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diff --git a/old/65858-0.txt b/old/65858-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3f78756..0000000 --- a/old/65858-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,782 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Spruce Tree House Trail Guide, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Spruce Tree House Trail Guide - Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65858] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPRUCE TREE HOUSE TRAIL GUIDE *** - - - - - _Spruce Tree House_ - TRAIL GUIDE - - - MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK, COLORADO - - 10¢ - - * * * * * * * * - -This guide booklet has been prepared to help you enjoy one of the larger -cliff dwellings in Mesa Verde National Park. The numbered stations along -the front of the dwelling are points of interest which are explained by -the numbered paragraphs and illustrations in this booklet. - -You are welcome to use this booklet. Please place it in the box at the -other end of the ruin as you leave. If you wish to purchase the booklet, -please drop 10 cents in the coin box. - - - Please do not climb or stand on the walls or crawl through any of the - doorways. - - * * * * * * * * - -COVER: _North end of Spruce Tree House._ - - [Illustration: _Spruce Tree House from the south end._] - - - - - SPRUCE TREE HOUSE - - -Station 1. Spruce Tree House is the third largest cliff dwelling in -Mesa Verde National Park. It is built in a natural cave 216 feet in -length, 89 feet in greatest depth, and 60 feet in greatest height. The -complete dwelling contained about 114 rooms. Most of these were living -rooms, but there were many storerooms and 8 ceremonial rooms. It is -thought that between 200 and 250 people may have lived in this cliff -house at one time. It was occupied from about A.D. 1200 to, or shortly -before, A.D. 1300. - - [Illustration: _The First Court_] - - -Station 2. Spruce Tree House is typical of the larger cliff dwellings -found in the Mesa Verde. It consists of several groups or blocks of -rooms around open courts. Within each court is an underground ceremonial -room called a kiva (Key-vah). Originally, there were flat roofs on these -kivas. These roofs formed the courtyard floor and provided work space -for daily activities. The rooms around the court were used primarily for -sleeping and storage and for shelter against the cold of winter. - -The rooms are generally small, averaging 6 by 8 feet and 5½ feet high. -Floors and roofs of the second and third stories were made of large -poles covered with smaller sticks, then bark or grass, and a thick layer -of clay. A few of the rooms had fireplaces but most were without -interior light or heat. Probably one family occupied a room. - -Compare the picture of the First Court with the dwelling to locate the -following: - -A. These are unshaped building stones. Most of the building blocks used -in the dwelling were carefully shaped by the Indians before they were -set in place. The walls were built of stone with adobe clay as mortar, -much as we would build with brick. When a wall was finished, it was -often coated with a layer of clay plaster. - -B. These were storage rooms. - -C. Each room had individual doorways such as these. - -D. Some rooms had ventilation openings or “windows” like this one. - - -Station 3. In the corner of the court to your left are corn grinding -bins. Women knelt with their heels against the wall and ground corn, -dried nuts, berries and roots on the large flat stone, the metate, with -the small hand stone, the mano. - -The circular room directly ahead of you is one of two found in this -dwelling. Circular rooms were not common but they have been found in -several ruins. - - [Illustration: _The Second Court. Main street section._] - -Note the passageway or “street” which provided access to rooms at the -back of the cave in this part of the dwelling. - - [Illustration: _Ground plan of a kiva._] - - Sipapu - Pilasters - Banquette - Firepit - Deflector - Ventilator Shaft - -Step into the courtyard and look into the kiva. The name kiva is a -modern Hopi Indian word meaning ceremonial room. Judging by present day -Pueblo Indian custom, generally only men would be members of kiva -societies which performed religious ceremonies for bringing rain, good -crops and general well-being to the village. Women undoubtedly assisted -in some ceremonies. When no rituals were being held, the kiva probably -was used as a clubroom and workroom by men. - -The _ventilator shaft_ brought fresh air into the kiva. The _deflector_ -was a baffle to keep the air from blowing directly across the _firepit_ -in the floor. The fire provided light and warmth. The _sipapu_ -(see-pah-pooh) was a symbolic opening from the underworld of the gods -and spirits. The bench, or _banquette_, was a shelf or storage space. -The _pilasters_, of which there are generally six, were roof supports. -Entrance to the kiva was by means of a ladder through a hatchway in the -roof. - -If you want to go into a kiva, climb down the ladder in front of the -next courtyard. Notice the cribbed roof. This is a restoration copied -from originals found in place in other ruins. - - -Station 4. Behind the rooms in this part of the dwelling is a large -enclosed area which was used as a trash room. The villagers also kept -some of their domesticated turkeys penned up in it. The main village -trash dump was the talus slope on which you are now standing. - -The black stain on the cave roof is smoke. - -Notice the wall decorations on the second floor room to the left. It