 10,000 years ago. At both the type site and at the Lone Wolf
-Creek Site in Texas, they were associated with the remains of extinct
-bison.
-
-
-
-
-                            MILNESAND POINTS
-
-
-Milnesand points were first recorded at a site near Milnesand, New
-Mexico.
-
-    [Illustration: _Milnesand_]
-
-Lanceolate in shape, Milnesand points are broadest either at mid-section
-or somewhat above. Upper lateral edges are slightly to markedly rounded,
-while the lower edges are straight and taper a little towards the
-typically straight base. Bases on some may be slightly rounded or
-concave. Average dimensions are: length 5.0 to 8.0 cm., width 2.0 to
-nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is generally quite fine, and has been
-achieved with either direct or indirect percussion, or possibly
-pressure. Secondary thinning of both lateral and basal edges often
-occurs and is by pressure. Initial flaking of point faces is patterned:
-transverse flake scars are approximately parallel to one another and at
-right angles to the point long-axis. These scars terminate at the point
-mid-line; some specimens may have a distinct median ridge on one or both
-faces. Horizontal basal thinning, accomplished primarily during initial
-flaking may be accompanied by the removal of small flakes vertical to
-the point long-axis. Both the lower lateral edges and base are carefully
-smoothed.
-
-Milnesand points at the type site were found with the remains of bison,
-possibly an extinct form. They occur widely in eastern New Mexico and
-western Texas. Others have been found in Nebraska, Iowa, Alberta,
-Saskatchewan, and Alaska. Similarities of Milnesand to Plainview points
-have been noted by archaeologists, who have suggested the two may be
-related and probably were partly contemporaneous. They may be
-distinguished from one another by the following attributes: The base on
-most Milnesand points is straight, while it is predominantly concave on
-Plainviews; thinning of Plainview bases was accomplished primarily by
-the removing of a few, fairly large vertical flakes, while Milnesand
-bases were thinned primarily by the removal of horizontal flakes, and
-only secondarily by the removal of small flakes. Finally, the smoothing
-of lower lateral edges on Milnesand points generally extends up further
-than on Plainview points, sometimes to a point beyond the mid-section.
-
-
-
-
-                             MESERVE POINTS
-
-
-Meserve points were first described from the Meserve Site near Grand
-Island, Nebraska. They are found in most parts of the Southwest.
-
-    [Illustration: _Meserve_]
-
-Meserve points are basically lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges,
-which in the case of these points comprise almost three-quarters of the
-total point length, are typically straight. They are quite distinctive
-in being rather steeply alternately bevelled and they may be serrated.
-Bevelling is always on the right edge when viewed with the point tip
-forward; cross-section of the upper lateral edges at mid-section is
-rhomboidal. The unusually short lower lateral edges are straight or
-slightly concave. Meserve points are broadest either at the distal end
-of these edges, or at the base. The base is shallowly or markedly
-concave. Basal thinning is accomplished mainly by the removal of either
-one large flake or several narrower flakes parallel to the point
-long-axis, in a fashion reminiscent of the thinning of Plainview point
-bases. Less often, these scars are small and numerous. Thinning in some
-cases was by the removal of flakes at right angles to the point
-long-axis during initial retouch of the point faces. Average dimensions
-are: length 3.0 to 9.0 cm., width (base) 2.0 to 2.7 cm. Workmanship is
-generally good. Initial shaping as well as bevelling were likely by
-direct percussion. Initial flake scars are usually irregular. Basal
-thinning in some cases was probably by indirect percussion. Lateral
-edges may be secondarily pressure retouched. Smoothing is observed on
-both the lower non-bevelled lateral edges and in the concave base.
-
-An estimated age of from 9,000 to 5,000 or even 4,000 years ago has been
-suggested for Meserve points. They are thus in part contemporaneous
-with, and have been found with, Plainview points. Meserve points are
-found throughout most of the Southwest, as far north as Canada, and in
-the Midwest states. They appear to be most common on the Llano Estacado.
-
-
-
-
-                          SCOTTSBLUFF I POINTS
-
-
-    [Illustration: _Scottsbluff I_]
-
-    [Illustration: _Scottsbluff II_]
-
-    [Illustration: _Eden_]
-
-Projectile points of the type Scottsbluff were first defined on the
-basis of specimens recovered from a bison kill site near Scottsbluff,
-Nebraska.
-
-The over-all shape of Scottsbluff I points is either lanceolate or
-triangular. Upper lateral edges are usually straight, but they may be
-faintly rounded. Characteristic of this type is a broad stem and faint
-shoulders. Parallel edges of the stem are straight; sometimes they may
-expand towards the base. The small shoulders, the widest part of these
-points, are cut inwards at right angles to the point long-axis. The stem
-base is straight or slightly rounded, very rarely slightly concave.
-Average dimensions range from about 5.0 to 15.0 cm. in length; width at
-the shoulders is from 2.4 to 3.5 cm., and width at the stem base 2.0 to
-3.0 cm. Workmanship on most Scottsbluff I points is well executed.
-Initial shaping was carried out by direct or indirect percussion.
-Typical of many Scottsbluff I points are the longish parallel flake
-scars produced during this stage of retouch. They are at right angles to
-the point long-axis and are of the transverse type. On others patterning
-of flake scars is more irregular. Lateral edges of some may be
-secondarily pressure retouched. Both the stem lateral edges and base are
-smoothed.
-
-Scottsbluff I points have a suggested age range of from 9,500 to about
-7,000 years. They are known to occur not only in Nebraska, but in New
-Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Colorado, Wyoming,
-Montana, Washington, and in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.
-
-
-
-
-                         SCOTTSBLUFF II POINTS
-
-
-These points are probably of the same age and distribution as those of
-the Scottsbluff I type.
-
-Scottsbluff II points are morphologically quite similar to those of the
-Scottsbluff I type with these exceptions: the lateral edges of the point
-body on Scottsbluff II points are straight, giving this portion of the
-point a definitely triangular outline; in addition, the point body is
-relatively broader at the shoulders, and the shoulders are more markedly
-offset from the stem than on Scottsbluff I points. Also, the former are
-generally shorter and thinner than those of the latter type.
-
-
-
-
-                              EDEN POINTS
-
-
-Eden points bear a great deal of resemblance to Scottsbluff points, with
-which they are sometimes found. Dissimilarities are pointed out below.
-
-Eden points, though of the same basic shape, are much narrower in
-relation to over-all length than are Scottsbluff points. Most commonly,
-shoulders on Eden points are very faint indeed. Transverse facial
-flaking is much like that on Scottsbluff points. More frequently it is
-of the collateral type.
-
-Probably the same age as the Scottsbluff type.
-
-
-
-
-                          BROWNS VALLEY POINTS
-
-
-Browns Valley points were initially discovered at a site near Browns
-Valley, Minnesota. They were associated with a human burial.
