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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..22bff30 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65169 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65169) diff --git a/old/65169-0.txt b/old/65169-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 25c9493..0000000 --- a/old/65169-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1307 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early Man Projectile Points in the -Southwest, by Kenneth Honea - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest - Museum of New Mexico Press, Popular Series Pamphlet No. 4 - -Author: Kenneth Honea - -Release Date: April 26, 2021 [eBook #65169] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE -SOUTHWEST *** - - - - - Early Man - Projectile Points - in the Southwest - - - MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO PRESS - POPULAR SERIES PAMPHLET NO. 4 - - - - - EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST - _by Kenneth Honea_ - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -The cultures of Early Man in the Southwest, though yet imperfectly -known, seem most readily distinguishable by characteristic types of -projectile points. The majority of finds, and they are rare, have been -made on the surface; much less often at camp or kill sites. - -Camp sites were situated on ridges, in sand dunes, or on hills -overlooking streams, lakes, or ponds. Occupational features generally -include hearths, split and charred food bones, debris from stone tool -manufacturing, and a full inventory of stone tools. Seeds, grinding -stones, storage and cooking pits are rarely found at such early sites. - -Kill sites, by contrast, are usually situated on the edges of streams, -lakes, or ponds. Features will include animal skeletons, sometimes -partially dismembered, points used in killing game, some stone -butchering tools such as scrapers, knives, utilized flakes, and waste -flakes resulting from the sharpening of stone tools. Preferred parts of -game may be missing, indicating they were carried back to camp. Hearths -are occasionally found at kill sites, indicating that part of the game -may have been prepared there. - -Points used by Early Man were likely thrown at game with a spear-thrower -or atl-atl, rather than shot at them with a bow and arrow. Atl-atls were -probably of wood, and had a long groove on one side. Into this groove -was placed the spear with a point hafted onto one end. The atl-atl was -thrust back and thrown forward, releasing the spear on the forward -thrust. - -On the basis of findings, archaeologists have reconstructed two -widespread methods of hunting by Early Man. In the first instance, game -was observed, stalked and killed at watering places. In the second, game -was driven into an arroyo, stream, lake, or pond, or stampeded over a -cliff. - - - - - EARLY MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES - - -It is a curious fact that Early Southwestern Man most often made his -tools of very finely textured stone. Perhaps this custom was induced by -the exacting, finely controlled technologies of stone flaking practiced -and the kinds of tools made. Indeed, workmanship on many projectile -points, knives, and scrapers is so well achieved that one is led to -believe that Early Man strove to express some degree of esthetic -idealism in his tools. - -Demands in technology often led to the widespread trading of choice -materials. The best known of these is from the alibates quarries near -Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle. Fine quality flint from this locality -has been found at Early Man sites as far west as Arizona and as far -north as Wyoming and Montana. - -Early man prepared point “blanks” by the striking of suitable primary -flakes by direct percussion from a block of stone, the core. The striker -consisted either of a hard subround hammerstone, or a cylinder-hammer of -soft stone, bone, antler, or hard wood. Flakes driven off by the former -were usually thicker at one end. Those produced in the second instance -were relatively thin throughout their length. Long flakes or “blades” -were also often used as blanks, especially in the making of long -projectile points. They could be detached from cores with either of the -above strikers, or by holding a bone or stone “punch” on an edge of a -core and striking the top of the punch with a hammerstone. This is a -form of indirect percussion. Blades were also produced by what has been -called impulsive pressure. A bone, antler, or stone-tipped crutch was -applied to an edge of a core, and pressed downwards with the chest, -driving off a blade. - -Often cores were pre-shaped before the striking or pressing off of -flakes or blades by what is termed the “Levallois technique.” A block of -stone was initially trimmed on both faces into a round, oval, or -triangular shape. Either one or a series of flakes or blades were then -driven off one or both faces of the core, using any of the above -percussion or pressure instruments. A distinct advantage to the -technique was that the upper face of the detached flake or blade blanks -had already been trimmed in the process of initial preparation of the -core. This same preparation also predetermined to a large extent the -shape of blanks produced in the Levallois technique. - -The processes by which appropriate blanks were turned into finished -projectile points involved several manufacturing stages and one or a -combination of flaking techniques. The techniques employed consisted of -direct or indirect percussion, using a hammerstone, cylinder-hammer, or -punch, and direct or indirect pressure, using a crutch, an animal claw -or tooth, the edge of a length of bone, antler, or stone. - -The principal manufacturing stages include: 1) over-all initial shaping -by the careful thinning of both faces of the blank; 2) secondary -trimming of lateral and basal edges, including eventual fluting; and 3) -smoothing by grinding of lateral and basal edges. - -As will later be seen in the descriptions, special kinds of initial -flaking, or facial thinning, are often characteristically associated -with certain Early Man points. On some, flaking may conform to -traditional patterns, while on others it may be irregular. The following -kinds of initial flake scars are distinguished: - -_Irregular_: flake scars are of irregular shape, and they are in no -particular alignment to one another or the point long-axis. - -_Transverse_: long, parallel flake scars are horizontal, or nearly so, -to the point long-axis; opposite flake scars end smoothly near the point -center line, appearing to form a continuous flake scar across the point -face. - -_Collateral_: similar to transverse flaking, except that opposite flake -scars end abruptly near the point center line, forming in some cases a -central ridge. - -_Oblique_: long, parallel flake scars are oblique or slanted in relation -to the point long-axis. - - - - - BLANCO POINTS - - -To be counted possibly among the earliest projectile point types of the -Southwest are what have been called Blanco points, named after the -Blanco River of Central Texas. They were discovered by the writer, along -with other stone and bone tools, in alluvial banks and other formations -which in part may have accumulated during the Late Pleistocene. -Lanceolate-shaped points from type localities are characteristically -desert varnished and have been dulled and battered by being washed about -in stream gravels. Heavily weathered points quite like those of the -Blanco type have been reported in other parts of Texas and also in -central and southeast New Mexico. They have also been recovered from a -number of sites in Mexico and South America under circumstances that -seem to suggest great antiquity. The eminent American archaeologist, -Marie Wormington, has suggested that points much like those of our -Blanco type may well have been the basic type from which later Early Man -points evolved. - - [Illustration: _Blanco_] - -Blanco points are lanceolate-shaped and are broadest at or somewhat -below mid-section. The cross-section at this point is a flattened oval -shape. Lateral edges are slightly rounded, converging to a point at the -tip, while the base is round. The few known specimens range in length -from about 4.0 to 6.0 cm., in width from 2.0 to 2.5 cm., and in -thickness 0.7 to 1.0 cm. Specimens having dimensions somewhat in excess -of those listed may be expected. Manufacture is by direct percussion and -is not particularly well achieved nor patterned. Initial flake scars on -point faces are irregular; point bases have been thinned by -multi-directional flaking. Pressure working of edges is absent. Due to -intense weatherings, it is not known whether Blanco points were basally -ground. - -Blanco points are associated in central Texas with the San Marcos -Complex. They may represent a primary Early Man projectile point type. -Undisturbed San Marcos sites have not been found as yet. Tools ascribed -to this complex have been found only in secondary gravel beds at type -localities along the Blanco River. It is conceivable that some of these -formations may have accumulated during the Late Pleistocene. In view of -all factors, dating of Blanco points relative to other Early Man points -must await future excavations. - - - - - SANDIA I POINTS - - -This projectile point type was named after the type site, Sandia Cave, -situated at the north end of the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque, New -Mexico. Such points have also been found at the Lucy Site in Central New -Mexico, in Central Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, and possibly -Alabama, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. - - [Illustration: _Sandia I_] - -Sandia I points are lanceolate in shape and may be somewhat asymmetrical -in outline. They are distinctive in having a single shoulder on one side -of the stem. Gently rounded lateral edges on the upper portion taper to -a point, while the rounded stem edges taper to the somewhat narrow, -rounded base. Specimens are broadest somewhat below mid-section and have -a lenticular cross section at this point. Both the stem and the base -have been smoothed by grinding. Total length may vary from about 6.0 to -9.0 cm., and width from 2.0 to 4.0 cm. Manufacture was evidently by -direct percussion and not as refined as on some later Early Man Points. -Initial flake scars on point faces are irregular; point bases have been -thinned by multi-directional flaking. Pressure retouch is absent. - -Sandia I projectile points are accepted by most archaeologists as among -the oldest documented, though not reliably dated, point types of the -Southwest and North America in general. Similarly, the relationship of -Sandia points to Clovis and other Early Man point types has not yet been -clearly established. That Sandia points are older than Folsom points -does remain certain, however. They may also be older than Clovis points. - - - - - SANDIA II POINTS - - -Sandia II points were discovered together with Sandia I points at Sandia -Cave near Albuquerque, New Mexico. They differ from Sandia I points in a -number of respects. - -Single-shouldered Sandia II points are quite