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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..445e910 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67836 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67836) diff --git a/old/67836-0.txt b/old/67836-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index af6dabc..0000000 --- a/old/67836-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1209 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Remarks on the Importance of the Study -of Political Pamphlets, Weekly Papers, Periodical Papers, Daily Papers, -Political Music, &c, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Remarks on the Importance of the Study of Political Pamphlets, - Weekly Papers, Periodical Papers, Daily Papers, Political Music, - &c - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: April 14, 2022 [eBook #67836] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet - Archive/American Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF -THE STUDY OF POLITICAL PAMPHLETS, WEEKLY PAPERS, PERIODICAL PAPERS, -DAILY PAPERS, POLITICAL MUSIC, &C *** - - - - - - REMARKS - - ON THE - - IMPORTANCE of the STUDY - - OF - - POLITICAL PAMPHLETS, WEEKLY - PAPERS, PERIODICAL PAPERS, - DAILY PAPERS, POLITICAL - MUSIC, &C. - - Libertas, et speciosa nomina prætexuntur; nec quisquam, - alienum servitium, et dominationem sibi - concupivit, ut non eadem ista vocabula usurparet. - - LONDON: - - Printed for W. NICOLL, in St. Paul’s Church-yard, - M DCC LXV. - - - - -REMARKS - -On the Importance of the Study of - -POLITICAL PAMPHLETS, &c. - - -There cannot be a surer proof of ignorance and folly than impertinence, -whether it betrays itself in the pertness of a coxcomb, or in the -solemnity of a fop; provokes with the petulance of wit; stupifies with -the dullness of narration; insults with the arrogance of superior -birth, fortune, or learning; fatigues with frothy declamation, or stuns -with the clamour of dispute; in private and in public, over a dish of -tea, or over a bottle; from the pulpit, or the bar, or in the senate, -it is always offensive and ridiculous. - -The humble and obscure writer of a Pamphlet cannot, however, if he -happens to mistake his talents, be justly blamed for impertinence. He -may be pitied for his misfortune; but for his faults as an author, he -is answerable to no man: for there is scarce any man, who has dealt in -this sort of reading, that has not had fair warning; it being more than -an hundred to one, that he has bought an impertinent Pamphlet, some -time, or other, in the course of his studies. He cannot well fail of -knowing that such things are sometimes published; neither the writer -nor the bookseller compels him to buy; and if he suffers himself to be -imposed on by a title-page, he can have no good reason to complain of -either. Besides, no Pamphlet can fairly be said to be wholly useless: -it may be always made to serve, at least, some purpose; whereas I -believe there is hardly any body but may remember to have been present, -perhaps once in their lives, at a conversation, or a pleading, or a -speech, or a sermon, that could serve no manner of purpose but to tire -the audience, and make the speaker ridiculous: and this must be allowed -to be a very unpardonable sort of impertinence; for a man may throw -aside a Pamphlet, if he pleases, at the first page, or the first line; -but he cannot decently get out of a company, or out of the senate, or -out of a church, whenever he may have a mind. - -I do not mean this, as an apology for authors in general: the -accidental writer of a Pamphlet, or a Paper, hardly deserves so -respectable an appellation. On the contrary, every man who wantonly -and vainly usurps that sacred profession, without being possessed of -a moderate share at least, either of genius, or wit, or learning, or -knowledge, besides the indispensable qualifications and ingredients of -common honesty, sincerity, and benevolence, is guilty, in my opinion, -of the highest degree of impertinence. - -But in this land of liberty, of general wealth, curiosity, and -idleness, where there is scarce a human creature so poor that it cannot -afford to buy or hire a Paper or a Pamphlet, or so busy that it cannot -find leisure to read it; where every man, woman, and child, is, by -instinct, birth, and inheritance, a politician; where the ordinary -subjects of common conversation turn not, as in most countries, upon -the impertinent trivial occurrences of the week or the day, nor on the -small concerns, offices, and duties of private and social life; but -on the greater and the more important objects of war, negociations, -peace, laws, and the public and general weal; where men are more -solicitous about the integrity and abilities of a lord commissioner -of the treasury, or of a secretary of state, than the fidelity of -their own wives, the chastity of their daughters, their sons, or their -own honour and virtue; and where, like the virtuous citizens of Rome -and Sparta, they unreluctantly offer up all the slenderer ties of -blood, the endearments of love, the connexions of friendship, and the -obligations of private gratitude, daily sacrifices and victims to the -commonwealth; in such a country, the dullest Pamphlet may have a fair -chance of gaining some readers, provided it be a political Pamphlet; -whilst a treatise on religion or philosophy, unless the writer of it -should happen to be thoroughly master of his subject, and know how to -treat it with uncommon genius and learning, would meet with the fate -it deserved, and be received with universal neglect. - -These are dry insipid studies, fit only for the drudgery of a school -or a college. They are commonly laid aside with the accidence or the -grammar, are of little use to a man in his commerce with the world, -and contribute rather to obstruct the advancement of his interests -and his fortunes, than to promote them. There are, besides, few men -so unreasonably inquisitive about these matters, as not to be fully -satisfied with the stock they have already laid in, or who would not -even sooner consent perhaps, to forget half they had ever learned, -than to take the useless or the dangerous pains of acquiring more. The -works of a Tillotson, or of a Shaftesbury, of a Seneca, or a Marcus -Antoninus, may possibly be found amongst the lumber of a bookseller’s -warehouse; may serve, like the works of the Fathers, to fill up the -vacant shelves of a large library; or may, now and then, assist a -clergyman who happens to be ill, or engaged on a Saturday; but they -are of little other use at present. Formerly, indeed, they seem to -have been read and approved by here and there a man; and some small -encouragement was not wanting to writers, even of this stamp; but this -was in quiet and peaceful times, times of good government and perfect -security, when men were not universally called upon by the superior -duties they owe to their country, when the constitution was in its -full vigour, and wanted not the zealous and united efforts of whole -legions of political labourers, to vindicate and assert its invaluable -privileges. - -In those days, if they were threatened with no invasion from abroad, -nor with popery nor arbitrary power at home; if magna charta, the -declaration of rights, habeas corpus, and other fundamental laws of -the realm, remained unrepealed in full force and exertion, they never -gave themselves any farther concern about the public, but minded what -they called their own affairs such as their respective trades, arts, -callings, professions, thereby to be enabled to feed, clothe, and -lodge themselves and their families, and provide for their children. -If they could contrive to live in peace and plenty at home, and pass -among their customers, their neighbours, and their friends, for honest, -industrious, good-humoured folks, they thought themselves at liberty -to employ their leisure-hours in what studies they pleased, and looked -no further. They had no notion of political refinements, of those -delicate and nicer sensations we feel for the public. It never entered -into their heads to be perpetually making earnest and anxious enquiries -about the state of the nation; if the body politic was, upon the whole, -sound and in good health, they were no more alarmed at every little -complaint, than at a slight cold, or an accidental head-ach. They had -not indeed the same opportunities of hearing complaints: the book of -knowledge fair, was but half open to them; the sources of information -and instruction were then neither so frequent nor so abundant; every -remote corner of the kingdom was not, as it happily is now, plentifully -supplied with political, pure, refreshing streams, flowing without -intermission, during the whole year, to the great delight and emolument -of the whole kingdom. Neither were they rich enough to join in large -voluntary contribution for the feeding, clothing, and support of such -a numerous body of sturdy penmen as are now in constant pay. Those -trusty guardians of our liberties, oraculous as the priestess of -Apollo; jealous as Argus of the fair privileges committed to their -care; watchful of our golden treasures as the green dragons of the -Hesperides; faithful and fierce as the bellua centiceps of Pluto; -alarming as the sacred birds that saved the Capitol; zealously attached -to our service; equally vigilant in times of security as in danger, in -peace as in the midst of war; ready at a moment’s warning, on every -alarm, to attack or defend; intrepidly sacrificing to the public every -consideration that the timidity of other men calls dear to mankind; -like well-disciplined troops, scorning to loiter away their time in -rusty idleness, daily exercising their arms, performing all their -marches and counter-marches, evolutions, and firings, with the same -skill and alertness as if the enemy were upon them. - -These advantages were unknown to our ancestors, and were reserved, -among many other peculiar blessings, for their posterity. Not that -genius, wit, and learning, appear to have been scarce commodities -in those days; but they laid on their owner’s hands, for want of -purchasers. When the Daily Advertiser, the St. James’s Evening-Post, -and the Gentleman’s Magazine, were as much as they could afford to buy, -many thousand hands were lying idle for want of employers, and many a -strenuous and faithful subject, amply qualified, both from his talents -and his virtues, for the service of his country, was shut out from the -higher employments which nature had formed him for; confined, for mere -want of bread, to the narrow sphere of a shop-board or a counter, or -condemned perhaps for life to the sordid drudgery of some laborious -handicraft trade. - -The times are now changed; merit is no longer in danger of pining in -obscurity; the high road to wealth and fame is open to all their -votaries; whether a political writer be inspired by the genuine spirit -of patriotism, inflamed with a fervent zeal for the honour of his -king and his country; whether he aspires to high dignities, places, -pensions, or reversions; or whether he be a simple candidate for food -and raiment, it is his own misfortune or fault, not the public’s, if -he fails: for it is notorious to every man of common observation, that -the arts and sciences, the children of genius and learning, thrive and -increase in proportion to the increase of our manufactures, trade, and -commerce; which enable a rich, indulgent, and munificent public to -cherish, support, and honour them. The immense wealth acquired by these -means within these few years, and scattered with generous profusion -over the whole kingdom, is not more remarkable, nor more amazing, than -the rapid progress which the arts of painting, sculpture, building, -gardening, music, engraving, &c. have made in the same period. Our -artists begin already to rival and surpass the most celebrated artists -of Europe, and bid fair to confer on their country as much honour and -renown, as those in the ages of Leo X. and Lewis XIV. did on France and -Italy. - -Hitherto, however, they have not reached that lofty summit; being -rather subordinate arts, the arts of elegance and ornament, than -of real and intrinsic use: they are neither held in such general -estimation, nor so liberally rewarded; and are therefore not cultivated -with the same zeal and assiduity, as others of more immediate benefit -and importance to society. - - _Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, &c. - Tu regere imperio populos Romane memento. - Hæ tibi erunt artes,----_ - -was an ingenious compliment paid by Virgil to his countrymen; a grave, -serious, sober, virtuous people, like ourselves, devoted to the great -interests of their country, absorbed in public affairs, and preferring -the study of government, or the art of politics, to all other arts -whatever: to this art they were indebted for their prudence, -generosity, fortitude, and magnanimity; for their excellent laws and -institutions; for their admirable skill in negociations; for the -treaties they made, the victories they gained, and for their conquests, -in almost every corner of the known world; for all which they are so -deservedly celebrated and renowned. Part of the Roman, and even part of -the Grecian art of politics, happily escaped the injuries of time and -accident, and continued, for many hundred years, the constant theme, -admiration, and example of all writers on politics; but as we lament -the irreparable loss of the greater part of the productions of those -wise and venerable ancients in philosophy, history, poetry, &c. so we -must despair of recovering the most valuable part of their writings -on the art of politics. The Anticatones of Cæsar; the Acta Diurna, -which Cicero