-
-    [Illustration: _Browns Valley_]
-
-    [Illustration: _Agate Basin_]
-
-Browns Valley points are broad lanceolate in shape. Upper lateral edges
-are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are much less rounded,
-contracting very slightly to either a shallowly concave or straight
-base. These points are broadest at mid-section. Dimensions are: length
-7.0 to 8.0 cm., width 3.0 cm. (full range indeterminate since few
-specimens known). Workmanship is fine. Initial shaping may have been by
-direct or indirect percussion. The initial flake scars are parallel and
-run obliquely across the point faces; less often they are at right
-angles. Bases have been initially thinned by the removal of a series of
-small longish flakes mainly oblique to the point long-axis, to a lesser
-extent by the removal of vertical flakes. Basal edges are smoothed.
-
-Browns Valley points are rare and have an estimated age of from 9,000 to
-8,000 years. Similar points excavated in Wyoming have a comparable age
-of almost 8,000 years.
-
-
-
-
-                           AGATE BASIN POINTS
-
-
-Agate Basin points were first recognized at a bison kill site between
-Newcastle and Lusk in eastern Wyoming. The bison were probably of a
-recent type, but this is not certain.
-
-Agate Basin points are slender lanceolate in shape. Both the upper and
-lower lateral edges are gently rounded. Lower lateral edges on some,
-however, may be nearly straight and contracting slightly to the base.
-They are usually broadest above mid-section. The base is either straight
-or rounded, although on some specimens it may be bluntly pointed. Length
-varies from 6.0 to 15.0 cm., width from 2.0 to about 3.0 cm. Workmanship
-is quite fine. Initial shaping was by direct or indirect percussion.
-Flake scars are consistently sub-parallel and at right angles to the
-point long-axis. Thinning of lateral edges was by pressure retouch.
-Lower lateral edges are smoothed, the base rarely so. Basal thinning was
-achieved during initial retouch and is at right angles to the point
-long-axis.
-
-Although the age range of Agate Basin points is uncertain, it is
-probable that they belong to a later stage of the Early Man point
-sequence.
-
-
-
-
-                           GOLONDRINA POINTS
-
-
-Golondrina points were defined on the basis of specimens found at the
-Devils River Site on the Rio Grande in southwest Texas.
-
-Golondrina points are of broad lanceolate shape. Upper lateral edges are
-usually markedly rounded. Lower lateral edges are characteristically
-recurved, resulting in out-flaring basal corners of ears. The base is
-quite deeply concave. The broadest part is at mid-section or a little
-beyond, towards the tip. Average dimensions are: length 6.0 to 8.0 cm.,
-maximum body width 2.3 to 3.2 cm., and base width 2.2 to 2.9 cm.
-Workmanship is fine. Initial and secondary shaping and thinning was by
-direct percussion. Initial flake scars are irregular. Pressure retouch
-of edges is not obvious. Essentially, vertical basal thinning was
-accomplished by the removal of either one or a series of irregular
-flakes. It should be noted that thinning scars on occasional specimens
-may be quite narrow and parallel to the point long-axis. Both the lower
-lateral edges and the basal concavity have been smoothed.
-
-    [Illustration: _Golondrina_]
-
-At the type site, Golondrina points have been dated to about 8,000 years
-ago. Plainview points may be associated with them. Golondrina points
-have been found in north central, central, and southwest Texas and
-northeast Mexico. It is likely they will be identified in other parts of
-the broader Southwest.
-
-
-
-
-                           GYPSUM CAVE POINTS
-
-
-Gypsum Cave points were discovered together with the remains of extinct
-ground sloth in a cave near Las Vegas, Nevada.
-
-The over-all shape of Gypsum Cave points is elongate triangular. The
-straight upper lateral edges comprise virtually the entire length of
-specimens. The lower portion is characterized by a short stem formed by
-the abrupt sloping back of base edges from marked shoulders; the base is
-rounded. They are broadest from shoulder to shoulder. Average length of
-Gypsum Cave points is 5.0 to about 6.5 cm., and width about 3.0 cm.
-Flaking seems to have been produced by direct percussion. Initial flake
-scars are irregular. Secondary thinning of lateral edges is apparently
-absent. Stem edges were produced by multi-directional flaking. They are
-not smoothed.
-
-    [Illustration: _Gypsum Cave_]
-
-The estimated age of Gypsum Cave points at the type site is from about
-8,000 to 10,000 years. Points similar to these were found in a cave in
-the Manzano Mountains near Albuquerque and south of the Sandias. A
-specimen was recovered from the Lindenmeier Site in Colorado above the
-Folsom layer.
-
-
-
-
-                           LAKE MOHAVE POINTS
-
-
-Lake Mohave points were originally described from the Lake Mohave
-district of southeastern California. They were recovered from the
-surface and from ancient fossil beaches and terraces.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lake Mohave_]
-
-Lake Mohave points are slender lanceolate in shape with the broadest
-part above mid-section, about three-quarters up from the base. The upper
-lateral edges are slightly rounded. The over-all impression one has of
-these lower edges is that of a long tapering stem. Lake Mohave points
-may be faintly shouldered. Average dimensions are: length about 4.0 to
-7.5 cm., width at the broadest part 2.5 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship, though
-well-achieved, is characterized by irregular initial flake scars,
-probably produced by direct percussion. Basal thinning was achieved by
-multi-directional flaking.
-
-The estimated age range of Lake Mohave points is from about 7,000 to
-9,000 years. It is probable this point type is related to similar types
-of the Southwest.
-
-
-
-
-                           RIO GRANDE POINTS
-
-
-Rio Grande points were first defined in 1942 on the basis of surface
-collections of lithic artifacts from the Upper Rio Grande Valley.
-
-    [Illustration: _Rio Grande_]
-
-Rio Grande points are basically lanceolate in shape. Upper lateral edges
-are straight to gently rounded. They are broadest slightly above
-mid-section. Lower lateral edges are set off from the upper portion of
-the point body by very small shoulders, so that this point must be
-considered stemmed. Stem edges are consistently straight and taper
-slightly to the base. The base is usually straight, less often it is
-slightly rounded or shallowly concave. Average dimensions are: length
-6.0 cm., shoulder width 2.8 cm., base width 1.8 cm. Some larger
-specimens are known. Manufacture is by direct percussion. Initial flake
-scars on point faces are irregular. Basal thinning was accomplished in
-the main by multi-directional flaking. Stem edges may show secondary
-percussion or pressure retouch. Stem edges are well smoothed; the base
-may be slightly smoothed or not at all.
-
-The age of Rio Grande points has not been definitely established nor
-have associations with other early point types been ascertained. They
-appear to be related to the Hell Gap and Lake Mohave types.
-
-
-
-
-                             ESCOBAS POINTS
-
-
-Escobas points, newly defined in this guide, were to all appearances
-first discovered and described at Pecos Pueblo, southeast of Santa Fe,
-New Mexico. Specimens excavated there evidently were collected by
-inhabitants of the pueblos from nearby sites pre-dating the pueblo. This
-point type is named after Escobas Peak, near Pecos.
-
-    [Illustration: _Escobas_]
-
-Escobas points are lanceolate shaped and are consistently broadest
-immediately below mid-section. Upper lateral edges are usually straight,
-but they may be slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are set off from
-the upper portion of the point body by very slight shoulders, so that
-this point must be considered as stemmed. Parallel to slightly
-expanding, stem edges are characteristically faintly concave between the
-shoulders and base edges. The base is always distinctly concave. Average
-dimensions: length 6.0 cm., shoulder width 2.0 cm., base width 1.7 cm.