similar to those of the -type Sandia I excepting details on the stem, base shape and certain -aspects of workmanship. Instead of tapering to a rounded base, the -straight-edged stem of Sandia II points contracts to a straight or -slightly concave base. Workmanship is generally finer than in the other -type, though achieved by the same means. Resolved secondary edge -thinning is noticeable on many specimens. Sandia II points are also -marked by vertical basal thinning, produced by the removal of a large, -or several smaller longish flakes parallel to the point long-axis, -anticipating perhaps the fluting found on Clovis and Folsom points. -Vertical basal thinning is absent on points of the Sandia I type. - - [Illustration: _Sandia II_] - - - - - SANDIA III POINTS - - -Sandia III points were discovered in 1954 together with Sandia I, Sandia -II, and other Early Man points in a series of blow-outs near Lucy, -central New Mexico. - - [Illustration: _Sandia III_] - -Single-shouldered Sandia III points are similar in all respects to -Sandia II points with these exceptions: the base on specimens of the -Sandia III type is consistently deeply concave, and the stem portion is -always vertically fluted. - - - - - CLOVIS POINTS - - -Clovis points are named after the type site located near Clovis, New -Mexico. They were found associated with the remains of mammoth and other -extinct animal forms in gravels at the bottom of a Late Pleistocene -pond. This site is counted among the most important archaeological -discoveries of the New World. The series of culture layers excavated -from above the one containing Clovis material give the most complete -sequence of Early Man cultures yet found at a single site. - - [Illustration: _Clovis_] - -Clovis points are symmetrically lanceolate in outline and are broadest -near mid-section or sometimes nearer to the tip. Upper lateral edges of -the point body are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are commonly -straight or slightly rounded and they may taper somewhat towards the -consistently concave base. On some examples, the lateral edges near the -base may be gently recurved. Both the basal concavity and the lateral -edges are smoothed by intentional grinding. The characteristic flutes -were struck vertically from only one or from both faces. In the latter -case, they may not be of equal length. The longest flute usually does -not extend up further from the base than about half the length of the -point. Nonetheless, specimens are known on which fluting extends up -almost the entire length of a face. Flaking on Clovis points was -probably by direct percussion; lateral edges of some may have been -thinned by secondary pressure retouch. Initial flake scars on point -faces are irregular. Fluting was achieved by the removal of either one -or a series of long flakes parallel to the point long-axis, possibly by -indirect percussion. Dimensions are variable. Clovis points in the -broader Southwest may range from nearly 3.5 to 14.0 cm. in length, and -in width from about 2.0 to 4.0 cm. - -Radio carbon dates and geologic evidence obtained in recent years -indicate Clovis points were in use by Early Man between about 11,000 and -11,500 years ago in the Southwest. Though older than Folsom points, -there evidently was a period towards the end of the Clovis sequence, -during which both Clovis and Folsom points were made and used. Clovis -points have been found with the remains of extinct Pleistocene fauna, -primarily mammoth, not only at the type locality, but at sites near -Angus, Nebraska; Dent, Colorado; Miami, Texas; and Naco, Arizona. Finds -of such points, mostly on the surface, have also been made in northern -Mexico, California, on the eastern seaboard, in the Midwest, Canada, and -Alaska. - -Small Clovis points may be confused with Folsom points. However, Clovis -points are both thicker and heavier; flutes do not ordinarily extend up -the entire face, and workmanship is not as fine as on Folsom points. -Also, Folsom points often have a small nipple in the middle of the basal -concavity, a feature lacking on Clovis points. - - - - - FOLSOM POINTS - - -Folsom points were first discovered in the twenties at an Early Man kill -site near Folsom, in northeast New Mexico. The points were associated -with the remains of an extinct form of giant Late Pleistocene bison. -These finds were among the first to demonstrate the great antiquity of -man in the New World. - - [Illustration: _Folsom_] - -Folsom points are symmetrically lanceolate in shape, and are broadest at -mid-section or somewhat nearer to the tip. They are fluted on either one -or both faces; flutes usually extend up almost an entire face. Upper -lateral edges are ordinarily gently rounded, while the lower lateral -edges are usually straight and either parallel-sided or slightly -contracting towards the base. The base is consistently concave, in some -examples, markedly so. Similar to Clovis points, stem edges near the -base may be gently recurved. Average dimensions are: length 3.0 to 8.0 -cm., but averaging 3.0 to about 5.0 cm., and width from about 1.5 to -nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is usually quite delicate, with initial -shaping by either direct or indirect percussion or pressure. Initial -flake scars on point faces, where preserved are irregular. Delicate -secondary edge thinning was by pressure, during which the basal -concavity was probably produced and a nipple left preparatory to -fluting. Vertical fluting was probably produced by indirect percussion. - -The latest research suggests that Folsom points may be dated between -10,000 and 11,000 years ago. Excavated sites producing Folsom points -have in most all cases also produced the remains of giant bison, but not -mammoth, which may have become extinct by the advent of Folsom Man. -Folsom points have been discovered in both excavated and surface sites -in most parts of the Southwest, including the Clovis type site in -eastern New Mexico, numerous sites in most other portions of New Mexico, -at the Lubbock, Lipscomb, Scharbauer, and Kincaid Sites in Texas, the -Lindenmeier, Linger, and Powars Sites in Colorado, the Hell Gap Site in -Wyoming and the MacHaffie Site in Montana. - - - - - HELL GAP POINTS - - -This recently defined Early Man projectile point has been named after a -group of quarry sites in the Hell Cap Valley near Guernsey in -east-central Wyoming. - -Hell Gap points, similar to many other Early Man types, are essentially -lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges are slightly rounded, while lower -lateral edges taper in straight lines to the generally narrow, slightly -to noticeably rounded, occasionally nearly straight base. These points -are commonly broadest at mid-section, but examples are known which are -broadest a little below this point. Lower lateral edges are offset from -the broadest section to such a degree that one is inclined to consider -Hell Gap points stemmed. Dimensions are: length 4.5 to 8.8 cm., and -width 2.0 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship is not nearly as fine as on Folsom -points. Flaking was produced by direct percussion, with occasional -secondary edge trimming by pressure. Initial flake scars on point faces -are irregular; basal thinning was accomplished by multi-directional -flaking. The stem and base are smoothed through grinding; basal -smoothing may be absent on some specimens. - -Surface specimens have been found in many parts of Wyoming, Montana, -Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Similar points are also known from -California and parts of Texas. The most northerly known occurrence is -Alberta, in Canada. - - [Illustration: _Hell Gap_] - - - - - MIDLAND POINTS - - -Midland points were first discovered at the Scharbauer Site near -Midland, in West Texas. They were evidently contemporaneous with Folsom -points, which they greatly resemble. - - [Illustration: _Midland_] - -Formal description of Midland points has not yet been made. They are -mentioned, however, as appearing a great deal like Folsom points in -shape, size, and thinness, but are distinct from them in not being -fluted. Otherwise they are apparently of the same fine workmanship and -technological tradition as Folsom points. - -Deposits in which a Midland point fragment was found with human remains -at the Scharbauer Site have been dated to about 11,000 years ago, -indicating a time range for this point type corresponding to that of -Folsom. Similar points have been found near Lubbock, Texas; central New -Mexico; and as far east as San Augustine County, Texas. Possibly they -will be found to occur in other districts on or near the Llano Estacado. -Quite frequently they are found together with Folsom points in west -Texas and New Mexico localities. - - - - - PLAINVIEW POINTS - - -Plainview points were first defined on the basis of type specimens -recovered from a bison kill site near Plainview in the Texas Panhandle. - - [Illustration: _Plainview_] - -Lanceolate shaped, the upper lateral edges of the most Plainview points -are slightly rounded but on some they are straight. Lower lateral edges -are ordinarily straight and parallel-sided up to about one-half or -three-quarters the distance from the base to the tip. They are usually -broadest at mid-section. A variation in shape may include a recurve, -rarely marked, of lateral edges near the base; such specimens are -broadest either at or somewhat above the mid-section (see also the -description of Golondrina points). The base of Plainview points varies -from slightly to markedly concave; the former is typical. Workmanship is -quite fine. Direct or indirect percussion or possibly pressure action is -employed in retouching. Initial flake scars may be at either right -angles or slightly oblique to the point long-axis. Though individual -initial flake scars may be parallel, they are more often irregular. -Dimensions of Plainview points are: length about 4.5 to 8.0 cm., width -1.8 to 2.8 cm. Bases of these points were sometimes thinned by the -removal of the series of relatively large, longish flakes parallel to -the point long-axis in a technique reminiscent of fluting. Others -however, were basally thinned by the removal of flakes from the lower -lateral edges at right angles to the point long-axis. Basal edges are -usually smoothed. - -Plainview points are considered by most archaeologists to date around -9,000 to 10,000 years ago. At both the type site and at the Lone Wolf -Creek Site in Texas, they were associated with the remains of extinct -bison. - - - - - MILNESAND POINTS - - -Milnesand points were first recorded at a site near Milnesand, New -Mexico. - - [Illustration: _Milnesand_] - -Lanceolate in shape, Milnesand points are broadest either at mid-section -or somewhat above. Upper lateral edges are slightly to markedly rounded, -while the lower edges are straight and taper a little towards the -typically straight base. Bases on some may be slightly rounded or -concave. Average dimensions are: length 5.0 to 8.0 cm., width 2.0 to -nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is generally quite fine, and has been -achieved with either direct or indirect percussion, or possibly -pressure. Secondary thinning of both lateral