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diff --git a/78107-0.txt b/78107-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..49b5c6a --- /dev/null +++ b/78107-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11632 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78107 *** + + + + + BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE + + BY + CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT + DIRECTOR OF DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON + + [Illustration: CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON 1902] + + PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON + WASHINGTON, DECEMBER 1923 + + + + + CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON + PUBLICATION NO. 329 + + PAPER NO. 35 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS + + JUDD & DETWEILER + WASHINGTON + + + + +PREFACE. + + +This study of the hereditary factors of body-build is an outgrowth of +the author’s activities in the office of the Surgeon-General of the Army +during the World War, where he was in charge of anthropology. In the +examination of thousands of young men the extraordinary diversity of +build was a striking fact. The question of its genetic basis arose and +the desire was stimulated to find out if those physiologists are correct +who account for variations from average build solely on the ground of +special conditions of food intake and activity, and generally disregard +the possibility that factors of heredity are involved. It was anticipated +that the study would be a minor one. But, on account of the wealth of +family data at the Eugenics Record Office, the task assumed unexpectedly +large proportions. Much correspondence had to be undertaken to secure +confirmation or correction of the records, and the period of analysis of +the materials grew from months into years, while the manuscript of the +text and tables accumulated. + +Though it has added much to the bulk of the volume, it has seemed +desirable to print full details about the more critical cases. +Geographical location, race, occupation, and diseases have been generally +given because they all bear upon build. The height and weight are of +course given, and these are usually in English measurements, since +they were first reported in that system. They are given in brief form +thus: “120/63 inches”; which means that the subject weighed 120 pounds +(usually including clothing) and was 63 inches tall (without shoes). +The word “inches” is added as an indicator of the system of measurement +employed. In other cases English measures, or indices based on them, +are placed in parenthesis in accordance with scientific custom. Net +relative chest-girths, where given, are based on measurements taken just +below the axilla, are reduced to “on skin” measurements by subtracting +3 centimeters for summer clothing and 6 centimeters for indoor winter +clothing, and are divided by net stature. + +To this book many persons have contributed. Hundreds have furnished +data on the Records of Family Traits. Dr. Bret Ratner kindly responded +to my request by having daily measurements made on 11 infants during +the first 10 days of life. The photographs of men of standard build +were contributed by Dr. George L. Meylan; the photographs of boys on +plate 3 were obtained for me by Dr. William Burdick, of the Playground +Association of Baltimore. Through the kindness of Mr. Carle O. Warren, +of the Marquand School, Brooklyn, the photographs of boys of various ages +shown on plates 4 to 6 were secured. Dr. Harvey G. Beck and Dr. L. F. +Barker gave permission for the republication from Barker’s “Endocrinology +and Metabolism” of the photographs at the bottom of plate 8. The families +who have, on request, furnished special data are too numerous to mention. +To all of the foregoing I desire to express sincerest thanks. + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + + PREFACE iii + + PART I. Build, its definition and its ontogeny 3 + + A. General considerations 3 + + Types of variation in build 4 + + The measurement of build 4 + + Ontogenetic 4 + + Adult 5 + + Sexual differences in build 5 + + Racial differences in build 7 + + Geographical differences in build 7 + + B. The ontogeny of build 8 + + Materials and methods 8 + + The ontogenetic curve of build 11 + + Later ontogenetic changes in individual build 16 + + Relation of juvenile to adult build 19 + + PART II. Mass studies in heredity of adult build 22 + + Methods and materials 23 + + The adult index of build 24 + + Classification of build 26 + + Significance of variations in build 28 + + Diseases in relation to build 29 + + Mass study of variation and heredity in build 36 + + Regression of progeny toward mediocrity 37 + + Hypothesis 40 + + Mate selection in build 44 + + The basal tables 46 + + PART III. Family studies in heredity of build 51 + + A. Statement of problem 51 + + B. Discussion of special matings 51 + + CLASS I. Both parents slender 51 + + Mating 1. One parent is very slender of slender stock; + the other slender 51 + + Mating 2. Both parents are slender, of slender stock 53 + + Mating 3. Other slender × very slender matings 54 + + Mating 4. Other slender × slender matings 56 + + Summary of slender × slender matings 68 + + CLASS II. Both parents fleshy 69 + + Mating 1. One parent is very fleshy, the other fleshy + of fleshy stock 69 + + Mating 2. Both parents fleshy of fleshy stock 77 + + Mating 3. Other very fleshy × very fleshy matings 80 + + Summary 85 + + CLASS III. Mating of slender with fleshy stock. The F₁ + generation 86 + + Mating 1. One parent slender, of slender stock, the + other fleshy of fleshy stock 86 + + Mating 2. Other slender × fleshy matings 93 + + Mating 3. Very slender × very fleshy 97 + + Mating 4. Slender × very fleshy matings 98 + + Summary 105 + + CLASS IV. Matings of probably heterozygous parents. The + F₂ generation 107 + + Mating 1. Both parents either medium or fleshy, and + probably carrying gametes for slenderness as well + as fleshiness 107 + + Mating 2. Other medium × medium matings 118 + + Summary and discussion 119 + + CLASS V. The back cross 119 + + Mating 1. Heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender 119 + + Mating 2. Fleshy × heterozygous fleshy parents 132 + + Summary and discussion 140 + + C. General discussion 141 + + Heredity and environment in build 141 + + Endocrine glands as links between chromosomes and somatic + qualities 145 + + Evidence of segregation in the heredity of build 146 + + On the number of factors involved in fleshy build 149 + + D. Summary of conclusions 152 + + Appendix 155 + + Literature cited 175 + + Plates 177 + + + + +BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE + + BY + CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT + _Director of Department of Genetics, + Carnegie Institution of Washington_ + + + + +PART I. + +BUILD, ITS DEFINITION AND ITS ONTOGENY. + + + + +A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. + + +If a hundred men of about the same stature be compared, it is seen +that they vary greatly in weight. At the same time they vary in form, +and especially in bulk. This variation is popularly recognized by the +variety of terms applied to build. It may be of interest to pause a +moment to consider popular terminology relating to build. We have, first, +terms expressing a marked deviation below the normal build. We speak of +persons as “slender,” “thin,” “gaunt,” “slim,” “slight,” “spare,” “lank,” +and “spindling.” These terms are not exactly synonyms. “Lank” implies +angularity; “gaunt” connotes the ravage of disease; “thin” connotes +a loss of weight; “slight” connotes lightness and smallness of bone; +“spindling” is used especially of youth in the period of rapid growth +preceding adolescence; “slim” has a faint connotation of insufficiency; +“slender” best expresses the idea which we shall want to use in this work +where we have a relatively small interest in stature and where we wish +to avoid connotation of disease, developmental changes, etc. In other +languages there exists a series of terms which similarly differ slightly +in connotation. Thus, in French, there is “maigre,” in German “mager,” +which often connote a loss of weight through disease, “dünn,” which +connotes loss of a former more nearly average weight, and “schlank,” +which is close to the English “slender.” On the other hand, the English +language contains a variety of terms applicable to deviation in build +above the average. Thus we have the words “stout,” “portly,” “fleshy,” +“corpulent,” “thick-set,” “obese,” “chubby,” and “fat.” The word “stout” +usually carries a connotation of vigor. The term “portly” connotes large +size with a tendency to excessively great circumference. “Fleshy” is +nearly synonymous with “portly” but has less connotation of majesty of +size. “Corpulent” usually carries a connotation of abdominal enlargement. +“Thick-set” implies a large bony frame. “Obese” frequently connotes +excessive, strictly pathological, increase of build. “Chubby” is applied +especially to infants. “Fat” connotes excessive production of fat in the +body, as opposed to an unusually large muscular development. Perhaps of +all of these terms “fleshy” is as satisfactory as any as an expression +for build without connotation in respect to degree or source of great +weight, whether due to fat, muscle, or bone. In the German language there +are the terms, “plump,” and “schwerfällig,” which serve to express large +build. In the French language there are the terms, “gros,” “obese,” +and “embonpoint,” which is near to the English equivalent “stout” or +“fleshy.” In the present work the term “fleshy” is used, despite its +slight suggestion of muscular development merely, largely because it +begins with a different letter from slender. The word “slender” will be +used for the other extreme of build. It has been found convenient to +indicate those terms by their initial letters “S” and “F” respectively. + +Our main problem is, in how far does this difference in build between +slender and fleshy persons depend on constitutional factors? + + +TYPES OF VARIATION IN BUILD. + +Two types of variation in build have to be distinguished: (_a_) the +ontogenetic change in normal build during development with increasing +stature, and (_b_) the change in weight in adults of relatively +invariable stature. In type _a_, stature and other proportions are +rapidly changing, but in type _b_, stature remains constant, and, +throughout the race, stature does not differ as much in mature persons as +it does from birth to maturity. These two types follow different laws and +must be studied by different methods. Consequently they are considered in +distinct parts of the present paper. + + +THE MEASUREMENT OF BUILD. + +It is now necessary to consider how build may best be expressed +quantitatively. The subject of the best index of build has been much +discussed, but without sufficiently differentiating between the two types +of variation in build, the ontogenetic and the adult. One of the latest +authors to consider the matter is Bardeen (1920, p. 486), who mentions +the desirability of recording the volume of the body as a whole, notes +its impracticability, and concludes that we may estimate volume from +weight. It may, however, be doubted if volume is really involved in the +popular notion of build. At least, it is equally probable that the idea +of build, as popularly conceived, is a relation of transverse to vertical +diameters. When I look at a man, or a photograph of one as in plate 1, +and think, “he is slender,” it is because I make a mental comparison of +his breadth (of shoulders or chest) with his height and find that his +breadth in comparison with that of most men I know of that height is +small; or if he is stout the diameter of the chest is large in relation +to stature (plate 2). It seems probable that breadth in relation to +height gives the best expression of the popular idea of build. By the use +of this relation, build can be easily expressed for any age, since chest +circumference (which bears a nearly constant relation to chest diameter) +has been recorded for many persons of all ages. + +_Ontogenetic._—Since in so many children and young people the stature and +chest circumference have been measured, it is possible to use these data +in finding the law of normal ontogenetic changes in build from birth +to maturity. This ratio, chest-girth ÷ stature, has thus been used in +discussing this law, as more fully described in section B. This relation +can be used for tracing the change in build of the same developing child +or for tracing the average change of build. + +_Adult._—In the study of adult changes of build we start with the +condition that in the individual the stature is fixed. Consequently, in +an individual whose weight is changing, the relation of the build at _a_ +years is to that at another period _n_ years later as chest-girth at +_a_ years : chest-girth at _a_ + _n_ years. Thus, in the adult period, +changes of build are proportional to chest-girth. In different persons, +of differing stature, the stature has to be taken into account, and the +differences in build are measured by the relation of relative chest-girth +as in children. Unfortunately, in our study of heredity in adult build, +we usually do not know the chest-girth of the different members of the +family, but only their stature and weight. Our problem is, then, to find +a relation between chest-girth and weight that will enable us to infer +the one from the other. This problem will be further considered in a +later section (p. 24). + + +SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD. + +Sex influences the body so profoundly that we have, first of all, to +consider its influence on build, either in early or in adult stages. At +birth there is, on the average, a difference between the sexes in weight. +The male is about 2.5 per cent heavier than the female (3,310 : 3,230 +grams in German children, Daffner, 1902, p. 125, quoting Hecker; +3,606 : 3,485 grams in American children, Benedict and Talbot, 1915). +But this does not imply that the boy baby is the chubbier, since the +boy baby is longer by about 1.7 per cent than the girl baby. There is +no obvious difference in the chubbiness of the sexes at birth. Likewise, +in later infancy no obvious difference has been detected, though no +thoroughgoing studies have been made on this subject. In childhood and +youth children of different sex differ in build on the average, but this +is because the form of the ontogenetic curve of build is very different. +After maturity and cessation of growth, there is a marked difference in +form between the sexes. The female has more subcutaneous fat and appears +plumper. If the criterion of weight be applied, the complication arises +that the specific gravity of the female seems to be less than that of +the male (Bardeen, 1920, p. 488, following Meeh, 1895). As found by +Medico-Actuarial Mortality investigations of the Associated Life +Insurance Medical Directors of the Actuarial Society of America, +1912, volume I, p. 251: “The difference in weight between men and +women of the same height is slight under the age of 20, but above +that age young men are distinctly heavier than young women, the +difference becoming less marked as they grow older. The tall women +are markedly lighter than men of the same height.” The main reason +for the greater weight of young men is their relatively much greater +chest circumference. + + +TABLE 1.—_The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build +of offspring derived from the various types of matings._ + +SUMMATION TABLE, MALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11. + + +-------+----------+-----------+-----------------------------+---------+ + | | | | Build of male offspring. | Total | + |Type of| No. of | No. of +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ No. | + |mating.| matings. | children. | | | | | |male and | + | | | | VS | S | M | F | VF | female | + | | | | | | | | |children.| + +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+ + | VS×S | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11 | + | VS×M | 8 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 28 | + | VS×F | 5 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 25 | + | S×S | 23 | 29 | 1 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 47 | + | S×M | 101 | 172 | 0 | 12 | 116 | 38 | 6 | 306 | + | S×F | 49 | 88 | 1 | 5 | 51 | 30 | 1 | 155 | + | S×VF | 11 | 23 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 34 | + | M×M | 92 | 178 | 0 | 18 | 117 | 40 | 3 | 327 | + | M×F | 114 | 194 | 0 | 9 | 118 | 58 | 9 | 340 | + | M×VF | 30 | 59 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 24 | 10 | 112 | + | F×F | 33 | 77 | 3 | 30 | 34 | 6 | 4 | 156 | + | F×VF | 30 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 28 | 7 | 100 | + | VF×VF | 7 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 30 | + | +----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+ + | Total | 507 | 926 | 7 | 106 | 515 | 246 | 52 | 1,671 | + +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+ + | Average build |25.00|29.03|33.64|39.15|49.09| | + +------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+ + + Average male index of build, 35.81 ± .12. + Standard deviation, 5.33 ± .084. + + +TABLE 2.—_The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build +of offspring derived from the various types of matings._ + +SUMMATION TABLE, FEMALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11A. + + +-------+----------+-----------+-----------------------------+ + | | | | Build of female offspring. | + |Type of| No. of | No. of +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + |mating.