expressly mentions to have read daily, with great delight -and instruction, as containing, Senatus consulta, edicta, fabulæ, -rumores, &c. and ten thousand writings of the same kind, are all lost -in one common ruin; and of all these daily Papers and Pamphlets, not -one, that I know of, is remaining, to discover to us the stupendous -genius and art with which they must have been composed, to produce the -astonishing effects they manifestly appear to have done, especially -in the latter times of these republics; such as, by a sort of magic, -to fascinate the understandings and passions of the people, to wield -at their pleasure that unwieldy body the multitude; to compel them, -as it were, to choose or to dismiss what ministers the authors of -them thought proper; to enact or to repeal what laws they pleased; to -provoke them to war, or cajole them into peace; in short, to persuade -them that Scipio was a knave and a traitor, Aristides a common cheat, -Cato a coward, and Socrates a sodomite and an impostor; whereas all the -historians, biographers, philosophers, and poets of those countries, -agree in representing them as the justest, the greatest, and the wisest -men of the times in which they lived, or indeed in the times that -succeeded. It is manifest, likewise, that the very people themselves -had, for many years together, possessed the same opinion of them; that -they were universally beloved, honoured, and revered, until they were -dismissed or had resigned, and that after their executions or deaths, -they were as universally and sincerely lamented. - -If the great affairs of the world were uniform and consistent, the -opinions of the people would, no doubt, have been suffered to remain -so too; but they being, from their very nature, subject to perpetual -change and fluctuation, the political writers of those days saw that -it was their business and duty to adjust themselves to accidents -and events, and to the times which they strived to reform; to have -recourse, like Proteus, to every art, and to assume every imaginable -shape. Now it is well known, that it was no uncommon thing among -their countrymen, chearfully to sacrifice their own fortunes, or the -fortunes of other men, their own or other people’s mothers, wives, -children, friends, or acquaintances, nay, themselves, as often as -the more important affairs of the state required it: thus, when it -became indispensably necessary for the preservation of liberty and the -constitution, or for the immediate salvation of their country, they -very gravely persuaded and prevailed on the people to impeach Scipio -and Aristides, to banish Cicero, to poison Socrates, dissolve the union -they had so eagerly courted with Sparta or Arpinum, to curse the very -memories of all those able and upright counsellors who had advised -it, to revile and insult every Lacedemonian or Samnite that had been -invited to their hospitality, and at length to drive them out of their -houses, and out of their cities. - -There are people who pretend, that the Clouds, a dramatic performance -of Aristophanes, is a specimen of the art of writing of which I have -been speaking. In my own opinion, however, whether considered as a mere -comedy, or as a political composition, it is such a pert insipid piece -of buffoonery, written so much in the true spirit of our Grub-street, -that it could have no manner of chance to produce the effect it is -supposed to have designed, and does not at all account for the -problem, being, in every respect, much inferior to our own writings -of that kind, the Nonjuror, and Beggar’s Opera. We know, in short, as -little of their art of political writing as of their music; the rise, -progress, and perfection of both seem to have been owing to the same -causes. - -In arbitrary and despotic governments, fear, as Montesquieu justly -remarks, is the principal engine of government; there the sophi, or the -grand seignior, or the dey, is the sole legislator; the only person -who has studied the art of politics, being the only person who is -called upon by his country to practise it. This sort of writing being -principally applied to the great purposes of provoking or of appeasing -the people; of awaking them, or laying them asleep; of blinding them, -or restoring them to sight at pleasure, is wholly useless in a country -where it is the sovereign’s business to command; the subjects duty to -act, to suffer, and to obey. - -But in the free governments of Greece and Rome, all ranks, degrees, -and orders of men, patricians and plebeians, from the highest birth, -alliance, and properties, down even to tinkers and coblers, were all -either immediately or remotely perpetually employed, and at work upon -the constitution; busily and anxiously examining into every part of -it; repairing any breaches that might have been made in it by time or -neglect; framing new laws, or repealing old ones; appointing ministers, -statesmen, generals, admirals, &c. for all the various departments of -peace and war; choosing faithful, eloquent, zealous tribunes, the great -defenders of the liberties of the plebeians; voting for peace or for -war, &c. By this means the arts of politics and music (of which latter -I shall speak hereafter) became the immediate business, employment, -and duty of every individual; as they both had been found, from long -experience, indispensably necessary for the repose, security, and -duration of the state. The constitution and the inhabitants of Great -Britain in these present times, very much resemble those of which I -have been speaking. The same instruments of government, therefore, -are as necessary here as they were there; now as they were then: no -encouragement, of course, has been wanting to these arts; and I cannot, -upon this occasion, forbear to congratulate with my countrymen upon the -happy progress that has been made in them, even within these very few -years; more especially as our professors had no examples of such sort -of writing before them for their imitation. It would be no difficult -matter to produce an hundred proofs, both of their skill and their -success. There are, for instance, few people, at this time of day, so -infatuated as to doubt that it is to them we are indebted that this our -native land, with all her revenues, dignities, honours, employments, -posts, pensions, reversions, &c. was not seized, three or four years -ago, by the violent hands of Scotchmen, who, according to the prophecy -of a late holy prophet, had formed, like the Goths and Vandals, and -other fierce and enterprizing people of the North, the bold design of a -general emigration, had already (as it was currently reported) begun -their flight, and were descried at a great distance (as appeared from -many affidavits made at that time by men of known veracity) like a huge -cloud extending from East to West, from North to South, hovering over -the fair harvests of our lands and our labours, and ready to settle and -devour them! As the task assigned to our guardian polemists, upon this -occasion, was difficult and arduous, so the services they performed -were signal and eminent. The Genius of England had been, at no time, -more confident of repose, nor had ever fallen into a profounder sleep: -it required the loud roarings and shrieks of a multitude to awaken -him; and when at length he awoke, it called for the united efforts -of argument, wit, eloquence, eager affirmation, positive assertion, -repeated oaths, and imprecations, to make him listen for a moment to a -report, which he treated most imprudently and unwarily with contempt -and laughter. The greater part of his most faithful counsellors were -unhappily under the same fatal delusion, and heard it with the same -scorn and neglect. - -Strange as this dangerous confidence and supineness will appear -to posterity, yet it was not altogether unaccountable; for as the -inhabitants of the South and of the North of Great Britain had been -accustomed to live together, for a great number of years before, in -such perfect harmony and mutual affection, that it was no easy matter -to distinguish the one from the other, either by their stature, -complexion, language, dress, modes, education, manners, arts, sciences, -religion, principles of morals, or of government; as the injuries and -devastations of their former wars with each other, which, as well as -I can remember, they equally and reciprocally suffered and offered, -were mutually forgotten and forgiven, and had left little traces, but -in history and on record; as they had shewn the same zeal for civil -and religious liberty; had rushed foremost, and begun the first attack -upon the common enemies to both; had enabled us, by engaging first as -principals, and afterwards as confederates, to oppose their furious and -dangerous invasions, to repel them as often as they were attempted, -and finally to rout and discomfit them for ever; as they had lent us -their assistance likewise, with the same alacrity, in raising that -curious and wonderful fabric which we built on the ruins of the ancient -structure; venerable and awful as the Capitol, and composed of more -durable materials, which, in the course of many centuries, had by turns -been often secretly undermined, treacherously betrayed, and openly and -violently battered, and by turns, as often as we had opportunity or -abilities, recovered and repaired. As it was reared with their hands, -and cemented with their blood, as well as with our own, they were -invited, by the advice of our counsellors, most renowned for their -gravity, penetration, wisdom, and virtue, to all the advantages of its -protection; but they had a Capitol of their own, which, although it -was neither so splendid, nor so magnificent, nor so vast, yet they had -that superstitious love and veneration for it which is common to all -nations, and which nature, education, and habit, has deeply implanted -in the hearts of all honest men and good citizens, and were unwilling -to quit it. We knew by experience that they were powerful allies; we -thought them faithful friends, and we had found on record, mortifying -as it was to remember it, that as often as they had been provoked or -insulted, they had been formidable and dangerous enemies. We plainly -saw that it was our interest they should be united to us for ever; -and all our political arts and resources were employed to convince -them it was theirs too. At last, after large promises and assurances -of honours, riches, and everlasting love; they were prevailed on, -although reluctantly, to consent. The advantages we derived from this -union, by the abilities and virtues of their statesmen, the valour, -skill, thirst of glory, and spirit of enterprize of their sailors and -soldiers; the genius, wit, taste, eloquence, and learning of their -divines, philosophers, historians, poets, lawyers, physicians, &c., the -inventions of their artists; the industry of their merchants, &c. had -been, until lately, manifest to all men, and were freely acknowledged -by all men, who possessed or pretended to candor and impartiality. - -Men, indeed, conversant with history, knew well enough that the -Goths, Vandals, Huns, Saracens, Turks, and Moors, had been invited to -an alliance, in times of emergency and extreme danger; some of them -by the Romans, others by the Spaniards, Italians, &c. that they, at -first, fought for them, and defended them against their enemies; but -turned, at last, their arms against the very people who had called them -in, invaded their properties, usurped their governments, and finally -destroyed their constitution. But they reflected at the same time that -these people were not formed to live long together on any good terms of -mutual friendship, and confidence, being neither born under the same -climate, nor of the same colour, nor educated in the same principles of -manners, morals, nor government, nor speaking the same language, nor -worshipping the same god. There could not, therefore, be any stable -principle of union in so heterogeneous a mixture: the interest of the -one was to disband them like mercenaries, when the service was over; -the policy of the other, to use the opportunity their arms had given -them to remain where they were, and seize all they could get. - -Some few politicians, nevertheless, there were among us (the very -politicians I have so justly extolled) of deeper penetration and -more enlarged views, who scrupled not to give shrewd hints, that the -alliance between England and Scotland teemed with the same mischief; -but these insinuations were supposed to be the effects of private -interest, or of a malignant disposition; or, at the best, the mere -pleasantries of idle wags. Nor indeed (if what has been said of the -North Britons be admitted) ought it to pass for matter of wonder -that what we emphatically call the Union, should appear to vulgar -eyes totally different from the alliance between the people of whom -I have been speaking. It was, therefore, the prevailing and common -opinion, that an Englishman might, with equal reason, be jealous of a -man born in another country or city, or of his next door neighbour, -or of his brother, as of a Scotchman. Now no man can be found so -foolish as to own such a jealousy, how much soever he may feel it; all -men being agreed to allow, that there cannot be a surer mark of a -shallow understanding, and a wicked temper; yet it sometimes happens -in private families, that the elder son, either from the vanity or -overweening fondness which people feel for their first productions, -or from novelty, or the ambition of transmitting to posterity their -names, titles, and possessions, is dandled and cockered in his infancy, -pampered in his childhood, flattered in his follies, and indulged in -his vices; during his youth exempted from