and basal edges often -occurs and is by pressure. Initial flaking of point faces is patterned: -transverse flake scars are approximately parallel to one another and at -right angles to the point long-axis. These scars terminate at the point -mid-line; some specimens may have a distinct median ridge on one or both -faces. Horizontal basal thinning, accomplished primarily during initial -flaking may be accompanied by the removal of small flakes vertical to -the point long-axis. Both the lower lateral edges and base are carefully -smoothed. - -Milnesand points at the type site were found with the remains of bison, -possibly an extinct form. They occur widely in eastern New Mexico and -western Texas. Others have been found in Nebraska, Iowa, Alberta, -Saskatchewan, and Alaska. Similarities of Milnesand to Plainview points -have been noted by archaeologists, who have suggested the two may be -related and probably were partly contemporaneous. They may be -distinguished from one another by the following attributes: The base on -most Milnesand points is straight, while it is predominantly concave on -Plainviews; thinning of Plainview bases was accomplished primarily by -the removing of a few, fairly large vertical flakes, while Milnesand -bases were thinned primarily by the removal of horizontal flakes, and -only secondarily by the removal of small flakes. Finally, the smoothing -of lower lateral edges on Milnesand points generally extends up further -than on Plainview points, sometimes to a point beyond the mid-section. - - - - - MESERVE POINTS - - -Meserve points were first described from the Meserve Site near Grand -Island, Nebraska. They are found in most parts of the Southwest. - - [Illustration: _Meserve_] - -Meserve points are basically lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges, -which in the case of these points comprise almost three-quarters of the -total point length, are typically straight. They are quite distinctive -in being rather steeply alternately bevelled and they may be serrated. -Bevelling is always on the right edge when viewed with the point tip -forward; cross-section of the upper lateral edges at mid-section is -rhomboidal. The unusually short lower lateral edges are straight or -slightly concave. Meserve points are broadest either at the distal end -of these edges, or at the base. The base is shallowly or markedly -concave. Basal thinning is accomplished mainly by the removal of either -one large flake or several narrower flakes parallel to the point -long-axis, in a fashion reminiscent of the thinning of Plainview point -bases. Less often, these scars are small and numerous. Thinning in some -cases was by the removal of flakes at right angles to the point -long-axis during initial retouch of the point faces. Average dimensions -are: length 3.0 to 9.0 cm., width (base) 2.0 to 2.7 cm. Workmanship is -generally good. Initial shaping as well as bevelling were likely by -direct percussion. Initial flake scars are usually irregular. Basal -thinning in some cases was probably by indirect percussion. Lateral -edges may be secondarily pressure retouched. Smoothing is observed on -both the lower non-bevelled lateral edges and in the concave base. - -An estimated age of from 9,000 to 5,000 or even 4,000 years ago has been -suggested for Meserve points. They are thus in part contemporaneous -with, and have been found with, Plainview points. Meserve points are -found throughout most of the Southwest, as far north as Canada, and in -the Midwest states. They appear to be most common on the Llano Estacado. - - - - - SCOTTSBLUFF I POINTS - - - [Illustration: _Scottsbluff I_] - - [Illustration: _Scottsbluff II_] - - [Illustration: _Eden_] - -Projectile points of the type Scottsbluff were first defined on the -basis of specimens recovered from a bison kill site near Scottsbluff, -Nebraska. - -The over-all shape of Scottsbluff I points is either lanceolate or -triangular. Upper lateral edges are usually straight, but they may be -faintly rounded. Characteristic of this type is a broad stem and faint -shoulders. Parallel edges of the stem are straight; sometimes they may -expand towards the base. The small shoulders, the widest part of these -points, are cut inwards at right angles to the point long-axis. The stem -base is straight or slightly rounded, very rarely slightly concave. -Average dimensions range from about 5.0 to 15.0 cm. in length; width at -the shoulders is from 2.4 to 3.5 cm., and width at the stem base 2.0 to -3.0 cm. Workmanship on most Scottsbluff I points is well executed. -Initial shaping was carried out by direct or indirect percussion. -Typical of many Scottsbluff I points are the longish parallel flake -scars produced during this stage of retouch. They are at right angles to -the point long-axis and are of the transverse type. On others patterning -of flake scars is more irregular. Lateral edges of some may be -secondarily pressure retouched. Both the stem lateral edges and base are -smoothed. - -Scottsbluff I points have a suggested age range of from 9,500 to about -7,000 years. They are known to occur not only in Nebraska, but in New -Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Colorado, Wyoming, -Montana, Washington, and in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. - - - - - SCOTTSBLUFF II POINTS - - -These points are probably of the same age and distribution as those of -the Scottsbluff I type. - -Scottsbluff II points are morphologically quite similar to those of the -Scottsbluff I type with these exceptions: the lateral edges of the point -body on Scottsbluff II points are straight, giving this portion of the -point a definitely triangular outline; in addition, the point body is -relatively broader at the shoulders, and the shoulders are more markedly -offset from the stem than on Scottsbluff I points. Also, the former are -generally shorter and thinner than those of the latter type. - - - - - EDEN POINTS - - -Eden points bear a great deal of resemblance to Scottsbluff points, with -which they are sometimes found. Dissimilarities are pointed out below. - -Eden points, though of the same basic shape, are much narrower in -relation to over-all length than are Scottsbluff points. Most commonly, -shoulders on Eden points are very faint indeed. Transverse facial -flaking is much like that on Scottsbluff points. More frequently it is -of the collateral type. - -Probably the same age as the Scottsbluff type. - - - - - BROWNS VALLEY POINTS - - -Browns Valley points were initially discovered at a site near Browns -Valley, Minnesota. They were associated with a human burial. - - [Illustration: _Browns Valley_] - - [Illustration: _Agate Basin_] - -Browns Valley points are broad lanceolate in shape. Upper lateral edges -are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are much less rounded, -contracting very slightly to either a shallowly concave or straight -base. These points are broadest at mid-section. Dimensions are: length -7.0 to 8.0 cm., width 3.0 cm. (full range indeterminate since few -specimens known). Workmanship is fine. Initial shaping may have been by -direct or indirect percussion. The initial flake scars are parallel and -run obliquely across the point faces; less often they are at right -angles. Bases have been initially thinned by the removal of a series of -small longish flakes mainly oblique to the point long-axis, to a lesser -extent by the removal of vertical flakes. Basal edges are smoothed. - -Browns Valley points are rare and have an estimated age of from 9,000 to -8,000 years. Similar points excavated in Wyoming have a comparable age -of almost 8,000 years. - - - - - AGATE BASIN POINTS - - -Agate Basin points were first recognized at a bison kill site between -Newcastle and Lusk in eastern Wyoming. The bison were probably of a -recent type, but this is not certain. - -Agate Basin points are slender lanceolate in shape. Both the upper and -lower lateral edges are gently rounded. Lower lateral edges on some, -however, may be nearly straight and contracting slightly to the base. -They are usually broadest above mid-section. The base is either straight -or rounded, although on some specimens it may be bluntly pointed. Length -varies from 6.0 to 15.0 cm., width from 2.0 to about 3.0 cm. Workmanship -is quite fine. Initial shaping was by direct or indirect percussion. -Flake scars are consistently sub-parallel and at right angles to the -point long-axis. Thinning of lateral edges was by pressure retouch. -Lower lateral edges are smoothed, the base rarely so. Basal thinning was -achieved during initial retouch and is at right angles to the point -long-axis. - -Although the age range of Agate Basin points is uncertain, it is -probable that they belong to a later stage of the Early Man point -sequence. - - - - - GOLONDRINA POINTS - - -Golondrina points were defined on the basis of specimens found at the -Devils River Site on the Rio Grande in southwest Texas. - -Golondrina points are of broad lanceolate shape. Upper lateral edges are -usually markedly rounded. Lower lateral edges are characteristically -recurved, resulting in out-flaring basal corners of ears. The base is -quite deeply concave. The broadest part is at mid-section or a little -beyond, towards the tip. Average dimensions are: length 6.0 to 8.0 cm., -maximum body width 2.3 to 3.2 cm., and base width 2.2 to 2.9 cm. -Workmanship is fine. Initial and secondary shaping and thinning was by -direct percussion. Initial flake scars are irregular. Pressure retouch -of edges is not obvious. Essentially, vertical basal thinning was -accomplished by the removal of either one or a series of irregular -flakes. It should be noted that thinning scars on occasional specimens -may be quite narrow and parallel to the point long-axis. Both the lower -lateral edges and the basal concavity have been smoothed. - - [Illustration: _Golondrina_] - -At the type site, Golondrina points have been dated to about 8,000 years -ago. Plainview points may be associated with them. Golondrina points -have been found in north central, central, and southwest Texas and -northeast Mexico. It is likely they will be identified in other parts of -the broader Southwest. - - - - - GYPSUM CAVE POINTS - - -Gypsum Cave points were discovered together with the remains of extinct -ground sloth in a cave near Las Vegas, Nevada. - -The over-all shape of Gypsum Cave points is elongate triangular. The -straight upper lateral edges comprise virtually the entire length of -specimens. The lower portion is characterized by a short stem formed by -the abrupt sloping back of base edges from marked shoulders; the base is -rounded. They are broadest from shoulder to shoulder. Average length of -Gypsum Cave points is 5.0 to about 6.5 cm., and width about 3.0 cm. -Flaking seems to have been produced by direct percussion. Initial flake -scars are irregular. Secondary thinning of lateral edges is apparently -absent. Stem edges were produced by multi-directional flaking. They are -not smoothed. - - [Illustration: _Gypsum Cave_] - -The estimated age of Gypsum Cave points at the type site is from about -8,000 to 10,000 years. Points similar to these were found in a cave in -the Manzano Mountains near Albuquerque and south of the Sandias. A -specimen was