was -made by plastering colored clay on the walls. Many rooms were once -decorated inside like this one. - - [Illustration: _The Third Court_] - - [Illustration: _Ground plan of Spruce Tree House_] - - Refuse Room - Kiva (8) - Refuse Area - - [Illustration: _Spruce Tree House about A.D. 1260. (Museum - diorama)_] - - -Station 5. Spruce Tree House 700 years ago was a thriving village. If -you could have visited it you would have seen women busily cooking over -firepits in the courtyards, others grinding corn, weaving baskets or -making pottery. Men who were not tending their mesa-top fields might -have been building a new room, making or mending their tools or -performing an age-old ceremony in one of the kivas. You would have seen -children playing and old people resting against the low wall across the -front of the dwelling as they basked in the warm sun dreaming of their -younger days. There would also be dogs and turkeys wandering through the -village and picking over the trash dump for bits to eat. Unfortunately, -this all came to an end shortly before A.D. 1300. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - -Compare the illustration with the dwelling to locate the following: - -A. These are doorways. Some are T-shaped, some are rectangular, but we -don’t know why the two types. Notice that some of the doorways were -closed with stone slabs. - -B. These original timbers supported a balcony as well as the floors in -the rooms. Balconies made it easy to get into the upper rooms. Balconies -and rooftops were reached by ladders. - -C. Most of the cooking was done outside in the courtyards over firepits -like this one. Very few of the rooms had firepits in them. - -D. This was a storage bin made of sandstone slabs. - -E. The courtyard was the scene of most of the daily activities—grinding -corn, preparing food, making tools, pottery, etc. - -F. The ladders lead to kivas beneath the courtyard. These ladders and -kiva roofs have been restored. - - [Illustration: _Spruce Tree House from the north end_] - - -Station 6. The cliff dwelling was named Spruce Tree House by the -ranchers who first discovered it in 1888. A large tree which they -misidentified as a spruce tree was found growing against the cliff right -in front of the dwelling. It is said that the men first entered the ruin -by climbing down this tree. - -This is a good place to take a picture. - - -IF YOU HAVE NOT PURCHASED THIS BOOKLET PLEASE LEAVE IT IN THE BOX BY THE -TRAIL AS YOU LEAVE. - -IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO KEEP IT, PLEASE DROP 10 CENTS IN THE COIN BOX. - - Thank you. - - - - - GENERAL INFORMATION - - -Spruce Tree House is the third largest cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde -National Park. It is located in Spruce Tree Canyon, a branch of the much -larger Navajo Canyon. The cave, which is really a very large overhang, -was formed by flaking or spalling of the cliff above a small -seep-spring, and by freezing and thawing during the winter. There is no -evidence that the Indians tried to shape or enlarge the caves; to do so -would have been a tremendous task with their primitive tools. - -Spruce Tree House was an Indian village and, like towns and villages -today, it was not all built at one time; rather, it grew section by -section over a period of years. Sometime around A.D. 1200 a group of -Indians—perhaps related families—moved into the cave and built the first -units. Each unit consisted of living and storage rooms clustered about -an open court which contained a kiva. The courtyard and kiva probably -served as a center for the social and religious activities of the group. -New units were added to the structure as other families moved into the -village. When people needed more space, they added new rooms alongside, -in front, in back, or on top of the existing rooms. Shortly before A.D. -1300 when the Indians finally abandoned Spruce Tree House, the village -contained 114 rooms. - -The ground plan on Page 6 shows the arrangement of the rooms. Most of -these were in double rows within the cave; in some places there were -three rows. The interior rooms, dark and poorly ventilated, were -probably used for storage. The central portion of the structure was -built three stories high and reached the cave ceiling; most of the -buildings, however, were only two stories in height. - -To us these small rooms seem cramped, cold, and dark—quite unsuitable as -living spaces. But these people probably spent little time inside the -rooms, using them mainly for protection against the cold, for sleeping, -and for storage. Most of the time they were probably out in the -courtyards or on the flat rooftops working or carrying on other daily -activities. - -It is unlikely that all 114 rooms in Spruce Tree House were in use at -the same time. New rooms were built as older ones fell into decay; -smaller rooms were probably vacated for larger ones as the number of -villagers increased. A conservative guess sets 200 to 250 as the largest -number of people who lived in Spruce Tree House at any one time. - -The Indians of the Mesa Verde, like their neighbors in the surrounding -areas, were dry-farmers—depending upon rainfall to water their crops. In -the fields on the mesa tops they grew corn, beans and several varieties -of squash. The rainfall probably averaged about 18 inches a year, just -as it does now, which is more than sufficient for dry-farming. The -Indians supplemented their diet with wild roots, nuts and berries as -well as with meat from large and small game animals. - -The period of the cliff dwellings is known as the Classic