| matings. | children. | | | | | | + | | | | VS | S | M | F | VF | + | | | | | | | | | + +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | VS×S | 4 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | + | VS×M | 8 | 17 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 0 | + | VS×F | 5 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 | + | S×S | 23 | 18 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 | + | S×M | 101 | 134 | 0 | 36 | 78 | 15 | 5 | + | S×F | 49 | 67 | 2 | 16 | 29 | 19 | 1 | + | S×VF | 11 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 0 | + | M×M | 92 | 149 | 2 | 21 | 81 | 41 | 4 | + | M×F | 114 | 146 | 0 | 19 | 90 | 30 | 7 | + | M×VF | 30 | 53 | 1 | 4 | 29 | 12 | 7 | + | F×F | 33 | 79 | 0 | 12 | 30 | 27 | 10 | + | F×VF | 30 | 43 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 14 | 10 | + | VF×VF | 7 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 1 | + | +----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | Total | 507 | 745 | 12 | 136 | 384 | 167 | 46 | + +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | Average build |24.17|28.69|33.41|39.23|46.76| + +------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + + Average female index of build, 34.54 ± .13. + Standard deviation, 5.13 ± .09. + +Proceeding by a method to be developed later, I have divided adult build +into five classes, and counted for the various matings the number of +children falling into each. (See tables 1 and 2.) The average index of +build, obtained from the individual indices of build, is 2.52 (metric +system) or 35.81 ± 0.12 (English system) for males, and 2.43 (34.54 ± +0.13) for females, a difference of only 3.7 per cent in favor of the +males, a difference that for our purposes can be neglected. A separation +of the sexes in our studies will therefore be, ordinarily, not attempted, +and this has the advantage in giving us larger frequencies in our tables. + + +RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD. + +That there are marked racial differences in build is notorious. The +slender Scotchman (plate 1, fig. 3) is in striking contrast with the +South Italian, Greek, or Russian Jew (plate 2, fig. 3). The Eskimo are +noted for their fleshiness, but Arctic conditions seem to favor large +build. (See Davenport and Love, 1921, p. 165.) Martin (1914, p. 248) +gives an average body-build of 1.42 (2.3 our system) for South Russian +Jews and 1.07 (1.7 our system) for Bushmen. Probably the Nilotic negroes +are the slenderest race on earth (Martin, 191, p. 254; for photograph see +Martin, p. 263, or Davenport, 1917, p. 347). The racial differences in +body-build are so great that, when feasible, race should be taken into +account in studies on body-build. + + +GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD. + +Apart from race, it seems probable that climate influences build. The +races that live in the north polar region are of stout build, but this +may be a racial trait. On the other hand, the whites who come to live +near the pole are heavier than those who live near the equator. This may +be due to relative freedom in the subpolar area from certain diseases +which reduce weight. There may, however, be a physiological response +of the body to the long, cold winters. Whatever the explanation, men +from Alaska were found, at mobilization of the United States Army in +1917-18, to have a much higher index of build than those from any other +region, i. e., 2.28 (32.41);[1] North Dakota and South Dakota came next, +with indices of 2.24 (31.85) and 2.23 (31.73) respectively. These were +followed by Montana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Contrariwise, the recruits +from the Gulf States had a low index of build. Whatever the determining +causes, geographical differences in build do exist. Consequently, in +studies of build, it is desirable to consider the residences of the +persons studied. + +[1] The method of measuring build is discussed at page 24. The smaller +index (usually lying between 1.5 and 4.5) is the metric index. The +larger index (20 up to 100) is the English system index, and is usually +expressed without decimals. + + + + +B. THE ONTOGENY OF BUILD. + + +From the time of fertilization of the egg it proceeds on its course of +development directed by its “hereditary factors,” but modifiable by the +conditions offered by the environment. Thus is determined the weight of +the baby at birth, and thus the build of the later stages to maturity +are directed. It has seemed useful to measure the changes in build from +birth to maturity, using the method of measuring build during development +described in an earlier section (p. 4). + + +MATERIALS AND METHODS. + +The materials available for such a study are considerable and may be +drawn from a large number of different nationalities. A selection had to +be made from this material; there were chosen the best available series +from those nationalities most representative of the population of the +United States, considering the diversity of its European origin. Two sets +of data were utilized: first, collections of measurements made on males +from 1 year to 21 years; second, some collections from children of both +sexes from birth to 1 year of age. + +The first collection of data is gathered from nine sources, listed +below. The data used are given in detail in table 3, which shows the +number of individuals measured by each observer at each age, the average +relative chest-girth at that age, and the average, for each age, of the +different averages of the relative chest-girths formed by each observer. +These averages are not weighted, since the racial stocks measured by the +different observers differed. The average of each observer has therefore +to be considered as a unit of nearly equal value with that of any other +(table 3). + + 1. Quetelet (1870) data. As Quetelet’s original book was not + available, the data reprinted in Bardeen (1920, p. 544) were + used. Quetelet measured 10 persons at each age from 1 to 20 years + (and older). He selected his subjects with good judgment and + the resulting curve of varying build is remarkably smooth. The + subjects were doubtless Belgians. + + 2. Weissenberg (1911) data. These were gathered by observations + on South Russian Jews. The numbers observed ranged from 15 males + at birth to about 40 to 100 at later ages. This series is of + especial value because such large numbers of individuals of each + age were measured and because in it are considered only children + as near as possible to their birthdays; that is, as 2 or 3 year + old children were taken those of exactly 2 or 3 years ± 2 months; + as 4, 5, and 6 year olds, 4, 5, and 6 years ± 3 months; as 7 and + 8 years, 7 or 8 years ± 4 months. For older children the even + year ± 5 months was taken. The measurement was taken at the line + of the nipples and below the lower apex of the scapulæ; chest + apparently at rest. + + 3. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. These were gathered from + healthy children of Boston, Massachusetts. Girth was taken at + the nipples, in a quiescent condition. The number of individuals + considered at each age is small (1 to 9), but the data are + precious, because so few have been published for the period 2 to + 5 years. + + 4. Masters Day Nursery data. Original, from measurements made + upon healthy children in New York City. The chest was measured at + the line of the nipples in a quiescent condition. The numbers are + small, 2 per year. + + 5. Town (1922) data. A special study of 5 and 6 year old children + of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. There were 31 and 11 children respectively. + + 6. Reitz (1904) data. A study of school children of Berlin, + Germany. Chest-girth measured “at rest.” From 23 to 209 at the + respective ages from 6 to 19 years, inclusive. + + 7. Baldwin (1921) data. A group of 60 boys of the well-to-do + class at the Horace Mann School, New York City, were measured + repeatedly in successive years from 7 to 17 years of age + inclusive. Chest at “normal” condition. + + 8. Godin (1903) data. Measurements taken annually on the same 100 + boys in a French military school at St. Hippolyte-du-Fort, Gard. + Chest-girth below pectoralis in repose. Ages 13½ to 17 years + inclusive. + + 9. Hitchcock, Seeley, and Phillips (1900) data. Measurements made + on about 40 to 600 students at Amherst College at each age from + 16 to 26 years inclusive. The chest-girth is made at the level of + the nipples and embraces the scapulæ. + + +TABLE 3.—_Average relative chest-girth (chest girth + stature) at +different ages from birth to maturity, males._ + +[According to the observations of 9 sets of observers. The main entries +of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (points omitted). +Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number of persons +measured to obtain that average. The column on the extreme right gives +the (unweighted) average of the averages standing on the same line.] + + +--------+------------+---------------+-----------+-----------+--------+ + | |1. Quetelet.|2. Weissenberg.|3. Benedict|4. Masters |5. Town.| + | | | |and Talbot.| Day | | + | Time. | | | | Nursery. | | + | +-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+ + | | No. | Avg. | No. | Avg. | No. | Avg.| No.| Avg. |No.|Avg.| + +--------+-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+ + | Birth | 10 | 5900 | | 5511 | 3 | 6600| | | | | + | 1 year | 10 | 6300 | | | 3 | 6300| | | | | + | 2 years| 10 | 5850 | 38 | 6005 | 6 | 6060| | | | | + | 3 years| 10 | 5600 | 38 | 5803 | 1 | 5760| | | | | + | 4 years| 10 | 5430 | 38 | 5567 | 2 | 5600| | | | | + | 5 years| 10 | 5300 | 55 | 5353 | 4 | 5340| 2 | 5263 | 31|5082| + | 6 years| 10 | 5200 | 55 | 5208 | 4 | 5040| 2 | 5136 | 11|4990| + | 7 years| 10 | 5110 | 81 | 5058 | 7 | 5190| 2 | 5072 | | | + | 8 years| 10 | 5040 | 95 | 5030 | 7 | 5100| | | | | + | 9 years| 10 | 4990 | 112 | 5016 | 7 | 5060| | | | | + |10 years| 10 | 4950 | 132 | 4952 | 5 | 5150| | | | | + |11 years| 10 | 4920 | 117 | 4911 | 9 | 4950| | | | | + |12 years| 10 | 4910 | 103 | 4780 | 6 | 4810| | | | | + |13 years| 10 | 4900 | 115 | 4850 | | | | | | | + |14 years| 10 | 4900 | 109 | 4866 | | | | | | | + |15 years| 10 | 4910 | 102 | 4923 | | | | | | | + |16 years| 10 | 4930 | 103 | 4888 | | | | | | | + |17 years| 10 | 4970 | 108 | 4929 | | | | | | | + |18 years| 10 | 5040 | 115 | 5046 | | | | | | | + |19 years| 10 | 5110 | 116 | 5076 | | | | | | | + |20 years| 10 | 5180 | 129 | 5040 | | | | | | | + |21 years| | | | | | | | | | | + |25 years| | 5250 | | | | | | | | | + +--------+-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+ + + +--------+---------+-----------+---------+-------------+----------+ + | |6. Reitz.|7. Baldwin.|8. Godin.|9. Hitchcock.| | + | | | | | | | + | Time. | | | | |Unweighted| + | +----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+ averages.| + | | No.|Avg.| No. | Avg.|No.|Avg. | No. | Avg. | | + +--------+----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+----------+ + | Birth | | | | | | | | | 6004 | + | 1 year | | | | | | | | | 6300 | + | 2 years| | | | | | | | | 5972 | + | 3 years| | | | | | | | | 5721 | + | 4 years| | | | | | | | | 5532 | + | 5 years| | | | | | | | | 5268 | + | 6 years| | | | | | | | | 5115 | + | 7 years| | | 60 | 4852| | | | | 5056 | + | 8 years| | | 60 | 4821| | | | | 4998 | + | 9 years| 168|4573| 60 | 4805| | | | | 4889 | + |10 years| 181|4569| 60 | 4793| | | | | 4883 | + |11 years| 209|4595| 60 | 4740| | | | | 4823 | + |12 years| 189|4546| 60 | 4731| | | | | 4755 | + |13 years| 143|4542| 60 | 4762|100| 4966| | | 4804 | + |14 years| 158|4506| 60 | 4745|100| 5071| | | 4818 | + |15 years| 140|4550| 60 | 4813|100| 5166| | | 4872 | + |16 years| 117|4626| 60 | 4870|100| 5295| 40 | 5000 | 4935 | + |17 years| 70|4598| 60 | 4974|100| 5296| 250 | 4968 | 4956 | + |18 years| 40|4684| | | | | 600 | 5003 | 4943 | + |19 years| 23|4833| | | | | 600 | 5089 | 5027 | + |20 years| | | | | | | 600 | 5136 | 5119 | + |21 years| | | | | | | 600 | 5205 | 5205 | + |25 years| | | | | | | | 5291 | 5271 | + +--------+----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+----------+ + +Owing to the complex nature of the curve of build during the first year +of development, special collections of data were made for this portion of +the curve (table 4). They are listed as follows: + + 1. Original data contributed by Dr. Bret Ratner, pediatrician, + of New York, being measurements made in May and June, 1922, of + weight, length, and chest circumference on 11 babies at the + Manhattan Maternity Hospital during each of the first 10 days + after birth. There were 9 boys and 2 girls. Judging alone by the + surnames, there were apparently of British stock 6, of German + stock 2, of Italian stock 2, and of Spanish stock 1. It is very + difficult to measure length and chest-girth of infants. Length + “on birthday” was generally taken with the child suspended by its + feet, chest-girth with the chest as quiet as possible. The first + measurement was taken as soon as the baby was born, and each + morning thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ a.m. The later lengths were measured + on a graduated board. + + 2. New York Milk Station data collected by Miss Louise A. Nelson + and Miss Margaret R. Babcock, of the Eugenics Record Office + staff. They were made during May and June 1922, on healthy + babies, without clothing. The length was measured with the aid + of a graduated board. Boys and girls were both included, as at + this age their build is not very different, on the average. The + numbers ranged from 4 to 52 for the various months from 0.5 month + to 13 months by 0.5-month intervals. + + 3. Ratner advanced data. Original data secured by Dr. Bret Ratner + (at Manhattan Maternity Hospital, New York City, on healthy + children whose parents brought them repeatedly to the hospital) + and kindly given to the writer for this study. In this series, + observations are especially abundant at 1, 1.5, and 2 months (47, + 170, and 30 cases respectively). + + 4. Grover (1915) data. Boys only among out-patients of the + Children’s Hospital, Boston, and visitors at milk stations. No + clothing. Chest measured at level of nipples, midway between + inspiration and expiration. Length measured on graduated board. + From 2 to 5 at each month of age. + + 5. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. (See No. 3, p. 9.) One to 6 + individuals at the various months. + + 6. Schmid-Monnard (1892) data. Copied from Bardeen (1920, page + 542). Boys and girls measured at Frankfort am Main, Germany. 8 to + 67 in respective months. Ages 1 to 13 months and up to 30 months. + + 7. Crum (1915) data. Average measurements of babies without + regard to sex, 193 to 264 per month, mostly baby-show babies and + hence strongly selected. Various parts of the United States. + +From the foregoing collections of data, tables 3, 4, and 5 were drawn +up, giving for each age the mean relative chest-girth found by each +observer. Also, the number of individuals upon which the measurement is +based, necessary for weighting the mean. The mean of all measurements was +weighted in table 4, but not in table 3 for the reasons stated on page 8. + + +TABLE 4.—_Average relative chest-girth of infants from birth to 13 +months._ + +[Obtained from 6 series of observations, described on pages 12, 13. +The main entries of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (point +omitted). Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number +of persons measured to obtain that average. The column at the extreme +right gives the weighted averages of the averages standing in the same +line.] + + +----------+----------+----------+----------+ + | | | 2. N. Y. | | + | |3. Ratner.| Milk |4. Grover.| + | Time. | |(♂ and ♀.)| | + | +----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+ + | | No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.| + +----------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+ + |2 weeks | 32| 6641| 4 | 6533| | | + |1 month | 47| 6602| 26 | 6504| 2 | 5861| + |1.5 months| 170| 6772| 36 | 6639| | | + |2 months | 30| 6670| 52 | 6623| 4 | 6661| + |3 months | 11| 6700| 49 | 6566| 3 | 6220| + |4 months | 12| 6542| 39 | 6542| 3 | 6157| + |5 months | 10| 6492| 26 | 6522| 3 | 6278| + |6 months | 8| 6500| 39 | 6542| 5 | 6278| + |7 months | 10| 6720| 27 | 6424| 3 | 6203| + |8 months | 3| 6267| 23 | 6317| 4 | 6464| + |9 months | 3| 6550| 26 | 6364| 3 | 6060| + |10 months | 2| 6200| 18 | 6431| 2 | 6237| + |11 months | 1| 6600| 13 | 6354| 2 | 5868| + |12 months | 1| 5800| 8 | 6271| 1 | 5691| + |13 months | | | 11 | 6186| | | + +----------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+ + + +----------+-----------+----------+----------+-----+ + | | |6. Schmid | | | + | |5. Benedict| and | 7. Crum. | | + | Time. |and Talbot.| Monnard. | |Aver.| + | +----+------+----+-----+----+-----+ | + | | No.| Avg. | No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.| | + +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+ + |2 weeks | 3 | 6599 | | | | | 6627| + |1 month | 2 | 6249 | 67 | 6280| | | 6419| + |1.5 months| 4 | 6574 | | | | | 6745| + |2 months | 3 | 6765 | 44 | 6470| | | 6512| + |3 months | 4 | 6529 | 37 | 6040| | | 6382| + |4 months | 4 | 6304 | 30 | 6510| | | 6507| + |5 months | 3 | 6455 | 37 | 6230| | | 6368| + |6 months | 6 | 6117 | 27 | 6540| 259| 6556| 6540| + |7 months | 3 | 6500 | 19 | 6240| 256| 6468| 6456| + |8 months | 1 | 6308 | 16 | 6400| 232| 6470| 6450| + |9 months | 4 | 6352 | 29 | 6160| 211| 6355| 6333| + |10 months | 2 | 6110 | 17 | 6400| 209| 6404| 6400| + |11 months | 1 | 6174 | 15 | 6120| 193| 6336| 6318| + |12 months | 1 | 6383 | 22 | 6090| 289| 6298| 6280| + |13 months | 1 | 6026 | 19 | 6080| 264| 6235| 6222| + +----------+-----------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+ + +It will be observed that the means of build differ, for the constant age, +more than do the differences between successive ages. That is to say, the +absolute difference between races at any given age is greater than the +average differences between one year and the next. + +The mean relative chest circumferences for the different ages are plotted +in figure 2. + + +THE ONTOGENETIC CURVE OF BUILD. + +The resulting curve of build from birth to maturity is given in figure 1. +This curve shows that build in males is greatest at birth, or at about +1 month, and that it then steadily diminishes to 12 years of age. It +then slowly increases to maturity, and indeed to 30 years, after which it +increases with extreme slowness, probably to 55 years. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.—Polygon of development of relative chest-girth, +male. + +Abscissæ: Age in years. Ordinates (chest ÷ girth/stature) × 1000. Based +on averages of the measurements of Quetelet (Belgians), Weissenberg +(Russian Jews), Benedict and Talbot (U.S.A.), Masters Day Nursery, N. Y. +City, Town (Iowa children), Gray and Jacobs (school boys, well-to-do), +Reitz (Germans), Godin (French), Hitchcock (U.S.A. college men), Baldwin +(N. Y. City schools).] + +From table 4A and the curve of build, figure 2, we see that the infant +at birth has a chest-girth which is somewhat over two-thirds of stature +(0.6685). It falls rapidly to one month after birth, and then begins to +rise. This minimum is connected with the loss of weight which follows +birth, and is due to the difficulty of making adjustments to the new +conditions which the organism has to meet. This adjustment is soon +thereafter completed and within 2 months chest-girth and weight are not +only recovered, but have caught up with increasing length of body. At 6 +weeks the body has reached its maximum post-natal chubbiness. Another +temporary loss in chubbiness occurs at about 8 months, due perhaps to +the cutting of the incisors. The decline which subsequently ensues is +prevailingly due to the rapid growth of the legs without corresponding +increase in transverse diameter (plates 3 and 4). At about 12 years the +boy enters the awkward age when, his legs and arms having grown from 5 +to 10 cm. in a single year, he has not yet acquired muscular control +of them (plate 7, fig. 2). At the same time his trunk retains childish +proportions (plate 5, fig. 12). A little earlier than the boy, the girl +enters the “Backfisch” stage of similar slenderness and awkwardness +(plate 7, fig. 3, from Stratz, 1922, p. 258). It is commonly believed +that this rapid growth of the appendages and their long bones is +controlled by the secretions of the pituitary gland. Gradually in the +boy, at 14 years, as the gonads begin to ripen, the growth of the legs is +retarded and the transverse chest diameter begins to increase rapidly; +the lad is quickly transformed into a broad-shouldered, broad-chested, +stocky man (plate 3, fig. 3, plate 5, fig. 8) and accordingly the curve +of build rises much more in the young man than in the young woman (plate +7, figs. 4 and 5). Consequently the adult female build, as measured +by relative chest circumference, is relatively small. At about 19 or +20 years’ growth in stature has usually practically ceased. Meanwhile +chest-girth increases slowly by the enlargement of trunk muscles and +deposition of fat. Weight is, indeed, stated to increase, on the average, +until the age of 55 years (tables 6 and 7). + +[Illustration: FIG. 2.