recovered from the Lindenmeier Site in Colorado above the -Folsom layer. - - - - - LAKE MOHAVE POINTS - - -Lake Mohave points were originally described from the Lake Mohave -district of southeastern California. They were recovered from the -surface and from ancient fossil beaches and terraces. - - [Illustration: _Lake Mohave_] - -Lake Mohave points are slender lanceolate in shape with the broadest -part above mid-section, about three-quarters up from the base. The upper -lateral edges are slightly rounded. The over-all impression one has of -these lower edges is that of a long tapering stem. Lake Mohave points -may be faintly shouldered. Average dimensions are: length about 4.0 to -7.5 cm., width at the broadest part 2.5 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship, though -well-achieved, is characterized by irregular initial flake scars, -probably produced by direct percussion. Basal thinning was achieved by -multi-directional flaking. - -The estimated age range of Lake Mohave points is from about 7,000 to -9,000 years. It is probable this point type is related to similar types -of the Southwest. - - - - - RIO GRANDE POINTS - - -Rio Grande points were first defined in 1942 on the basis of surface -collections of lithic artifacts from the Upper Rio Grande Valley. - - [Illustration: _Rio Grande_] - -Rio Grande points are basically lanceolate in shape. Upper lateral edges -are straight to gently rounded. They are broadest slightly above -mid-section. Lower lateral edges are set off from the upper portion of -the point body by very small shoulders, so that this point must be -considered stemmed. Stem edges are consistently straight and taper -slightly to the base. The base is usually straight, less often it is -slightly rounded or shallowly concave. Average dimensions are: length -6.0 cm., shoulder width 2.8 cm., base width 1.8 cm. Some larger -specimens are known. Manufacture is by direct percussion. Initial flake -scars on point faces are irregular. Basal thinning was accomplished in -the main by multi-directional flaking. Stem edges may show secondary -percussion or pressure retouch. Stem edges are well smoothed; the base -may be slightly smoothed or not at all. - -The age of Rio Grande points has not been definitely established nor -have associations with other early point types been ascertained. They -appear to be related to the Hell Gap and Lake Mohave types. - - - - - ESCOBAS POINTS - - -Escobas points, newly defined in this guide, were to all appearances -first discovered and described at Pecos Pueblo, southeast of Santa Fe, -New Mexico. Specimens excavated there evidently were collected by -inhabitants of the pueblos from nearby sites pre-dating the pueblo. This -point type is named after Escobas Peak, near Pecos. - - [Illustration: _Escobas_] - -Escobas points are lanceolate shaped and are consistently broadest -immediately below mid-section. Upper lateral edges are usually straight, -but they may be slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are set off from -the upper portion of the point body by very slight shoulders, so that -this point must be considered as stemmed. Parallel to slightly -expanding, stem edges are characteristically faintly concave between the -shoulders and base edges. The base is always distinctly concave. Average -dimensions: length 6.0 cm., shoulder width 2.0 cm., base width 1.7 cm. -Workmanship is not refined. Initial flaking of point faces has been -achieved by direct percussion; flake scars are irregular. Stem edges may -show slight secondary retouch by either percussion or pressure. Basal -thinning was accomplished primarily by the striking of irregular flakes -from the basal concavity, to a lesser extent by removal of horizontal -flakes from the base. Stem edges are well smoothed; the concave base is -either slightly smoothed or not at all. - -The relation of Escobas points to other Early Man points has not yet -been determined. They do, however, resemble some other early types. -Escobas points are broadly similar to Rio Grande points in shape, but -they differ from them in the following respects: parallel to slightly -expanding stem edges of Escobas points are consistently slightly concave -between the shoulders and base, while stem edges on Rio Grande points -are always straight and taper somewhat to the base. Escobas point stems -are shorter, relative to overall point length than Rio Grande stems. -Shoulders on Escobas are much fainter than on Rio Grande points; bases -of Escobas points are, so far as known, always concave, whereas they are -only occasionally so on Rio Grande points. Both, however, share the -attribute of being well-smoothed on stem edges, and are either slightly -smoothed or not at all on basal edges. Escobas points occur in the Pecos -district, the Upper Rio Grande Valley, and, according to Stewart Peckham -(personal communication), in the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico. -They will likely be found to occur in other parts of the Southwest, in -some areas in association with points of the Rio Grande type. - - - - - RECOMMENDED READING - - -Agogino, G. A. - -1961 _A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming_, American - Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 4. - -Bell, R. E. - -1958 _Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian Projectile - Points._ Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Special Bulletin No. 1, - Norman. - -Haynes, C. V., Jr. - -1964 _Fluted Projectile Points: Their Age and Dispersion._ Science, Vol. - 145, No. 3639. - -Johnson, L., Jr. - -1964 _The Devil’s Mouth Site._ Archaeology Series, No. 6, Department of - Anthropology. The University of Texas, Austin. - -Kidder, A. V. - -1962 _An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archeology._ New - Haven. - -Kidder, A. V. - -1932 _Artifacts of Pecos._ Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology. - New Haven. - -Macgowan, K. and Hester, J. A. - -1962 _Early Man in the New World._ New York. - -Renaud, E. B. - -1942 _Reconnaissance Work in the Upper Rio Grande Valley, Colorado and - New Mexico._ Archaeological Series, Third Paper, Department of - Anthropology, University of Denver. - -Sellards, E. H. - -1952 _Early Man in America._ Austin. - -Suhm, D. A. and Jelks, E. B. - -1962 _Handbook of Texas Archeology; Type Descriptions._ The Texas - Archeological Society, Special Publication Number One, and the - Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin Number Four, Austin. - -Wendorf, F. and others - -1961 _Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado._ Fort Burgwin Research Center. - Publication 1. Santa Fe. - -Wormington, H. M. - -1957 _Ancient Man in North America._ The Denver Museum of Natural - History. Popular Series No. 4. Denver. - - - - - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - -Permission to use illustrative material as listed below is gratefully -acknowledged. - -The Denver Museum of Natural History: Figure 30, specimen 4; Figure 68, -No. 5; Figure 70, Nos. 1, 2, and 3; Figure 71, Nos. 3 and 4; Figure 72, -Nos. 1 and 3 from _Ancient Man in North America_ by H. M. Wormington, -Denver, 1957. - -Oklahoma Anthropological Society: Plates 8F, 13D, 26F, 27C, 37F, 40D, -and 41C from _Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian -Projectile Points_ by R. E. Bell, Special Bulletin No. 1, Norman, 1958. - -American Antiquity: Figure 1b from _A New Point Type from Hell Gap -Valley, Eastern Wyoming_ by George A. Agogino, Vol. 26, No. 4, April -1961. - - - Museum of New Mexico Press - Santa Fe 1965 - - _Drawings by Helene Warren_ - - [Illustration: Endpapers] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE -SOUTHWEST *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-size:110%; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest, by Kenneth Honea</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'> - <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest</td></tr> - <tr><td></td><td>Museum of New Mexico Press, Popular Series Pamphlet No. 4</td></tr> -</table> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Kenneth Honea</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 26, 2021 [eBook #65169]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Early Man Projectile Points in the Southwest" width="1000" height="1561" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="small">Early Man -<br />Projectile Points -<br />in the Southwest</span></h1> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss small">MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO PRESS -<br />POPULAR SERIES PAMPHLET NO. 4</span></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><span class="jri">EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST</span></span> -<br /><span class="jr"><i>by Kenneth Honea</i></span></h2> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">INTRODUCTION</span></h2> -<p>The cultures of Early Man in the Southwest, though yet imperfectly -known, seem most readily distinguishable by characteristic -types of projectile points. The majority of finds, and they -are rare, have been made on the surface; much less often at camp -or kill sites.</p> -<p>Camp sites were situated on ridges, in sand dunes, or on hills -overlooking streams, lakes, or ponds. Occupational features generally -include hearths, split and charred food bones, debris from -stone tool manufacturing, and a full inventory of stone tools. -Seeds, grinding stones, storage and cooking pits are rarely found -at such early sites.</p> -<p>Kill sites, by contrast, are usually situated on the edges of -streams, lakes, or ponds. Features will include animal skeletons, -sometimes partially dismembered, points used in killing game, -some stone butchering tools such as scrapers, knives, utilized flakes, -and waste flakes resulting from the sharpening of stone tools. -Preferred parts of game may be missing, indicating they were -carried back to camp. Hearths are occasionally found at kill sites, -indicating that part of the game may have been prepared there.</p> -<p>Points used by Early Man were likely thrown at game with -a spear-thrower or atl-atl, rather than shot at them with a bow -and arrow. Atl-atls were probably of wood, and had a long groove -on one side. Into this groove was placed the spear with a point -hafted onto one end. The atl-atl was thrust back and thrown -forward, releasing the spear on the forward thrust.</p> -<p>On the basis of findings, archaeologists have reconstructed two -widespread methods of hunting by Early Man. In the first instance, -game was observed, stalked and killed at watering places. -In the second, game was driven into an arroyo, stream, lake, or -pond, or stampeded over a cliff.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">EARLY MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES</span></h2> -<p>It is a curious fact that Early Southwestern Man most often -made his tools of very finely textured stone. Perhaps this custom -was induced by the exacting, finely controlled technologies of -stone flaking practiced and the kinds of tools made. Indeed, -workmanship on many projectile points, knives, and scrapers is so -well achieved that one is led to believe that Early Man strove to -express some degree of esthetic idealism in his tools.