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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Spruce Tree House Trail Guide, by Anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Spruce Tree House Trail Guide
-       Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado
-
-Author: Anonymous
-
-Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65858]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPRUCE TREE HOUSE TRAIL GUIDE ***
-
-
-
-
-                          _Spruce Tree House_
-                              TRAIL GUIDE
-
-
-                   MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO
-
-                                                                     10¢
-
-                            * * * * * * * *
-
-This guide booklet has been prepared to help you enjoy one of the larger
-cliff dwellings in Mesa Verde National Park. The numbered stations along
-the front of the dwelling are points of interest which are explained by
-the numbered paragraphs and illustrations in this booklet.
-
-You are welcome to use this booklet. Please place it in the box at the
-other end of the ruin as you leave. If you wish to purchase the booklet,
-please drop 10 cents in the coin box.
-
-
- Please do not climb or stand on the walls or crawl through any of the
-                               doorways.
-
-                            * * * * * * * *
-
-COVER: _North end of Spruce Tree House._
-
-    [Illustration: _Spruce Tree House from the south end._]
-
-
-
-
-                           SPRUCE TREE HOUSE
-
-
-Station 1.   Spruce Tree House is the third largest cliff dwelling in
-Mesa Verde National Park. It is built in a natural cave 216 feet in
-length, 89 feet in greatest depth, and 60 feet in greatest height. The
-complete dwelling contained about 114 rooms. Most of these were living
-rooms, but there were many storerooms and 8 ceremonial rooms. It is
-thought that between 200 and 250 people may have lived in this cliff
-house at one time. It was occupied from about A.D. 1200 to, or shortly
-before, A.D. 1300.
-
-    [Illustration: _The First Court_]
-
-
-Station 2.   Spruce Tree House is typical of the larger cliff dwellings
-found in the Mesa Verde. It consists of several groups or blocks of
-rooms around open courts. Within each court is an underground ceremonial
-room called a kiva (Key-vah). Originally, there were flat roofs on these
-kivas. These roofs formed the courtyard floor and provided work space
-for daily activities. The rooms around the court were used primarily for
-sleeping and storage and for shelter against the cold of winter.
-
-The rooms are generally small, averaging 6 by 8 feet and 5½ feet high.
-Floors and roofs of the second and third stories were made of large
-poles covered with smaller sticks, then bark or grass, and a thick layer
-of clay. A few of the rooms had fireplaces but most were without
-interior light or heat. Probably one family occupied a room.
-
-Compare the picture of the First Court with the dwelling to locate the
-following:
-
-A. These are unshaped building stones. Most of the building blocks used
-in the dwelling were carefully shaped by the Indians before they were
-set in place. The walls were built of stone with adobe clay as mortar,
-much as we would build with brick. When a wall was finished, it was
-often coated with a layer of clay plaster.
-
-B. These were storage rooms.
-
-C. Each room had individual doorways such as these.
-
-D. Some rooms had ventilation openings or “windows” like this one.
-
-
-Station 3.   In the corner of the court to your left are corn grinding
-bins. Women knelt with their heels against the wall and ground corn,
-dried nuts, berries and roots on the large flat stone, the metate, with
-the small hand stone, the mano.
-
-The circular room directly ahead of you is one of two found in this
-dwelling. Circular rooms were not common but they have been found in
-several ruins.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Second Court. Main street section._]
-
-Note the passageway or “street” which provided access to rooms at the
-back of the cave in this part of the dwelling.
-
-    [Illustration: _Ground plan of a kiva._]
-
-  Sipapu
-  Pilasters
-  Banquette
-  Firepit
-  Deflector
-  Ventilator Shaft
-
-Step into the courtyard and look into the kiva. The name kiva is a
-modern Hopi Indian word meaning ceremonial room. Judging by present day
-Pueblo Indian custom, generally only men would be members of kiva
-societies which performed religious ceremonies for bringing rain, good
-crops and general well-being to the village. Women undoubtedly assisted
-in some ceremonies. When no rituals were being held, the kiva probably
-was used as a clubroom and workroom by men.
-
-The _ventilator shaft_ brought fresh air into the kiva. The _deflector_
-was a baffle to keep the air from blowing directly across the _firepit_
-in the floor. The fire provided light and warmth. The _sipapu_
-(see-pah-pooh) was a symbolic opening from the underworld of the gods
-and spirits. The bench, or _banquette_, was a shelf or storage space.
-The _pilasters_, of which there are generally six, were roof supports.
-Entrance to the kiva was by means of a ladder through a hatchway in the
-roof.
-
-If you want to go into a kiva, climb down the ladder in front of the
-next courtyard. Notice the cribbed roof. This is a restoration copied
-from originals found in place in other ruins.
-
-
-Station 4.   Behind the rooms in this part of the dwelling is a large
-enclosed area which was used as a trash room. The villagers also kept
-some of their domesticated turkeys penned up in it. The main village
-trash dump was the talus slope on which you are now standing.
-
-The black stain on the cave roof is smoke.