—Polygon of relative chest-girth in infants, from +birth to fourteen months, with smoothed curve of build (dotted line). +Data from New York Milk Stations and Dr. B. Ratner.] + + +TABLE 4A.—_Weight, chest-girth, length of body, and relative chest-girth +at birth and daily thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ for 10 days for 11 babies._ + +[Data furnished by Bret Ratner, M.D., from Manhattan Maternity Hospital +and Dispensary, New York City. Weight in grams; chest-girth and length +in millimeters. Relative chest-girth in ten-thousandths. Final average +relative chest girth is multiplied by 1.037 to adjust to Table 4.] + + +---------------+---------------+------+-------+-------+-------+------- + | |Measurements, | At | 1st | 2nd | 3d | 4th + | | etc. |birth.| day. | day. | day. | day. + +---------------+---------------+------+-------+-------+-------+------- + |No. 1, male. |{Weight | 2126 |2084 |1970 |1899 |1885 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27.75| 27 + | V 30, 2ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 45 | 43.75| 43.13| 42.75| 43 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6400 |6493 |6491 |6279 + | | | | | | | + |No. 2, male. |{Weight | 3472 |3494 |3423 |3366 |3430 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 35 | 35 | 34.25| 33 | 33.5 + | V 30, 2ʰ25ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 52.25| 51.5 | 50.75| 51.5 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6699 |6651 |6503 |6505 + | | | | | | | + |No. 3, male. |{Weight | 2963 |2927 |2842 |2729 |2736 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 32.25| 31 | 31 | 32 + | V 30, 19ʰ35ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 50.5 | 49 | 49 | 49.25 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6386 |6327 |6327 |6498 + | | | | | | | + |No. 4, male. |{Weight | 3558 |3487 |3303 |3154 |3204 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 34 | 34 | 33.5 | 33.25| 34 + | V 30, 13ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 51.75 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6667 |6701 |6650 |6570 + | | | | | | | + |No. 5, male. |{Weight | 3005 |3305 |2913 |2856 |2892 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 + | VI 1, 3ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50.75| 51 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6078 |6078 |6108 |6275 + | | | | | | | + |No. 6, male. |{Weight |3019 |2913 |2877 |2750 |2863 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32.5| 31.75| 31.25| 31.75| 31.75 + | VI 1, 12ʰ45ᵐ |{Body-length | 49 | 49 | 49.25| 49.25| 49.25 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6480 |6345 |6447 |6414 + | | | | | | | + |No. 7, male. |{Weight |3175 |3147 |3005 |2962 |2892 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 32.5 | 32 | 32 | 31 + | VI 1, 23ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 51.25| 50.75| 50.75| 51 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6342 |6305 |6305 |6078 + | | | | | | | + |No. 8, female. |{Weight |2835 |2750 |2679 |2587 |2587 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 31.5| 32.5 | 31 | 31 | 31 + | VI 3, 22ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 48.75| 48.75| 49 | 49 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6667 |6359 |6327 |6327 + | | | | | | | + |No. 9, male. |{Weight |3657 |3657 |3572 |3381 |3366 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 33.5 | 33 | 33 | 33.5 + | VI 5, 23ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 53 | 53 | 52.5 | 53.5 | 53.5 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6321 |6286 |6168 |6262 + | | | | | | | + |No. 10, male. |{Weight |3232 |3118 |2948 |2821 |2814 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32 | 34 | 31 | 31 | 31 + | VI 6. 7ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51.25| 50 | 51.5 | 51.5 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6244 |6800 |6019 |6019 + | | | | | | | + |No. 11, female.|{Weight |3303 |3175 |3076 |2962 |2934 + | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 + | VI 5, 17ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 50.25| 50 | 50 | 50 + | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6766 |6800 |6600 |6600 + | +======+=======+=======+=======+======= + |Total relative | | | | | + | chest-girth | |710483 |711435 |699448 |698260 + |Average relative | | | | | + | chest-girth × 1.037 | 661 | 670 | 671 | 659 | 658 + +-------------------------------+------+-------+-------+-------+------- + + -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | + day. | day. | day. | day. | day. | day. | + -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + 1821 |1871 |1899 |1899 |1899 |1928 | + 26.5 | 27.5 | 27.5 | 28 | 27.5 | 27.5 | + 43 | 42 | 42.25| 42.25| 43 | 43.75| + 6163 |6548 |6509 |6627 |6395 |6286 | + | | | | | | + 3466 |3529 |3508 |3515 |3529 |3572 | + 34 | 33.5 | 33 | 33.5 | 33.5 | 33.5 | + 52.25| 52.25| 52.25| 52.5 | 52.5 | 52.5 | + 6507 |6412 |6416 |6381 |6381 |6381 | + | | | | | | + 2835 |2821 |2849 |2835 |2913 |2927 | + 32.5 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 32.5 | 32.5 | + 49.5 | 49.5 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50.25| + 6566 |6465 |6200 |6200 |6500 |6468 | + | | | | | | + 3303 |3359 |3409 |3416 |3473 |3494 | + 33.5 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34.5 | + 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.25| 51.25| 51.5 | 51.5 | + 6505 |6602 |6634 |6634 |6602 |6699 | + | | | | | | + 2906 |2991 |3069 |3104 |3125 |3147 | + 32 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | + 51 | 51.25| 51.5 | 52 | 52 | 51.25| + 6275 |6079 |6214 |6346 |6346 |6244 | + | | | | | | + 2828 |2927 |2849 |2906 |2962 |2977 | + 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31.5 | 32 | + 48.75| 49 | 50 | 50 | 50.5 | 50.5 | + 6564 |6530 |6400 |6400 |6238 |6337 | + | | | | | | + 2906 |2941 |2984 |2969 |3012 |3026 | + 31.5 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | + 51 | 51 | 51.75| 51.75| 51.75| 52.75| + 6177 |6275 |6184 |6184 |6184 |6184 | + | | | | | | + 2629 |2651 |2672 |2693 |2750 |2722 | + 31 | 31 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | + 49.5 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 50 | 49.5 | + 6263 |6263 |6060 |6263 |6200 |6263 | + | | | | | | + 3473 |3487 |3544 |3544 |3565 |3536 | + 33.5 | 33.5 | 33 | 33 | 33.5 | 33.5 | + 53.5 | 53.5 | 54 | 54 | 54.5 | 53.75| + 6262 |6262 |6111 |6111 |6147 |6233 | + | | | | | | + 2835 |2849 |2870 |2877 |2948 |2941 | + 31 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | + 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 52 | 52 | + 6019 |6019 |6117 |6117 |6058 |6058 | + | | | | | | + 2955 |2962 |3033 |3059 |3033 |2984 | + 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 33 | + 50 | 50 | 50.25| 50.25| 50.25| 50.75| + 6500 |6500 |6467 |6467 |6467 |6503 | + =======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+ + | | | | | | + 697994 |699232 |692119 |697300 |695178 |696529 | + | | | | | | + 658 | 659 | 652 | 657 | 655 | 655 | + -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + +It may be well to consider briefly, necessarily somewhat speculatively, +the significance of this ontogenetic change in build. First of all, +the high relative chest circumference of infancy is due chiefly to the +extremely short legs of the infant. Leg-length constitutes only about 40 +per cent of stature at birth, whereas it comes to constitute 53 to 55 +per cent at maturity. Consequently, the relative leg-length at infancy +is only a trifle more than 70 per cent of the adult relative leg-length. +Likewise the leg-length of the gorilla is about 70 per cent that of +a European man (German, cf. Martin, 1914, p. 308). Consequently the +relative leg-length of the infant, at birth, is to that of the adult +as the relative leg-length of an anthropoid ape is to the relative +leg-length of man. Incidentally, it may be added that the relative length +of the arm of the infant is only slightly (8 per cent) less than that of +the adult, while in the chimpanzee the relative arm-length is 18 per cent +_greater_ than that of man. + +We have seen that the relative leg-length of the boy increases to about +12 years and thereafter diminishes to the period of completed growth. +The white man has his greatest leg-length shortly before adolescence. We +find that among the races of mankind it is the long-legged negro tribes +of East Africa, especially the upper Nile (Johnston, 1906. II, p. 932), +which are among the lowest races of mankind, and which seem to represent +in the adult the physical stage through which the white boy passes at 12 +years. Other African tribes have, indeed, relatively shorter legs and +thus show a persisting adult stage that is either slightly younger or +slightly older than that of the 12-year-old white boy. + +Figure 1 (to return to it after this digression) seems thus adequately to +measure the varying build of humans from birth to past maturity. It may, +indeed, be regarded as composed of two parts: first, that from birth to +the cessation of growth in stature, and second, that beyond cessation of +growth in stature. + +The curve of build thus obtained is, apart from the first period of +adjustment that follows birth, a smoothly flowing one, that might indeed +be expressed by a formula + + _y_ = _ax_ + _bx²_ + _cx³_ + _dx⁴_, etc. + +The curve of build of figure 1 seems to be new in this form. It is, +however, of the same general shape as the curve of varying “Körperfülle” +drawn by Martin (1914, p. 246) from Quetelet’s data and based on the +relation of weight ÷ stature³. The numbers of children considered +in Martin’s figure are inadequate and there is hardly sufficient +justification for the use of this formula to express changes of build +during ontogeny. + +The ontogenetic curve of build may serve as a graphic representation of +the stages of development as listed by Stratz (1922). These stages are +shown in table 5. + + +TABLE 5.—_Growth-periods in children._ + +[Modified from C. W. Stratz, 1922, p. 87.] + + +------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ + |Year of age.| First (neutral) child age. | + +------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ + | 0 to 1 | Infancy. Lactation. | + +------------+-------------------------------------------------------+ + | 1 to 2 |} | + | 2 3 |} First period of filling out. | + | 3 4 |} | + | | | + | 4 5 |} | + | 5 6 |} First stretching. | + | 6 7 |} | + +============+=======================================================+ + | | Second (bisexual) child age. Youth. | + +------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ + | | Boys. | Girls. | + +------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ + | 7 to 8 |} Second period of | Second period of | + | 8 9 |} filling out. | filling out (rounding | + | 9 10 |} | of hips and legs). | + | | | | + | 10 11 |} | | + | 11 12 |} Second stretching | Second stretching | + | 12 13 |} (shooting up in | (shooting up in stature).| + | 13 14 |} stature). Change | Menstruation; beginning | + | 14 15 |} of voice. | breast development. | + | | | | + | 15 16 |} | | + | 16 17 |} Third period of filling | Third period of fullness | + | 17 18 |} out (broadening of | (rapid increase | + | 18 19 |} chest; rapid increase | in weight). Maturity. | + | 19 20 |} in weight). Maturity. | | + +------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+ + + +LATER ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN INDIVIDUAL BUILD. + +Any investigation of the heredity of build is apt to meet with the +difficulty that only the present weights and statures of children, +parents, and grandparents are known; that the persons are of different +ages and hence the data concerning them are not precisely comparable. +Even if we exclude from consideration children of the rapid +developmental period, under 18 years of age, still we have the problem of +individual change of build in mature life. Since stature is practically +immutable at this period, change in build may be measured by change in +weight. That change in weight does occur is notorious. Figures 3 to 6 +illustrate graphically the changes in weight in various individuals from +records taken almost at random. In figure 3 the curves of increasing +weight run rapidly upward; in figure 4 they go up and then fall again; in +figure 6 they are more nearly horizontal. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.—Changes in weight from 25 to 50 or 60 years +of father (F), mother (M), and son (S) in D: BOL-1 family, showing a +consistent history of rapid increase of build with age.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.—Changes in weight from 25 (or 40) years to 45 +(or 75) years of father (F), mother (M), and daughter (D) in D: BOL-1A +family, showing a history of fluctuating build.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 5.—Changes in weight from 25 to 45 years of 3 sibs +belonging to the D: HAY-1 family, showing a slight tendency to increase +with age.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 6.—Changes in weight from 15 to 50 years in 4 sibs of +the D: BAN-1 family, showing no great tendency to change of build during +life.] + +On the whole, the weight tends to increase with age. This is shown by the +tables of the “Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation” (vol. 1, pp. 38 +and 67). The tables are reproduced in our tables 6 and 7. They show that, +on the average, weight tends to increase with age up to 50 or 51 years. +The fact that there is, on the average, an increase in build, makes +necessary an adjustment in some cases of the youthful indices of children +to make them comparable with the adult indices of their parents. + +The adjustment was made to the weight of the child by finding in the +appropriate column of stature and line of age the expected weight and +adding the difference between this weight and the weight in the same +column opposite the mid-parental age to the given weight of the child. + + +TABLE 6.—_Graded average weight of men of different statures at various +ages._ + +[Copied from Table IV of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”] + + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | + | Age, | feet. | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | + |years.| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | + | | | inch. |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | 15 | 107 | 109 | 112 | 115 | 118 | 122 | + | 16 | 109 | 111 | 114 | 117 | 120 | 124 | + | 17 | 111 | 113 | 116 | 119 | 122 | 126 | + | 18 | 113 | 115 | 118 | 121 | 124 | 128 | + | 19 | 115 | 117 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 | + | | | | | | | | + | 20 | 117 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 | + | 21 | 118 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 134 | + | 22 | 119 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 135 | + | 23 | 120 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 | + | 24 | 121 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 | + | | | | | | | | + | 25 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 | + | 26 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | + | 27 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 131 | 134 | 138 | + | 28 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 132 | 135 | 139 | + | 29 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 133 | 136 | 140 | + | | | | | | | | + | 30 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 133 | 136 | 140 | + | 31 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 | + | 32 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 | + | 33 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 | + | 34 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 | + | | | | | | | | + | 35 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 | + | 36 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 | + | 37 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 136 | 140 | 144 | + | 38 | 130 | 132 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 | + | 39 | 130 | 132 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 | + | | | | | | | | + | 40 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 | + | 41 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 | + | 42 | 132 | 134 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | + | 43 | 132 | 134 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | + | 44 | 133 | 135 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | + | | | | | | | | + | 45 | 133 | 135 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | + | 46 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | + | 47 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | + | 48 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | + | 49 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | + | | | | | | | | + | 50 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | + | 51 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 | + | 52 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 | + | 53 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 | + | 54 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 | + | 55 | | | | | | | + |and up| 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | + | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | + |years.| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | + | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | 15 | 126 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 147 | + | 16 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 149 | + | 17 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 151 | + | 18 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 153 | + | 19 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 155 | + | | | | | | | | + | 20 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | + | 21 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | + | 22 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | + | 23 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 | + | 24 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 160 | + | | | | | | | | + | 25 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | 162 | + | 26 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | 163 | + | 27 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | 163 | + | 28 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 | 164 | + | 29 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 160 | 165 | + | | | | | | | | + | 30 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | + | 31 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | + | 32 | 145 | 149 | 154 | 158 | 163 | 168 | + | 33 | 145 | 149 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | + | 34 | 146 | 150 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | + | | | | | | | | + | 35 | 146 | 150 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | + | 36 | 147 | 151 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | + | 37 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | + | 38 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 173 | + | 39 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 173 | + | | | | | | | | + | 40 | 149 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 174 | + | 41 | 149 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 174 | + | 42 | 150 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 175 | + | 43 | 150 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 175 | + | 44 | 151 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 176 | + | | | | | | | | + | 45 | 151 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 176 | + | 46 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 | + | 47 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 | + | 48 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 | + | 49 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 | + | | | | | | | | + | 50 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 | + | 51 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 | + | 52 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 | + | 53 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 | + | 54 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | + | 55 | | | | | | | + |and up| 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | + | Age, | feet. | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | + |years.| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | + | | | inch. |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | 15 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 177 | + | 16 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 174 | 179 | + | 17 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 176 | 181 | + | 18 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | 183 | + | 19 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 175 | 180 | 185 | + | | | | | | | | + | 20 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 176 | 181 | 186 | + | 21 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 177 | 182 | 187 | + | 22 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | 183 | 188 | + | 23 | 164 | 169 | 175 | 180 | 185 | 190 | + | 24 | 165 | 171 | 177 | 182 | 187 | 192 | + | | | | | | | | + | 25 | 167 | 173 | 179 | 184 | 189 | 194 | + | 26 | 168 | 174 | 180 | 186 | 191 | 196 | + | 27 | 169 | 175 | 181 | 187 | 192 | 197 | + | 28 | 170 | 176 | 182 | 188 | 193 | 198 | + | 29 | 171 | 177 | 183 | 189 | 194 | 199 | + | | | | | | | | + | 30 | 172 | 178 | 184 | 190 | 196 | 201 | + | 31 | 173 | 179 | 185 | 191 | 197 | 202 | + | 32 | 174 | 180 | 185 | 192 | 198 | 203 | + | 33 | 175 | 181 | 187 | 193 | 199 | 204 | + | 34 | 176 | 182 | 188 | 194 | 200 | 206 | + | | | | | | | | + | 35 | 176 | 182 | 189 | 195 | 201 | 207 | + | 36 | 177 | 183 | 190 | 196 | 202 | 208 | + | 37 | 178 | 184 | 191 | 197 | 203 | 209 | + | 38 | 179 | 185 | 192 | 198 | 204 | 210 | + | 39 | 179 | 185 | 192 | 199 | 205 | 211 | + | | | | | | | | + | 40 | 180 | 186 | 193 | 200 | 206 | 212 | + | 41 | 180 | 186 | 193 | 200 | 207 | 213 | + | 42 | 181 | 187 | 194 | 201 | 208 | 214 | + | 43 | 181 | 187 | 194 | 201 | 208 | 214 | + | 44 | 182 | 188 | 195 | 202 | 209 | 215 | + | | | | | | | | + | 45 | 182 | 188 | 195 | 202 | 209 | 215 | + | 46 | 183 | 189 | 196 | 203 | 210 | 216 | + | 47 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 | + | 48 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 | + | 49 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 | + | | | | | | | | + | 50 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 | + | 51 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 | + | 52 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 | + | 53 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 | + | 54 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 219 | + | 55 | | | | | | | + |and up| 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 219 | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + + +TABLE 7.—-_Graded average weight of women of different statures at +various ages._ + +[Copied from Table IX of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”] + + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | + | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet. | feet | + |years.| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | | 1 | + | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| | inch. | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | 15 | 101 | 103 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 109 | + | 16 | 102 | 104 | 106 | 117 | 120 | 124 | + | 17 | 103 | 105 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | + | 18 | 104 | 106 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 | + | 19 | 105 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | + | | | | | | | | + | 20 | 106 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | + | 21 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | + | 22 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | + | 23 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | + | 24 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | + | | | | | | | | + | 25 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | + | 26 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | + | 27 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | + | 28 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | + | 29 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | + | | | | | | | | + | 30 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | + | 31 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | + | 32 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | + | 33 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | + | 34 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | + | | | | | | | | + | 35 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | + | 36 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | + | 37 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | + | 38 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | + | 39 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | + | | | | | | | | + | 40 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | + | 41 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | + | 42 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | + | 43 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | + | 44 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | + | | | | | | | | + | 45 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | + | 46 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | + | 47 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | + | 48 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 | + | 49 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 | + | | | | | | | | + | 50 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | + | 51 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | + | 52 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | + | 53 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | + | 54 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | + | 55 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | + | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | + |years.| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | + | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | 15 | 112 | 115 | 118 | 122 | 126 | 130 | + | 16 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 149 | + | 17 | 116 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 129 | 133 | + | 18 | 117 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 134 | + | 19 | 118 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 135 | + | | | | | | | | + | 20 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 | + | 21 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 | + | 22 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 | + | 23 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | + | 24 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | + | | | | | | | | + | 25 | 121 | 124 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 | + | 26 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 | + | 27 | 122 | 125 | 129 | 132 | 136 | 140 | + | 28 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 | + | 29 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 | + | | | | | | | | + | 30 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 134 | 138 | 142 | + | 31 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 135 | 139 | 143 | + | 32 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | + | 33 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 | 141 | 145 | + | 34 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | + | | | | | | | | + | 35 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | + | 36 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 | 143 | 147 | + | 37 | 129 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 | + | 38 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 | 145 | 149 | + | 39 | 131 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 | + | | | | | | | | + | 40 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 | + | 41 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 | 147 | 151 | + | 42 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 | 147 | 151 | + | 43 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 152 | + | 44 | 133 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | + | | | | | | | | + | 45 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | + | 46 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | + | 47 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 151 | 155 | + | 48 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 152 | 156 | + | 49 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 152 | 156 | + | | | | | | | | + | 50 | 138 | 141 | 149 | 148 | 152 | 156 | + | 51 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 | + | 52 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 | + | 53 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 | + | 54 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 153 | 158 | + | 55 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 153 | 158 | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | + | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet. | + |years.| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | | + | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | 15 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 147 | 152 | + | 16 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 174 | 179 | + | 17 | 137 | 140 | 144 | 149 | 154 | + | 18 | 138 | 142 | 145 | 150 | 155 | + | 19 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 151 | 155 | + | | | | | | | + | 20 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 156 | + | 21 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | + | 22 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | + | 23 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 153 | 157 | + | 24 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | + | | | | | | | + | 25 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 154 | 158 | + | 26 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 | + | 27 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 155 | 159 | + | 28 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 160 | + | 29 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 160 | + | | | | | | | + | 30 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 161 | + | 31 | 147 | 151 | 154 | 157 | 161 | + | 32 | 148 | 152 | 155 | 158 | 162 | + | 33 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 159 | 162 | + | 34 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 160 | 163 | + | | | | | | | + | 35 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 160 | 163 | + | 36 | 151 | 155 | 158 | 161 | 164 | + | 37 | 152 | 156 | 159 | 162 | 165 | + | 38 | 153 | 157 | 160 | 163 | 166 | + | 39 | 154 | 158 | 161 | 164 | 167 | + | | | | | | | + | 40 | 154 | 158 | 161 | 164 | 167 | + | 41 | 155 | 159 | 162 | 165 | 168 | + | 42 | 155 | 159 | 162 | 166 | 169 | + | 43 | 156 | 160 | 163 | 167 | 170 | + | 44 | 157 | 161 | 164 | 168 | 171 | + | | | | | | | + | 45 | 157 | 161 | 164 | 168 | 171 | + | 46 | 158 | 162 | 165 | 169 | 172 | + | 47 | 159 | 163 | 166 | 170 | 173 | + | 48 | 160 | 164 | 187 | 171 | 174 | + | 49 | 161 | 165 | 168 | 172 | 175 | + | | | | | | | + | 50 | 161 | 165 | 169 | 173 | 176 | + | 51 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 | + | 52 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 | + | 53 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 | + | 54 | 163 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 177 | + | 55 | 163 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 177 | + +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+ + + +RELATION OF JUVENILE TO ADULT BUILD. + +This adjustment was not always necessary, first, because in not a +few cases the children were of an adult age and the data for the +build of the parents, now dead, were given for the same age; second, +examination of such developmental curves as are shown in figure 6 +strongly indicates that when the parents are of slender build, and the +children are of slender build at the age of 25 years younger than the +parents, the increase in weight of the children will not usually follow +the actuarial tables. The actuarial tables, indeed, represent only the +average increase, and this average is made of a population that does not +increase its weight at all when it grows older (fig. 6) and a population +that increases its weight at a much faster rate than indicated in the +actuarial tables (fig. 3). Consequently, no adjustment is made to the +given weights of the children whose parents are slender. In the case +where one parent was slender and one fat, the adjustment is still made in +the build of all the children. This procedure, undoubtedly, introduces +an error which, so far as I see, can not be avoided. Baldwin (1921, p. +74) states that “as a general rule heavy children remain relatively heavy +during the period studied”; and his developmental curves of individual +children show that the same persistence of the juvenile build is commonly +true for children of slight weight. It is striking how often the children +of heavy parents will be heavy even in youth, and conversely, children of +exceptionally great weight are apt to retain, and add to, their build. + +Chambers (1850, pp. 139-143) cites the following cases of early familial +obesity: A boy of 3 years weighs 39.5 kg. (87 pounds); his 6 sisters +and brothers are obese. A girl of 5 years 5 months weighs 89 kg. (196 +pounds); obesity on both sides of the house. A boy of 16 weighs 114 kg. +(252 pounds); there is collateral heredity. + +A striking case of early obesity persisting to maturity is that of Miss +Allen (plate 8). + +On the other hand, it is often strikingly true that in families with a +tendency to fleshy build some of the children will remain slender until +20 or 25 years and then begin to grow fat. The metabolic changes that +induce fatness first appear in later life. + + + + +PART II. + +MASS STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF ADULT BUILD. + + +It is a matter of common observation that in some families the parents +and children are all slender; in others, there may be many examples of +obesity. Worthington (1877, p. 50) cites a number of examples from C. +Bouchard. A woman of 45 years weighs 107 kg. (236 pounds); her obesity +began shortly after marriage; her father is very obese and her mother +obese. A woman of 49 years, whose father is a Turk and whose mother is +French, weighs 117 kg. or about 258 pounds; her mother was obese. A woman +of 115 kg. or about 250 pounds has an obese mother and two sisters who +were obese in infancy; also a gouty mother’s father and father’s father. + +The following, from Chambers (1850), show obesity “on both sides of the +house”: Male of 28 years, 120 kg. (266 pounds); woman of 48 years, 127 +kg. (280 pounds); woman of 52 years, 98.4 kg. (217 pounds); man of 57 +years, 227 kg. (500 pounds); woman of 58 years, 104 kg. (231 pounds); +woman of 68 years, 118 kg. (260 pounds); woman of 70 years, 107 kg. (238 +pounds). In many other cases cited by Chambers, one parent of the obese +patient was obese. Howard (1908, p. 54) cites the case of a 7-year-old +girl, 45.5 inches (115.6 cm.) tall, who weighed 40 kg. (88 pounds), had +a pendulous abdomen, and was feeble-minded. Her sibs were not abnormal +and her parents were of average build. One of her great uncles weighs 127 +kg. (280 pounds), an uncle, at 40 years, about 109 kg., and an aunt of +31 years, 95 kg. (210 pounds). This case is instructive because of the +skipping of a generation. + +In the class of obese cases known as adiposis dolorosa, heredity is +usually obvious. Price (1909) cites a case of an obese woman of 48 years +and weighing 140 kg. (310 pounds) who belongs to a fraternity of 7; 1 was +a miscarriage, 2 died young of accident, 1 died at 22 of typho-pneumonia, +1 died young of scarlet fever, and 1 brother is large and rheumatic. +The father seems to have been of average build and the mother is stated +to have been “very thin.” Of her sibs, 6 were fleshy or very fleshy, 1 +medium, and 1 slender; the children of these fleshy sibs of the mother +are “all stout.” + +Lyon (1910, p. 68) discusses heredity in adiposis dolorosa and +lipomatosis and cites a considerable number of cases of family recurrence +in his cases and others. Thus he twice treated a father and his son for +multiple fatty tumors; also twice a mother and daughter. Lyon’s obese +case No. 5 was like her 3 sisters and 1 daughter; a son of her father’s +brother showed similar fatty deposits. 