</p> -<p>Demands in technology often led to the widespread trading of -choice materials. The best known of these is from the alibates -quarries near Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle. Fine quality -flint from this locality has been found at Early Man sites as far -west as Arizona and as far north as Wyoming and Montana.</p> -<p>Early man prepared point “blanks” by the striking of suitable -primary flakes by direct percussion from a block of stone, the -core. The striker consisted either of a hard subround hammerstone, -or a cylinder-hammer of soft stone, bone, antler, or hard -wood. Flakes driven off by the former were usually thicker at -one end. Those produced in the second instance were relatively -thin throughout their length. Long flakes or “blades” were also -often used as blanks, especially in the making of long projectile -points. They could be detached from cores with either of the -above strikers, or by holding a bone or stone “punch” on an edge -of a core and striking the top of the punch with a hammerstone. -This is a form of indirect percussion. Blades were also produced -by what has been called impulsive pressure. A bone, antler, or -stone-tipped crutch was applied to an edge of a core, and pressed -downwards with the chest, driving off a blade.</p> -<p>Often cores were pre-shaped before the striking or pressing -off of flakes or blades by what is termed the “Levallois technique.” -A block of stone was initially trimmed on both faces into a -round, oval, or triangular shape. Either one or a series of flakes -or blades were then driven off one or both faces of the core, -using any of the above percussion or pressure instruments. A -distinct advantage to the technique was that the upper face of -the detached flake or blade blanks had already been trimmed in -the process of initial preparation of the core. This same preparation -also predetermined to a large extent the shape of blanks produced -in the Levallois technique.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<p>The processes by which appropriate blanks were turned into -finished projectile points involved several manufacturing stages -and one or a combination of flaking techniques. The techniques -employed consisted of direct or indirect percussion, using a -hammerstone, cylinder-hammer, or punch, and direct or indirect -pressure, using a crutch, an animal claw or tooth, the edge of a length -of bone, antler, or stone.</p> -<p>The principal manufacturing stages include: 1) over-all initial -shaping by the careful thinning of both faces of the blank; 2) -secondary trimming of lateral and basal edges, including eventual -fluting; and 3) smoothing by grinding of lateral and basal edges.</p> -<p>As will later be seen in the descriptions, special kinds of initial -flaking, or facial thinning, are often characteristically associated -with certain Early Man points. On some, flaking may conform to -traditional patterns, while on others it may be irregular. The -following kinds of initial flake scars are distinguished:</p> -<p><i>Irregular</i>: flake scars are of irregular shape, and they are in no -particular alignment to one another or the point long-axis.</p> -<p><i>Transverse</i>: long, parallel flake scars are horizontal, or nearly -so, to the point long-axis; opposite flake scars end smoothly near -the point center line, appearing to form a continuous flake scar -across the point face.</p> -<p><i>Collateral</i>: similar to transverse flaking, except that opposite -flake scars end abruptly near the point center line, forming in -some cases a central ridge.</p> -<p><i>Oblique</i>: long, parallel flake scars are oblique or slanted in relation -to the point long-axis.</p> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">BLANCO POINTS</span></h2> -<p>To be counted possibly among the earliest projectile point types -of the Southwest are what have been called Blanco points, named -after the Blanco River of Central Texas. They were discovered -by the writer, along with other stone and bone tools, in alluvial -banks and other formations which in part may have accumulated -during the Late Pleistocene. Lanceolate-shaped points from type -localities are characteristically desert varnished and have been -dulled and battered by being washed about in stream gravels. -Heavily weathered points quite like those of the Blanco type have -been reported in other parts of Texas and also in central and -southeast New Mexico. They have also been recovered from a -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -number of sites in Mexico and South America under circumstances -that seem to suggest great antiquity. The eminent American -archaeologist, Marie Wormington, has suggested that points -much like those of our Blanco type may well have been the basic -type from which later Early Man points evolved.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="348" height="744" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Blanco</i></p> -</div> -<p>Blanco points are lanceolate-shaped and are broadest at or -somewhat below mid-section. The cross-section at this point is a -flattened oval shape. Lateral edges are -slightly rounded, converging to a point at -the tip, while the base is round. The few -known specimens range in length from -about 4.0 to 6.0 cm., in width from 2.0 to -2.5 cm., and in thickness 0.7 to 1.0 cm. -Specimens having dimensions somewhat in -excess of those listed may be expected. -Manufacture is by direct percussion and is -not particularly well achieved nor -patterned. Initial flake scars on point faces are -irregular; point bases have been thinned by -multi-directional flaking. Pressure working -of edges is absent. Due to intense weatherings, -it is not known whether Blanco points -were basally ground.</p> -<p>Blanco points are associated in central -Texas with the San Marcos Complex. They may -represent a primary Early Man projectile point type. Undisturbed -San Marcos sites have not been found as yet. Tools -ascribed to this complex have been found only in secondary -gravel beds at type localities along the Blanco River. It is conceivable -that some of these formations may have accumulated -during the Late Pleistocene. In view of all factors, dating of -Blanco points relative to other Early Man points must await -future excavations.</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">SANDIA I POINTS</span></h2> -<p>This projectile point type was named after the type site, Sandia -Cave, situated at the north end of the Sandia Mountains near -Albuquerque, New Mexico. Such points have also been found -at the Lucy Site in Central New Mexico, in Central Texas, -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, and possibly Alabama, Alberta, and -Saskatchewan.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="344" height="919" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Sandia I</i></p> -</div> -<p>Sandia I points are lanceolate in shape and may be somewhat -asymmetrical in outline. They are distinctive in having a single -shoulder on one side of the stem. Gently -rounded lateral edges on the upper portion -taper to a point, while the rounded stem -edges taper to the somewhat narrow, rounded -base. Specimens are broadest somewhat -below mid-section and have a lenticular -cross section at this point. Both the stem -and the base have been smoothed by grinding. -Total length may vary from about 6.0 -to 9.0 cm., and width from 2.0 to 4.0 cm. -Manufacture was evidently by direct -percussion and not as refined as on some later -Early Man Points. Initial flake scars on -point faces are irregular; point bases have -been thinned by multi-directional flaking. -Pressure retouch is absent.</p> -<p>Sandia I projectile points are accepted -by most archaeologists as among the oldest -documented, though not reliably dated, -point types of the Southwest and North -America in general. Similarly, the relationship -of Sandia points to Clovis and other -Early Man point types has not yet been -clearly established. That Sandia points are older than Folsom -points does remain certain, however. They may also be older than -Clovis points.</p> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">SANDIA II POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Sandia II points were discovered together with Sandia I points -at Sandia Cave near Albuquerque, New Mexico. They differ -from Sandia I points in a number of respects.</p> -<p>Single-shouldered Sandia II points are quite similar to those -of the type Sandia I excepting details on the stem, base shape -and certain aspects of workmanship. Instead of tapering to a -rounded base, the straight-edged stem of Sandia II points contracts -to a straight or slightly concave base. Workmanship is -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -generally finer than in the other type, though achieved by the -same means. Resolved secondary edge thinning is noticeable on -many specimens. Sandia II points are also marked by vertical -basal thinning, produced by the removal of a large, or several -smaller longish flakes parallel to the point long-axis, anticipating -perhaps the fluting found on Clovis and Folsom points. Vertical -basal thinning is absent on points of the Sandia I type.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="302" height="730" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Sandia II</i></p> -</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">SANDIA III POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Sandia III points were discovered in 1954 together with Sandia -I, Sandia II, and other Early Man points in a series of blow-outs -near Lucy, central New Mexico.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="998" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Sandia III</i></p> -</div> -<p>Single-shouldered Sandia III points are similar in all respects to -Sandia II points with these exceptions: the base on specimens -of the Sandia III type is consistently deeply concave, and the -stem portion is always vertically fluted.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">CLOVIS POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Clovis points are named after the type site located near Clovis, -New Mexico. They were found associated with the remains of -mammoth and other extinct animal forms in gravels at the bottom -of a Late Pleistocene pond. This site -is counted among the most important -archaeological discoveries of the New -World. The series of culture layers -excavated from above the one containing -Clovis material give the most complete -sequence of Early Man cultures yet found -at a single site.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p02c.