-Workmanship is not refined. Initial flaking of point faces has been
-achieved by direct percussion; flake scars are irregular. Stem edges may
-show slight secondary retouch by either percussion or pressure. Basal
-thinning was accomplished primarily by the striking of irregular flakes
-from the basal concavity, to a lesser extent by removal of horizontal
-flakes from the base. Stem edges are well smoothed; the concave base is
-either slightly smoothed or not at all.
-
-The relation of Escobas points to other Early Man points has not yet
-been determined. They do, however, resemble some other early types.
-Escobas points are broadly similar to Rio Grande points in shape, but
-they differ from them in the following respects: parallel to slightly
-expanding stem edges of Escobas points are consistently slightly concave
-between the shoulders and base, while stem edges on Rio Grande points
-are always straight and taper somewhat to the base. Escobas point stems
-are shorter, relative to overall point length than Rio Grande stems.
-Shoulders on Escobas are much fainter than on Rio Grande points; bases
-of Escobas points are, so far as known, always concave, whereas they are
-only occasionally so on Rio Grande points. Both, however, share the
-attribute of being well-smoothed on stem edges, and are either slightly
-smoothed or not at all on basal edges. Escobas points occur in the Pecos
-district, the Upper Rio Grande Valley, and, according to Stewart Peckham
-(personal communication), in the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico.
-They will likely be found to occur in other parts of the Southwest, in
-some areas in association with points of the Rio Grande type.
-
-
-
-
-                          RECOMMENDED READING
-
-
-Agogino, G. A.
-
-1961 _A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming_, American
-      Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 4.
-
-Bell, R. E.
-
-1958 _Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile
-      Points._ Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin No. 1,
-      Norman.
-
-Haynes, C. V., Jr.
-
-1964 _Fluted Projectile Points: Their Age and Dispersion._ Science, Vol.
-      145, No. 3639.
-
-Johnson, L., Jr.
-
-1964 _The Devil’s Mouth Site._ Archaeology Series, No. 6, Department of
-      Anthropology. The University of Texas, Austin.
-
-Kidder, A. V.
-
-1962 _An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archeology._ New
-      Haven.
-
-Kidder, A. V.
-
-1932 _Artifacts of Pecos._ Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology.
-      New Haven.
-
-Macgowan, K. and Hester, J. A.
-
-1962 _Early Man in the New World._ New York.
-
-Renaud, E. B.
-
-1942 _Reconnaissance Work in the Upper Rio Grande Valley, Colorado and
-      New Mexico._ Archaeological Series, Third Paper, Department of
-      Anthropology, University of Denver.
-
-Sellards, E. H.
-
-1952 _Early Man in America._ Austin.
-
-Suhm, D. A. and Jelks, E. B.
-
-1962 _Handbook of Texas Archeology; Type Descriptions._ The Texas
-      Archeological Society, Special Publication Number One, and the
-      Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin Number Four, Austin.
-
-Wendorf, F. and others
-
-1961 _Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado._ Fort Burgwin Research Center.
-      Publication 1. Santa Fe.
-
-Wormington, H. M.
-
-1957 _Ancient Man in North America._ The Denver Museum of Natural
-      History. Popular Series No. 4. Denver.
-
-
-
-
-                            ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
-
-
-Permission to use illustrative material as listed below is gratefully
-acknowledged.
-
-The Denver Museum of Natural History: Figure 30, specimen 4; Figure 68,
-No. 5; Figure 70, Nos. 1, 2, and 3; Figure 71, Nos. 3 and 4; Figure 72,
-Nos. 1 and 3 from _Ancient Man in North America_ by H. M. Wormington,
-Denver, 1957.
-
-Oklahoma Anthropological Society: Plates 8F, 13D, 26F, 27C, 37F, 40D,
-and 41C from _Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian
-Projectile Points_ by R. E. Bell, Special Bulletin No. 1, Norman, 1958.
-
-American Antiquity: Figure 1b from _A New Point Type from Hell Gap
-Valley, Eastern Wyoming_ by George A. Agogino, Vol. 26, No. 4, April
-1961.
-
-
-                       Museum of New Mexico Press
-                            Santa Fe    1965
-
-                      _Drawings by Helene Warren_
-
-    [Illustration: Endpapers]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE
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-  <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest</td></tr>
-  <tr><td></td><td>Museum of New Mexico Press, Popular Series Pamphlet No. 4</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Kenneth Honea</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 26, 2021 [eBook #65169]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
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-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div>
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-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest" width="1000" height="1561" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1><span class="small">Early Man
-<br />Projectile Points
-<br />in the Southwest</span></h1>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss small">MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO PRESS
-<br />POPULAR SERIES PAMPHLET NO. 4</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><span class="jri">EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST</span></span>
-<br /><span class="jr"><i>by Kenneth Honea</i></span></h2>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">INTRODUCTION</span></h2>
-<p>The cultures of Early Man in the Southwest, though yet imperfectly
-known, seem most readily distinguishable by characteristic
-types of projectile points. The majority of finds, and they
-are rare, have been made on the surface; much less often at camp
-or kill sites.</p>
-<p>Camp sites were situated on ridges, in sand dunes, or on hills
-overlooking streams, lakes, or ponds. Occupational features generally
-include hearths, split and charred food bones, debris from
-stone tool manufacturing, and a full inventory of stone tools.
-Seeds, grinding stones, storage and cooking pits are rarely found
-at such early sites.</p>
-<p>Kill sites, by contrast, are usually situated on the edges of
-streams, lakes, or ponds. Features will include animal skeletons,
-sometimes partially dismembered, points used in killing game,
-some stone butchering tools such as scrapers, knives, utilized flakes,
-and waste flakes resulting from the sharpening of stone tools.
-Preferred parts of game may be missing, indicating they were
-carried back to camp. Hearths are occasionally found at kill sites,
-indicating that part of the game may have been prepared there.</p>
-<p>Points used by Early Man were likely thrown at game with
-a spear-thrower or atl-atl, rather than shot at them with a bow
-and arrow. Atl-atls were probably of wood, and had a long groove
-on one side. Into this groove was placed the spear with a point
-hafted onto one end. The atl-atl was thrust back and thrown
-forward, releasing the spear on the forward thrust.</p>
-<p>On the basis of findings, archaeologists have reconstructed two
-widespread methods of hunting by Early Man. In the first instance,
-game was observed, stalked and killed at watering places.