10 other instances of family +recurrence of abnormal fat deposit are cited. + +Maranon and Bonilla (1920) cite the case of a girl of 18 years who was +slender, like her parents, until after an attack of syphilis, when she +came to weigh 157 kg. or 350 pounds, while her height was 160 cm., her +chest-girth 130 cm., and that of her abdomen 150 cm. or 90 per cent of +her height. She had a very large brother, and both mother’s parents were +obese, though the parents were not known to be so. + +Such examples might be multiplied indefinitely. + +Our problem is not what are all the causes of this diversity of build, +but rather in how far do genetical factors play a part in this diversity. +We are not oblivious to the fact that there are many factors responsible +for the result—deviation from the average build. These we shall consider +in detail in a later section, and the consideration will help us to see +the limits to the action of the genetical factors. Before going on to +that, we shall have to consider more in detail the nature of the facts +for which an explanation has to be sought. + + +METHODS AND MATERIALS. + +The method of analyzing the genetic factors in build is that of +tabulating the distribution of aberrant builds in the family network. +There is required, first, a large mass of family data which includes +many extreme or aberrant types of build, and which is as reliable and as +accurately quantitative as possible; secondly, this has to be subjected +to the ordinary methods of genetic analysis. + +The available material has consisted of data on stature and weight +given in the Records of Family Traits which constitute a fair sample of +the population; and of quantitative data on special schedules giving +stature and weight of a fraternity, its parents, uncles and aunts, and +grandparents. These special schedules had been mailed to an address +list of overweight and underweight persons obtained through the kind +cooperation of Mr. Arthur Hunter. Those who returned the schedules +showed an especial appreciation of the requirements of our study. A +third source was the A file of the Eugenics Record Office, where are +gathered miscellaneous pedigrees of families showing aberrancy in build. +A fourth and especially valuable source was the field work of Miss Louise +A. Nelson, of the Eugenics Record Office; this started with selected, +usually obese, cases. + +After the data had been assembled and tabulated, a certain amount of +correspondence and personal visitation was undertaken in order to +secure a confirmation or revision of the records in hand. In some +cases this brought to light errors in the records, in others, useful +details. Naturally, it was not possible to secure a revision of all of +the data used, but an attempt was made to select only records that had +been compiled with care and conscientiousness, and these traits in the +compiler reveal themselves pretty clearly to a person who has examined +thousands of these records, just as carelessness is revealed also by +slipshod speech or posture. + +For our study we desire the data of stature and weight for children, +parents, and grandparents. With some exceptions only those families are +studied in which all these data are accurately given. Also, only children +who are above 18 years of age can be utilized, because stature changes +so rapidly until that age. However, since it is build and not stature +we are studying, the fact of increase of stature from 19 to 21 years of +age affects the result very little. Finally, in a certain proportion +of the cases the stature and weight of all of the grandparents are not +given quantitatively. Such families are utilized, nevertheless, with such +quantitative data as may have been afforded. + +The data were taken from the Records of Family Traits by Miss Miriam +Kortright, who long assisted in our statistical work. The computations of +index of build were made by Miss Kortright and Mr. William Kraus, Miss +Laura Craytor, and Miss Margaret Andrus, who checked one another’s work. +The tabulation and seriations of the indices were done by Misses Margaret +Babcock and Katharine Belzer. + + +THE ADULT INDEX OF BUILD. + +In an earlier section of this paper the question of the best index of +build has been discussed generally. It was pointed out that many regard +it as a truism that build is a relation of volume to stature. Since +the volume of a person’s body is rarely known, and it is difficult to +determine it, weight has been substituted for volume. However, this +substitution assumes that specific gravity is the same for slender and +for fat persons; but this is not at all the case. The specific gravity +of a fat person is about that of water (0.978 to 1.079 in 4 children 7 +to 13 years of age, Meeh, 1879, and 1.014 in a 61-year-old man of 98 +kg. weight, Mies, 1899); of a thin person it may be 5 to 8 per cent +above that of water (1.049 to 1.082 for thin convicts, Mies, 1899). +This variable specific gravity complicates the attempt to infer volume +from weight. In view of these difficulties it were better to measure +build by a relation of chest diameter (or circumference) to stature. But +this ratio can not be used in our studies, since our data, for the most +part, give only weight and stature and not chest-girth. It remains thus +to determine the closest relation between weight and chest-girth. This +determination I have attempted to make for 100 young men, 20 to 25 years +of age, measured at Harvard University where they were students. It will +hardly be worth while to reproduce the detailed tables of measurements +and ratios, but they will be found summarized in table 8. In this table +is given the frequency of occurrence of each of the different ratios +(or rather classes of ratios) found using chest-girth in first, second, +and third powers as a divisor. If weight varied exactly with the +chest-girth, then the ratio of the former to the latter should remain +constant. Such a strict relation is hardly to be expected and, of course, +is not found. The ratios obtained show a certain variability about +the mean condition, and this variability is measured by the standard +deviation. Similarly, if each weight be divided in turn by the second and +third powers of stature, and the corresponding variability of the ratios +be considered, we shall have a method of deciding whether weight varies +more closely with the first, second, or third power of chest-girth, and +which of those powers gives in its fluctuations the best measure of the +corresponding fluctuations in weight. + + +TABLE 8.—_Variability of weight in relation to the second and third +powers of chest-girth as found in 100 Harvard students._ + +[_f_, frequency of occurrence of the given index-class.] + + +------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ + | Weight ÷ | Weight ÷ | Weight ÷ | + | chest-girth | chest-girth² | chest-girth³ | + +------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ + | _f_ | _f_ | _f_ | + | 610 to 619 1 | 690 to 700 1 | 711 to 720 1 | + | 640 649 3 | 711 720 1 | 761 770 3 | + | 660 669 2 | 731 740 1 | 791 800 3 | + | 670 679 4 | 741 750 1 | 801 810 3 | + | 680 689 6 | 751 760 5 | 811 820 3 | + | 690 699 2 | 761 770 2 | 821 830 3 | + | 700 709 7 | 771 780 4 | 831 840 3 | + | 710 719 6 | 781 790 11 | 841 850 5 | + | 720 729 4 | 791 800 10 | 851 860 1 | + | 730 739 10 | 801 810 7 | 861 870 10 | + | 740 749 7 | 811 820 9 | 871 880 6 | + | 750 759 7 | 821 830 8 | 881 890 3 | + | 760 769 6 | 831 840 5 | 891 900 5 | + | 770 779 4 | 841 850 3 | 901 910 5 | + | 780 789 7 | 851 860 4 | 911 920 3 | + | 790 799 5 | 861 870 9 | 921 930 2 | + | 800 809 2 | 871 880 3 | 931 940 7 | + | 810 819 3 | 881 890 4 | 941 950 1 | + | 820 829 3 | 891 900 3 | 951 960 4 | + | 830 839 3 | 901 910 4 | 961 970 4 | + | 840 849 4 | 921 930 2 | 971 980 9 | + | 850 859 1 | 951 960 1 | 981 990 1 | + | 870 879 1 | 961 970 2 | 991 1000 5 | + | 900 909 1 | | 1001 1010 2 | + | 920 929 1 | | 1031 1040 1 | + | | | 1041 1050 4 | + | | | 1061 1070 2 | + | | | 1111 1120 1 | + | | | | + | σ, 58.32 | σ, 51.50 | σ, 76.99 | + +------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ + +A comparison of the standard deviations gives the following results for +man: + + weight weight weight + Ratio: ----------- ------------ ------------ + chest-girth chest-girth² chest-girth³ + Standard deviation: 58.3 51.5 77.0 + +From these results the conclusion is drawn that since the variability +(standard deviation) of weight ÷ chest-girth² is least, the square of +the chest-girth varies more closely with weight than either the first or +third power of chest-girth; consequently the square of chest-girth is the +best measure of weight of the three. + +By hypothesis, the chest-girth in persons of the same build varies very +closely or exactly with stature; consequently we could substitute in +the foregoing ratios for chest its average equivalent, stature/_K_, +in which _K_ is nearly 2, more precisely 1.9. In any case it is thus +clearly deducible that a better index of build is got by dividing weight +by the square of stature than by its cube, as has been so often done. +Accordingly, the ratio of weight to stature² has been adopted in this +paper as the standard index of build. The correlation between this index +of build and relative chest-girth is found by calculation to be about +0.45. + +In any scale of index of build it is, of course, desirable to use the +metric system. Unfortunately, most of our data are in English units, so +that our indices were first obtained by the use of these units. We have +in many cases transmuted the English into the equivalent metric measures. +We have, however, retained the original English index, since a large +portion of the more cultured part of the world uses that system in daily +life. A table to facilitate transmutation is also given in the Appendix, +table XVIII. To facilitate the determination of the index of build when +stature and weight (in English or metric units) are known, table XVI has +been prepared (pages 169, 170). + +To avoid decimals, the ratio, weight in pounds ÷ (stature in inches)² is +multiplied in this book by 1,000; this gives a series of ratios running +from 20 to 60 and over. To avoid confusion with the English system, the +metric equivalents are taken as the ratio of weight in grams ÷ (stature +in centimeters)². This gives a series of index numbers of the order 1.5 +to 4.0; in this case, at least, one decimal is always expressed. The +small integral figure and the decimal at once indicate that the index is +from metric units. Since the index of build has often been expressed as +the ratio of weight to, respectively, stature, stature²⸳⁵, and stature³, +table XVII has been prepared to permit these ratios to be transmuted into +weight ÷ stature², English system. + + +CLASSIFICATION OF BUILD. + +For the purposes of analysis, it was found necessary to make a small +number of classes of build. To decide upon the limits of these classes, a +polygon of frequency of all indices of build was made, as shown in figure +7. It appeared plain at the outset that it is desirable to plot the +data in this polygon by using as abscissæ the logarithms of the index of +build rather than the absolute indices, since the range of weight above +the mode is, for obvious reasons, very much greater than below the mode. +Taking mean weight at 68 kg., or 150 pounds, the minimum weight is about +20 kg. (45 pounds), or 25 kg. (55 pounds) below the mean, and the maximum +weight is about 150 kg. (330 pounds), or 182 kg. (400 pounds) above the +mean. That is, the range of weight classes is three times as great above +as below the mean. Plotting data in logarithmic fashion, as shown in +figure 7, it appears that the modal index of build is 2.3 (33). The range +is from 1.4 (20) to 4.5 (64). Using the logarithms of abscissæ, the curve +is more nearly a symmetrical one. It is more irregular above than below +the mode, because the classes are more numerous and the frequency of each +class smaller. The presence of two modes is suggestive of the hypothesis +that the medium class and probably the fleshy classes are not strictly +homogeneous, but, on the contrary, comprise groups of individuals whose +build is due to dissimilar factors, or sets of factors. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7.—Polygon of frequency of the various indices of +build (weight ÷ stature²). From last column of table 12, with slight +modifications.] + +To derive the desired classes from figure 7, the polygon was somewhat +arbitrarily divided into five parts, as indicated. Taking 33.5 as a +starting-point, an equal logarithmic distance was laid off, above and +below this point, on the base-line. This was taken as the range of middle +class. An equal logarithmic range was accorded the classes next above and +below the median respectively. All of the remainders were thrown into the +extreme classes to which are given, thus, a somewhat greater range than +the interior classes. This seemed desirable, since their frequencies were +so low. The adjusted classes finally adopted are as shown in table 9. + + +TABLE 9.—_The five standard classes of build; limits and middle points of +each._ + + +----------------------+-------------------------------------------+ + | | Range of indices. | + | +---------------+--------------+------------+ + | Class. | | | Middle | + | | Metric. | English. | of class | + | | | | (English). | + +----------------------+---------------+--------------+------------+ + | Very slender (V. S.) | 1.40 to 1.80 | 20 to 25.4 | 23.5 | + | Slender (S.) | 1.81 2.14 | 25.5 30.4 | 28.0 | + | Medium (M.) | 2.15 2.56 | 30.5 36.4 | 33.5 | + | Fleshy (F.) | 2.57 3.05 | 36.5 43.4 | 40.0 | + | Very fleshy (V. F.) | 3.06 4.50+ | 43.5 64 + | 48.0 | + +----------------------+---------------+--------------+------------+ + + +SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS IN BUILD. + +What is the meaning of the great variations of build described in the +preceding paragraph? What is known in this matter may here be briefly +summarized that it may be held in mind in considering the numerous cases +to which we shall have occasion to refer. + +In general, it may be stated that variations in build are due to +endogenous causes and exogenous causes. In this book we shall have +occasion to examine especially the former—the constitutional or +hereditary factors. These include idiosyncrasies of metabolism, in +part controlled by peculiarities in the functioning of the endocrine +glands; in part, probably, by even finer protoplasmic differences. Thus +it is known that the thyroid gland greatly influences metabolism; its +activity in growing children tends to produce tall and slender form. On +the other hand, deficiency in its activity in childhood leads to the +type of obesity known as cretinism, and in middle life to myxedema. +The secretions of the pituitary gland cooperate with the thyroid in +stimulating growth, especially in the preadolescent stage. When pituitary +secretions are deficient there frequently results, it is believed, the +adiposogenital syndrome, in which great masses of fat are deposited on +breasts, abdomen, hips, and buttocks, and the gonads remain infantile. +A case that quite certainly belongs to this category is shown by Beck +(1922, p. 881) and reproduced in plate 8, figures 3, 4, 5; 3 of this +man’s 4 sibs are fleshy and have scant beards. This is quite like our +standard very fleshy case (plate 2, fig. 5). See, also, the extreme cases +falling under this category described by Lyon, 1910. + +Lesions of the pineal gland (Beck, 1922, p. 909) and of the gonads are +stated in some cases to induce obesity. Certain it is that, on the other +hand, the activity of the gonads tends to slow up growth in stature and +to increase the chest circumference (plate 6), and this change is more +marked in the male than the female. + +The exogenous causes of build are striking, so much so that many +physiologists seem to accept the hypothesis that they are of sole +importance, that excess of fat is due merely to excess of calories +ingested over those concerned in bodily activity. While no one will deny +the possibility of starving most fleshy persons thin or of increasing the +weight of most adults by an excess of food, yet it is also obvious that +two persons of the same stature and fed equal amounts of similar food +may come to differ enormously, due to internal conditions, sometimes of +glandular origin and sometimes dependent upon, or at least associated +with, disease. + + +TABLE 10.—_Incidence of disease in relation to build._ + + +-------------------+-----------------+-------------------+-----------+ + | | In 10,000 of | | | + | | standard | In persons of | | + | | population. | selected build. | | + | +------+----------+------+------------+-----------+ + | Diagnosis of | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | + | disease. | | | | Per cent | | + | | No. | Per cent | No. | afflicted | Ratio of | + | | of |afflicted.| of |in 69 V. S. | col. 4 to | + | |cases.| |cases.|population. | col. 2. | + +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+ + |VERY SLENDER BUILD.| | | | | | + | | | | | | | + | YOUTH. | | | | | | + |Influenza | 7 | 0.07 | 2 | 2.81 | 40.14 | + |Tuberculosis | 24 | .24 | 2 | 2.81 | 11.70 | + |Colds | 48 | .48 | 3 | 4.34 | 9.04 | + | | | | | | | + | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | | + |Melancholia | 10 | .10 | 2 | 2.81 | 28.10 | + |Nervousness | 130 | 1.30 | 6 | 8.60 | 6.62 | + |Tuberculosis | 58 | .58 | 2 | 2.81 | 4.85 | + +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+ + | | | | | Per cent | | + | SLENDER BUILD. | | | | afflicted | | + | | | | | in 737 S. | | + | YOUTH. | | | |population. | | + |Fevers | 4 | 0.04 | 4 | 0.542 | 13.55 | + |Adenoids | 10 | .10 | 9 | 1.22 | 12.20 | + |Appendicitis | 28 | .28 | 13 | 1.76 | 6.28 | + |Anemia | 11 | .11 | 5 | .68 | 6.16 | + |Tuberculosis | 24 | .24 | 10 | 1.35 | 5.62 | + |Tonsilitis | 104 | 1.04 | 30 | 4.07 | 3.91 | + |Bronchitis | 53 | .53 | 12 | 1.62 | 3.06 | + |Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 34 | 4.61 | 2.79 | + |Nervous breakdown | 74 | .74 | 15 | 2.03 | 2.74 | + |Rheumatism | 117 | 1.17 | 16 | 2.17 | 1.85 | + |Diphtheria | 150 | 1.50 | 19 | 2.57 | 1.71 | + |Scarlet Fever | 281 | 2.81 | 29 | 3.93 | 1.40 | + |Typhoid fever | 253 | 2.53 | 25 | 3.39 | 1.34 | + | | | | | | | + | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | | + |Anemia | 3 | .03 | 3 | .407 | 13.57 | + |Intestinal trouble | 4 | .04 | 3 | .407 | 10.17 | + |Appendicitis | 23 | .23 | 9 | 1.220 | 5.30 | + |Tuberculosis | 58 | .58 | 22 | 2.980 | 5.14 | + |Heart disease | 94 | .94 | 15 | 2.030 | 2.16 | + |Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 22 | 2.980 | 2.14 | + |Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 16 | 2.170 | 1.57 | + +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+ + | | | | | Per cent | | + | FLESHY BUILD | | | | afflicted | | + | | | | | in 543 F. | | + | YOUTH. | | | |population. | | + |Adenoids | 10 | 0.10 | 3 | 0.553 | 55.30 | + |Scarlet fever | 281 | 2.81 | 36 | 6.642 | 2.36 | + |Typhoid fever | 253 | 2.53 | 28 | 5.166 | 2.04 | + |Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 17 | 3.136 | 1.90 | + | | | | | | | + | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | | + |Hernia | 8 | 0.08 | 7 | 1.29 | 16.00 | + |Arterio-sclerosis | 9 | .09 | 6 | 1.10 | 12.22 | + |Bladder trouble | 10 | .10 | 6 | 1.10 | 11.00 | + |Measles | 10 | .10 | 6 | 1.10 | 11.00 | + |Appendicitis | 23 | .23 | 12 | 2.22 | 9.65 | + |Eczema | 6 | .06 | 3 | 0.55 | 9.17 | + |Hemorrhoids | 13 | .13 | 5 | 0.92 | 7.11 | + |Liver trouble | 16 | .16 | 6 | 1.10 | 6.88 | + |Paralysis | 49 | .49 | 18 | 3.38 | 6.80 | + |Heart trouble | 94 | .94 | 34 | 6.28 | 6.69 | + |Gallstones | 22 | .22 | 8 | 1.47 | 6.68 | + |Apoplexy | 27 | .27 | 8 | 1.47 | 5.44 | + |Tumor | 18 | .18 | 5 | 0.92 | 5.13 | + |Bronchitis | 38 | .38 | 9 | 1.66 | 4.37 | + |Erysipelas | 31 | .31 | 7 | 1.29 | 4.16 | + |Cancer | 51 | .51 | 10 | 1.84 | 3.61 | + |Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 27 | 4.98 | 3.58 | + |Malaria | 43 | .43 | 8 | 1.47 | 3.42 | + |Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 22 | 4.06 | 2.95 | + |Kidney trouble | 74 | .74 | 11 | 2.03 | 2.74 | + |Rheumatism | 349 | 3.49 | 37 | 6.82 | 1.95 | + +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+ + | | | | | Per cent | | + | VERY FLESHY BUILD.