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="1452" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Clovis</i></p> -</div> -<p>Clovis points are symmetrically lanceolate -in outline and are broadest near mid-section -or sometimes nearer to the tip. -Upper lateral edges of the point body are -slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are -commonly straight or slightly rounded -and they may taper somewhat towards the -consistently concave base. On some examples, -the lateral edges near the base -may be gently recurved. Both the basal -concavity and the lateral edges are -smoothed by intentional grinding. The -characteristic flutes were struck vertically -from only one or from both faces. In the -latter case, they may not be of equal -length. The longest flute usually does not -extend up further from the base than about -half the length of the point. Nonetheless, -specimens are known on which fluting -extends up almost the entire length of a -face. Flaking on Clovis points was probably -by direct percussion; lateral edges of -some may have been thinned by secondary -pressure retouch. Initial flake scars on -point faces are irregular. Fluting was achieved by the removal -of either one or a series of long flakes parallel to the point -long-axis, possibly by indirect percussion. Dimensions are variable. -Clovis points in the broader Southwest may range from nearly -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -3.5 to 14.0 cm. in length, and in width from about 2.0 to 4.0 cm.</p> -<p>Radio carbon dates and geologic evidence obtained in recent -years indicate Clovis points were in use by Early Man between -about 11,000 and 11,500 years ago in the Southwest. Though -older than Folsom points, there evidently was a period towards -the end of the Clovis sequence, during which both Clovis and -Folsom points were made and used. Clovis points have been -found with the remains of extinct Pleistocene fauna, primarily -mammoth, not only at the type locality, but at sites near Angus, -Nebraska; Dent, Colorado; Miami, Texas; and Naco, Arizona. -Finds of such points, mostly on the surface, have also been made -in northern Mexico, California, on the eastern seaboard, in the -Midwest, Canada, and Alaska.</p> -<p>Small Clovis points may be confused with Folsom points. -However, Clovis points are both thicker and heavier; flutes do -not ordinarily extend up the entire face, and workmanship is not -as fine as on Folsom points. Also, Folsom points often have a -small nipple in the middle of the basal concavity, a feature -lacking on Clovis points.</p> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">FOLSOM POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Folsom points were first discovered in the twenties at an Early -Man kill site near Folsom, in northeast New Mexico. The points -were associated with the remains of an extinct form of giant Late -Pleistocene bison. These finds were among the -first to demonstrate the great antiquity of man -in the New World.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="272" height="664" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Folsom</i></p> -</div> -<p>Folsom points are symmetrically lanceolate in -shape, and are broadest at mid-section or -somewhat nearer to the tip. They are fluted on either -one or both faces; flutes usually extend up almost -an entire face. Upper lateral edges are -ordinarily gently rounded, while the lower -lateral edges are usually straight and either -parallel-sided or slightly contracting towards the base. -The base is consistently concave, in some -examples, markedly so. Similar to Clovis points, -stem edges near the base may be gently recurved. -Average dimensions are: length 3.0 to 8.0 cm., -but averaging 3.0 to about 5.0 cm., and width -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -from about 1.5 to nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is usually quite -delicate, with initial shaping by either direct or indirect percussion -or pressure. Initial flake scars on point faces, where preserved -are irregular. Delicate secondary edge thinning was by -pressure, during which the basal concavity was probably produced -and a nipple left preparatory to fluting. Vertical fluting was -probably produced by indirect percussion.</p> -<p>The latest research suggests that Folsom points may be dated -between 10,000 and 11,000 years ago. Excavated sites producing -Folsom points have in most all cases also produced the remains -of giant bison, but not mammoth, which may have become extinct -by the advent of Folsom Man. Folsom points have been -discovered in both excavated and surface sites in most parts -of the Southwest, including the Clovis type site in eastern New -Mexico, numerous sites in most other portions of New Mexico, at the -Lubbock, Lipscomb, Scharbauer, and Kincaid Sites in Texas, -the Lindenmeier, Linger, and Powars Sites in Colorado, the Hell -Gap Site in Wyoming and the MacHaffie Site in Montana.</p> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">HELL GAP POINTS</span></h2> -<p>This recently defined Early Man projectile point has been -named after a group of quarry sites in the Hell Cap Valley near -Guernsey in east-central Wyoming.</p> -<p>Hell Gap points, similar to many other Early Man types, are -essentially lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral edges are slightly -rounded, while lower lateral edges taper in straight lines to the -generally narrow, slightly to noticeably rounded, occasionally -nearly straight base. These points are commonly broadest at mid-section, -but examples are known which are broadest a little below -this point. Lower lateral edges are offset from the broadest -section to such a degree that one is inclined to consider Hell -Gap points stemmed. Dimensions are: length 4.5 to 8.8 cm., and -width 2.0 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship is not nearly as fine as on -Folsom points. Flaking was produced by direct percussion, with occasional -secondary edge trimming by pressure. Initial flake scars -on point faces are irregular; basal thinning was accomplished by multi-directional -flaking. The stem and base are smoothed through -grinding; basal smoothing may be absent on some specimens.</p> -<p>Surface specimens have been found in many parts of Wyoming, -Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Similar -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -points are also known from California and parts of Texas. The -most northerly known occurrence is Alberta, in Canada.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="346" height="968" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Hell Gap</i></p> -</div> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">MIDLAND POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Midland points were first discovered at the Scharbauer Site -near Midland, in West Texas. They were evidently contemporaneous -with Folsom points, which they greatly resemble.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p04b.jpg" alt="" width="290" height="800" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Midland</i></p> -</div> -<p>Formal description of Midland points has not yet been made. -They are mentioned, however, as appearing a great deal like Folsom -points in shape, size, and thinness, but are distinct from them -in not being fluted. Otherwise they are apparently of the same -fine workmanship and technological tradition as Folsom points.</p> -<p>Deposits in which a Midland point fragment was found with -human remains at the Scharbauer Site have been dated to about -11,000 years ago, indicating a time range for this point type -corresponding to that of Folsom. Similar points have been found -near Lubbock, Texas; central New Mexico; and as far east as -San Augustine County, Texas. Possibly they will be found to -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -occur in other districts on or near the Llano Estacado. Quite frequently -they are found together with Folsom points in west -Texas and New Mexico localities.</p> -<h2 id="c12"><span class="small">PLAINVIEW POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Plainview points were first defined on the basis of type specimens -recovered from a bison kill site near Plainview in the Texas -Panhandle.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="334" height="883" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Plainview</i></p> -</div> -<p>Lanceolate shaped, the upper lateral edges of the most Plainview -points are slightly rounded but on some they are straight. -Lower lateral edges are ordinarily straight -and parallel-sided up to about one-half or -three-quarters the distance from the base to -the tip. They are usually broadest at mid-section. -A variation in shape may include a -recurve, rarely marked, of lateral edges near -the base; such specimens are broadest either -at or somewhat above the mid-section (see -also the description of <a href="#c20">Golondrina points</a>). -The base of Plainview points varies from -slightly to markedly concave; the former is -typical. Workmanship is quite fine. Direct -or indirect percussion or possibly pressure action -is employed in retouching. Initial flake -scars may be at either right angles or slightly -oblique to the point long-axis. Though individual -initial flake scars may be parallel, -they are more often irregular. Dimensions of -Plainview points are: length about 4.5 to 8.0 -cm., width 1.8 to 2.8 cm. Bases of these points -were sometimes thinned by the removal of -the series of relatively large, longish flakes parallel to the point -long-axis in a technique reminiscent of fluting. Others however, -were basally thinned by the removal of flakes from the lower -lateral edges at right angles to the point long-axis. Basal edges -are usually smoothed.</p> -<p>Plainview points are considered by most archaeologists to date -around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. At both the type site and at -the Lone Wolf Creek Site in Texas, they were associated with -the remains of extinct bison.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<h2 id="c13"><span class="small">MILNESAND POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Milnesand points were first recorded at a site near Milnesand, -New Mexico.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="366" height="912" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Milnesand</i></p> -</div> -<p>Lanceolate in shape, Milnesand points are broadest either at -mid-section or somewhat above. Upper lateral edges are slightly -to markedly rounded, while the lower edges are straight and -taper a little towards the typically straight -base. Bases on some may be slightly -rounded or concave. Average dimensions -are: length 5.0 to 8.0 cm., width 2.0 to -nearly 3.0 cm. Workmanship is generally -quite fine, and has been achieved with -either direct or indirect percussion, or possibly -pressure. Secondary thinning of both -lateral and basal edges often occurs and is -by pressure. Initial flaking of point faces is -patterned: transverse flake scars are approximately -parallel to one another and at -right angles to the point long-axis. These -scars terminate at the point mid-line; some -specimens may have a distinct median -ridge on one or both faces. Horizontal -basal thinning, accomplished primarily -during initial flaking may be accompanied -by the removal of small flakes vertical to -the point long-axis. Both the lower lateral -edges and base are carefully smoothed.