-In the second, game was driven into an arroyo, stream, lake, or
-pond, or stampeded over a cliff.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">EARLY MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES</span></h2>
-<p>It is a curious fact that Early Southwestern Man most often
-made his tools of very finely textured stone. Perhaps this custom
-was induced by the exacting, finely controlled technologies of
-stone flaking practiced and the kinds of tools made. Indeed,
-workmanship on many projectile points, knives, and scrapers is so
-well achieved that one is led to believe that Early Man strove to
-express some degree of esthetic idealism in his tools.</p>
-<p>Demands in technology often led to the widespread trading of
-choice materials. The best known of these is from the alibates
-quarries near Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle. Fine quality
-flint from this locality has been found at Early Man sites as far
-west as Arizona and as far north as Wyoming and Montana.</p>
-<p>Early man prepared point &ldquo;blanks&rdquo; by the striking of suitable
-primary flakes by direct percussion from a block of stone, the
-core. The striker consisted either of a hard subround hammerstone,
-or a cylinder-hammer of soft stone, bone, antler, or hard
-wood. Flakes driven off by the former were usually thicker at
-one end. Those produced in the second instance were relatively
-thin throughout their length. Long flakes or &ldquo;blades&rdquo; were also
-often used as blanks, especially in the making of long projectile
-points. They could be detached from cores with either of the
-above strikers, or by holding a bone or stone &ldquo;punch&rdquo; on an edge
-of a core and striking the top of the punch with a hammerstone.
-This is a form of indirect percussion. Blades were also produced
-by what has been called impulsive pressure. A bone, antler, or
-stone-tipped crutch was applied to an edge of a core, and pressed
-downwards with the chest, driving off a blade.</p>
-<p>Often cores were pre-shaped before the striking or pressing
-off of flakes or blades by what is termed the &ldquo;Levallois technique.&rdquo;
-A block of stone was initially trimmed on both faces into a
-round, oval, or triangular shape. Either one or a series of flakes
-or blades were then driven off one or both faces of the core,
-using any of the above percussion or pressure instruments. A
-distinct advantage to the technique was that the upper face of
-the detached flake or blade blanks had already been trimmed in
-the process of initial preparation of the core. This same preparation
-also predetermined to a large extent the shape of blanks produced
-in the Levallois technique.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<p>The processes by which appropriate blanks were turned into
-finished projectile points involved several manufacturing stages
-and one or a combination of flaking techniques. The techniques
-employed consisted of direct or indirect percussion, using a
-hammerstone, cylinder-hammer, or punch, and direct or indirect
-pressure, using a crutch, an animal claw or tooth, the edge of a length
-of bone, antler, or stone.</p>
-<p>The principal manufacturing stages include: 1) over-all initial
-shaping by the careful thinning of both faces of the blank; 2)
-secondary trimming of lateral and basal edges, including eventual
-fluting; and 3) smoothing by grinding of lateral and basal edges.</p>
-<p>As will later be seen in the descriptions, special kinds of initial
-flaking, or facial thinning, are often characteristically associated
-with certain Early Man points. On some, flaking may conform to
-traditional patterns, while on others it may be irregular. The
-following kinds of initial flake scars are distinguished:</p>
-<p><i>Irregular</i>: flake scars are of irregular shape, and they are in no
-particular alignment to one another or the point long-axis.</p>
-<p><i>Transverse</i>: long, parallel flake scars are horizontal, or nearly
-so, to the point long-axis; opposite flake scars end smoothly near
-the point center line, appearing to form a continuous flake scar
-across the point face.</p>
-<p><i>Collateral</i>: similar to transverse flaking, except that opposite
-flake scars end abruptly near the point center line, forming in
-some cases a central ridge.</p>
-<p><i>Oblique</i>: long, parallel flake scars are oblique or slanted in relation
-to the point long-axis.</p>
-<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">BLANCO POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>To be counted possibly among the earliest projectile point types
-of the Southwest are what have been called Blanco points, named
-after the Blanco River of Central Texas. They were discovered
-by the writer, along with other stone and bone tools, in alluvial
-banks and other formations which in part may have accumulated
-during the Late Pleistocene. Lanceolate-shaped points from type
-localities are characteristically desert varnished and have been
-dulled and battered by being washed about in stream gravels.
-Heavily weathered points quite like those of the Blanco type have
-been reported in other parts of Texas and also in central and
-southeast New Mexico. They have also been recovered from a
-<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span>
-number of sites in Mexico and South America under circumstances
-that seem to suggest great antiquity. The eminent American
-archaeologist, Marie Wormington, has suggested that points
-much like those of our Blanco type may well have been the basic
-type from which later Early Man points evolved.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="348" height="744" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Blanco</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Blanco points are lanceolate-shaped and are broadest at or
-somewhat below mid-section. The cross-section at this point is a
-flattened oval shape. Lateral edges are
-slightly rounded, converging to a point at
-the tip, while the base is round. The few
-known specimens range in length from
-about 4.0 to 6.0 cm., in width from 2.0 to
-2.5 cm., and in thickness 0.7 to 1.0 cm.
-Specimens having dimensions somewhat in
-excess of those listed may be expected.
-Manufacture is by direct percussion and is
-not particularly well achieved nor
-patterned. Initial flake scars on point faces are
-irregular; point bases have been thinned by
-multi-directional flaking. Pressure working
-of edges is absent. Due to intense weatherings,
-it is not known whether Blanco points
-were basally ground.</p>
-<p>Blanco points are associated in central
-Texas with the San Marcos Complex. They may
-represent a primary Early Man projectile point type. Undisturbed
-San Marcos sites have not been found as yet. Tools
-ascribed to this complex have been found only in secondary
-gravel beds at type localities along the Blanco River. It is conceivable
-that some of these formations may have accumulated
-during the Late Pleistocene. In view of all factors, dating of
-Blanco points relative to other Early Man points must await
-future excavations.</p>
-<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">SANDIA I POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>This projectile point type was named after the type site, Sandia
-Cave, situated at the north end of the Sandia Mountains near
-Albuquerque, New Mexico. Such points have also been found
-at the Lucy Site in Central New Mexico, in Central Texas,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span>
-Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, and possibly Alabama, Alberta, and
-Saskatchewan.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="344" height="919" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Sandia I</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Sandia I points are lanceolate in shape and may be somewhat
-asymmetrical in outline. They are distinctive in having a single
-shoulder on one side of the stem. Gently
-rounded lateral edges on the upper portion
-taper to a point, while the rounded stem
-edges taper to the somewhat narrow, rounded
-base. Specimens are broadest somewhat
-below mid-section and have a lenticular
-cross section at this point. Both the stem
-and the base have been smoothed by grinding.
-Total length may vary from about 6.0
-to 9.0 cm., and width from 2.0 to 4.0 cm.
-Manufacture was evidently by direct
-percussion and not as refined as on some later
-Early Man Points. Initial flake scars on
-point faces are irregular; point bases have
-been thinned by multi-directional flaking.