the drudgery of reading -and study, from the labours and anxieties of trade, and from the -fatigues and dangers of war; secured from want by the liberality of -his parents, and from all solicitude about the future, but for the -speedy removal of one only obstacle to the accomplishment of all his -wishes; carefully trained, indeed, to those noble principles which -create authority and distinction in the great scenes of pleasure and -idleness; but instructed in no other. The fate of his younger brother -is frequently very different: if he be fed, cloathed, and taught, it -is all he has a right to expect; he must be flogged to his books; his -passions, follies, and vices, must be perpetually controuled, that -they may not obstruct his fortune in the world; and he must be, after -all this, compelled to some profession, art, or business, to keep -him from starving, when his parents cannot or will not contribute -any longer to his support. Now if he should chance, in the course of -such an education, to learn the habits of temperance, frugality, and -industry, and qualify himself, after the hard labour of many years, -for the employment or profession of a divine, a statesman, a lawyer, -a physician, an artist, a merchant, &c. one would naturally suppose -that his elder brother would rejoice in his success; and being himself -totally ignorant and incapable of all these matters, would court his -assistance, as often as his business, his pleasures, his affairs, -his health, his own preservation, or the safety and interest of his -country required. Something of this sort does now-and-then happen, I -believe, among the numerous families in Great Britain; and although -there are not wanting even multitudes of elder brothers, of the highest -distinction and eminence in every acquisition, accomplishment, talent, -and virtue, yet they have not been found so abundant as to answer all -the exigencies either of private or public life; recourse, therefore, -must be had to somebody: by this means the younger brothers came to -be employed occasionally; sometimes the elder and the younger were -employed indiscriminately; but the preference was commonly shewn to the -elder, according to that prevailing alacrity with which most men fly to -the aid of the rich and the powerful. - -This, as far as I have been able to discover, was supposed to be pretty -much the case with the South and the North Britons, until of late. - -When his present majesty (the first of our kings born in this country -since the Union) succeeded to the throne, he was most graciously -pleased to assure his subjects, that, among many other peculiar -felicities of his reign, he gloried in the name of Briton. The name -of Briton was impartial, general, and comprehensive in its meaning, -and most equitable in its intention. The prudent and wise application -of it, on that great occasion, was acknowledged by all men (and all -good men united in their hopes) that the time was now come when all -distinctions, excepting the eternal distinctions of vice and virtue, -would be buried in oblivion; when every honest man, and every good -citizen, should be intitled to his majesty’s protection; and if his -talents happened to be useful to the state, to his royal favour and -bounty. No prince had ever ascended the throne of these kingdoms so -universally beloved and revered. His dominions every where resounded -with mutual congratulations, with the praises of so excellent a -monarch; and the breasts of all his subjects were filled with the most -exulting hopes of a long and glorious reign. These halcyon days were -soon succeeded by a furious tempest, that had well nigh overwhelmed -us (in the very bosom of repose and tranquillity)! A most execrable -and horrid plot was said to be discovered (which had been long formed) -concealed with the same secrecy, and designed to have been executed -with more universal and fatal effect, than the famous gunpowder plot. -Much pains has been taken to get at the bottom of this plot; but no -exact information, at least that I know of, has yet been obtained of -it, or of the conspirators. Some pronounced it a democratical plot, -others affirmed it to be an aristocratical plot; some pretended -it was a tory plot, others protested it was a whiggish plot; many -offered large betts that they would prove it to be a jacobite plot, -some archly squinted at it as a popish plot; but the true and zealous -friends of their country swore by G--d it was a Scottish plot: there -were, indeed, a few, who insinuated that it was no plot at all; but as -these latter were known to be inveterate enemies to all such names and -denominations, they were of course supposed to bear no good-will to -their countrymen; there not being more than one in a thousand of them -who does not call himself by one or other of these names: so that their -opinion was almost universally treated with the contempt and scorn it -deserved. The opinion that it was a Scottish plot I think, prevailed -very generally in that part of Great Britain called England, and in -Berwick upon Tweed. Then it began gradually to be doubted, then to be -wholly disbelieved, for even a considerable time: happily it is now at -this very day revived; and, by the fervent zeal and marvellous skill of -those faithful guardians of our liberties, whom I have formerly spoken -of, the eyes of all men are at length opened, and nobody is found so -mad as to doubt it. For notwithstanding all I have said, and said most -innocently, of our brethren of Scotland (an appellation we fondly gave -them in times of our great distress) for the truth of which I beg -leave to appeal to the honour and consciences of all my countrymen, -who have ever happened to see them, converse with them, employ them, -serve with them, in the navy or the army; hear them in the pulpit, at -the bar, or in either houses of parliament; observe their buildings, -engravings, and other arts; or read their productions; yet no true -lovers of liberty can be too circumspect nor too vigilantly on their -guard against the danger even of possibilities; it being an established -maxim among all politicians of free countries, that Credulity is the -mother of Danger, as she is the daughter of Stupidity and Ignorance, -and has been the total ruin of many nations: for proof of which they -produce examples from the histories of all countries; such as the -secret machinations of many the most illustrious patricians and -wealthiest plebeians against the constitution of Rome, in the times of -Marius, Sylla, Catiline, Pompey, and Cæsar, which, by the credulity -of the people, lurked for a long while undiscovered and unsuspected, -until it burst forth on a sudden in open and violent attacks, and ended -in the total ruin of it; yet all these were Romans. The same wicked -designs were said to have been formed, not long since, by the Jesuits -in France and Portugal, and to have been almost ripe for execution; -but were happily discovered before it was too late, and prevented; -yet these Jesuits were all Frenchmen or Portuguese. Neither are there -wanting examples of this sort, even in the history of our own country, -in the reigns of Charles I., Charles II. and James II. The greater -part of the nobility, gentry, divines, and lawyers, were detected in a -conspiracy against the lives and properties of their fellow-subjects, -and the religion and liberty of this kingdom was dragged to the very -brink of destruction; yet these conspirators appear, to the best of -my remembrance of the histories of those times, to have been all, -with the exception of a few Scotchmen, Englishmen. These undeniable -facts are sufficient to warn us against the fatal consequences of -credulity, and the danger of trusting to the outward appearances I -have been describing, however fair. Let us not, therefore, shut our -ears to the cries of the streets, nor turn away our eyes from the -lamentations of the news-papers. Let us not be cozened by the arts of -crafty and designing men, who maliciously and falsely represent them as -the counterfeit tears, the groans and wailings of hired mourners; the -snarling, roaring, and howling, of ravenous faction; or the hooting, -cackling, and braying, of a wayward and deluded mob: they are the -generous and noble calls of liberty; the genuine voice of the venerable -and sacred multitude, neither provoked by private resentment, nor -bribed by promises, nor awed by fear, nor urged by hunger, nor sold for -gain. - -I have read almost every Pamphlet and Paper that has been published -within these five years on political subjects, with equal delight and -astonishment at the deep and comprehensive judgment, wit, spirit, -and humour, with which many of them are manifestly written; and I -congratulate with my countrymen, on the rapid progress we are making -in this art. Their erudition I have not mentioned, it having been -discovered to be of no use at all in the knowledge or exercise of this -art. It is an observation of the great lord Bacon, that a man will -never get to the end of his journey, if he happens to mistake the way, -and go the wrong road; which he has clearly proved in his immortal -treatises, Novum Organum, and De Augmentis Scientiarum. Now, men had -been taught to believe, until very lately, before the discovery of -a direct road, and a short cut, that the composition of a professed -politician required as many and as great a variety of ingredients, -as Cicero’s orator, or the knight-errant of Don Quixote: accordingly -the great baron Montesquieu confesseth, That after the hardy study -and drudgery of twenty-five years, by day and by night, consumed in -the production of two small volumes; he believed them, on mature -revisal, unworthy of the public; in a fit of despair dashed them -against the wall; and had not the wall, as he affirms, returned them, -they would never have been heard of. Since this discovery was made, -which I shall explain hereafter, it has been found out, to the saving -of much labour, that the study of ancient and modern history, laws, -treaties, political systems, &c. is mere loss of time, and downright -pedantry. There are very few of our modern politicians to be seen now -adays, bestrewed with learned dust, like Pope’s politician; or smelling -of the lamp, like Demosthenes; or lean, like Cassius, with constant -meditation; or pale and blind with poring over Tacitus, Aristotle, -Plato, Montesquieu, Harrington, Sidney, or Locke. They have heard that -these books contain nothing more than a parcel of crude maxims, or -the idle dreams of unpractised pedants and schoolmen; declamations on -liberty, which any man in this country may learn at his leisure, in -the first company he chances to meet, over a dish of coffee, or over a -bottle; general arguments in behalf of the rights of mankind, which, -according to Cicero, every man is taught by instinct; Est igitur hæc -judices non scripta, sed nata lex, quam non didicimus, accipimus, -legimus; verùm ex naturâ ipsâ, arripuimus, hausimus, expressimus; and -the visions of vain projectors, stuffed with ridiculous notions, and -impracticable doctrines; such as that it may not be altogether safe -nor proper for the whole body of a great nation, any more than for any -private person, to eat or drink, or sleep, or dress, or sing, or dance, -or game too much: that it is possible, even for a maritime power, to -carry on too much trade: that drunkenness, adultery, bribing, and -perjury, at elections, are not very commendable practices: that even -annual parliaments, nevertheless, may be more eligible than septennial -ones, especially as many of its members may happen to learn as much -of the business of the senate at the end of six months as at the -conclusion of seven years: that a standing army, in time of peace, may -be dangerous to liberty, unless it should be voted by the legislative -power, although the officers who composed it were forty times more -valiant than the rest of their fellow-subjects, and just as honest -and virtuous as ninety-nine in a hundred of them; tamen miserrimum -est posse si velit: that a militia cannot well be too numerous, even -though the consumption of silk, or velvet, or lace, or ribbands, or -trinkets, should be thereby considerably diminished, and even though it -should be necessary to discipline it on the seventh day of every week: -that it may be possible in the nature of things for large fleets to -transport armies an hundred miles, and land them safely within sixty -miles of a great, unwarlike, and defenceless capital: that the king, -even of a free people, may be legally and constitutionally possessed -of certain instruments, engines, and powers, of unfailing efficacy, in -times of general depravity; by means of which, if he chance, instead of -being the friend and father of his people, to be wicked, an usurper, -and a tyrant, he may gain over, to any purpose he pleases, the souls -and bodies of three-fourths of them: that a free people, not clearly -discerning the reciprocal duties of protection and obedience, and prone -to confound the frenzy of sedition with the modesty of true liberty, -may, peradventure, tumultuously and violently obstruct the execution -of the known laws of the land, madly insult, in the public streets, -a prince devoted to their happiness, threaten to blow out the brains -of his friends and servants, and attempt to overawe the senate, in -the very midst of their public deliberations: that some care should -be taken to prevent such enormities from creeping into a free state: -in short, as there never had been any man, according to the unanimous -opinion of all divines and philosophers, who had ever written on -virtue, so perfectly good, but he might still be made somewhat better; -so all these politicians agreed, that no constitution was ever so -nicely