</p> -<p>Milnesand points at the type site were -found with the remains of bison, possibly an extinct form. They -occur widely in eastern New Mexico and western Texas. Others -have been found in Nebraska, Iowa, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and -Alaska. Similarities of Milnesand to Plainview points have been -noted by archaeologists, who have suggested the two may be related -and probably were partly contemporaneous. They may be -distinguished from one another by the following attributes: The -base on most Milnesand points is straight, while it is predominantly -concave on Plainviews; thinning of Plainview bases was -accomplished primarily by the removing of a few, fairly large -vertical flakes, while Milnesand bases were thinned primarily by -the removal of horizontal flakes, and only secondarily by the removal -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -of small flakes. Finally, the smoothing of lower lateral -edges on Milnesand points generally extends up further than on -Plainview points, sometimes to a point beyond the mid-section.</p> -<h2 id="c14"><span class="small">MESERVE POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Meserve points were first described from the Meserve Site near -Grand Island, Nebraska. They are found in most parts of the -Southwest.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="302" height="976" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Meserve</i></p> -</div> -<p>Meserve points are basically lanceolate-shaped. Upper lateral -edges, which in the case of these points comprise almost three-quarters -of the total point length, are typically straight. They are -quite distinctive in being rather steeply alternately -bevelled and they may be serrated. Bevelling -is always on the right edge when viewed -with the point tip forward; cross-section of the -upper lateral edges at mid-section is rhomboidal. -The unusually short lower lateral edges -are straight or slightly concave. Meserve points -are broadest either at the distal end of these -edges, or at the base. The base is shallowly or -markedly concave. Basal thinning is accomplished -mainly by the removal of either one -large flake or several narrower flakes parallel -to the point long-axis, in a fashion reminiscent -of the thinning of Plainview point bases. Less -often, these scars are small and numerous. -Thinning in some cases was by the removal of -flakes at right angles to the point long-axis during -initial retouch of the point faces. Average -dimensions are: length 3.0 to 9.0 cm., width -(base) 2.0 to 2.7 cm. Workmanship is generally -good. Initial shaping as well as bevelling -were likely by direct percussion. Initial flake -scars are usually irregular. Basal thinning in -some cases was probably by indirect percussion. Lateral edges -may be secondarily pressure retouched. Smoothing is observed -on both the lower non-bevelled lateral edges and in the concave -base.</p> -<p>An estimated age of from 9,000 to 5,000 or even 4,000 years -ago has been suggested for Meserve points. They are thus in part -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -contemporaneous with, and have been found with, Plainview -points. Meserve points are found throughout most of the Southwest, -as far north as Canada, and in the Midwest states. They appear -to be most common on the Llano Estacado.</p> -<h2 id="c15"><span class="small">SCOTTSBLUFF I POINTS</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="338" height="1254" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Scottsbluff I</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="420" height="1068" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Scottsbluff II</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="" width="238" height="1226" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Eden</i></p> -</div> -<p>Projectile points of the type Scottsbluff were first defined on -the basis of specimens recovered from a bison kill site near Scottsbluff, -Nebraska.</p> -<p>The over-all shape of Scottsbluff I points is either lanceolate -or triangular. Upper lateral edges are usually straight, but they -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -may be faintly rounded. Characteristic of this type is a broad -stem and faint shoulders. Parallel edges of the stem are straight; -sometimes they may expand towards the base. The small shoulders, -the widest part of these points, are cut inwards at right -angles to the point long-axis. The stem base is straight or slightly -rounded, very rarely slightly concave. Average dimensions range -from about 5.0 to 15.0 cm. in length; width at the shoulders is -from 2.4 to 3.5 cm., and width at the stem base 2.0 to 3.0 cm. -Workmanship on most Scottsbluff I points is well executed. -Initial shaping was carried out by direct or indirect percussion. -Typical of many Scottsbluff I points are the longish parallel -flake scars produced during this stage of retouch. They are at -right angles to the point long-axis and are of the transverse type. -On others patterning of flake scars is more irregular. Lateral -edges of some may be secondarily pressure retouched. Both the -stem lateral edges and base are smoothed.</p> -<p>Scottsbluff I points have a suggested age range of from 9,500 -to about 7,000 years. They are known to occur not only in -Nebraska, but in New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, -Arkansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Washington, and in -Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.</p> -<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">SCOTTSBLUFF II POINTS</span></h2> -<p>These points are probably of the same age and distribution as -those of the Scottsbluff I type.</p> -<p>Scottsbluff II points are morphologically quite similar to those -of the Scottsbluff I type with these exceptions: the lateral edges -of the point body on Scottsbluff II points are straight, giving this -portion of the point a definitely triangular outline; in addition, -the point body is relatively broader at the shoulders, and the -shoulders are more markedly offset from the stem than on Scottsbluff -I points. Also, the former are generally shorter and thinner -than those of the latter type.</p> -<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">EDEN POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Eden points bear a great deal of resemblance to Scottsbluff -points, with which they are sometimes found. Dissimilarities are -pointed out below.</p> -<p>Eden points, though of the same basic shape, are much narrower -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -in relation to over-all length than are Scottsbluff points. -Most commonly, shoulders on Eden points are very faint indeed. -Transverse facial flaking is much like that on Scottsbluff points. -More frequently it is of the collateral type.</p> -<p>Probably the same age as the Scottsbluff type.</p> -<h2 id="c18"><span class="small">BROWNS VALLEY POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Browns Valley points were initially discovered at a site near -Browns Valley, Minnesota. They were associated with a human -burial.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="456" height="1051" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Browns Valley</i></p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="280" height="1126" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Agate Basin</i></p> -</div> -<p>Browns Valley points are broad lanceolate in shape. Upper -lateral edges are slightly rounded. Lower lateral edges are much -less rounded, contracting very slightly to either a shallowly concave -or straight base. These points are broadest at mid-section. -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -Dimensions are: length 7.0 to 8.0 cm., width 3.0 cm. (full range -indeterminate since few specimens known). Workmanship is fine. -Initial shaping may have been by direct or indirect percussion. -The initial flake scars are parallel and run obliquely across the -point faces; less often they are at right angles. Bases have been -initially thinned by the removal of a series of small longish flakes -mainly oblique to the point long-axis, to a lesser extent by the removal -of vertical flakes. Basal edges are smoothed.</p> -<p>Browns Valley points are rare and have an estimated age of -from 9,000 to 8,000 years. Similar points excavated in Wyoming -have a comparable age of almost 8,000 years.</p> -<h2 id="c19"><span class="small">AGATE BASIN POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Agate Basin points were first recognized at a bison kill site between -Newcastle and Lusk in eastern Wyoming. The bison were -probably of a recent type, but this is not certain.</p> -<p>Agate Basin points are slender lanceolate in shape. Both the -upper and lower lateral edges are gently rounded. Lower lateral -edges on some, however, may be nearly straight and contracting -slightly to the base. They are usually broadest above mid-section. -The base is either straight or rounded, although on some specimens -it may be bluntly pointed. Length varies from 6.0 to 15.0 -cm., width from 2.0 to about 3.0 cm. Workmanship is quite fine. -Initial shaping was by direct or indirect percussion. Flake scars -are consistently sub-parallel and at right angles to the point long-axis. -Thinning of lateral edges was by pressure retouch. Lower -lateral edges are smoothed, the base rarely so. Basal thinning was -achieved during initial retouch and is at right angles to the -point long-axis.</p> -<p>Although the age range of Agate Basin points is uncertain, -it is probable that they belong to a later stage of the Early Man -point sequence.</p> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small">GOLONDRINA POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Golondrina points were defined on the basis of specimens -found at the Devils River Site on the Rio Grande in southwest -Texas.</p> -<p>Golondrina points are of broad lanceolate shape. Upper lateral -edges are usually markedly rounded. Lower lateral edges -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -are characteristically recurved, resulting -in out-flaring basal corners of ears. The -base is quite deeply concave. The broadest -part is at mid-section or a little beyond, -towards the tip. Average dimensions -are: length 6.0 to 8.0 cm., maximum -body width 2.3 to 3.2 cm., and -base width 2.2 to 2.9 cm. Workmanship -is fine. Initial and secondary shaping -and thinning was by direct percussion. -Initial flake scars are irregular. Pressure -retouch of edges is not obvious. Essentially, -vertical basal thinning was accomplished -by the removal of either one or -a series of irregular flakes. It should be -noted that thinning scars on occasional -specimens may be quite narrow and parallel -to the point long-axis. Both the -lower lateral edges and the basal concavity -have been smoothed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="868" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Golondrina</i></p> -</div> -<p>At the type site, Golondrina points -have been dated to about 8,000 years ago. Plainview points may -be associated with them. Golondrina points have been found in -north central, central, and southwest Texas and northeast Mexico. -It is likely they will be identified in other parts of the -broader Southwest.</p> -<h2 id="c21"><span class="small">GYPSUM CAVE POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Gypsum Cave points were discovered together with the remains -of extinct ground sloth in a cave near Las Vegas, Nevada.