-
-Notice the wall decorations on the second floor room to the left. It was
-made by plastering colored clay on the walls. Many rooms were once
-decorated inside like this one.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Third Court_]
-
-    [Illustration: _Ground plan of Spruce Tree House_]
-
-  Refuse Room
-  Kiva (8)
-  Refuse Area
-
-    [Illustration: _Spruce Tree House about A.D. 1260. (Museum
-    diorama)_]
-
-
-Station 5.   Spruce Tree House 700 years ago was a thriving village. If
-you could have visited it you would have seen women busily cooking over
-firepits in the courtyards, others grinding corn, weaving baskets or
-making pottery. Men who were not tending their mesa-top fields might
-have been building a new room, making or mending their tools or
-performing an age-old ceremony in one of the kivas. You would have seen
-children playing and old people resting against the low wall across the
-front of the dwelling as they basked in the warm sun dreaming of their
-younger days. There would also be dogs and turkeys wandering through the
-village and picking over the trash dump for bits to eat. Unfortunately,
-this all came to an end shortly before A.D. 1300.
-
-    [Illustration: uncaptioned]
-
-Compare the illustration with the dwelling to locate the following:
-
-A. These are doorways. Some are T-shaped, some are rectangular, but we
-don’t know why the two types. Notice that some of the doorways were
-closed with stone slabs.
-
-B. These original timbers supported a balcony as well as the floors in
-the rooms. Balconies made it easy to get into the upper rooms. Balconies
-and rooftops were reached by ladders.
-
-C. Most of the cooking was done outside in the courtyards over firepits
-like this one. Very few of the rooms had firepits in them.
-
-D. This was a storage bin made of sandstone slabs.
-
-E. The courtyard was the scene of most of the daily activities—grinding
-corn, preparing food, making tools, pottery, etc.
-
-F. The ladders lead to kivas beneath the courtyard. These ladders and
-kiva roofs have been restored.
-
-    [Illustration: _Spruce Tree House from the north end_]
-
-
-Station 6.   The cliff dwelling was named Spruce Tree House by the
-ranchers who first discovered it in 1888. A large tree which they
-misidentified as a spruce tree was found growing against the cliff right
-in front of the dwelling. It is said that the men first entered the ruin
-by climbing down this tree.
-
-This is a good place to take a picture.
-
-
-IF YOU HAVE NOT PURCHASED THIS BOOKLET PLEASE LEAVE IT IN THE BOX BY THE
-TRAIL AS YOU LEAVE.
-
-IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO KEEP IT, PLEASE DROP 10 CENTS IN THE COIN BOX.
-
-                                                              Thank you.
-
-
-
-
-                          GENERAL INFORMATION
-
-
-Spruce Tree House is the third largest cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde
-National Park. It is located in Spruce Tree Canyon, a branch of the much
-larger Navajo Canyon. The cave, which is really a very large overhang,
-was formed by flaking or spalling of the cliff above a small
-seep-spring, and by freezing and thawing during the winter. There is no
-evidence that the Indians tried to shape or enlarge the caves; to do so
-would have been a tremendous task with their primitive tools.
-
-Spruce Tree House was an Indian village and, like towns and villages
-today, it was not all built at one time; rather, it grew section by
-section over a period of years. Sometime around A.D. 1200 a group of
-Indians—perhaps related families—moved into the cave and built the first
-units. Each unit consisted of living and storage rooms clustered about
-an open court which contained a kiva. The courtyard and kiva probably
-served as a center for the social and religious activities of the group.
-New units were added to the structure as other families moved into the
-village. When people needed more space, they added new rooms alongside,
-in front, in back, or on top of the existing rooms. Shortly before A.D.
-1300 when the Indians finally abandoned Spruce Tree House, the village
-contained 114 rooms.
-
-The ground plan on Page 6 shows the arrangement of the rooms. Most of
-these were in double rows within the cave; in some places there were
-three rows. The interior rooms, dark and poorly ventilated, were
-probably used for storage. The central portion of the structure was
-built three stories high and reached the cave ceiling; most of the
-buildings, however, were only two stories in height.
-
-To us these small rooms seem cramped, cold, and dark—quite unsuitable as
-living spaces. But these people probably spent little time inside the
-rooms, using them mainly for protection against the cold, for sleeping,
-and for storage. Most of the time they were probably out in the
-courtyards or on the flat rooftops working or carrying on other daily
-activities.
-
-It is unlikely that all 114 rooms in Spruce Tree House were in use at
-the same time. New rooms were built as older ones fell into decay;
-smaller rooms were probably vacated for larger ones as the number of
-villagers increased. A conservative guess sets 200 to 250 as the largest
-number of people who lived in Spruce Tree House at any one time.
-
-The Indians of the Mesa Verde, like their neighbors in the surrounding
-areas, were dry-farmers—depending upon rainfall to water their crops. In
-the fields on the mesa tops they grew corn, beans and several varieties
-of squash. The rainfall probably averaged about 18 inches a year, just
-as it does now, which is more than sufficient for dry-farming. The
-Indians supplemented their diet with wild roots, nuts and berries as
-well as with meat from large and small game animals.