Period and -marks the climax of Pueblo culture in this region. The Mesa Verde people -made beautiful pottery and decorated it elaborately with geometric and -animal figures in black on a white or light-gray background. They also -made cotton cloth which they often decorated with colored designs. Their -masonry was of exceptional quality with the building blocks beautifully -shaped and carefully laid in clay mortar. - -The Classic Period came to an end shortly before A.D. 1300 when the -Indians abandoned their homes in the Mesa Verde and moved away. We can -only guess the reasons for such a move. One suggestion is that the great -drouth, which lasted from A.D. 1276 to A.D. 1299, caused them to leave. -Another suggestion is that this was a period of strife either between -the villages themselves or between these village people and nomadic -groups moving into the area. Whatever the reasons, the cliff dwellings -of the Mesa Verde were empty by A.D. 1300. - -It was a rancher from Mancos, named Richard Wetherill, who first -discovered Spruce Tree House—on December 18, 1888. He and his -brother-in-law, Charley Mason, also discovered Cliff Palace that same -day. The men had been looking for lost cattle when they first saw the -cliff ruins. - - [Illustration: _Spruce Tree ruin before excavation._] - - [Illustration: _And the ruin after excavation and stabilization._] - -In 1906 Mesa Verde was set aside as a National Park by Act of Congress -to protect and preserve these dwellings of the prehistoric Indians. In -1908 Dr. Jesse Walter Fewkes of the Smithsonian Institution excavated -Spruce Tree House. He removed the debris of fallen walls and collapsed -roofs and stabilized the dwellings more or less as you see them now. It -has been necessary, of course, to further stabilize the walls from time -to time, but aside from minor repairs and the roofing of the three -kivas, the dwelling is original work done by the Indians some 700 to 800 -years ago. - -The dating of Spruce Tree House and other ruins in the Mesa Verde has -been done by the study of tree-rings from original roofing timbers. If -you are interested in how archæologists determine the dates, see the -exhibit on tree-ring dating in the museum. - -This trail guide booklet is not a government publication and is not -included in your fee to enter Mesa Verde National Park. It is published -and sold by the Mesa Verde Museum Association, a non-profit -organization, whose aims are to help in the understanding and -interpretation of the park story. Your comments and suggestions -concerning this booklet will be appreciated. - - - - - CONSERVATION—YOU CAN HELP - - -If you are interested in the work of the National Park Service, and in -the cause of conservation in general, you can give active expression of -this interest, and lend support by alining yourself with one of the -numerous conservation organizations which act as spokesman for those who -wish our scenic and historic heritage to be kept unimpaired “for the -enjoyment of future generations.” - -Names and addresses of conservation organizations may be obtained at the -Information Desk. - - - - - MISSION 66 - - -MISSION 66 is a 10 year development program, now in progress, to enable -the National Park Service to help you to enjoy and to understand the -parks and monuments, and at the same time, to preserve their scenic and -scientific values for your children and for future generations. - - - - - PUBLICATIONS OF MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK - - -The books and cards described below are published by the Mesa Verde -Museum Association, a non-profit organization. All proceeds are used to -further research and interpretation in the Mesa Verde. You can purchase -these items at the sales or information desks in the Museum lobby or -order them from the association, Box 38, Mesa Verde National Park, -Colorado. On mail orders, please include 10 cents postage for each -publication. - -INDIANS OF THE MESA VERDE, by Don Watson - - This 188 page book with 17 pages of pictures deals with the customs, - ceremonies and daily lives of the Indians who lived in the cliff - dwellings. The origin of the American Indian and the archeology of the - Mesa Verde are also explained. - $1.00 - -CLIFF DWELLINGS OF THE MESA VERDE, by Don Watson - - This 9 × 12 inch, 52 page picture book of the Mesa Verde ruins deals - with the discovery of the cliff dwellings, their early exploration, - architectural details and the reasons why they were built. You can buy - the two books described above as a set for $1.75. - $1.00 - -THE MESA VERDE STORY, as told by the Mesa Verde Museum Dioramas. - - Large color prints of the five dioramas which picture the development - of the Mesa Verde people. Complete descriptive text on the back of - each card. The Fifth Diorama is a scale model of Spruce Tree House. - $ .50 - - - - - OTHER PUBLICATIONS SOLD BY THE - MESA VERDE MUSEUM ASSOCIATION - - - - -The Mesa Verde Museum Association offers a number of publications for -sale which deal with the archeology, ethnology and natural history of -the Four Corners region and the Southwest, as well as selected -children’s books. A descriptive list of publications may be obtained at -the museum desk or by writing the association. - - - This booklet is published by the - MESA VERDE MUSEUM ASSOCIATION - - [Illustration: National Park Service] - - Published in cooperation with - The National Park Service - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPRUCE TREE HOUSE TRAIL GUIDE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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