-Pressure retouch is absent.</p>
-<p>Sandia I projectile points are accepted
-by most archaeologists as among the oldest
-documented, though not reliably dated,
-point types of the Southwest and North
-America in general. Similarly, the relationship
-of Sandia points to Clovis and other
-Early Man point types has not yet been
-clearly established. That Sandia points are older than Folsom
-points does remain certain, however. They may also be older than
-Clovis points.</p>
-<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">SANDIA II POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Sandia II points were discovered together with Sandia I points
-at Sandia Cave near Albuquerque, New Mexico. They differ
-from Sandia I points in a number of respects.</p>
-<p>Single-shouldered Sandia II points are quite similar to those
-of the type Sandia I excepting details on the stem, base shape
-and certain aspects of workmanship. Instead of tapering to a
-rounded base, the straight-edged stem of Sandia II points contracts
-to a straight or slightly concave base. Workmanship is
-<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span>
-generally finer than in the other type, though achieved by the
-same means. Resolved secondary edge thinning is noticeable on
-many specimens. Sandia II points are also marked by vertical
-basal thinning, produced by the removal of a large, or several
-smaller longish flakes parallel to the point long-axis, anticipating
-perhaps the fluting found on Clovis and Folsom points. Vertical
-basal thinning is absent on points of the Sandia I type.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="302" height="730" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Sandia II</i></p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">SANDIA III POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Sandia III points were discovered in 1954 together with Sandia
-I, Sandia II, and other Early Man points in a series of blow-outs
-near Lucy, central New Mexico.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="998" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Sandia III</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Single-shouldered Sandia III points are similar in all respects to
-Sandia II points with these exceptions: the base on specimens
-of the Sandia III type is consistently deeply concave, and the
-stem portion is always vertically fluted.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">CLOVIS POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Clovis points are named after the type site located near Clovis,
-New Mexico. They were found associated with the remains of
-mammoth and other extinct animal forms in gravels at the bottom
-of a Late Pleistocene pond. This site
-is counted among the most important
-archaeological discoveries of the New
-World. The series of culture layers
-excavated from above the one containing
-Clovis material give the most complete
-sequence of Early Man cultures yet found
-at a single site.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p02c.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="1452" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Clovis</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Clovis points are symmetrically lanceolate
-in outline and are broadest near mid-section
-or sometimes nearer to the tip.
-Upper lateral edges of the point body are
-slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are
-commonly straight or slightly rounded
-and they may taper somewhat towards the
-consistently concave base. On some examples,
-the lateral edges near the base
-may be gently recurved. Both the basal
-concavity and the lateral edges are
-smoothed by intentional grinding. The
-characteristic flutes were struck vertically
-from only one or from both faces. In the
-latter case, they may not be of equal
-length. The longest flute usually does not
-extend up further from the base than about
-half the length of the point. Nonetheless,
-specimens are known on which fluting
-extends up almost the entire length of a
-face. Flaking on Clovis points was probably
-by direct percussion; lateral edges of
-some may have been thinned by secondary
-pressure retouch. Initial flake scars on
-point faces are irregular. Fluting was achieved by the removal
-of either one or a series of long flakes parallel to the point
-long-axis, possibly by indirect percussion. Dimensions are variable.
-Clovis points in the broader Southwest may range from nearly
-<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span>
-3.5 to 14.0 cm. in length, and in width from about 2.0 to 4.0 cm.</p>
-<p>Radio carbon dates and geologic evidence obtained in recent
-years indicate Clovis points were in use by Early Man between
-about 11,000 and 11,500 years ago in the Southwest. Though
-older than Folsom points, there evidently was a period towards
-the end of the Clovis sequence, during which both Clovis and
-Folsom points were made and used. Clovis points have been
-found with the remains of extinct Pleistocene fauna, primarily
-mammoth, not only at the type locality, but at sites near Angus,
-Nebraska; Dent, Colorado; Miami, Texas; and Naco, Arizona.
-Finds of such points, mostly on the surface, have also been made
-in northern Mexico, California, on the eastern seaboard, in the
-Midwest, Canada, and Alaska.</p>
-<p>Small Clovis points may be confused with Folsom points.
-However, Clovis points are both thicker and heavier; flutes do
-not ordinarily extend up the entire face, and workmanship is not
-as fine as on Folsom points. Also, Folsom points often have a
-small nipple in the middle of the basal concavity, a feature
-lacking on Clovis points.</p>
-<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">FOLSOM POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Folsom points were first discovered in the twenties at an Early
-Man kill site near Folsom, in northeast New Mexico. The points
-were associated with the remains of an extinct form of giant Late
-Pleistocene bison. These finds were among the
-first to demonstrate the great antiquity of man
-in the New World.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="272" height="664" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Folsom</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Folsom points are symmetrically lanceolate in
-shape, and are broadest at mid-section or
-somewhat nearer to the tip. They are fluted on either
-one or both faces; flutes usually extend up almost
-an entire face. Upper lateral edges are
-ordinarily gently rounded, while the lower
-lateral edges are usually straight and either
-parallel-sided or slightly contracting towards the base.
-The base is consistently concave, in some
-examples, markedly so. Similar to Clovis points,
-stem edges near the base may be gently recurved.
-Average dimensions are: length 3.0 to 8.0 cm.,
-but averaging 3.0 to about 5.0 cm., and width
-<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span>
-from about 1.5 to nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is usually quite
-delicate, with initial shaping by either direct or indirect percussion
-or pressure. Initial flake scars on point faces, where preserved
-are irregular. Delicate secondary edge thinning was by
-pressure, during which the basal concavity was probably produced
-and a nipple left preparatory to fluting. Vertical fluting was
-probably produced by indirect percussion.</p>
-<p>The latest research suggests that Folsom points may be dated
-between 10,000 and 11,000 years ago. Excavated sites producing
-Folsom points have in most all cases also produced the remains
-of giant bison, but not mammoth, which may have become extinct
-by the advent of Folsom Man. Folsom points have been
-discovered in both excavated and surface sites in most parts
-of the Southwest, including the Clovis type site in eastern New
-Mexico, numerous sites in most other portions of New Mexico, at the
-Lubbock, Lipscomb, Scharbauer, and Kincaid Sites in Texas,
-the Lindenmeier, Linger, and Powars Sites in Colorado, the Hell
-Gap Site in Wyoming and the MacHaffie Site in Montana.</p>
-<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">HELL GAP POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>This recently defined Early Man projectile point has been
-named after a group of quarry sites in the Hell Cap Valley near
-Guernsey in east-central Wyoming.</p>
-<p>Hell Gap points, similar to many other Early Man types, are
-essentially lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges are slightly
-rounded, while lower lateral edges taper in straight lines to the
-generally narrow, slightly to noticeably rounded, occasionally
-nearly straight base. These points are commonly broadest at mid-section,
-but examples are known which are broadest a little below
-this point. Lower lateral edges are offset from the broadest
-section to such a degree that one is inclined to consider Hell
-Gap points stemmed. Dimensions are: length 4.5 to 8.8 cm., and
-width 2.0 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship is not nearly as fine as on
-Folsom points. Flaking was produced by direct percussion, with occasional
-secondary edge trimming by pressure. Initial flake scars
-on point faces are irregular; basal thinning was accomplished by multi-directional
-flaking. The stem and base are smoothed through
-grinding; basal smoothing may be absent on some specimens.</p>
-<p>Surface specimens have been found in many parts of Wyoming,
-Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Similar
-<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span>
-points are also known from California and parts of Texas. The
-most northerly known occurrence is Alberta, in Canada.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="346" height="968" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Hell Gap</i></p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">MIDLAND POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Midland points were first discovered at the Scharbauer Site
-near Midland, in West Texas. They were evidently contemporaneous
-with Folsom points, which they greatly resemble.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p04b.jpg" alt="" width="290" height="800" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Midland</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Formal description of Midland points has not yet been made.