and exactly framed, but it might possibly admit some addition -or amendment; turpiterque desperatur quicquid fieri potest. Such -(with many other wild projects and strange fancies of the like sort) -were the whimsical contents of these famous writings, that had once -made so much noise in the world. They are now universally neglected -and exploded; they may cry aloud, but no man regardeth them. As lord -Bacon was the first who shewed the right way to the study of natural -philosophy, so Machiavel, a man of the most abundant invention, the -most magnanimous resolution, and the most consummate abilities, was -the first of all the moderns who discovered and pointed out the direct -and short road to the art of political writing: and as the Whole Duty -of Man was calculated for the service and benefit of private families, -so Il Principe, that transcendant composition, that master-piece -of the human genius, was designed, by its immortal author, for the -instruction of royal families only, as the title of it implies, and -consecrated to the use of kings and princes. It had no sooner made -its appearance among them, than it was beheld with admiration, read -with avidity, applied with success, and became the standing rule of -politics among all the potentates of Europe, even among the kings -of Great Britain, until the Revolution; at which time, by means of -certain innovations, and the introduction of some new-fangled opinions, -it lost all credit with them, and has never recovered it to this day; -nevertheless, as every man in this kingdom is intitled to some share in -the government of it, it becomes his duty likewise to inform himself in -what manner it may be best governed; and in researches of this kind, -these golden rules, which the king had overlooked, or neglected, or -despised, his subjects happily discovered, adopted, and practised. -That this discovery has been made, is plain to every body who has read -the Prince of Machiavel, and the writings of our modern politicians. -Many a man too may remember how much he was surprized at the novelty -of a book, which, with the most mortifying scorn, contradicted every -opinion and principle that he had imbibed from his mother, or had been -taught by his father, or his schoolmaster; the avowed design of it -being to prove, that dissimulation, hypocrisy, fraud, lying, cruelty, -treachery, assassination, and massacres, were not only commodious and -expedient, on certain occasions, but that they were moral, political, -and positive duties: that all men who did not believe in these unerring -rules, were either fools, or madmen; and that all nations who had -not, or did not, put them in constant practice, had been, or must -be, infallibly undone. He did not, indeed, expressly include slander -and defamation by name; conceiving, probably, that they were fully -comprehended under the articles of lying and assassination, and that it -was a mere matter of indifference, to ninety-nine men in an hundred, -whether you plundered them of the characters of honest men, and good -citizens, or knocked out their brains. Happily for this deluded nation, -we have now among us many disciples of this renowned politician, of -considerable eminence and proficiency: to their united and zealous -efforts for the common weal, we are indebted (perhaps before it is -too late) for many useful and salutary discoveries; such as that -********, under all the fair appearances of candor and humanity; -the sacred semblance of unblemished truth, justice, and mercy; the -specious disguise of the most unambitious and unaffected love of all -his fellow-creatures, concealed the dark and dangerous designs of a -Tiberius: that *****, who had been called from retirement and the study -of philosophy to the instruction of his ****, and who had cajoled -all that knew him into an obstinate belief that he was a nobleman of -distinguished honour and virtue, an accomplished scholar, a munificent -patron of learning and the arts, an upright counsellor, an eloquent -senator, and an able statesman, was at the bottom a knave, a dunce, -a traitor, a bashaw, a Gaveston, a Wolsey, a Buckingham, a Sejanus: -that *****, who had passed almost universally for a patrician of a -most amiable, unreserved, and generous nature, beloved by his friends -and his equals, for his noble and ingenuous manners; as courteous and -affable to his inferiors, as if his high birth and fortune had not -given him a right of prescription to insult them; of great humanity, -kindness, and beneficence; a citizen warmly attached to the interests -of his country; a statesman who had executed, during half a century, -the highest employments of government with zeal and integrity; had sat -in the councils, and joined in the suffrages of our patriot ministers, -in the most illustrious period of our annals, and had spent his whole -life in the uniform support of liberty; that this very patrician could -hardly prove a single claim either to the virtues of social life, the -merit of public services, the authority of experience, or even to -the common privileges of age, and deserved to be treated as a very -drunkard, a glutton, and an old woman: that ****, the arch-magician, -who, by virtue of irresistible spells and incantations, and by the -powers of certain wonderful and stupendous operations, unknown to all -but himself, and the great magicians of ancient times, had palmed -himself upon the universal people, not only of Great Britain, but of -almost the whole globe, as the deliverer of his country, the colossus -of the age; as a philosopher, statesman, and patriot of the first -magnitude; possessing the genius, experience, eloquence, and consummate -abilities of Pericles, and the virtues of Epaminondas; the decus -imperii, the spes suprema senatus; was, after all, an impudent babbler, -a profligate villain, a shameless turncoat, a pensioned hireling, -a fawning minion, a common bully, a pernicious and treacherous -counsellor, a prodigal squanderer of the blood and treasures of his -fellow-subjects; in short, a madman, and the perdition of his country. -These and many other discoveries of the same kind, equally new and -important, are known and familiar to all men, who have studied the -works of our modern politicians, and sufficiently evince the progress -we have made in this art; yet it appears to be still far short of the -perfection to which it was carried by the ancients, as I have already -lamented; otherwise, with half the honest pains they have taken to -accomplish it, the **** would have been d----d long ago; his friends -and servants torn in pieces one after another, like the De Witts, -and other betrayers of their country, and their names, like theirs, -consigned to perpetual infamy. As our political writings unhappily have -not yet reached that last perfection, neither has our music. To such as -have never happened to read the works of Aristotle, Plato, Quinctilian, -and others of the ancients, what I have to say about the latter art, -may possibly appear somewhat extraordinary. It is, nevertheless, very -certain, they all considered music not only as an important, but as an -indispensable part of the qualifications of a politician; Non igitur, -frustra, Plato civili viro, quem politicon vocant, necessariam musicen -credidit, says Quinctilian. It was one of the fundamental laws of -the republic of Arcadia, that every man should learn music until he -was thirty years of age. Themistocles the Athenian was treated as a -vain boaster, for pretending that he could make a great kingdom of a -small one, without availing himself of its assistance. The rigid and -austere lawgiver of Sparta carefully mingled it with the composition -of his renowned government, used it on all occasions with incredible -efficacy, and by this means preserved it from corruption, for seven -hundred years. The wise Socrates studied it with uncommon assiduity -and success: and Pythagoras boldly declared, that the great system of -the universe was framed on its principles, and governed by its powers; -in short, that it was all in all. Music, in their acceptation of the -word, indeed, had somewhat of a more comprehensive meaning than it has -at present; including not only stringed instruments, wind instruments, -rope instruments, parchment instruments, bone and iron instruments, but -poetry likewise, and many other sorts of harmony. Of this marvellous -art we have hitherto but imperfect ideas. Shakespear just hints at it, -and freely gives it as his opinion, that the man who knows it not, must -be a traitor, a villain, and a murderer. Mr. Pope too conceived that -the music of Mr. Handel had a remarkable influence over the passions -and affections. Handel learned the little he knew of this art from the -Romans, who, according to Quinctilian, surpassed all the nations of the -world in their martial music, as much as they excelled them in their -military achievements; Quid, autem aliud in nostris legionibus, cornua, -ac tubæ faciunt? Quorum concentus, quanto est vehementior, tantum -Romana in bellis gloria cæteris præstat. And at this day the Roman or -Italian music, depraved, corrupted, and enervated as it is become in -the course of two thousand years, has no inconsiderable power over the -minds of our legislators, statesmen, and warriors. The force of it -has been felt in France, a country not much renowned for this art. M. -Voltaire insinuates, that a song in the time of Calvin, the burden of -which was, O Moines, O Moines, &c. contributed more than any thing to -the noble struggle a part of that country made, for forty years, in -defence of their religious liberty. So well aware was our Edward I. of -its universal power, that he could never assure himself of the perfect -and lasting conquest of Wales, until he had murdered all the Welsh -bards. If I mistake not, he attempted to do the same by the bards of -Scotland: the immortal Ossian escaped him; and his music, calculated -with the most consummate political art to inspire the breasts of -all his countrymen with every passion, affection, sentiment, and -principle of heroic virtue, that might make them happy at home, beloved -and respected by their friends, and terrible to their enemies, the -Norwegians, Irish, or English, was reserved until some great occasion -should call it forth; and accordingly did not make its appearance until -very lately. Something of the same kind was immediately attempted by -our English bards, with the wise and benevolent intention of inspiring -and instructing their countrymen; but not, I believe, with quite the -same success. Some compositions, however, we have that are not without -a considerable share of merit; among which there is, for instance, -a well-known jig, I cannot name, that is observed to produce a very -sensible effect upon our young men and women. Our sportsmen never -cease to shout at, “With hounds, and with horn.” All men kindle at, -“Britons strike home,” “Britannia rule the waves,” &c. Every man must -have remarked the unusual loyalty which never fails to appear in the -countenances of a whole audience at the excellent music of, “God save -great George our king. Happy,” &c. Lullybylero, according to bishop -Burnet, was sung by every man, woman, and child, throughout the whole -kingdom, until the very person of every Irishman was contemptible and -odious for near half a century. And I do not despair that some able -and skilful bard may hereafter arise, truly penetrated and inspired by -the patriot love we bear our country, and thoroughly inflamed with that -manly and generous indignation we feel at the very name of a Scot, who, -by means of a song or a ballad, may awaken the fury of an angry people, -dissolve the union, and cut the throat of every North Briton in the -kingdom. - - -THE END. - - - - -ERRATUM. - - -For capital, p. 21. l. 8. from the bottom, read Capitol. - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -Minor errors in punctuation have been fixed. - -The Erratum has been applied. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF -THE STUDY OF POLITICAL PAMPHLETS, WEEKLY PAPERS, PERIODICAL PAPERS, -DAILY PAPERS, POLITICAL MUSIC, &C *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Remarks on the Importance of the Study of Political Pamphlets, Weekly Papers, Periodical Papers, Daily Papers, Political Music, &c</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 14, 2022 [eBook #67836]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF POLITICAL PAMPHLETS, WEEKLY PAPERS, PERIODICAL PAPERS, DAILY PAPERS, POLITICAL MUSIC, &C ***</div> - - -<h1><span class="big">REMARKS</span><br /><br /> - -<span class="small">ON THE</span><br /><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Importance</span> of the <span class="smcap">Study</span><br /><br /> - -<span class="small">OF</span> -<br /><br /><span class="smcap">Political Pamphlets, Weekly -Papers, Periodical Papers, -Daily Papers, Political -Music, &c.</span></h1> - -<p class="center p2 p0" xml:lang="la" lang="la">Libertas, et speciosa nomina prætexuntur; nec quisquam, -alienum servitium, et dominationem sibi -concupivit, ut non eadem ista vocabula usurparet.</p> - -<p class="center bt big p2"> <br />LONDON:</p> - -<p class="center">Printed for <span class="smcap">W. Nicoll</span>, in St. Paul’s Church-yard,<br /> -M DCC LXV. -</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="REMARKS"><span class="big">REMARKS</span><br /><br /> - - -<span class="small">On the Importance of the Study of</span><br /><br /> - -POLITICAL PAMPHLETS, &c.