| | | | afflicted | | + | | | | |in 103 V. F.| | + | YOUTH. | | | |population. | | + |Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 7 | 6.79 | 4.115 | + | | | | | | | + | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | | + |Dropsy | 14 | 0.14 | 3 | 2.91 | 20.80 | + |Stomach trouble | 15 | .15 | 3 | 2.91 | 19.40 | + |Apoplexy | 37 | .37 | 5 | 4.85 | 11.40 | + |Kidney trouble | 74 | .74 | 8 | 7.76 | 10.60 | + |Cancer | 51 | .51 | 4 | 3.88 | 7.61 | + |Heart disease | 94 | .94 | 6 | 5.82 | 6.20 | + |Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 8 | 7.76 | 5.6 | + |Malaria | 43 | .43 | 2 | 1.94 | 4.5 | + |Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 6 | 5.82 | 4.2 | + |Rheumatism | 349 | 3.49 | 10 | 9.70 | 2.8 | + +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+ + +Very slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of measles, 2; found, +none. + +Slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of whooping-cough, 7; +chicken-pox, 4; colds, 4; croup, 3. Cases found, none. B. Middle Age; +expectation for cases of eye trouble, 30, erysipelas, 24, tonsillitis, +23, and apoplexy, 21. Cases found, none. + +Fleshy build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of ear trouble, 19, lung +trouble, 18. Cases found, none. B. Middle age; expectation for cases of +throat trouble, 5. Cases found, none. + + +DISEASES IN RELATION TO BUILD. + +As just stated, it is frequently true that build is influenced +permanently by disease. To test the influence of disease on, or +association of diseases with, different types of build, a tabulation was +made of the diseases recorded (in the Records of Family Traits, Eugenics +Record Office) as occurring during youth and during middle age in 10,000 +fairly well described persons. This constituted the control. Then there +was determined for our groups of very slender, slender, fleshy, and very +fleshy, the incidence of disease. The ratio of the percentage incidence +of the latter to the former was then calculated. In table 10 is given in +sum many of the results found for the principal diseases. This table may +now be briefly discussed. + +Persons of _very slender_ build are characterized in youth by an excess +of respiratory diseases—influenza, tuberculosis, and colds. In middle age +they show an excess of melancholia, nervousness, and tuberculosis. + +In 737 persons of _slender_ build there are found in youth many diseases +in excess of normal incidence. These comprise diseases of the respiratory +tract—tuberculosis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia; some nervous +diseases, “nervous breakdown”; various general infections, such as +“fevers,” appendicitis, anemia, “rheumatism,” diphtheria, scarlet and +typhoid fevers. One might conclude that slender youth are relatively +nonresistant to infections. In slender persons there is found in middle +age an excess of tuberculosis and pneumonia, much appendicitis and +intestinal trouble, and (as also in youth) anemia. + +These associations of slender build and disease are not always easy to +interpret. The common idea of the tubercular diathesis comprises slender +form. On the other hand, a person who has, or has recovered from, active +pulmonary tuberculosis is apt to remain underweight, partly because +the respiratory apparatus is damaged. The association of “nervousness” +with slenderness is probably due to the double effect of some glandular +dystrophy, as, for example, of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroid +individuals are usually tall, slender, and “nervous” or irritable. + +In 103 persons of _very fleshy_ build, the only outstanding disease of +youth is pneumonia. In middle age occur “kidney trouble,” “dropsy” (which +often accompanies chronic nephritis), and apoplexy, which is sometimes +caused by extra pressure on the blood-vessels resulting from impeded +elimination from the kidney or to a diabetic tendency which puts extra +work on the vessels. “Heart disease” is also commoner than usual. + +In 542 persons of fleshy build, “bladder trouble” (probably including +diabetes) and kidney trouble are exceptionally frequent, also +arterio-sclerosis and its accompaniments, apoplexy and paralysis. +Hernia is frequent, as are various diseases of the digestive tract, +such as appendicitis, hemorrhoids, liver trouble, and gallstones. These +are doubtless not the cause of, but a consequence or concomitant of, +overweight. Sibilant bronchitis, lithiasis (uric and biliare), and +diabetes mellitus are mentioned, in addition to the above, by Heckel +(1920, p. 31) as especially apt to be associated with obesity. + + +TABLE 11.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to +index of build; males and females tabulated separately._ + +[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.] + + + +----------------------------------------------------------------+ + | Distribution of male progeny. | + +----------------------------------------------------------------+ + |Index of build (English) | + | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+ + | |VS |VS | V | S | S | S | S | M | M | M | F | F |VF |Total| + | |× | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ♂ | + | |S | M | F | S | M | F |VF | M | F | VF | F |VF |VF | | + | |II |III|IV | VI|VII|VIII|IX | X | XI| XII|XIII|XIV|XV | | + | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+ + | 22| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | 23| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | 24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | 25| 1| | | 1| | 1| | | | 1 | | | | 4| + | 26| 1| | | | 1| | | | | | | | | 2| + | 27| 1| | 1| 7| | | | 1| | 1 | | | | 11| + | 28| | 1| | 5| | 1| 1| 1| | | | | | 9| + | 29| | 1| | 4| 3| 2| | 3| 2| 1 | 2| | | 18| + | 30| | | | 5| 8| 2| 2| 13| 7| 1 | 1| | | 39| + | 31| 1| | | 2| 17| 5| 1| 10| 6| 2 | 2| 1| 1| 48| + | 32| | 2| 2| 3| 21| 7| 2| 18| 25| 3 | 4| 4| 3| 94| + | 33| | 2| 1| 2| 23| 13| 2| 23| 26| 4 | 3| 7| 1| 107| + | 34| | 2| 1| | 17| 14| 1| 16| 21| 3 | 4| 3| 1| 83| + | 35| | | | | 24| 8| 2| 25| 20| 8 | 8| 5| 2| 102| + | 36| | 1| | | 14| 4| | 25| 20| 1 | 9| 2| 1| 77| + | 37| | 1| 1| | 12| 10| 1| 8| 14| 5 | 6| 1| 1| 60| + | 38| | | 1| | 9| 9| 2| 10| 16| 3 | 9| 3| | 62| + | 39| 1| | | | 6| 4| 5| 8| 5| 9 | 7| 7| 1| 53| + | 40| | | 1| | 4| 2| 1| 6| 6| 5 | 4| 5| 1| 35| + | 41| | | 2| | 4| 1| | 4| 10| | 1| 2| | 24| + | 42| | | | | 1| 2| 1| 1| 5| 1 | 4| 6| | 21| + | 43| | 1| 1| | 2| 2| | 3| 2| 1 | 3| 4| | 19| + | 44| | | | | 1| | 1| | 1| 1 | | 2| 1| 7| + | 45| | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| 4 | 2| | 2| 12| + | 46| | | | | | | 1| 1| | 2 | | 2| 1| 7| + | 47| | | | | 1| | | 1| 2| | 4| | 2| 10| + | 48| | | | | 1| | | | | | | 2| | 3| + | 49| | | | | | | | 1| | | | | | 1| + | 50| | | | | 1| | | | | 1 | | | 2| 4| + | 51| | | 1| | 1| | | | | | 2| | 1| 5| + | 52| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| + | 53| | | | | | | | | 2| | 2| 1| | 5| + | 54| | | | | | | | | 1| | | | | 1| + | 55| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| + | 56| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| + | 57| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| + | 58| | | | | | | | | 1| | | | | 1| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| + | 79| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1| + |103| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1| + | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+ + | ♂ | 5| 11| 12| 29|172| 88 | 23|178|194| 59| 77| 57| 21| 926| + | ♀ | 6| 17| 13| 18|134| 67 | 11|149|146| 53| 79| 43| 9| 745| + | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+ + |Total | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | ♂ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |and| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | ♀ | 11| 28| 25| 47|306| 155| 34|327|340| 112| 156|100| 30| 1671| + +---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+ + + Avg. ♂, 35.81 ± 0.12. + σ ♂, 5.325 ± 0.084. + + +TABLE 11A.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to +index of build; males and females tabulated separately_—Continued. + +[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.] + + +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | Distribution of female progeny. | + +----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + |Index of build (English) | + | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+ + | |VS |VS | V | S | S | S | S | M | M | M | F | F |VF |Total|Total| + | |× | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ♀ | ♂ | + | |S | M | F | S | M | F |VF | M | F | VF | F |VF |VF | | and | + | |II |III|IV | VI|VII|VIII|IX | X | XI| XII|XIII|XIV|XV | | ♀ | + | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+ + | 22| | 1| | 1| | | | | | | | | | 2| 2| + | 23| 1| | | | | 1| | | | | | | | 2| 2| + | 24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| 0| + | 25| | | 1| 3| | 1| | 2| | 1| | | | 8| 12| + | 26| 2| 1| | 3| 3| 3| | | 1| | 1| | | 14| 16| + | 27| | 1| 1| 4| 2| 1| | 3| | | | 1| | 13| 24| + | 28| | | 1| 1| 11| 1| | 1| 4| | 2| | | 21| 30| + | 29| 1| 1| 1| 2| 10| 5| 1| 7| 5| 2| 6| | | 41| 59| + | 30| 1| 2| 1| 1| 10| 6| | 10| 9| 2| 3| 2| | 47| 86| + | 31| | 4| | 1| 22| 8| 2| 15| 9| 4| 2| 3| 1| 71| 119| + | 32| 1| 1| 1| 2| 18| 2| 2| 12| 15| 6| 2| 2| 1| 65| 159| + | 33| | 4| 2| | 12| 11| 1| 14| 20| 4| 1| 2| | 71| 178| + | 34| | | 1| | 9| 4| | 12| 13| 9| 8| 2| 2| 60| 143| + | 35| | | 2| | 10| 2| | 9| 13| 4| 9| 3| | 52| 154| + | 36| | 1| | | 7| 2| 1| 19| 20| 2| 8| 4| 1| 65| 142| + | 37| | | | | 3| 3| 1| 14| 8| 4| 7| 2| | 42| 102| + | 38| | | | | 2| 5| 1| 7| 7| 2| 2| 5| | 31| 93| + | 39| | | | | 2| 5| | 10| 5| 2| | 1| 1| 26| 79| + | 40| | | 1| | 3| 1| 1| 3| 6| | 6| 1| 1| 23| 58| + | 41| | | | | 2| 1| 1| 5| 1| 2| 2| 1| | 14| 38| + | 42| | 1| | | 1| 3| | 2| 2| | 7| 3| 1| 21| 42| + | 43| | | | | 2| 1| | | 1| 2| 3| 1| | 10| 29| + | 44| | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| | 6| 1| | 11| 18| + | 45| | | | | 2| | | 1| | 2| | 3| | 8| 20| + | 46| | | 1| | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 1| | 5| 12| + | 47| | | | | | | | | 2| | 1| 2| 1| 6| 16| + | 48| | | | | | | | | | 1| | 1| | 2| 5| + | 49| | | | | 1| | | 1| 1| 1| 2| | | 6| 7| + | 50| | | | | | | | | 1| 1| | | | 2| 6| + | 51| | | | | | | | 1| | | | 1| | 2| 7| + | 52| | | | | | | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| 2| + | 53| | | | | | | | | | | | 1| | 1| 6| + | 54| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1| + | 55| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| + | 56| | | | | | | | 1| | | | | | 1| 1| + | 57| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| + | 58| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1| + | 79| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1| + |103| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+ + | ♀ | 6| 17| 13| 18|134| 67| 1|149|146| 53| 79| 43| 9| 745| 1671| + +---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+ + + Avg. ♀, 34.54 ± 0.17. + S. D. ♀, 5.133 ± 0.089. + +The one clear conclusion from this study is that no single disease and +no special single collection of diseases is exclusively responsible for +exceptionally slender or exceptionally fleshy build. The variations in +build are due primarily rather to various idiosyncrasies of development +and metabolism which have largely an hereditary basis, upon which may be +superimposed modifications by various types of disease. + + +TABLE 12.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings, according +to index of build; sexes tabulated together, based on Appendix tables, +omitting starred families._ + + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | Serial | II | III | IV | VI | VII | VIII| IX | + | mating No. | | | | | | | | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | Type of | VS | VS | VS | S | S | S | S | + | mating. | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | + | | S | M | F | S | M | F | VF | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | Av. index | 26.1| 28.4| 32.0| 29.8| 30.9| 33.8| 37.9| + | of build | | | | | | | | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | No. of | 4 | 8 | 5 | 23 | 101 | 49 | 11 | + | matings. | | | | | | | | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + | 22 | | 1 | | 1 | | | | + | 23 | 1 | | | | | 1 | | + | 24 | | | | | | | | + | 25 | 1 | | 1 | 4 | | 2 | | + | 26 | 3 | 1 | | 3 | 4 | 3 | | + | 27 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 1 | | + | 28 | | 1 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 1 | + | 29 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 | + | 30 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 8 | 2 | + | 31 | 1 | 4 | | 3 | 39 | 13 | 3 | + | 32 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 39 | 9 | 4 | + | 33 | | 6 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 24 | 3 | + | 34 | | 2 | 2 | | 26 | 18 | 1 | + | 35 | | | 2 | | 34 | 10 | 2 | + | 36 | | 2 | | | 21 | 6 | 1 | + | 37 | | 1 | 1 | | 15 | 13 | 2 | + | 38 | | | 1 | | 11 | 14 | 3 | + | 39 | 1 | | | | 8 | 9 | 5 | + | 40 | | | 2 | | 7 | 3 | 2 | + | 41 | | | 2 | | 5 | 2 | 1 | + | 42 | | 1 | | | 3 | 5 | 1 | + | 43 | | 1 | 1 | | 4 | 3 | | + | 44 | | | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | + | 45 | | | | | 3 | 1 | | + | 46 | | | 1 | | 4 | | 1 | + | 47 | | | | | 1 | | | + | 48 | | | | | 1 | | | + | 49 | | | | | 1 | | | + | 50 | | | | | 1 | | | + | 51 | | | 1 | | 1 | | | + | 52 | | | | | | | | + | 53 | | | | | | | | + | 54 | | | | | | | | + | 55 | | | | | | | | + | 56 | | | | | | | | + | 57 | | | | | | | | + | 58 | | | | | | | | + | 79 | | | | | | | | + | 103 | | | | | | | | + | Total | 11 | 28 | 25 | 47 | 306 | 155 | 34 | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + |Adult progeny | | | | | | | | + | per mating | 2.75| 3.50| 5.00| 2.04| 3.03| 3.16| 3.09| + |Average |28.55|32.18|35.04|28.47|34.01|34.39|35.68| + |P. E. of aver.| ±.86| ±.54| ±.83| ±.24| ±.16| ±.22| ±.51| + |σ | 4.21| 4.20| 6.18| 2.41| 4.20| 4.13| 4.44| + |P. E. of σ | ±.61| ±.38| ±.59| ±.17| ±.11| ±.16| ±.36| + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | Serial | X | XI | XII | XIII| XIV | XV | | + | mating No. | | | | | | | | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | + | Type of | M | M | M | F | F | VF | | + | mating. | × | × | × | × | × | × |Total.| + | | M | F | VF | F | VF | VF | | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | + | Av. index | | | | | | | | + | of build | 33.2| 36.4| 40.7| 39.2| 43.0| 47.4| | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | No. of | | | | | | | | + | matings. | 92 | 114 | 30 | 33 | 29 | 7 | 506 | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 22 | | | | | | | 2 | + | 23 | | | | | | | 2 | + | 24 | | | | | | | 0 | + | 25 | 2 | | 2 | | | | 12 | + | 26 | | 1 | | 1 | | | 16 | + | 27 | 4 | | 1 | | 1 | | 24 | + | 28 | 2 | 4 | | 2 | | | 30 | + | 29 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 8 | | | 59 | + | 30 | 23 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | | 86 | + | 31 | 25 | 15 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 119 | + | 32 | 30 | 40 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 159 | + | 33 | 37 | 46 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 178 | + | 34 | 28 | 34 | 12 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 143 | + | 35 | 34 | 33 | 12 | 17 | 8 | 2 | 154 | + | 36 | 44 | 40 | 3 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 142 | + | 37 | 22 | 22 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 102 | + | 38 | 17 | 23 | 5 | 11 | 8 | | 93 | + | 39 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 79 | + | 40 | 9 | 12 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 58 | + | 41 | 9 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 3 | | 38 | + | 42 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 42 | + | 43 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 5 | | 29 | + | 44 | | 3 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 18 | + | 45 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 20 | + | 46 | 1 | 1 | 3 | | 3 | 1 | 12 | + | 47 | 1 | 4 | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 16 | + | 48 | | | 1 | | 3 | | 5 | + | 49 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | 7 | + | 50 | | 1 | 2 | | | 2 | 6 | + | 51 | 1 | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | + | 52 | | | 1 | 1 | | | 2 | + | 53 | | 2 | | 2 | 2 | | 6 | + | 54 | | 1 | | | | | 1 | + | 55 | | | | | | | 0 | + | 56 | 1 | | | | | | 1 | + | 57 | | | | | | | 0 | + | 58 | | 1 | | | | | 1 | + | 79 | | | 1 | | | | 1 | + | 103 | | | 1 | | | | 1 | + | Total | 327 | 340 | 112 | 156 | 100 | 30 | 1671 | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ + |Adult progeny | | | | | | | | + | per mating | 3.55| 2.98| 3.70| 4.72| 3.45| 4.29| 3.29 | + |Average |34.79|35.41|37.64|37.56|38.49|39.20|35.24 | + |P. E. of aver.| ±.15| ±.16| ±.58| ±.29| ±.38| ±.78| ±.087| + |σ | 4.05| 4.34| 9.11| 5.37| 5.38| 6.31| 5.29 | + |P. E. of σ | ±.11| ±.11| ±.41| ±.21| ±.27| ±.55| ±.06 | + +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+ + + +MASS STUDY OF VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN BUILD. + +Having considered the classification and something of the causes of +variation in build, we have now to consider the relation between the +build of the parents and that of the progeny. This is the mass treatment +of the data of “heredity” which was the prevailing method 25 years ago +and earlier. It is still a useful method in the case of traits due to +multiple factors, such as the present one. + +The distribution of build in the children of the different matings +is given in tables 11, 11A, and 12. There are 15 possible different +combinations of matings of the five grades. The first of these (VS × VS) +is not represented in our data, and the fifth, VS × VF, is represented +by only one mating and no column is devoted to it. The frequencies are +given separately for male and female offspring (table 11), and again +for both sexes together (table 12). Table 13 shows that there is a +considerable correlation between the average build of the parentage and +that of the progeny. From the matings of the fleshier parents the progeny +are fleshier; from those of slender parents, slenderer. This relation +may conceivably be due to family tradition handed down from parents to +children. We shall see later that this hypothesis meets with formidable +difficulties to acceptance. The most reasonable hypothesis is that there +are, above all, hereditary family tendencies that help determine build. + + +TABLE 13.