-They are mentioned, however, as appearing a great deal like Folsom
-points in shape, size, and thinness, but are distinct from them
-in not being fluted. Otherwise they are apparently of the same
-fine workmanship and technological tradition as Folsom points.</p>
-<p>Deposits in which a Midland point fragment was found with
-human remains at the Scharbauer Site have been dated to about
-11,000 years ago, indicating a time range for this point type
-corresponding to that of Folsom. Similar points have been found
-near Lubbock, Texas; central New Mexico; and as far east as
-San Augustine County, Texas. Possibly they will be found to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span>
-occur in other districts on or near the Llano Estacado. Quite frequently
-they are found together with Folsom points in west
-Texas and New Mexico localities.</p>
-<h2 id="c12"><span class="small">PLAINVIEW POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Plainview points were first defined on the basis of type specimens
-recovered from a bison kill site near Plainview in the Texas
-Panhandle.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="334" height="883" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Plainview</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Lanceolate shaped, the upper lateral edges of the most Plainview
-points are slightly rounded but on some they are straight.
-Lower lateral edges are ordinarily straight
-and parallel-sided up to about one-half or
-three-quarters the distance from the base to
-the tip. They are usually broadest at mid-section.
-A variation in shape may include a
-recurve, rarely marked, of lateral edges near
-the base; such specimens are broadest either
-at or somewhat above the mid-section (see
-also the description of <a href="#c20">Golondrina points</a>).
-The base of Plainview points varies from
-slightly to markedly concave; the former is
-typical. Workmanship is quite fine. Direct
-or indirect percussion or possibly pressure action
-is employed in retouching. Initial flake
-scars may be at either right angles or slightly
-oblique to the point long-axis. Though individual
-initial flake scars may be parallel,
-they are more often irregular. Dimensions of
-Plainview points are: length about 4.5 to 8.0
-cm., width 1.8 to 2.8 cm. Bases of these points
-were sometimes thinned by the removal of
-the series of relatively large, longish flakes parallel to the point
-long-axis in a technique reminiscent of fluting. Others however,
-were basally thinned by the removal of flakes from the lower
-lateral edges at right angles to the point long-axis. Basal edges
-are usually smoothed.</p>
-<p>Plainview points are considered by most archaeologists to date
-around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. At both the type site and at
-the Lone Wolf Creek Site in Texas, they were associated with
-the remains of extinct bison.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<h2 id="c13"><span class="small">MILNESAND POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Milnesand points were first recorded at a site near Milnesand,
-New Mexico.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="366" height="912" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Milnesand</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Lanceolate in shape, Milnesand points are broadest either at
-mid-section or somewhat above. Upper lateral edges are slightly
-to markedly rounded, while the lower edges are straight and
-taper a little towards the typically straight
-base. Bases on some may be slightly
-rounded or concave. Average dimensions
-are: length 5.0 to 8.0 cm., width 2.0 to
-nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is generally
-quite fine, and has been achieved with
-either direct or indirect percussion, or possibly
-pressure. Secondary thinning of both
-lateral and basal edges often occurs and is
-by pressure. Initial flaking of point faces is
-patterned: transverse flake scars are approximately
-parallel to one another and at
-right angles to the point long-axis. These
-scars terminate at the point mid-line; some
-specimens may have a distinct median
-ridge on one or both faces. Horizontal
-basal thinning, accomplished primarily
-during initial flaking may be accompanied
-by the removal of small flakes vertical to
-the point long-axis. Both the lower lateral
-edges and base are carefully smoothed.</p>
-<p>Milnesand points at the type site were
-found with the remains of bison, possibly an extinct form. They
-occur widely in eastern New Mexico and western Texas. Others
-have been found in Nebraska, Iowa, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and
-Alaska. Similarities of Milnesand to Plainview points have been
-noted by archaeologists, who have suggested the two may be related
-and probably were partly contemporaneous. They may be
-distinguished from one another by the following attributes: The
-base on most Milnesand points is straight, while it is predominantly
-concave on Plainviews; thinning of Plainview bases was
-accomplished primarily by the removing of a few, fairly large
-vertical flakes, while Milnesand bases were thinned primarily by
-the removal of horizontal flakes, and only secondarily by the removal
-<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span>
-of small flakes. Finally, the smoothing of lower lateral
-edges on Milnesand points generally extends up further than on
-Plainview points, sometimes to a point beyond the mid-section.</p>
-<h2 id="c14"><span class="small">MESERVE POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Meserve points were first described from the Meserve Site near
-Grand Island, Nebraska. They are found in most parts of the
-Southwest.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="302" height="976" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Meserve</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Meserve points are basically lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral
-edges, which in the case of these points comprise almost three-quarters
-of the total point length, are typically straight. They are
-quite distinctive in being rather steeply alternately
-bevelled and they may be serrated. Bevelling
-is always on the right edge when viewed
-with the point tip forward; cross-section of the
-upper lateral edges at mid-section is rhomboidal.
-The unusually short lower lateral edges
-are straight or slightly concave. Meserve points
-are broadest either at the distal end of these
-edges, or at the base. The base is shallowly or
-markedly concave. Basal thinning is accomplished
-mainly by the removal of either one
-large flake or several narrower flakes parallel
-to the point long-axis, in a fashion reminiscent
-of the thinning of Plainview point bases. Less
-often, these scars are small and numerous.
-Thinning in some cases was by the removal of
-flakes at right angles to the point long-axis during
-initial retouch of the point faces. Average
-dimensions are: length 3.0 to 9.0 cm., width
-(base) 2.0 to 2.7 cm. Workmanship is generally
-good. Initial shaping as well as bevelling
-were likely by direct percussion. Initial flake
-scars are usually irregular. Basal thinning in
-some cases was probably by indirect percussion. Lateral edges
-may be secondarily pressure retouched. Smoothing is observed
-on both the lower non-bevelled lateral edges and in the concave
-base.</p>
-<p>An estimated age of from 9,000 to 5,000 or even 4,000 years
-ago has been suggested for Meserve points. They are thus in part
-<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span>
-contemporaneous with, and have been found with, Plainview
-points. Meserve points are found throughout most of the Southwest,
-as far north as Canada, and in the Midwest states. They appear
-to be most common on the Llano Estacado.</p>
-<h2 id="c15"><span class="small">SCOTTSBLUFF I POINTS</span></h2>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="338" height="1254" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Scottsbluff I</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="420" height="1068" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Scottsbluff II</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="" width="238" height="1226" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Eden</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Projectile points of the type Scottsbluff were first defined on
-the basis of specimens recovered from a bison kill site near Scottsbluff,
-Nebraska.</p>
-<p>The over-all shape of Scottsbluff I points is either lanceolate
-or triangular. Upper lateral edges are usually straight, but they
-<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span>
-may be faintly rounded. Characteristic of this type is a broad
-stem and faint shoulders. Parallel edges of the stem are straight;
-sometimes they may expand towards the base. The small shoulders,
-the widest part of these points, are cut inwards at right
-angles to the point long-axis. The stem base is straight or slightly
-rounded, very rarely slightly concave. Average dimensions range
-from about 5.0 to 15.0 cm. in length; width at the shoulders is
-from 2.4 to 3.5 cm., and width at the stem base 2.0 to 3.0 cm.