</h2> -</div> - -<p>There cannot be a surer proof -of ignorance and folly than impertinence, -whether it betrays itself -in the pertness of a coxcomb, -or in the solemnity of a fop; provokes -with the petulance of wit; stupifies -with the dullness of narration; insults with -the arrogance of superior birth, fortune, -or learning; fatigues with frothy declamation, -or stuns with the clamour of dispute; -in private and in public, over a dish of -tea, or over a bottle; from the pulpit, or -the bar, or in the senate, it is always offensive -and ridiculous.</p> - -<p>The humble and obscure writer of a -Pamphlet cannot, however, if he happens -to mistake his talents, be justly blamed for -impertinence. He may be pitied for his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span> -misfortune; but for his faults as an author, -he is answerable to no man: for there -is scarce any man, who has dealt in this sort -of reading, that has not had fair warning; -it being more than an hundred to one, that -he has bought an impertinent Pamphlet, -some time, or other, in the course of his -studies. He cannot well fail of knowing -that such things are sometimes published; -neither the writer nor the bookseller compels -him to buy; and if he suffers himself -to be imposed on by a title-page, he -can have no good reason to complain of -either. Besides, no Pamphlet can fairly be -said to be wholly useless: it may be always -made to serve, at least, some purpose; -whereas I believe there is hardly any body -but may remember to have been present, -perhaps once in their lives, at a conversation, -or a pleading, or a speech, or a sermon, -that could serve no manner of purpose -but to tire the audience, and make -the speaker ridiculous: and this must be -allowed to be a very unpardonable sort of -impertinence; for a man may throw aside -a Pamphlet, if he pleases, at the first<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span> -page, or the first line; but he cannot decently -get out of a company, or out of the -senate, or out of a church, whenever he -may have a mind.</p> - -<p>I do not mean this, as an apology for -authors in general: the accidental writer -of a Pamphlet, or a Paper, hardly deserves -so respectable an appellation. On the -contrary, every man who wantonly and -vainly usurps that sacred profession, without -being possessed of a moderate share at -least, either of genius, or wit, or learning, -or knowledge, besides the indispensable qualifications -and ingredients of common honesty, -sincerity, and benevolence, is guilty, -in my opinion, of the highest degree of -impertinence.</p> - -<p>But in this land of liberty, of general -wealth, curiosity, and idleness, where there -is scarce a human creature so poor that it -cannot afford to buy or hire a Paper or a -Pamphlet, or so busy that it cannot find -leisure to read it; where every man, woman, -and child, is, by instinct, birth, and -inheritance, a politician; where the ordinary -subjects of common conversation turn<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span> -not, as in most countries, upon the impertinent -trivial occurrences of the week -or the day, nor on the small concerns, offices, -and duties of private and social life; but -on the greater and the more important objects -of war, negociations, peace, laws, -and the public and general weal; where -men are more solicitous about the integrity -and abilities of a lord commissioner -of the treasury, or of a secretary of state, -than the fidelity of their own wives, the -chastity of their daughters, their sons, or -their own honour and virtue; and where, -like the virtuous citizens of Rome -and Sparta, they unreluctantly offer up all -the slenderer ties of blood, the endearments -of love, the connexions of friendship, -and the obligations of private gratitude, -daily sacrifices and victims to the -commonwealth; in such a country, the -dullest Pamphlet may have a fair chance of -gaining some readers, provided it be a political -Pamphlet; whilst a treatise on religion -or philosophy, unless the writer of it -should happen to be thoroughly master of -his subject, and know how to treat it with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> -uncommon genius and learning, would -meet with the fate it deserved, and be received -with universal neglect.</p> - -<p>These are dry insipid studies, fit only for -the drudgery of a school or a college. -They are commonly laid aside with the -accidence or the grammar, are of little -use to a man in his commerce with the -world, and contribute rather to obstruct -the advancement of his interests and his -fortunes, than to promote them. There -are, besides, few men so unreasonably inquisitive -about these matters, as not to be -fully satisfied with the stock they have already -laid in, or who would not even -sooner consent perhaps, to forget half they -had ever learned, than to take the useless -or the dangerous pains of acquiring -more. The works of a Tillotson, or of a -Shaftesbury, of a Seneca, or a Marcus Antoninus, -may possibly be found amongst the -lumber of a bookseller’s warehouse; may -serve, like the works of the Fathers, to -fill up the vacant shelves of a large library; -or may, now and then, assist a clergyman -who happens to be ill, or engaged on a Saturday;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -but they are of little other use at -present. Formerly, indeed, they seem to -have been read and approved by here and -there a man; and some small encouragement -was not wanting to writers, even of -this stamp; but this was in quiet and peaceful -times, times of good government and -perfect security, when men were not universally -called upon by the superior duties -they owe to their country, when the constitution -was in its full vigour, and wanted -not the zealous and united efforts of whole -legions of political labourers, to vindicate -and assert its invaluable privileges.</p> - -<p>In those days, if they were threatened -with no invasion from abroad, nor with -popery nor arbitrary power at home; if -magna charta, the declaration of rights, -habeas corpus, and other fundamental -laws of the realm, remained unrepealed in -full force and exertion, they never gave -themselves any farther concern about the -public, but minded what they called their -own affairs such as their respective trades, -arts, callings, professions, thereby to be -enabled to feed, clothe, and lodge themselves<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -and their families, and provide for -their children. If they could contrive to -live in peace and plenty at home, and pass -among their customers, their neighbours, -and their friends, for honest, industrious, -good-humoured folks, they thought themselves -at liberty to employ their leisure-hours -in what studies they pleased, and -looked no further. They had no notion -of political refinements, of those delicate -and nicer sensations we feel for the public. -It never entered into their heads to -be perpetually making earnest and anxious -enquiries about the state of the nation; if -the body politic was, upon the whole, sound -and in good health, they were no more -alarmed at every little complaint, than at a -slight cold, or an accidental head-ach. -They had not indeed the same opportunities -of hearing complaints: the book of -knowledge fair, was but half open to them; -the sources of information and instruction -were then neither so frequent nor so -abundant; every remote corner of the -kingdom was not, as it happily is now, -plentifully supplied with political, pure,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -refreshing streams, flowing without intermission, -during the whole year, to the -great delight and emolument of the whole -kingdom. Neither were they rich enough -to join in large voluntary contribution for -the feeding, clothing, and support of such -a numerous body of sturdy penmen as are -now in constant pay. Those trusty guardians -of our liberties, oraculous as the priestess -of Apollo; jealous as Argus of the fair privileges -committed to their care; watchful -of our golden treasures as the green dragons -of the Hesperides; faithful and fierce -as the bellua centiceps of Pluto; alarming -as the sacred birds that saved the Capitol; -zealously attached to our service; equally -vigilant in times of security as in danger, in -peace as in the midst of war; ready at a -moment’s warning, on every alarm, to attack -or defend; intrepidly sacrificing to -the public every consideration that the timidity -of other men calls dear to mankind; -like well-disciplined troops, scorning -to loiter away their time in rusty idleness, -daily exercising their arms, performing -all their marches and counter-marches,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> -evolutions, and firings, with the same skill -and alertness as if the enemy were upon -them.</p> - -<p>These advantages were unknown to our -ancestors, and were reserved, among many -other peculiar blessings, for their posterity. -Not that genius, wit, and learning, appear -to have been scarce commodities in those -days; but they laid on their owner’s hands, -for want of purchasers. When the Daily -Advertiser, the St. James’s Evening-Post, -and the Gentleman’s Magazine, were as -much as they could afford to buy, many -thousand hands were lying idle for want of -employers, and many a strenuous and faithful -subject, amply qualified, both from his -talents and his virtues, for the service of -his country, was shut out from the higher -employments which nature had formed -him for; confined, for mere want of -bread, to the narrow sphere of a shop-board -or a counter, or condemned perhaps -for life to the sordid drudgery of some laborious -handicraft trade.</p> - -<p>The times are now changed; merit is -no longer in danger of pining in obscurity;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -the high road to wealth and fame is open -to all their votaries; whether a political -writer be inspired by the genuine spirit of -patriotism, inflamed with a fervent zeal -for the honour of his king and his country; -whether he aspires to high dignities, -places, pensions, or reversions; or -whether he be a simple candidate for food -and raiment, it is his own misfortune or -fault, not the public’s, if he fails: for it -is notorious to every man of common observation, -that the arts and sciences, the -children of genius and learning, thrive and -increase in proportion to the increase of -our manufactures, trade, and commerce; -which enable a rich, indulgent, and munificent -public to cherish, support, and -honour them. The immense wealth acquired -by these means within these few -years, and scattered with generous profusion -over the whole kingdom, is not more -remarkable, nor more amazing, than the -rapid progress which the arts of painting, -sculpture, building, gardening, music, engraving, -&c. have made in the same period. -Our artists begin already to rival<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -and surpass the most celebrated artists of -Europe, and bid fair to confer on their -country as much honour and renown, as -those in the ages of Leo X. and Lewis XIV. -did on France and Italy.</p> - -<p>Hitherto, however, they have not -reached that lofty summit; being rather -subordinate arts, the arts of elegance and -ornament, than of real and intrinsic use: -they are neither held in such general estimation, -nor so liberally rewarded; and -are therefore not cultivated with the same -zeal and assiduity, as others of more immediate -benefit and importance to society.</p> - -<p class="poetry p0"> -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, &c.<br /> -Tu regere imperio populos Romane memento.<br /> -Hæ tibi erunt artes,——</i><br /> -</p> - -<p class="p0">was an ingenious compliment paid by Virgil -to his countrymen; a grave, serious, sober, -virtuous people, like ourselves, devoted to -the great interests of their country, absorbed -in public affairs, and preferring the -study of government, or the art of politics, -to all other arts whatever: to this -art they were indebted for their prudence,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -generosity, fortitude, and magnanimity; -for their excellent laws and institutions; -for their admirable skill in negociations; -for the treaties they made, the victories -they gained, and for their conquests, in -almost every corner of the known world; -for all which they are so deservedly celebrated -and renowned. Part of the Roman, -and even part of the Grecian art of politics, -happily escaped the injuries of time -and accident, and continued, for many -hundred years, the constant theme, admiration, -and example of all writers on politics; -but as we lament the irreparable -loss of the greater part of the productions -of those wise and venerable ancients in -philosophy, history, poetry, &c. so we must -despair of recovering the most valuable -part of their writings on the art of politics. -The Anticatones of Cæsar; the Acta Diurna, -which Cicero expressly mentions to -have read daily, with great delight and instruction, -as containing, Senatus consulta, -edicta, fabulæ, rumores, &c. and ten -thousand writings of the same kind, are -all lost in one common ruin; and of all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -these daily Papers and Pamphlets, not one, -that I know of, is remaining, to discover -to us the stupendous genius and art with -which they must have been composed, to -produce the astonishing effects they manifestly -appear to have done, especially in the -latter times of these republics; such as, by -a sort of magic, to fascinate the understandings -and passions of the people, to -wield at their pleasure that unwieldy body -the multitude; to compel them, as it were, -to choose or to dismiss what ministers the -authors of them thought proper; to enact -or to repeal what laws they pleased; to -provoke them to war, or cajole them into -peace; in short, to persuade them that -Scipio was a knave and a traitor, Aristides -a common cheat, Cato a coward, and Socrates -a sodomite and an impostor; whereas -all the historians, biographers, philosophers, -and poets of those countries, agree -in representing them as the justest, the -greatest, and the wisest men of the times in -which they lived, or indeed in the times -that succeeded. It is manifest, likewise, -that the very people themselves had, for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -many years together, possessed the same -opinion of them; that they were universally -beloved, honoured, and revered, -until they were dismissed or had resigned, -and that after their executions or deaths, -they were as universally and sincerely lamented.