-
-The period of the cliff dwellings is known as the Classic Period and
-marks the climax of Pueblo culture in this region. The Mesa Verde people
-made beautiful pottery and decorated it elaborately with geometric and
-animal figures in black on a white or light-gray background. They also
-made cotton cloth which they often decorated with colored designs. Their
-masonry was of exceptional quality with the building blocks beautifully
-shaped and carefully laid in clay mortar.
-
-The Classic Period came to an end shortly before A.D. 1300 when the
-Indians abandoned their homes in the Mesa Verde and moved away. We can
-only guess the reasons for such a move. One suggestion is that the great
-drouth, which lasted from A.D. 1276 to A.D. 1299, caused them to leave.
-Another suggestion is that this was a period of strife either between
-the villages themselves or between these village people and nomadic
-groups moving into the area. Whatever the reasons, the cliff dwellings
-of the Mesa Verde were empty by A.D. 1300.
-
-It was a rancher from Mancos, named Richard Wetherill, who first
-discovered Spruce Tree House—on December 18, 1888. He and his
-brother-in-law, Charley Mason, also discovered Cliff Palace that same
-day. The men had been looking for lost cattle when they first saw the
-cliff ruins.
-
-    [Illustration: _Spruce Tree ruin before excavation._]
-
-    [Illustration: _And the ruin after excavation and stabilization._]
-
-In 1906 Mesa Verde was set aside as a National Park by Act of Congress
-to protect and preserve these dwellings of the prehistoric Indians. In
-1908 Dr. Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Smithsonian Institution excavated
-Spruce Tree House. He removed the debris of fallen walls and collapsed
-roofs and stabilized the dwellings more or less as you see them now. It
-has been necessary, of course, to further stabilize the walls from time
-to time, but aside from minor repairs and the roofing of the three
-kivas, the dwelling is original work done by the Indians some 700 to 800
-years ago.
-
-The dating of Spruce Tree House and other ruins in the Mesa Verde has
-been done by the study of tree-rings from original roofing timbers. If
-you are interested in how archæologists determine the dates, see the
-exhibit on tree-ring dating in the museum.
-
-This trail guide booklet is not a government publication and is not
-included in your fee to enter Mesa Verde National Park. It is published
-and sold by the Mesa Verde Museum Association, a non-profit
-organization, whose aims are to help in the understanding and
-interpretation of the park story. Your comments and suggestions
-concerning this booklet will be appreciated.
-
-
-
-
-                       CONSERVATION—YOU CAN HELP
-
-
-If you are interested in the work of the National Park Service, and in
-the cause of conservation in general, you can give active expression of
-this interest, and lend support by alining yourself with one of the
-numerous conservation organizations which act as spokesman for those who
-wish our scenic and historic heritage to be kept unimpaired “for the
-enjoyment of future generations.”
-
-Names and addresses of conservation organizations may be obtained at the
-Information Desk.
-
-
-
-
-                               MISSION 66
-
-
-MISSION 66 is a 10 year development program, now in progress, to enable
-the National Park Service to help you to enjoy and to understand the
-parks and monuments, and at the same time, to preserve their scenic and
-scientific values for your children and for future generations.
-
-
-
-
-                PUBLICATIONS OF MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK
-
-
-The books and cards described below are published by the Mesa Verde
-Museum Association, a non-profit organization. All proceeds are used to
-further research and interpretation in the Mesa Verde. You can purchase
-these items at the sales or information desks in the Museum lobby or
-order them from the association, Box 38, Mesa Verde National Park,
-Colorado. On mail orders, please include 10 cents postage for each
-publication.
-
-INDIANS OF THE MESA VERDE, by Don Watson
-
-  This 188 page book with 17 pages of pictures deals with the customs,
-  ceremonies and daily lives of the Indians who lived in the cliff
-  dwellings. The origin of the American Indian and the archeology of the
-  Mesa Verde are also explained.
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE MESA VERDE, by Don Watson
-
-  This 9 × 12 inch, 52 page picture book of the Mesa Verde ruins deals
-  with the discovery of the cliff dwellings, their early exploration,
-  architectural details and the reasons why they were built. You can buy
-  the two books described above as a set for $1.75.
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-THE MESA VERDE STORY, as told by the Mesa Verde Museum Dioramas.
-
-  Large color prints of the five dioramas which picture the development
-  of the Mesa Verde people. Complete descriptive text on the back of
-  each card. The Fifth Diorama is a scale model of Spruce Tree House.
-                                                                   $ .50
-
-
-
-
-                     OTHER PUBLICATIONS SOLD BY THE
-                     MESA VERDE MUSEUM ASSOCIATION
-
-
-
-
-The Mesa Verde Museum Association offers a number of publications for
-sale which deal with the archeology, ethnology and natural history of
-the Four Corners region and the Southwest, as well as selected
-children’s books. A descriptive list of publications may be obtained at
-the museum desk or by writing the association.
-
-
-                    This booklet is published by the
-                     MESA VERDE MUSEUM ASSOCIATION
-
-    [Illustration: National Park Service]
-
-                     Published in cooperation with
-                       The National Park Service
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPRUCE TREE HOUSE TRAIL GUIDE ***
-
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-be renamed.
-
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