-Workmanship on most Scottsbluff I points is well executed.
-Initial shaping was carried out by direct or indirect percussion.
-Typical of many Scottsbluff I points are the longish parallel
-flake scars produced during this stage of retouch. They are at
-right angles to the point long-axis and are of the transverse type.
-On others patterning of flake scars is more irregular. Lateral
-edges of some may be secondarily pressure retouched. Both the
-stem lateral edges and base are smoothed.</p>
-<p>Scottsbluff I points have a suggested age range of from 9,500
-to about 7,000 years. They are known to occur not only in
-Nebraska, but in New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana,
-Arkansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Washington, and in
-Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.</p>
-<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">SCOTTSBLUFF II POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>These points are probably of the same age and distribution as
-those of the Scottsbluff I type.</p>
-<p>Scottsbluff II points are morphologically quite similar to those
-of the Scottsbluff I type with these exceptions: the lateral edges
-of the point body on Scottsbluff II points are straight, giving this
-portion of the point a definitely triangular outline; in addition,
-the point body is relatively broader at the shoulders, and the
-shoulders are more markedly offset from the stem than on Scottsbluff
-I points. Also, the former are generally shorter and thinner
-than those of the latter type.</p>
-<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">EDEN POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Eden points bear a great deal of resemblance to Scottsbluff
-points, with which they are sometimes found. Dissimilarities are
-pointed out below.</p>
-<p>Eden points, though of the same basic shape, are much narrower
-<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span>
-in relation to over-all length than are Scottsbluff points.
-Most commonly, shoulders on Eden points are very faint indeed.
-Transverse facial flaking is much like that on Scottsbluff points.
-More frequently it is of the collateral type.</p>
-<p>Probably the same age as the Scottsbluff type.</p>
-<h2 id="c18"><span class="small">BROWNS VALLEY POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Browns Valley points were initially discovered at a site near
-Browns Valley, Minnesota. They were associated with a human
-burial.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="456" height="1051" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Browns Valley</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="280" height="1126" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Agate Basin</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Browns Valley points are broad lanceolate in shape. Upper
-lateral edges are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are much
-less rounded, contracting very slightly to either a shallowly concave
-or straight base. These points are broadest at mid-section.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span>
-Dimensions are: length 7.0 to 8.0 cm., width 3.0 cm. (full range
-indeterminate since few specimens known). Workmanship is fine.
-Initial shaping may have been by direct or indirect percussion.
-The initial flake scars are parallel and run obliquely across the
-point faces; less often they are at right angles. Bases have been
-initially thinned by the removal of a series of small longish flakes
-mainly oblique to the point long-axis, to a lesser extent by the removal
-of vertical flakes. Basal edges are smoothed.</p>
-<p>Browns Valley points are rare and have an estimated age of
-from 9,000 to 8,000 years. Similar points excavated in Wyoming
-have a comparable age of almost 8,000 years.</p>
-<h2 id="c19"><span class="small">AGATE BASIN POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Agate Basin points were first recognized at a bison kill site between
-Newcastle and Lusk in eastern Wyoming. The bison were
-probably of a recent type, but this is not certain.</p>
-<p>Agate Basin points are slender lanceolate in shape. Both the
-upper and lower lateral edges are gently rounded. Lower lateral
-edges on some, however, may be nearly straight and contracting
-slightly to the base. They are usually broadest above mid-section.
-The base is either straight or rounded, although on some specimens
-it may be bluntly pointed. Length varies from 6.0 to 15.0
-cm., width from 2.0 to about 3.0 cm. Workmanship is quite fine.
-Initial shaping was by direct or indirect percussion. Flake scars
-are consistently sub-parallel and at right angles to the point long-axis.
-Thinning of lateral edges was by pressure retouch. Lower
-lateral edges are smoothed, the base rarely so. Basal thinning was
-achieved during initial retouch and is at right angles to the
-point long-axis.</p>
-<p>Although the age range of Agate Basin points is uncertain,
-it is probable that they belong to a later stage of the Early Man
-point sequence.</p>
-<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">GOLONDRINA POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Golondrina points were defined on the basis of specimens
-found at the Devils River Site on the Rio Grande in southwest
-Texas.</p>
-<p>Golondrina points are of broad lanceolate shape. Upper lateral
-edges are usually markedly rounded. Lower lateral edges
-<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span>
-are characteristically recurved, resulting
-in out-flaring basal corners of ears. The
-base is quite deeply concave. The broadest
-part is at mid-section or a little beyond,
-towards the tip. Average dimensions
-are: length 6.0 to 8.0 cm., maximum
-body width 2.3 to 3.2 cm., and
-base width 2.2 to 2.9 cm. Workmanship
-is fine. Initial and secondary shaping
-and thinning was by direct percussion.
-Initial flake scars are irregular. Pressure
-retouch of edges is not obvious. Essentially,
-vertical basal thinning was accomplished
-by the removal of either one or
-a series of irregular flakes. It should be
-noted that thinning scars on occasional
-specimens may be quite narrow and parallel
-to the point long-axis. Both the
-lower lateral edges and the basal concavity
-have been smoothed.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="868" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Golondrina</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>At the type site, Golondrina points
-have been dated to about 8,000 years ago. Plainview points may
-be associated with them. Golondrina points have been found in
-north central, central, and southwest Texas and northeast Mexico.
-It is likely they will be identified in other parts of the
-broader Southwest.</p>
-<h2 id="c21"><span class="small">GYPSUM CAVE POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Gypsum Cave points were discovered together with the remains
-of extinct ground sloth in a cave near Las Vegas, Nevada.</p>
-<p>The over-all shape of Gypsum Cave points is elongate triangular.
-The straight upper lateral edges comprise virtually the
-entire length of specimens. The lower portion is characterized
-by a short stem formed by the abrupt sloping back of base edges
-from marked shoulders; the base is rounded. They are broadest
-from shoulder to shoulder. Average length of Gypsum Cave
-points is 5.0 to about 6.5 cm., and width about 3.0 cm. Flaking
-seems to have been produced by direct percussion. Initial flake
-scars are irregular. Secondary thinning of lateral edges is apparently
-<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span>
-absent. Stem edges were produced by multi-directional flaking.