—_Distribution of progeny of the various matings, according to +classes of build, absolute numbers, and proportions, based on Appendix +table, including starred families._ + + +----------------+-----------+---------------------+-------------------+ + | | | | Proportional | + | | Total | Absolute numbers. | frequencies | + |Type of mating. | No. of | | (per mille). | + | | children. +----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ + | | |VS. | S.| M. | F.|VF.|VS.| S.| M.| F.|VF.| + +----------------+-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ + |No. II VS × S | 20 | 4 | 12| 2| 2| |200|600|100|100| | + | III VS × M | 28 | 1 | 7| 17| 3| | 36|250|607|107| | + | IV VS × F | 25 | 1 | 5| 10| 7| 2| 40|200|400|280| 80| + | VI S × S | 51 | 5 | 35| 11| | | 98|686|215| | | + | VII S × M | 313 | | 49| 200| 53| 11| |157|639|169| 35| + | VIII S × F | 179 | 5 | 25| 85| 57| 7| 28|140|475|318| 39| + | IX S × VF | 50 | | 7| 18| 17| 8| |140|360|340|160| + | X M × M | 332 | 2 | 40| 201| 82| 7| 6|121|605|247| 21| + | XI M × F | 346 | | 31| 210| 88| 17| | 90|606|255| 49| + | XII M × VF | 112 | 2 | 7| 50| 36| 17| 18| 63|446|321|152| + | XIII F × F | 159 | | 15| 62| 61| 21| | 94|390|384|132| + | XIV F × VF | 146 | 1 | 7| 52| 51| 35| 7| 48|356|349|240| + | XV VF × VF | 37 | | | 12| 8| 10| | |400|267|333| + | +-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ + | Total | 1798 | | | | | | | | | | | + +----------------+-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ + +Comparing the tables for male and female offspring, it appears, first, +that there are, for some reason, more males than females about whom data +of build are given, probably because more males than females know their +stature and weight, or willingly record it; second, there are relatively +more females than males of very slender build (grades 22 to 31); there +are recorded relatively more very fleshy males than females (grades of +50 and above); third, there are relatively more recorded daughters than +sons derived from one very slender parent, and from the F × F and M × M +matings. The male progeny are more variable than the female as 5.325 ± +0.084 is to 5.133 ± 0.089; but the difference is less than three times +the probable error, and is, consequently, not very significant. + +Considering next the table of total progeny of the various matings, it +appears that the average number of children with recorded build from the +recorded matings is variable. In descending order the fecundity of the +matings is shown in table 14. This table shows that larger families, on +the average, were derived from fleshy parents than from slender parents. +Thus the F × F matings yield 2.3 times as many children, on the average, +per mating as the S × S matings. + + +TABLE 14.—_Average number of progeny yielded by each type of mating +(based on table 12)._ + + +-------+---------+-------+---------+ + |Mating.| No. of |Mating.| No. of | + | |children.| |children.| + +-------+---------+-------+---------+ + |VS × F | 5.00 | S × F | 3.16 | + | F × F | 4.72 | S × VF| 3.09 | + |VF × VF| 4.29 | S × M | 3.03 | + | M × VF| 3.70 | M × F | 2.98 | + | M × M | 3.55 |VS × S | 2.75 | + |VS × M | 3.50 | S × S | 2.04 | + | F × VF| 3.45 | | | + +-------+---------+-------+---------+ + + +REGRESSION OF PROGENY TOWARD MEDIOCRITY. + +Galton pointed out, in the case of stature, that, since correlation +between parents and progeny is not perfect, the progeny of selected +parents will tend to be less extremely selected and hence more nearly +mediocre than their parents. It has, indeed, been shown in my studies +on stature (1917, p. 341) that the progeny of tall parents do not show +this regression to mediocrity as much as the progeny of short parents. +This was regarded as evidence that the gametes of tall parents carried +fewer recessive allelomorphs than those of short parents; hence were +genetically “purer” and comprise more recessive factors. What is the +condition in respect to the varying indices of build? + +The answer to this question is given in table 15, which in turn is based +on table 12. This table shows for each of the 13 matings the average +departure of the parents from mediocre build (which for the parents is +34.86) and the corresponding departure of their offspring from mediocre +build (which for the progeny is 35.24). In the right-hand column of +the table is given the difference between these two departures, which +measures the amount of regression toward mediocrity on the part of the +progeny. The results of the last column are shown graphically in figure 8. + + +TABLE 15.—_Average build and regression from parental average of the +progeny of the various types of mating. Also matings arranged in order of +regression. Sexes combined (based on table 12)._ + + +-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+ + | | | | | | | Regression.| + | | | | Avg. | | Departure of | | + |Type of| No. of | No. of | build |Avg. build |parents|progeny| | + |mating.|matings.|progeny.| of |of progeny.| from | | + | | | |parents.| | mediocrity. | | + +-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+ + |VS × S | 4 | 11 | 26.13 |28.55 ± .86| -8.73 | -6.69 | +2.04 | + |VS × M | 8 | 28 | 28.38 |32.18 ± .54| -6.48 | -3.06 | +3.42 | + |VS × F | 5 | 25 | 32.00 |35.04 ± .83| -2.86 | -0.20 | +2.66 | + | S × S | 23 | 47 | 29.77 |28.47 ± .24| -5.09 | -6.77 | -1.68 | + | S × M | 101 | 306 | 30.90 |34.01 ± .16| -3.96 | -1.23 | +2.73 | + | S × F | 49 | 155 | 33.85 |34.39 ± .22| -1.01 | -0.85 | +0.16 | + | S × VF| 11 | 34 | 37.91 |35.48 ± .51| +3.05 | +0.24 | +2.81 | + | M × M | 92 | 327 | 33.23 |34.79 ± .15| -1.63 | -0.45 | +1.18 | + | M × F | 114 | 340 | 36.45 |35.41 ± .16| +1.59 | +0.17 | +1.42 | + | M × VF| 30 | 112 | 40.68 |36.53 ± .38| +5.82 | +1.29 | +4.53 | + | F × F | 33 | 156 | 39.21 |37.56 ± .29| +4.35 | +2.32 | +2.03 | + | F × VF| 30 | 100 | 42.97 |38.49 ± .36| +8.11 | +3.25 | +4.86 | + |VF × VF| 7 | 30 | 47.43 |39.20 ± .78| +12.57| +3.96 | +8.61 | + | +--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+ + | Total | 507 | 1671 | 34.86 |35.24 | | | | + +-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+ + + Mediocrity for parents, 34.86. + Mediocrity for progeny, 35.24. + +MATINGS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF REGRESSION. + + +---------+-------+ + | S × S | -1.68 | + | S × F | +0.16 | + | M × M | +1.18 | + | M × F | +1.42 | + | F × F | +2.03 | + | VS × S | +2.04 | + | VS × F | +2.66 | + | S × M | +2.73 | + | S × VF | +2.81 | + | VS × M | +3.42 | + | M × VF | +4.53 | + | F × VF | +4.86 | + | VF × VF | +8.61 | + +---------+-------+ + +Figure 8 shows clearly that, in spite of considerable irregularities, the +line of regression descends from the matings of two very fleshy parents +at the left, and in general from matings in which the average parental +departure from the mean build of parents is positive, to the mating of +two slender parents (or, less strikingly the VS × S mating) or in general +to the matings in which the average parental departure is extremely +negative. This result is most easily explained on the ground that whereas +fleshy parents carry all sorts of gametes for build, slender parents +carry a preponderance of gametes of their own kind; hence the progeny do +not regress so much from the selected parental condition. This suggests +that the slender parents are more nearly homozygous than the fleshy +parents. + +[Illustration: FIG. 8.—Line of regression of progeny on parents, based +on the difference between average filial and parental departures from +mediocrity. The abscissæ measure the average parental departure of each +class of mating. The ordinates are proportional to the filial regression.] + +Still another test of the gametic composition of the parents is the +variability of their offspring. The facts regarding such variability +are given in table 16. From this table it appears that the mating that +yields the least variable progeny is that of two slender consorts. The +variability in their progeny is measured by 2.41 ± 0.17. The variability +of the progeny of the VS × S mating is greater, 4.21 ± 0.61, but on +account of the small number of the progeny the probable error is large, +and it is possible that this difference in variability between S × S and +VS × S progeny is not a significant one. Next to the least variable +are the offspring of the M × M mating, 4.06 ± 0.11, and this leads to +the conclusion that a large proportion of the M parents are not merely +heterozygous, but constitute a “pure race” of medium build. The offspring +of the S × F mating have a fairly small variability 4.13 ± 0.16, as +befits a first generation (F₁) hybrid. On the other extreme, we have +the M × VF mating with a standard deviation of 9.11 ± 0.41. This large +standard deviation is due chiefly to the inclusion of one family (Ber-A) +which contains 2 progeny of builds 79 and 103, weighing 180 kg. (400 +pounds) and 215 kg. (475 pounds) respectively. Otherwise, the variability +of this mating is not extreme. It is 5.25 ± 0.24. The next largest +variability is from the VF × VF mating, 6.31 ± 0.55, a variability that +is due to the absence of any important mode. The progeny of the VS × F +mating are highly variable, 6.18 ± 0.59, but this standard deviation has +the largest probable error of any except VS × S, so that great stress +must not be laid upon its exact position. In general, the progeny of +matings with 2 or 1 F or VF parents, belong to the more variable group +and those with S (or VS) parents to the less variable group. The meaning +of this is clear to the geneticist who has dealt with multiple factors. +It indicates that some or all of the factors that make for fleshy build +dominate to a greater or less degree over the factors for slenderness. +The test of the regression of progeny toward mediocrity and the test of +the variability of the progeny of the various matings thus lead to the +same result—the factors for fleshiness are imperfectly dominant over +those for slenderness, and the latter probably lack some or all of those +factors that make for fleshy build. + + +TABLE 16.—_Progeny of the various types of matings arranged in order of +variability or standard deviation (S. D.), together with the probable +errors (P. E.) of the means and deviations; also the coefficients of +variation (based on table 12)._ + + +-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+ + |Type of| No. of | Mean build of |Standard deviation|Coefficient of| + |mating.|progeny.|progeny and (P. E.)| and (P. E.) | variability. | + +-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+ + | S × S | 47 | 28.47 ± 0.24 | 2.41 ± 0.17 | 8.97 | + | M × M | 327 | 34.79 ± 0.15 | 4.06 ± 0.11 | 11.67 | + | S × F | 155 | 34.39 ± 0.22 | 4.13 ± 0.16 | 12.01 | + | S × M | 306 | 34.01 ± 0.16 | 4.20 ± 0.11 | 12.35 | + |VS × S | 11 | 28.55 ± 0.86 | 4.21 ± 0.61 | 14.75 | + |VS × M | 28 | 32.18 ± 0.54 | 4.22 ± 0.38 | 13.11 | + | M × F | 340 | 35.41 ± 0.16 | 4.27 ± 0.11 | 12.06 | + | S × VF| 34 | 35.68 ± 0.51 | 4.44 ± 0.36 | 12.44 | + | F × F | 157 | 37.56 ± 0.29 | 5.37 ± 0.20 | 14.30 | + | F × VF| 100 | 38.49 ± 0.36 | 5.38 ± 0.27 | 3.98 | + |VS × F | 25 | 35.04 ± 0.83 | 6.18 ± 0.59 | 17.64 | + |VF × VF| 30 | 39.20 ± 0.78 | 6.31 ± 0.55 | 16.10 | + | M × VF| 112 | 37.64 ± 0.58 | 9.11 ± 0.41 | 24.17 | + +-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+ + + +HYPOTHESIS. + +The foregoing brief studies of the progeny of classes of matings suggest +the following hypothesis: + +Fleshy build results from the action of several positive (dominant) +factors that make for stoutness, while slenderness results from the +absence of one or more of such factors, or is due to recessive factors. +Fleshy parents may, and frequently do, carry gametes which lack the +“fleshy” or carry the “slender” factor, while in slender parents for the +most part the gametes carry only the slender factor, hence the gametes +of slender parents are more nearly homogeneous. This hypothesis may be +further developed as follows: + +Assuming that there are two independent factors A and B for build, then +these may be found in different zygotes in the following combinations: + + AABB AaBB aABB aaBB + AABb AaBb aABb aaBb + AAbB AabB aAbB aabB + AAbb Aabb aAbb aabb + +Or, disregarding order of the letters, and considering only the number +and kind of genes in each kind of zygote, we have: + + AABB 2AaBB aaBB + 2AABb 4AaBb 2aaBb + AAbb 2Aabb aabb + +in which the coefficients indicate the relative frequency of the +different combinations. + +We may assume that: + + 4 positive factors in a zygote correspond to a very fleshy person. + 3 factors correspond to a fleshy person. + 2 factors correspond to a person of medium build. + 1 factor corresponds to a slender person. + 0 factor corresponds to a very slender person. + +Table 17 indicates the possible matings and their progeny. + + +TABLE 17.—_Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings, +on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent upon 4 zygotic +factors in the parents._ + + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------------------------+ + | | | | | Percentage of each number of | + |One |Other| Zygotic | Gametic | zygotes in progeny. | + | parent. | formulæ. | formulæ. +------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | | |0 (VS)|1 (S)|2 (M)|3 (F)|4 (VF)| + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 4 | 4 | AABB × AABB | AB × AB | | | | | 100 | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 4 | 3 | AABB × AABb |{ AB × AB }| | | | 50 | 50 | + | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | AABB × AAbb | AB × Ab | | | | 100 | | + | | | | | | | | | | + | 4 | 2 | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | | + | | | AABB × AaBb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 25 | 50 | 25 | + | | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 4 | 1 | AABB × Aabb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 50 | 50 | | + | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 4 | 0 | AABB × aabb | AB × ab | | | 100 | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | | + | 3 | 3 | AABb × AABb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 25 | 50 | 25 | + | | | |{ Ab × AB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 3 | 2 | AABb × AAbb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 50 | 50 | | + | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | | + | | | AABb × AaBb |{ Ab × AB }| | 12.5| 37.5| 37.5| 12.5| + | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ Ab × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | | + | 3 | 1 | AABb × Aabb |{ AB × ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | | + | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | | + | 3 | 0 | AABb × aabb |{ Ab × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | AAbb × AAbb | Ab × Ab | | |100 | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + | | | |{ Ab × AB }| | | | | | + | | | AAbb × AaBb |{ Ab × Ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | | + | | | |{ Ab × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | AaBb × AAbb |{ Ab × Ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | | + | | | |{ aB × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{2Ab × AB }| | | | | | + | | | AaBb × AaBb |{2Ab × Ab }| 6.25| 25 | 37.5| 25 | 6.25| + | | | |{2Ab × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{2Ab × ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × AB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | AAbb × Aabb |{ Ab × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | 2 | 1 | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | | + | | | AABb × Aabb |{ Ab × ab }| 12.5| 37.5| 37.5| 12.5| | + | | | |{ aB × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ aB × aB }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | AAbb × aabb | Ab × ab | |100 | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | + | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | | + | 2 | 0 | AaBb × aabb |{ Ab × ab }| 25 | 50 | 25 | | | + | | | |{ aB × ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | 1 | 1 | Aabb × Aabb |{ AB × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | | + | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | | + | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 1 | 0 | Aabb × aabb |{ Abab }| 50 | 50 | | | | + | | | |{ abab }| | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + | 0 | 0 | aabb × aabb | | 100 | | | | | + +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+ + +On the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build, the possible +combinations in the progeny are much more numerous. Seven classes of +zygotic combinations are possible. We recognize in our work only 5 +classes of build. Accordingly, it would be necessary to redistribute our +classes of build into 7 or else assume that the two lowest classes are +both comprised in “very slender” and the two highest in “very fleshy.” +The former operation would require an amount of work hardly justified by +the possible advantage; so the latter procedure was adopted as perhaps a +sufficiently close approximation. The distributions are given in table 18 +which is given in detail only in part. + + +TABLE 18.