</p> - -<p>If the great affairs of the world were -uniform and consistent, the opinions of -the people would, no doubt, have been -suffered to remain so too; but they being, -from their very nature, subject to perpetual -change and fluctuation, the political -writers of those days saw that it was their -business and duty to adjust themselves to -accidents and events, and to the times -which they strived to reform; to have recourse, -like Proteus, to every art, and to -assume every imaginable shape. Now it is -well known, that it was no uncommon thing -among their countrymen, chearfully to sacrifice -their own fortunes, or the fortunes of -other men, their own or other people’s mothers, -wives, children, friends, or acquaintances, -nay, themselves, as often as the more -important affairs of the state required it: thus,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> -when it became indispensably necessary for -the preservation of liberty and the constitution, -or for the immediate salvation of -their country, they very gravely persuaded -and prevailed on the people to impeach -Scipio and Aristides, to banish Cicero, to -poison Socrates, dissolve the union they -had so eagerly courted with Sparta or Arpinum, -to curse the very memories of all -those able and upright counsellors who had -advised it, to revile and insult every Lacedemonian -or Samnite that had been invited -to their hospitality, and at length to drive -them out of their houses, and out of their -cities.</p> - -<p>There are people who pretend, that the -Clouds, a dramatic performance of Aristophanes, -is a specimen of the art of -writing of which I have been speaking. -In my own opinion, however, whether -considered as a mere comedy, or as a political -composition, it is such a pert insipid -piece of buffoonery, written so much -in the true spirit of our Grub-street, that -it could have no manner of chance to produce -the effect it is supposed to have designed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> -and does not at all account for the -problem, being, in every respect, much -inferior to our own writings of that kind, -the Nonjuror, and Beggar’s Opera. We -know, in short, as little of their art of -political writing as of their music; the -rise, progress, and perfection of both -seem to have been owing to the same -causes.</p> - -<p>In arbitrary and despotic governments, -fear, as Montesquieu justly remarks, is the -principal engine of government; there -the sophi, or the grand seignior, or the -dey, is the sole legislator; the only person -who has studied the art of politics, being -the only person who is called upon by -his country to practise it. This sort of -writing being principally applied to the -great purposes of provoking or of appeasing -the people; of awaking them, -or laying them asleep; of blinding them, -or restoring them to sight at pleasure, is -wholly useless in a country where it is -the sovereign’s business to command; the -subjects duty to act, to suffer, and to -obey.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p> - -<p>But in the free governments of Greece -and Rome, all ranks, degrees, and orders -of men, patricians and plebeians, from -the highest birth, alliance, and properties, -down even to tinkers and coblers, -were all either immediately or remotely -perpetually employed, and at work -upon the constitution; busily and anxiously -examining into every part of it; repairing -any breaches that might have been made -in it by time or neglect; framing new -laws, or repealing old ones; appointing -ministers, statesmen, generals, admirals, -&c. for all the various departments of -peace and war; choosing faithful, eloquent, -zealous tribunes, the great defenders -of the liberties of the plebeians; -voting for peace or for war, &c. By this -means the arts of politics and music (of -which latter I shall speak hereafter) became -the immediate business, employment, -and duty of every individual; as they both -had been found, from long experience, indispensably -necessary for the repose, security, -and duration of the state. The constitution -and the inhabitants of Great -Britain in these present times, very much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> -resemble those of which I have been speaking. -The same instruments of government, -therefore, are as necessary here as -they were there; now as they were then: -no encouragement, of course, has been -wanting to these arts; and I cannot, -upon this occasion, forbear to congratulate -with my countrymen upon the happy progress -that has been made in them, even -within these very few years; more especially -as our professors had no examples of -such sort of writing before them for their -imitation. It would be no difficult matter -to produce an hundred proofs, both of their -skill and their success. There are, for instance, -few people, at this time of day, so -infatuated as to doubt that it is to them -we are indebted that this our native land, -with all her revenues, dignities, honours, -employments, posts, pensions, reversions, -&c. was not seized, three or four years ago, -by the violent hands of Scotchmen, who, -according to the prophecy of a late holy -prophet, had formed, like the Goths and -Vandals, and other fierce and enterprizing -people of the North, the bold design of a -general emigration, had already (as it was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> -currently reported) begun their flight, and -were descried at a great distance (as appeared -from many affidavits made at that -time by men of known veracity) like a -huge cloud extending from East to West, -from North to South, hovering over the -fair harvests of our lands and our labours, -and ready to settle and devour them! As -the task assigned to our guardian polemists, -upon this occasion, was difficult and arduous, -so the services they performed were -signal and eminent. The Genius of England -had been, at no time, more confident -of repose, nor had ever fallen into a -profounder sleep: it required the loud -roarings and shrieks of a multitude to -awaken him; and when at length he -awoke, it called for the united efforts of -argument, wit, eloquence, eager affirmation, -positive assertion, repeated oaths, and -imprecations, to make him listen for a moment -to a report, which he treated most -imprudently and unwarily with contempt -and laughter. The greater part of his -most faithful counsellors were unhappily -under the same fatal delusion, and heard -it with the same scorn and neglect.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p> - -<p>Strange as this dangerous confidence and -supineness will appear to posterity, yet it -was not altogether unaccountable; for as -the inhabitants of the South and of the -North of Great Britain had been accustomed -to live together, for a great number -of years before, in such perfect harmony -and mutual affection, that it was no easy -matter to distinguish the one from the -other, either by their stature, complexion, -language, dress, modes, education, manners, -arts, sciences, religion, principles of -morals, or of government; as the injuries -and devastations of their former wars with -each other, which, as well as I can remember, -they equally and reciprocally suffered -and offered, were mutually forgotten -and forgiven, and had left little traces, but -in history and on record; as they had -shewn the same zeal for civil and religious -liberty; had rushed foremost, and -begun the first attack upon the common -enemies to both; had enabled us, -by engaging first as principals, and afterwards -as confederates, to oppose their furious -and dangerous invasions, to repel -them as often as they were attempted, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> -finally to rout and discomfit them for ever; -as they had lent us their assistance likewise, -with the same alacrity, in raising that -curious and wonderful fabric which we -built on the ruins of the ancient structure; -venerable and awful as the Capitol, and -composed of more durable materials, -which, in the course of many centuries, -had by turns been often secretly undermined, -treacherously betrayed, and openly -and violently battered, and by turns, as -often as we had opportunity or abilities, -recovered and repaired. As it was reared -with their hands, and cemented with their -blood, as well as with our own, they were -invited, by the advice of our counsellors, -most renowned for their gravity, penetration, -wisdom, and virtue, to all the advantages -of its protection; but they had a -Capitol of their own, which, although it -was neither so splendid, nor so magnificent, -nor so vast, yet they had that superstitious -love and veneration for it which is common -to all nations, and which nature, -education, and habit, has deeply implanted -in the hearts of all honest men and good -citizens, and were unwilling to quit it.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> -We knew by experience that they were -powerful allies; we thought them faithful -friends, and we had found on record, -mortifying as it was to remember it, that -as often as they had been provoked or insulted, -they had been formidable and dangerous -enemies. We plainly saw that it -was our interest they should be united to -us for ever; and all our political arts and -resources were employed to convince them -it was theirs too. At last, after large promises -and assurances of honours, riches, -and everlasting love; they were prevailed -on, although reluctantly, to consent. The -advantages we derived from this union, by -the abilities and virtues of their statesmen, -the valour, skill, thirst of glory, and spirit -of enterprize of their sailors and soldiers; -the genius, wit, taste, eloquence, and -learning of their divines, philosophers, historians, -poets, lawyers, physicians, &c., -the inventions of their artists; the industry -of their merchants, &c. had been, until -lately, manifest to all men, and were freely -acknowledged by all men, who possessed -or pretended to candor and impartiality.</p> - -<p>Men, indeed, conversant with history,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> -knew well enough that the Goths, Vandals, -Huns, Saracens, Turks, and Moors, had -been invited to an alliance, in times of -emergency and extreme danger; some of -them by the Romans, others by the Spaniards, -Italians, &c. that they, at first, -fought for them, and defended them -against their enemies; but turned, at -last, their arms against the very people -who had called them in, invaded -their properties, usurped their governments, -and finally destroyed their constitution. -But they reflected at the same -time that these people were not formed -to live long together on any good terms -of mutual friendship, and confidence, being -neither born under the same climate, -nor of the same colour, nor educated in -the same principles of manners, morals, -nor government, nor speaking the same -language, nor worshipping the same god. -There could not, therefore, be any stable -principle of union in so heterogeneous a -mixture: the interest of the one was to -disband them like mercenaries, when the -service was over; the policy of the other, -to use the opportunity their arms had given<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> -them to remain where they were, and -seize all they could get.