-They are not smoothed.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="393" height="870" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Gypsum Cave</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The estimated age of Gypsum Cave points at the type site is
-from about 8,000 to 10,000 years. Points similar to these were
-found in a cave in the Manzano Mountains near Albuquerque
-and south of the Sandias. A specimen was recovered from the
-Lindenmeier Site in Colorado above the Folsom layer.</p>
-<h2 id="c22"><span class="small">LAKE MOHAVE POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Lake Mohave points were originally described from the Lake
-Mohave district of southeastern California. They were recovered
-from the surface and from ancient fossil beaches and terraces.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p08b.jpg" alt="" width="355" height="788" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Lake Mohave</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Lake Mohave points are slender lanceolate in shape with the
-broadest part above mid-section, about three-quarters up from the
-base. The upper lateral edges are slightly rounded. The over-all
-impression one has of these lower edges is that of a long tapering
-stem. Lake Mohave points may be faintly shouldered. Average
-dimensions are: length about 4.0 to 7.5 cm., width at the broadest
-part 2.5 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship, though well-achieved, is
-characterized by irregular initial flake scars, probably produced
-<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span>
-by direct percussion. Basal thinning was achieved by multi-directional
-flaking.</p>
-<p>The estimated age range of Lake Mohave points is from about
-7,000 to 9,000 years. It is probable this point type is related to
-similar types of the Southwest.</p>
-<h2 id="c23"><span class="small">RIO GRANDE POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Rio Grande points were first defined in 1942 on the basis of
-surface collections of lithic artifacts from the Upper Rio Grande
-Valley.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="355" height="794" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Rio Grande</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Rio Grande points are basically lanceolate in shape. Upper
-lateral edges are straight to gently rounded. They are broadest
-slightly above mid-section. Lower lateral edges are set off from
-the upper portion of the point body by very
-small shoulders, so that this point must be
-considered stemmed. Stem edges are consistently
-straight and taper slightly to the
-base. The base is usually straight, less often
-it is slightly rounded or shallowly concave.
-Average dimensions are: length 6.0
-cm., shoulder width 2.8 cm., base width 1.8 cm.
-Some larger specimens are known. Manufacture
-is by direct percussion. Initial flake
-scars on point faces are irregular. Basal
-thinning was accomplished in the main by
-multi-directional flaking. Stem edges may
-show secondary percussion or pressure retouch.
-Stem edges are well smoothed; the
-base may be slightly smoothed or not at all.</p>
-<p>The age of Rio Grande points has not
-been definitely established nor have associations
-with other early point types been
-ascertained. They appear to be related to the Hell Gap and
-Lake Mohave types.</p>
-<h2 id="c24"><span class="small">ESCOBAS POINTS</span></h2>
-<p>Escobas points, newly defined in this guide, were to all appearances
-first discovered and described at Pecos Pueblo, southeast of
-Santa Fe, New Mexico. Specimens excavated there evidently
-<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span>
-were collected by inhabitants of the pueblos from
-nearby sites pre-dating the pueblo. This point
-type is named after Escobas Peak, near Pecos.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="263" height="774" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Escobas</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Escobas points are lanceolate shaped and are
-consistently broadest immediately below mid-section.
-Upper lateral edges are usually straight,
-but they may be slightly rounded. Lower lateral
-edges are set off from the upper portion of the
-point body by very slight shoulders, so that this
-point must be considered as stemmed. Parallel
-to slightly expanding, stem edges are characteristically
-faintly concave between the shoulders
-and base edges. The base is always distinctly
-concave. Average dimensions: length 6.0
-cm., shoulder width 2.0 cm., base width 1.7 cm.
-Workmanship is not refined. Initial flaking of
-point faces has been achieved by direct percussion;
-flake scars are irregular. Stem edges may
-show slight secondary retouch by either percussion
-or pressure. Basal thinning was accomplished primarily
-by the striking of irregular flakes from the basal concavity, to a
-lesser extent by removal of horizontal flakes from the base. Stem
-edges are well smoothed; the concave base is either slightly
-smoothed or not at all.</p>
-<p>The relation of Escobas points to other Early Man points has
-not yet been determined. They do, however, resemble some other
-early types. Escobas points are broadly similar to Rio Grande
-points in shape, but they differ from them in the following respects:
-parallel to slightly expanding stem edges of Escobas points
-are consistently slightly concave between the shoulders and base,
-while stem edges on Rio Grande points are always straight and
-taper somewhat to the base. Escobas point stems are shorter,
-relative to overall point length than Rio Grande stems. Shoulders
-on Escobas are much fainter than on Rio Grande points; bases of
-Escobas points are, so far as known, always concave, whereas they
-are only occasionally so on Rio Grande points. Both, however,
-share the attribute of being well-smoothed on stem edges, and are
-either slightly smoothed or not at all on basal edges. Escobas
-points occur in the Pecos district, the Upper Rio Grande Valley,
-and, according to Stewart Peckham (personal communication),
-in the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico. They will
-<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span>
-likely be found to occur in other parts of the Southwest, in some
-areas in association with points of the Rio Grande type.</p>
-<h2 id="c25"><span class="small">RECOMMENDED READING</span></h2>
-<p>Agogino, G. A.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1961 <i>A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern
-Wyoming</i>, American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 4.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Bell, R. E.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1958 <i>Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian
-Projectile Points.</i> Oklahoma Anthropological Society,
-Special Bulletin No. 1, Norman.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Haynes, C. V., Jr.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1964 <i>Fluted Projectile Points: Their Age and Dispersion.</i>
-Science, Vol. 145, No. 3639.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Johnson, L., Jr.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1964 <i>The Devil&rsquo;s Mouth Site.</i> Archaeology Series, No. 6, Department
-of Anthropology. The University of Texas,
-Austin.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Kidder, A. V.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1962 <i>An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archeology.</i>
-New Haven.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Kidder, A. V.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1932 <i>Artifacts of Pecos.</i> Robert S. Peabody Foundation for
-Archaeology. New Haven.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Macgowan, K. and Hester, J. A.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1962 <i>Early Man in the New World.</i> New York.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Renaud, E. B.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1942 <i>Reconnaissance Work in the Upper Rio Grande Valley,
-Colorado and New Mexico.</i> Archaeological Series,
-Third Paper, Department of Anthropology, University
-of Denver.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Sellards, E. H.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1952 <i>Early Man in America.</i> Austin.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<p>Suhm, D. A. and Jelks, E. B.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1962 <i>Handbook of Texas Archeology; Type Descriptions.</i>
-The Texas Archeological Society, Special Publication
-Number One, and the Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin
-Number Four, Austin.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Wendorf, F. and others</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1961 <i>Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado.</i> Fort Burgwin Research
-Center. Publication 1. Santa Fe.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Wormington, H. M.</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="revint">1957 <i>Ancient Man in North America.</i> The Denver Museum
-of Natural History. Popular Series No. 4. Denver.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<h2 id="c26"><span class="small">ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</span></h2>
-<p>Permission to use illustrative material as listed below is gratefully
-acknowledged.</p>
-<p>The Denver Museum of Natural History: Figure 30, specimen
-4; Figure 68, No. 5; Figure 70, Nos. 1, 2, and 3; Figure 71, Nos.
-3 and 4; Figure 72, Nos. 1 and 3 from <i>Ancient Man in North
-America</i> by H. M. Wormington, Denver, 1957.</p>
-<p>Oklahoma Anthropological Society: Plates 8F, 13D, 26F, 27C,
-37F, 40D, and 41C from <i>Guide to the Identification of Certain
-American Indian Projectile Points</i> by R. E. Bell, Special Bulletin
-No. 1, Norman, 1958.</p>
-<p>American Antiquity: Figure 1b from <i>A New Point Type from
-Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming</i> by George A. Agogino, Vol.
-26, No. 4, April 1961.</p>
-<p class="tbcenter">Museum of New Mexico Press
-<br />Santa Fe <span class="hst">1965</span></p>
-<p class="center"><i>Drawings by Helene Warren</i></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="Endpapers" width="1000" height="1093" />
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST ***</div>
-<div style='text-align:left'>
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