</p> -<p>The over-all shape of Gypsum Cave points is elongate triangular. -The straight upper lateral edges comprise virtually the -entire length of specimens. The lower portion is characterized -by a short stem formed by the abrupt sloping back of base edges -from marked shoulders; the base is rounded. They are broadest -from shoulder to shoulder. Average length of Gypsum Cave -points is 5.0 to about 6.5 cm., and width about 3.0 cm. Flaking -seems to have been produced by direct percussion. Initial flake -scars are irregular. Secondary thinning of lateral edges is apparently -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -absent. Stem edges were produced by multi-directional flaking. -They are not smoothed.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig18"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="393" height="870" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Gypsum Cave</i></p> -</div> -<p>The estimated age of Gypsum Cave points at the type site is -from about 8,000 to 10,000 years. Points similar to these were -found in a cave in the Manzano Mountains near Albuquerque -and south of the Sandias. A specimen was recovered from the -Lindenmeier Site in Colorado above the Folsom layer.</p> -<h2 id="c22"><span class="small">LAKE MOHAVE POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Lake Mohave points were originally described from the Lake -Mohave district of southeastern California. They were recovered -from the surface and from ancient fossil beaches and terraces.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig19"> -<img src="images/p08b.jpg" alt="" width="355" height="788" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Lake Mohave</i></p> -</div> -<p>Lake Mohave points are slender lanceolate in shape with the -broadest part above mid-section, about three-quarters up from the -base. The upper lateral edges are slightly rounded. The over-all -impression one has of these lower edges is that of a long tapering -stem. Lake Mohave points may be faintly shouldered. Average -dimensions are: length about 4.0 to 7.5 cm., width at the broadest -part 2.5 to 3.0 cm. Workmanship, though well-achieved, is -characterized by irregular initial flake scars, probably produced -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -by direct percussion. Basal thinning was achieved by multi-directional -flaking.</p> -<p>The estimated age range of Lake Mohave points is from about -7,000 to 9,000 years. It is probable this point type is related to -similar types of the Southwest.</p> -<h2 id="c23"><span class="small">RIO GRANDE POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Rio Grande points were first defined in 1942 on the basis of -surface collections of lithic artifacts from the Upper Rio Grande -Valley.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig20"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="355" height="794" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Rio Grande</i></p> -</div> -<p>Rio Grande points are basically lanceolate in shape. Upper -lateral edges are straight to gently rounded. They are broadest -slightly above mid-section. Lower lateral edges are set off from -the upper portion of the point body by very -small shoulders, so that this point must be -considered stemmed. Stem edges are consistently -straight and taper slightly to the -base. The base is usually straight, less often -it is slightly rounded or shallowly concave. -Average dimensions are: length 6.0 -cm., shoulder width 2.8 cm., base width 1.8 cm. -Some larger specimens are known. Manufacture -is by direct percussion. Initial flake -scars on point faces are irregular. Basal -thinning was accomplished in the main by -multi-directional flaking. Stem edges may -show secondary percussion or pressure retouch. -Stem edges are well smoothed; the -base may be slightly smoothed or not at all.</p> -<p>The age of Rio Grande points has not -been definitely established nor have associations -with other early point types been -ascertained. They appear to be related to the Hell Gap and -Lake Mohave types.</p> -<h2 id="c24"><span class="small">ESCOBAS POINTS</span></h2> -<p>Escobas points, newly defined in this guide, were to all appearances -first discovered and described at Pecos Pueblo, southeast of -Santa Fe, New Mexico. Specimens excavated there evidently -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -were collected by inhabitants of the pueblos from -nearby sites pre-dating the pueblo. This point -type is named after Escobas Peak, near Pecos.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig21"> -<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="263" height="774" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Escobas</i></p> -</div> -<p>Escobas points are lanceolate shaped and are -consistently broadest immediately below mid-section. -Upper lateral edges are usually straight, -but they may be slightly rounded. Lower lateral -edges are set off from the upper portion of the -point body by very slight shoulders, so that this -point must be considered as stemmed. Parallel -to slightly expanding, stem edges are characteristically -faintly concave between the shoulders -and base edges. The base is always distinctly -concave. Average dimensions: length 6.0 -cm., shoulder width 2.0 cm., base width 1.7 cm. -Workmanship is not refined. Initial flaking of -point faces has been achieved by direct percussion; -flake scars are irregular. Stem edges may -show slight secondary retouch by either percussion -or pressure. Basal thinning was accomplished primarily -by the striking of irregular flakes from the basal concavity, to a -lesser extent by removal of horizontal flakes from the base. Stem -edges are well smoothed; the concave base is either slightly -smoothed or not at all.</p> -<p>The relation of Escobas points to other Early Man points has -not yet been determined. They do, however, resemble some other -early types. Escobas points are broadly similar to Rio Grande -points in shape, but they differ from them in the following respects: -parallel to slightly expanding stem edges of Escobas points -are consistently slightly concave between the shoulders and base, -while stem edges on Rio Grande points are always straight and -taper somewhat to the base. Escobas point stems are shorter, -relative to overall point length than Rio Grande stems. Shoulders -on Escobas are much fainter than on Rio Grande points; bases of -Escobas points are, so far as known, always concave, whereas they -are only occasionally so on Rio Grande points. Both, however, -share the attribute of being well-smoothed on stem edges, and are -either slightly smoothed or not at all on basal edges. Escobas -points occur in the Pecos district, the Upper Rio Grande Valley, -and, according to Stewart Peckham (personal communication), -in the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico. They will -<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span> -likely be found to occur in other parts of the Southwest, in some -areas in association with points of the Rio Grande type.</p> -<h2 id="c25"><span class="small">RECOMMENDED READING</span></h2> -<p>Agogino, G. A.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1961 <i>A New Point Type from Hell Gap Valley, Eastern -Wyoming</i>, American Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 4.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Bell, R. E.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1958 <i>Guide to the Identification of Certain American Indian -Projectile Points.</i> Oklahoma Anthropological Society, -Special Bulletin No. 1, Norman.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Haynes, C. V., Jr.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1964 <i>Fluted Projectile Points: Their Age and Dispersion.</i> -Science, Vol. 145, No. 3639.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Johnson, L., Jr.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1964 <i>The Devil’s Mouth Site.</i> Archaeology Series, No. 6, Department -of Anthropology. The University of Texas, -Austin.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Kidder, A. V.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1962 <i>An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archeology.</i> -New Haven.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Kidder, A. V.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1932 <i>Artifacts of Pecos.</i> Robert S. Peabody Foundation for -Archaeology. New Haven.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Macgowan, K. and Hester, J. A.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1962 <i>Early Man in the New World.</i> New York.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Renaud, E. B.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1942 <i>Reconnaissance Work in the Upper Rio Grande Valley, -Colorado and New Mexico.</i> Archaeological Series, -Third Paper, Department of Anthropology, University -of Denver.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Sellards, E. H.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1952 <i>Early Man in America.</i> Austin.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<p>Suhm, D. A. and Jelks, E. B.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1962 <i>Handbook of Texas Archeology; Type Descriptions.</i> -The Texas Archeological Society, Special Publication -Number One, and the Texas Memorial Museum, Bulletin -Number Four, Austin.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Wendorf, F. and others</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1961 <i>Paleoecology of the Llano Estacado.</i> Fort Burgwin Research -Center. Publication 1. Santa Fe.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Wormington, H. M.</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="revint">1957 <i>Ancient Man in North America.</i> The Denver Museum -of Natural History. Popular Series No. 4. Denver.</p> -</blockquote> -<h2 id="c26"><span class="small">ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</span></h2> -<p>Permission to use illustrative material as listed below is gratefully -acknowledged.</p> -<p>The Denver Museum of Natural History: Figure 30, specimen -4; Figure 68, No. 5; Figure 70, Nos. 1, 2, and 3; Figure 71, Nos. -3 and 4; Figure 72, Nos. 1 and 3 from <i>Ancient Man in North -America</i> by H. M. Wormington, Denver, 1957.</p> -<p>Oklahoma Anthropological Society: Plates 8F, 13D, 26F, 27C, -37F, 40D, and 41C from <i>Guide to the Identification of Certain -American Indian Projectile Points</i> by R. E. Bell, Special Bulletin -No. 1, Norman, 1958.</p> -<p>American Antiquity: Figure 1b from <i>A New Point Type from -Hell Gap Valley, Eastern Wyoming</i> by George A. Agogino, Vol. -26, No. 4, April 1961.</p> -<p class="tbcenter">Museum of New Mexico Press -<br />Santa Fe <span class="hst">1965</span></p> -<p class="center"><i>Drawings by Helene Warren</i></p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="Endpapers" width="1000" height="1093" /> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY MAN PROJECTILE POINTS IN THE SOUTHWEST ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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