</p> - -<p>Some few politicians, nevertheless, there -were among us (the very politicians I have -so justly extolled) of deeper penetration and -more enlarged views, who scrupled not to -give shrewd hints, that the alliance between -England and Scotland teemed with the same -mischief; but these insinuations were supposed -to be the effects of private interest, or -of a malignant disposition; or, at the best, -the mere pleasantries of idle wags. Nor indeed -(if what has been said of the North -Britons be admitted) ought it to pass for -matter of wonder that what we emphatically -call the Union, should appear to vulgar -eyes totally different from the alliance -between the people of whom I have been -speaking. It was, therefore, the prevailing -and common opinion, that an Englishman -might, with equal reason, be jealous of a man -born in another country or city, or of his next -door neighbour, or of his brother, as of a -Scotchman. Now no man can be found so -foolish as to own such a jealousy, how much -soever he may feel it; all men being agreed -to allow, that there cannot be a surer mark<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> -of a shallow understanding, and a wicked -temper; yet it sometimes happens in private -families, that the elder son, either from the -vanity or overweening fondness which people -feel for their first productions, or from -novelty, or the ambition of transmitting to -posterity their names, titles, and possessions, -is dandled and cockered in his infancy, -pampered in his childhood, flattered in his -follies, and indulged in his vices; during his -youth exempted from the drudgery of -reading and study, from the labours and -anxieties of trade, and from the fatigues -and dangers of war; secured from want by -the liberality of his parents, and from -all solicitude about the future, but for the -speedy removal of one only obstacle to the -accomplishment of all his wishes; carefully -trained, indeed, to those noble principles -which create authority and distinction -in the great scenes of pleasure and idleness; -but instructed in no other. The -fate of his younger brother is frequently -very different: if he be fed, cloathed, and -taught, it is all he has a right to expect; he -must be flogged to his books; his passions, -follies, and vices, must be perpetually controuled, -that they may not obstruct his fortune<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> -in the world; and he must be, after -all this, compelled to some profession, art, -or business, to keep him from starving, when -his parents cannot or will not contribute -any longer to his support. Now if he should -chance, in the course of such an education, -to learn the habits of temperance, frugality, -and industry, and qualify himself, -after the hard labour of many years, for the -employment or profession of a divine, a -statesman, a lawyer, a physician, an artist, -a merchant, &c. one would naturally suppose -that his elder brother would rejoice in -his success; and being himself totally ignorant -and incapable of all these matters, -would court his assistance, as often as his -business, his pleasures, his affairs, his -health, his own preservation, or the safety -and interest of his country required. Something -of this sort does now-and-then happen, -I believe, among the numerous families -in Great Britain; and although -there are not wanting even multitudes of -elder brothers, of the highest distinction -and eminence in every acquisition, accomplishment, -talent, and virtue, yet they have -not been found so abundant as to answer all -the exigencies either of private or public<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> -life; recourse, therefore, must be had to -somebody: by this means the younger -brothers came to be employed occasionally; -sometimes the elder and the younger -were employed indiscriminately; but the -preference was commonly shewn to the -elder, according to that prevailing alacrity -with which most men fly to the aid of the -rich and the powerful.</p> - -<p>This, as far as I have been able to discover, -was supposed to be pretty much the -case with the South and the North Britons, -until of late.</p> - -<p>When his present majesty (the first of our -kings born in this country since the Union) -succeeded to the throne, he was most graciously -pleased to assure his subjects, that, -among many other peculiar felicities of his -reign, he gloried in the name of Briton. -The name of Briton was impartial, general, -and comprehensive in its meaning, and -most equitable in its intention. The prudent -and wise application of it, on that -great occasion, was acknowledged by all men -(and all good men united in their hopes) -that the time was now come when all distinctions, -excepting the eternal distinctions<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> -of vice and virtue, would be buried in oblivion; -when every honest man, and every -good citizen, should be intitled to his majesty’s -protection; and if his talents happened -to be useful to the state, to his royal -favour and bounty. No prince had ever -ascended the throne of these kingdoms so -universally beloved and revered. His dominions -every where resounded with mutual -congratulations, with the praises of so -excellent a monarch; and the breasts of all -his subjects were filled with the most exulting -hopes of a long and glorious reign. -These halcyon days were soon succeeded by -a furious tempest, that had well nigh overwhelmed -us (in the very bosom of repose and -tranquillity)! A most execrable and horrid -plot was said to be discovered (which had -been long formed) concealed with the same -secrecy, and designed to have been executed -with more universal and fatal effect, than the -famous gunpowder plot. Much pains has -been taken to get at the bottom of this -plot; but no exact information, at least that -I know of, has yet been obtained of it, or -of the conspirators. Some pronounced it -a democratical plot, others affirmed it to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> -be an aristocratical plot; some pretended -it was a tory plot, others protested it was a -whiggish plot; many offered large betts -that they would prove it to be a jacobite -plot, some archly squinted at it as a popish -plot; but the true and zealous friends -of their country swore by G—d it was a -Scottish plot: there were, indeed, a few, -who insinuated that it was no plot at all; -but as these latter were known to be inveterate -enemies to all such names and denominations, -they were of course supposed -to bear no good-will to their countrymen; -there not being more than one -in a thousand of them who does not call -himself by one or other of these names: -so that their opinion was almost universally -treated with the contempt and scorn it deserved. -The opinion that it was a Scottish -plot I think, prevailed very generally in that -part of Great Britain called England, and -in Berwick upon Tweed. Then it began -gradually to be doubted, then to be wholly -disbelieved, for even a considerable time: -happily it is now at this very day revived; -and, by the fervent zeal and marvellous -skill of those faithful guardians of our liberties,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> -whom I have formerly spoken of, -the eyes of all men are at length opened, -and nobody is found so mad as to doubt it. -For notwithstanding all I have said, and -said most innocently, of our brethren of -Scotland (an appellation we fondly gave -them in times of our great distress) for -the truth of which I beg leave to appeal -to the honour and consciences of all my -countrymen, who have ever happened to -see them, converse with them, employ -them, serve with them, in the navy or the -army; hear them in the pulpit, at the -bar, or in either houses of parliament; -observe their buildings, engravings, and -other arts; or read their productions; yet -no true lovers of liberty can be too circumspect -nor too vigilantly on their guard -against the danger even of possibilities; -it being an established maxim among all -politicians of free countries, that Credulity -is the mother of Danger, as she is the -daughter of Stupidity and Ignorance, and -has been the total ruin of many nations: -for proof of which they produce examples -from the histories of all countries; such as -the secret machinations of many the most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> -illustrious patricians and wealthiest plebeians -against the constitution of Rome, in -the times of Marius, Sylla, Catiline, -Pompey, and Cæsar, which, by the credulity -of the people, lurked for a long while -undiscovered and unsuspected, until it -burst forth on a sudden in open and violent -attacks, and ended in the total ruin of it; -yet all these were Romans. The same -wicked designs were said to have been -formed, not long since, by the Jesuits in -France and Portugal, and to have been almost -ripe for execution; but were happily -discovered before it was too late, and prevented; -yet these Jesuits were all Frenchmen -or Portuguese. Neither are there -wanting examples of this sort, even in the -history of our own country, in the reigns -of Charles I., Charles II. and James II. -The greater part of the nobility, gentry, -divines, and lawyers, were detected in a -conspiracy against the lives and properties -of their fellow-subjects, and the religion -and liberty of this kingdom was dragged -to the very brink of destruction; yet these -conspirators appear, to the best of my remembrance -of the histories of those times,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> -to have been all, with the exception of a -few Scotchmen, Englishmen. These undeniable -facts are sufficient to warn us -against the fatal consequences of credulity, -and the danger of trusting to the outward -appearances I have been describing, however -fair. Let us not, therefore, shut our -ears to the cries of the streets, nor turn -away our eyes from the lamentations of the -news-papers. Let us not be cozened by -the arts of crafty and designing men, who -maliciously and falsely represent them as -the counterfeit tears, the groans and wailings -of hired mourners; the snarling, roaring, -and howling, of ravenous faction; or -the hooting, cackling, and braying, of a -wayward and deluded mob: they are the -generous and noble calls of liberty; the -genuine voice of the venerable and sacred -multitude, neither provoked by private -resentment, nor bribed by promises, nor -awed by fear, nor urged by hunger, nor -sold for gain.</p> - -<p>I have read almost every Pamphlet and -Paper that has been published within these -five years on political subjects, with equal -delight and astonishment at the deep and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> -comprehensive judgment, wit, spirit, and -humour, with which many of them are -manifestly written; and I congratulate with -my countrymen, on the rapid progress we -are making in this art. Their erudition -I have not mentioned, it having been discovered -to be of no use at all in the knowledge -or exercise of this art. It is an observation -of the great lord Bacon, that a -man will never get to the end of his journey, -if he happens to mistake the way, -and go the wrong road; which he has -clearly proved in his immortal treatises, -Novum Organum, and De Augmentis Scientiarum. -Now, men had been taught to -believe, until very lately, before the discovery -of a direct road, and a short cut, that -the composition of a professed politician required -as many and as great a variety of -ingredients, as Cicero’s orator, or the -knight-errant of Don Quixote: accordingly -the great baron Montesquieu confesseth, -That after the hardy study and -drudgery of twenty-five years, by day and -by night, consumed in the production of -two small volumes; he believed them, on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span> -mature revisal, unworthy of the public; -in a fit of despair dashed them against the -wall; and had not the wall, as he affirms, -returned them, they would never have -been heard of. Since this discovery was -made, which I shall explain hereafter, it -has been found out, to the saving of much -labour, that the study of ancient and modern -history, laws, treaties, political systems, -&c. is mere loss of time, and downright -pedantry. There are very few of -our modern politicians to be seen now adays, -bestrewed with learned dust, like -Pope’s politician; or smelling of the lamp, -like Demosthenes; or lean, like Cassius, -with constant meditation; or pale and -blind with poring over Tacitus, Aristotle, -Plato, Montesquieu, Harrington, Sidney, -or Locke. They have heard that these -books contain nothing more than a parcel -of crude maxims, or the idle dreams of -unpractised pedants and schoolmen; declamations -on liberty, which any man in this -country may learn at his leisure, in the first -company he chances to meet, over a dish -of coffee, or over a bottle; general arguments<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> -in behalf of the rights of mankind, -which, according to Cicero, every -man is taught by instinct; Est igitur hæc -judices non scripta, sed nata lex, quam non -didicimus, accipimus, legimus; verùm ex -naturâ ipsâ, arripuimus, hausimus, expressimus; -and the visions of vain projectors, -stuffed with ridiculous notions, -and impracticable doctrines; such as that -it may not be altogether safe nor proper for -the whole body of a great nation, any -more than for any private person, to eat -or drink, or sleep, or dress, or sing, or -dance, or game too much: that it is possible, -even for a maritime power, to carry -on too much trade: that drunkenness, -adultery, bribing, and perjury, at elections, -are not very commendable practices: that -even annual parliaments, nevertheless, may -be more eligible than septennial ones, especially -as many of its members may happen -to learn as much of the business of the senate -at the end of six months as at the conclusion -of seven years: that a standing -army, in time of peace, may be dangerous -to liberty, unless it should be voted by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span> -the legislative power, although the officers -who composed it were forty times -more valiant than the rest of their fellow-subjects, -and just as honest and virtuous as -ninety-nine in a hundred of them; tamen -miserrimum est posse si velit: that a -militia cannot well be too numerous, -even though the consumption of silk, or -velvet, or lace, or ribbands, or trinkets, -should be thereby considerably diminished, -and even though it should be necessary to -discipline it on the seventh day of every -week: that it may be possible in the nature -of things for large fleets to transport -armies an hundred miles, and land them -safely within sixty miles of a great, unwarlike, -and defenceless capital: that the -king, even of a free people, may be legally -and constitutionally possessed of certain -instruments, engines, and powers, of -unfailing efficacy, in times of general depravity; -by means of which, if he chance, -instead of being the friend and father of -his people, to be wicked, an usurper, and a -tyrant, he may gain over, to any purpose he -pleases, the souls and bodies of three-fourths<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> -of them: that a free people, not clearly discerning -the reciprocal duties of protection -and obedience, and prone to confound the -frenzy of sedition with the modesty of true -liberty, may, peradventure, tumultuously -and violently obstruct the execution of the -known laws of the land, madly insult, in -the public streets, a prince devoted to their -happiness, threaten to blow out the brains -of his friends and servants, and attempt to -overawe the senate, in the very midst of -their public deliberations: that some care -should be taken to prevent such enormities -from creeping into a free state: in short, -as there never had been any man, according -to the unanimous opinion of all divines -and philosophers, who had ever written -on virtue, so perfectly good, but he -might still be made somewhat better; so -all these politicians agreed, that no constitution -was ever so nicely and exactly -framed, but it might possibly admit some -addition or amendment; turpiterque desperatur -quicquid fieri potest. Such (with -many other wild projects and strange fancies -of the like sort) were the whimsical contents -of these famous writings, that had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> -once made so much noise in the world. -They are now universally neglected and -exploded; they may cry aloud, but no man -regardeth them. As lord Bacon was the -first who shewed the right way to the study -of natural philosophy, so Machiavel, a -man of the most abundant invention, the -most magnanimous resolution, and the -most consummate abilities, was the first -of all the moderns who discovered and -pointed out the direct and short road to -the art of political writing: and as the -Whole Duty of Man was calculated for -the service and benefit of private families, -so Il Principe, that transcendant composition, -that master-piece of the human -genius, was designed, by its immortal author, -for the instruction of royal families -only, as the title of it implies, and consecrated -to the use of kings and princes. It -had no sooner made its appearance among -them, than it was beheld with admiration, -read with avidity, applied with success, -and became the standing rule of politics -among all the potentates of Europe, even -among the kings of Great Britain, until the -Revolution; at which time, by means of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span> -certain innovations, and the introduction -of some new-fangled opinions, it lost all -credit with them, and has never recovered -it to this day; nevertheless, as every man -in this kingdom is intitled to some share in -the government of it, it becomes his duty -likewise to inform himself in what manner -it may be best governed; and in researches -of this kind, these golden rules, which the -king had overlooked, or neglected, or despised, -his subjects happily discovered, -adopted, and practised. That this discovery -has been made, is plain to every body -who has read the Prince of Machiavel, and -the writings of our modern politicians. -Many a man too may remember how much -he was surprized at the novelty of a book, -which, with the most mortifying scorn, -contradicted every opinion and principle -that he had imbibed from his mother, or -had been taught by his father, or his schoolmaster; -the avowed design of it being to -prove, that dissimulation, hypocrisy, fraud, -lying, cruelty, treachery, assassination, and -massacres, were not only commodious and -expedient, on certain occasions, but that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> -they were moral, political, and positive -duties: that all men who did not believe -in these unerring rules, were either fools, -or madmen; and that all nations who had -not, or did not, put them in constant practice, -had been, or must be, infallibly undone. -He did not, indeed, expressly include -slander and defamation by name; -conceiving, probably, that they were fully -comprehended under the articles of lying -and assassination, and that it was a mere -matter of indifference, to ninety-nine men -in an hundred, whether you plundered -them of the characters of honest men, and -good citizens, or knocked out their brains. -Happily for this deluded nation, we have -now among us many disciples of this renowned -politician, of considerable eminence -and proficiency: to their united and -zealous efforts for the common weal, we -are indebted (perhaps before it is too -late) for many useful and salutary discoveries; -such as that ********, under all -the fair appearances of candor and humanity; -the sacred semblance of unblemished -truth, justice, and mercy; the specious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span> -disguise of the most unambitious and unaffected -love of all his fellow-creatures, -concealed the dark and dangerous designs of -a Tiberius: that *****, who had been -called from retirement and the study of -philosophy to the instruction of his ****, -and who had cajoled all that knew him into -an obstinate belief that he was a nobleman -of distinguished honour and virtue, an accomplished -scholar, a munificent patron of -learning and the arts, an upright counsellor, -an eloquent senator, and an able statesman, -was at the bottom a knave, a dunce, a -traitor, a bashaw, a Gaveston, a Wolsey, a -Buckingham, a Sejanus: that *****, who -had passed almost universally for a patrician -of a most amiable, unreserved, and generous -nature, beloved by his friends and his equals, -for his noble and ingenuous manners; as -courteous and affable to his inferiors, as if -his high birth and fortune had not given him -a right of prescription to insult them; of -great humanity, kindness, and beneficence; -a citizen warmly attached to the interests -of his country; a statesman who had executed, -during half a century, the highest -employments of government with zeal and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span> -integrity; had sat in the councils, and -joined in the suffrages of our patriot ministers, -in the most illustrious period of our -annals, and had spent his whole life in the -uniform support of liberty; that this very -patrician could hardly prove a single claim -either to the virtues of social life, the merit -of public services, the authority of experience, -or even to the common privileges -of age, and deserved to be treated as a very -drunkard, a glutton, and an old woman: -that ****, the arch-magician, who, by virtue -of irresistible spells and incantations, -and by the powers of certain wonderful -and stupendous operations, unknown to all -but himself, and the great magicians of -ancient times, had palmed himself upon the -universal people, not only of Great Britain, -but of almost the whole globe, as the deliverer -of his country, the colossus of the -age; as a philosopher, statesman, and patriot -of the first magnitude; possessing the -genius, experience, eloquence, and consummate -abilities of Pericles, and the virtues -of Epaminondas; the decus imperii, -the spes suprema senatus; was, after all, an -impudent babbler, a profligate villain, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> -shameless turncoat, a pensioned hireling, a -fawning minion, a common bully, a pernicious -and treacherous counsellor, a prodigal -squanderer of the blood and treasures -of his fellow-subjects; in short, a madman, -and the perdition of his country. -These and many other discoveries of the -same kind, equally new and important, are -known and familiar to all men, who have -studied the works of our modern politicians, -and sufficiently evince the progress -we have made in this art; yet it appears -to be still far short of the perfection to -which it was carried by the ancients, as I -have already lamented; otherwise, with half -the honest pains they have taken to accomplish -it, the **** would have been d——d -long ago; his friends and servants torn in -pieces one after another, like the De Witts, -and other betrayers of their country, and -their names, like theirs, consigned to perpetual -infamy. As our political writings -unhappily have not yet reached that last -perfection, neither has our music. To -such as have never happened to read the -works of Aristotle, Plato, Quinctilian, and -others of the ancients, what I have to say<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> -about the latter art, may possibly appear -somewhat extraordinary. It is, nevertheless, -very certain, they all considered music -not only as an important, but as an indispensable -part of the qualifications of a politician; -Non igitur, frustra, Plato civili viro, -quem politicon vocant, necessariam musicen -credidit, says Quinctilian. It was one -of the fundamental laws of the republic of -Arcadia, that every man should learn music -until he was thirty years of age. Themistocles -the Athenian was treated as a vain boaster, -for pretending that he could make a great -kingdom of a small one, without availing -himself of its assistance. The rigid and austere -lawgiver of Sparta carefully mingled it with -the composition of his renowned government, -used it on all occasions with incredible -efficacy, and by this means preserved it -from corruption, for seven hundred years. -The wise Socrates studied it with uncommon -assiduity and success: and Pythagoras -boldly declared, that the great system of -the universe was framed on its principles, -and governed by its powers; in short, that -it was all in all. Music, in their acceptation -of the word, indeed, had somewhat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> -of a more comprehensive meaning than it -has at present; including not only stringed -instruments, wind instruments, rope instruments, -parchment instruments, bone -and iron instruments, but poetry likewise, -and many other sorts of harmony. Of this -marvellous art we have hitherto but imperfect -ideas. Shakespear just hints at it, and -freely gives it as his opinion, that the -man who knows it not, must be a traitor, -a villain, and a murderer. Mr. Pope -too conceived that the music of Mr. Handel -had a remarkable influence over the -passions and affections. Handel learned the -little he knew of this art from the Romans, -who, according to Quinctilian, surpassed -all the nations of the world in their martial -music, as much as they excelled them -in their military achievements; Quid, -autem aliud in nostris legionibus, cornua, -ac tubæ faciunt? Quorum concentus, quanto -est vehementior, tantum Romana in bellis -gloria cæteris præstat. And at this day the -Roman or Italian music, depraved, corrupted, -and enervated as it is become in -the course of two thousand years, has no -inconsiderable power over the minds of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> -our legislators, statesmen, and warriors. -The force of it has been felt in France, a -country not much renowned for this art. -M. Voltaire insinuates, that a song in the -time of Calvin, the burden of which was, -O Moines, O Moines, &c. contributed -more than any thing to the noble struggle -a part of that country made, for forty -years, in defence of their religious liberty. -So well aware was our Edward I. of its -universal power, that he could never assure -himself of the perfect and lasting conquest -of Wales, until he had murdered all the -Welsh bards. If I mistake not, he attempted -to do the same by the bards of Scotland: -the immortal Ossian escaped him; and his -music, calculated with the most consummate -political art to inspire the breasts of -all his countrymen with every passion, affection, -sentiment, and principle of heroic -virtue, that might make them happy at -home, beloved and respected by their -friends, and terrible to their enemies, the -Norwegians, Irish, or English, was reserved -until some great occasion should call -it forth; and accordingly did not make its -appearance until very lately. Something<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> -of the same kind was immediately attempted -by our English bards, with the -wise and benevolent intention of inspiring -and instructing their countrymen; but -not, I believe, with quite the same success. -Some compositions, however, we -have that are not without a considerable -share of merit; among which there is, -for instance, a well-known jig, I cannot -name, that is observed to produce a very -sensible effect upon our young men and -women. Our sportsmen never cease to -shout at, “With hounds, and with horn.” -All men kindle at, “Britons strike home,” -“Britannia rule the waves,” &c. Every -man must have remarked the unusual loyalty -which never fails to appear in the -countenances of a whole audience at the -excellent music of, “God save great -George our king. Happy,” &c. Lullybylero, -according to bishop Burnet, was -sung by every man, woman, and child, -throughout the whole kingdom, until the -very person of every Irishman was contemptible -and odious for near half a century. -And I do not despair that some able<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span> -and skilful bard may hereafter arise, truly -penetrated and inspired by the patriot love -we bear our country, and thoroughly inflamed -with that manly and generous indignation -we feel at the very name of a -Scot, who, by means of a song or a ballad, -may awaken the fury of an angry -people, dissolve the union, and cut the -throat of every North Briton in the kingdom.</p> - - -<p class="center p0 p4">THE END.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ERRATUM">ERRATUM.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>For capital, p. 21. l. 8. from the bottom, read Capitol.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - - -<p>Minor errors in punctuation have been fixed.</p> - -<p>The Erratum has been applied.</p> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REMARKS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF POLITICAL PAMPHLETS, WEEKLY PAPERS, PERIODICAL PAPERS, DAILY PAPERS, POLITICAL MUSIC, &C ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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