—_Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings +on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent on 6 zygotic +factors in the parents._ + + +----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ + | No. of | | + |factors in| Percentage of each class of zygotic factors. | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + |One |Other| 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | + | parent. | | | | | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 6 | 6 | 100 | | | | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 6 | 5 | 50 | 50 | | | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 6 | 4 |{ |100 | | | | | | + | | |{ 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 6 | 3 |{ | 50 | 50 | | | | | + | | |{ 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 6 | 2 |{ | |100 | | | | | + | | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 6 | 1 | | | 50 | 50 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 6 | 0 | | | |100 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 5 | 5 | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 5 | 4 |{ | 50 | 50 | | | | | + | | |{ 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 5 | 3 |{ 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | | + | | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 5 | 2 |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | + | | |{ | | 50 | 50 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 5 | 1 | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 5 | 0 | | | | 50 | 50 | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | | |{ 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | | + | 4 | 4 |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | + | | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | + | | |{ | |100 | | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | | |{ 3.125 | 15.625| 31.25 | 31.25| 15.625 | 3.125| | + | 4 | 3 |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | + | | |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | + | | |{ | | 50 | 50 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | | |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | + | 4 | 2 |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | + | | |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | + | | |{ | | |100 | | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 4 | 1 |{ | | | 50 | 50 | | | + | | |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 4 | 0 | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | | |{ 1.5625| 9.375| 23.4375| 31.25| 23.4375| 9.375| 1.5625| + | 3 | 3 |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | + | | |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | + | | |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | | |{ | 3.125| 16.625 | 31.25| 31.25 | 16.625| 3.125 | + | 3 | 2 |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | + | | |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | + | | |{ | | | 50 | 50 | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 3 | 1 |{ | | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.5 | + | | |{ | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 3 | 0 |{ | | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | + | | |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | | |{ | | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | + | 2 | 2 |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | | + | | |{ | | | |100 | | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 2 | 1 |{ | | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | + | | |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 2 | 0 |{ | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | + | | |{ | | | | |100 | | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 1 | 1 | | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 1 | 0 | | | | | | 50 | 50 | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + | 0 | 0 | | | | | | |100 | + +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+ + + +MATE SELECTION IN BUILD. + +Statistics on temperament and stature of consorts (Davenport, 1915, p. +106; 1917, p. 329) seem clearly to show that there is an assortative +mating in respect to these traits. The question arises: Is there +assortative mating in respect to build? The inquiry is rendered the +more difficult, inasmuch as build changes to such an extent with age. +Nevertheless, as there appears to be a considerable correlation (though +not yet calculated) between build at 25 and at 50 years, it is fair to +assume that some degree of the mature build is already indicated at the +period just before marriage. + +If, now, there is no assortative mating in respect to build, we should +find that persons of any given build, say slender, would have very +slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy consorts in the +respective proportions in which such classes of build occur in the +whole population of parents. A marked deviation from this expectation +would indicate the falseness of this hypothesis and that there is an +assortative mating in respect to build. + +To test the hypothesis we can make use of 531 matings, including those +which are employed in the main tables. We find the male and the female +consorts in these matings to occur in the different classes in the +numbers and proportions shown in table 19. + + +TABLE 19.—_Percentage distribution of parents of each sex among the +various classes of build as found in 531 selected matings. Based on +Appendix tables._ + + +----------+----------------------+----------------------+ + | | Males. | Females. | + | +----------+-----------+----------+-----------+ + | Classes. | | | | | + | |Frequency.| Per cent. |Frequency.| Per cent. | + +----------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+ + | VS | 22 | .38 | 18 | 3.39 | + | S | 97 | 18.27 | 127 | 23.92 | + | M | 230 | 43.31 | 210 | 39.55 | + | F | 158 | 29.75 | 120 | 22.59 | + | VF | 44 | 8.29 | 56 | 10.55 | + | +----------+-----------+----------+-----------+ + | Total | 531 | 100 | 531 | 100 | + +----------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+ + +In applying the test to the hypothesis we may assume in turn that the +groom has done the selecting and that the bride has done the selecting. +We then compare, in the selections made by the grooms, the expected +proportion of the classes of build on the assumption of no assortative +mating, with the proportions actually found in the brides. Similarly, +with suitable changes for the selections made by the brides. The results +are given in table 20. + + +TABLE 20.—_Percentage distribution of build of consorts selected by +grooms and by brides belonging to each of the classes of build, and +comparison with the standards of table 19._ + +P, percentages found or expected. E, percentage excess of found over +expected. + + +----------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+---+ + | | | | | | | T | + | | VS | S | M | F | VF | o | + | | | | | | | t | + | +----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+ a | + | | P | E | P | E | P | E | P | E | P | E | l | + +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+ + | SELECTIONS MADE BY GROOMS. | + +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+ + |Expected | | | | | | | | | | | | + | build | | | | | | | | | | | | + | of | | | | | | | | | | | | + | brides, | | | | | | | | | | | | + | random | | | | | | | | | | | | + | selection|3.4 | |23.9| |39.6| |22.6| |10.6| |100| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by | | | | | | | | | | | | + | _slender_| | | | | | | | | | | | + | grooms |5.2 | +52.9|24.7| +3.3|37.1| +6.3|23.7| +4.9| 9.3|-12.3| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by | | | | | | | | | | | | + | _medium_ | | | | | | | | | | | | + | grooms |3.5 | +2.9 |28.3|+18.4|40.4| +2.0|22.3| -1.3| 5.6|-47.2| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by | | | | | | | | | | | | + | _fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | | + | grooms |3.2 | -5.9 |18.3|-23.4|40.5| +2.3|21.5| -4.9|16.5|+55.7| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by _very | | | | | | | | | | | | + | fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | | + | grooms |0.0 | -100 |15.9|-33.5|38.6| -2.5|27.3|+20.8|18.2|+71.7| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+ + | SELECTIONS MADE BY BRIDES. | + +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Expected | | | | | | | | | | | | + | build | | | | | | | | | | | | + | of | | | | | | | | | | | | + | grooms, | | | | | | | | | | | | + | random | | | | | | | | | | | | + | selection|0.4 | |18.3| |43.3| |29.8| | 8.3| |100| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by | | | | | | | | | | | | + | _slender_| | | | | | | | | | | | + | brides |1.59|+297.5|18.9| +3.3|51.2|+18.2|22.8|-23.5| 5.5|-33.7| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by | | | | | | | | | | | | + | _medium_ | | | | | | | | | | | | + | brides |0.0 | -100 |17.1| -6.6|44.3| +2.3|30.5| +2.3| 8.1| -2.4| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by | | | | | | | | | | | | + | _fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | | + | brides |0.0 | -100 |19.2| +4.9|42.5| -1.8|28.3| -5.0|10.0|+20.5| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | | + | by _very | | | | | | | | | | | | + | fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | | + | brides |0.0 | -100 |16.1|-12.0|23.2|-46.4|46.4|+55.7|14.3|+72.3| | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | + +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+ + +An inspection of tables 19 and 20 shows that the hypothesis that wives +and husbands of men of each different class of build are merely random +samples of the whole population of parents is not supported by the facts. +Thus on the part of both very fleshy grooms and brides over 70 per cent +more consorts, who will ultimately be very fleshy are selected than +are expected on the hypothesis of random sampling. Also, among fleshy +fathers there is a marked excess of very fleshy wives. Slender parents +have an excess of similar consorts. Medium parents have selected consorts +nearly at random so far as regards build. Slender parents have selected +a smaller proportion of very fleshy consorts than expectation on random +choice, and very fleshy parents have selected less than the average of +very slender and slender consorts. In a word, there is some degree of +assortative mating and, indeed, a mating of similars. This result agrees +with the findings in respect to stature; similars tend to mate; while in +the case of temperament, dissimilars tend to marry each other. + + +THE BASAL TABLES. + +In the Appendix are given in tabular form details concerning the +different types of matings, with some information concerning the +grandparents, the sibs of parents, and the children. These are the tables +that have been used for the mass study and from which table 11 was drawn +up.[2] They will afford much of our data for the detailed Mendelian +studies, and will be briefly considered in this section. + +[2] The families in the tables of the Appendix which are marked by an +asterisk (*) are not included in table 11. The reason is that they were +selected families, usually because containing very fleshy persons. It was +deemed undesirable to combine these selected families with the unselected +families that make up most of table 11; a table which forms the basis for +figure 7. To have included them would have distorted the form of that +figure. + +These tables are derived chiefly from the Records of Family Traits; +some from special schedules and, in a few cases, from the A file of the +Eugenics Record Office. + + _Table I._—Mating of very slender, 1.50 to 1.75 metric (21 to 25 + English) × very slender. This combination does not occur in our + 506 standard matings. + + _Table II._—Matings of very slender × slender, 1.80 to 2.10 (26 + to 30). There are seven matings altogether. They yielded 20 + progeny: 4 VS, 12 S, 2 M, and 2 F. Four-fifths of the progeny + thus fall in the parental groups; the distribution shows little + variability (fig. 9). + + _Table III._—Matings of very slender × medium, 2.2 to 2.6 (31 to + 36). 28 children derived from 8 matings have indices of build + as follows: 1 VS, 7 S, 17 M, 3 F. The mode of the progeny, as + compared with table 2, has shifted to the medium grade (fig. 10). + + _Table IV._—Matings of very slender × fleshy, 2.6 to 3.0 (37 to + 43). There are 5 matings. These yielded 25 progeny: 1 VS, 5 S, + 10 M, 7 F, and 2 VF. The mode is at medium grade, but the whole + distribution is much more variable than in tables 2 and 3 (fig. + 11). + + _Table V._—Matings of very slender × very fleshy, 3.1 to 4.5 (44 + to 64). There is only 1 mating in this class, so that no table + is formed. It is described in full on page 97. It produced 7 + children: 3 S, 3 M, and 1 VF. + + _Table VI._—Matings of slender × slender. There are 24 matings of + this type. They yielded 51 progeny: 5 VS, 35 S, 11 M. The mode + is strongly in the S grade; the progeny show relatively little + variability (fig. 12). + + _Table VII._—Matings of slender × medium parents. There are 101 + matings of this type. They yielded 313 progeny: 49 S, 200 M, 53 + F, 11 VF. The mode is at medium; the progeny show rather low + variability (fig. 13). + + _Table VIII._—Matings of slender × fleshy parents. There are 52 + matings of this type. They yielded 179 progeny: 5 VS, 25 S, 85 M, + 57 F, 7 VF. The mode is at medium: the progeny show rather low + variability (fig. 14). + + _Table IX._—Matings of slender × very fleshy parents. There are + 16 matings of this type. They yielded 50 progeny: 7 S, 18 M, 17 + F, 8 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 15). + + _Table X._—Matings of medium × medium parents. There are 93 + matings of this type. They yielded 332 offspring: 2 VS, 40 S, + 201 M, 82 F, 7 VF. The progeny are not very variable (fig. + 16), indicating that all individuals of medium build are not + “heterozygotes”; but that there is also a “medium” race. + + _Table XI._—Matings of medium × fleshy parents. There are 115 + matings of this type. They yielded 346 offspring: 31 S, 210 M, 88 + F, 17 VF. The progeny show an intermediate degree of variability + (fig. 17). + + _Table XII._—Matings of medium × very fleshy parents. There are + 30 matings of this type. They yielded 112 offspring: 2 VS, 7 S, + 50 M, 36 F, 17 VF. The progeny show considerable variability + (fig. 18). + + _Table XIII._—Matings of fleshy × fleshy parents. There are 33 + matings of this type. They yielded 159 offspring: 15 S, 62 M, 61 + F, 21 VF. The progeny show a rather high variability (fig. 19). + + _Table XIV._—Matings of fleshy × very fleshy parents. There are + 30 matings of this type. They yielded 146 offspring: 1 VS, 7 S, + 52 M, 51 F, 35 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 20). + + _Table XV._—Matings of very fleshy × very fleshy parents. There + are 7 matings of this type. They yielded 37 offspring: 1 S, 12 M, + 11 F, 13 VF. The progeny are exceedingly variable (fig. 21). + +The diversity of the distributions of the progeny of the various matings +and the great difference in their variabilities indicates that there +is not only an inheritance of tendencies to particular types of build, +but also that there is a strong evidence of some sort of Mendelian +inheritance. + +[Illustration: FIG. 9.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table II, VS +× S matings. Number of individuals, 20.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 10.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table III, +VS × M matings. Number of individuals, 28.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 11.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IV, +VS × F matings. Number of individuals, 25.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 12.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VI, S +× S matings. Number of individuals, 51.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 13.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VII, +S × M matings. Number of individuals, 313.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 14.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VIII, +S × F matings. Number of individuals, 179.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 15.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IX, S +× VF matings. Number of individuals, 50.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 16.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table X, M +× M matings. Number of individuals, 332.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 17.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XI, M +× F matings. Number of individuals, 1,346.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 18.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XII, +M × VF matings. Number of individuals, 112.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 19.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIII, +F × F matings. Number of individuals, 159.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 20.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIV, +F × VF matings. Number of individuals, 146.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 21.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XV, +VF × VF matings. Number of individuals, 37.] + + + + +PART III. + +FAMILY STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF BUILD. + + + + +A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. + + +Our study of the mass relation in build between parental and filial +generation has followed the ordinary pre-Mendelian method of analysis +of heredity, a method that has proved rather sterile for prediction of +filial traits. It has, however, enabled us to formulate an hypothesis in +Mendelian language. It now remains to use our data in Mendelian fashion, +to seek a test of the hypothesis. + +In this study we shall not use all of the families listed in the main +tables of the Appendix, because some of them are for various reasons not +adequate for Mendelian analysis; for example, in some cases the ancestry +is insufficiently known, so that the gametic nature of the parents can +not be inferred. It is considered preferable to analyze a few of the more +completely known families than to rest content with the mass statistics. +I shall take up in order the more significant matings. + + + + +B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS. + + +The asterisk immediately preceding the reference letters means that the +family referred to is not included in the statistics of table 11. + +†tb or †t, immediately following an index number in this study, signifies +that the person with that index number had active tuberculosis. The † +indicates death by the disease. + + +CLASS I. BOTH PARENTS SLENDER. + +Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, THE OTHER SLENDER. + +We have only two fair cases falling into this category. The *Fun family +with the paternal formula 27, 29, 27 and the maternal formula 32, 27, +25; and the Sch-37 family with the paternal formula 29, 33±, 29 and the +maternal formula 27±, 29± †tb, 25. (In these formulas the indices of +father’s father, father’s mother, father, and similarly for the mother’s +side of the house are given in that order.) The full history of these +cases follows: + + +*FUN FAMILY. (Fig. 22.) + +II 6, ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); +build 1.9 (27); slender and of exclusively slender sibship and parentage; +married II 7, ♀, 167 cm. (66 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110 +pounds); build, 1.8 (25); very slender and of slender or medium sibship +and parentage. They have 2 children: (1) ♀, at 27 years, 165 cm. (65 +inches) tall and weighing 54 kg. (118 pounds); build 1.9 (28), slender; +(2) ♂, at 24 years, 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighing 68 kg. (149 +pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender. + +Thus this mating of very slender × slender parents yielded only (2) +slender offspring. A slender × slender mating from the same family may be +added here. + +I 1, ♂, 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighing 57 kg. (125 pounds); build +1.9 (27), slender. Married I 2, ♀, 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and weighing +50 kg. (110 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender. They had 4 children: (1) ♂, +173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 54 kg. (120 pounds); build 1.8 (26), +slender; (2) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 60.4 kg. (133 pounds); +build 2.0 (29), slender; (3) ♀, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighing 52 kg. +(115 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender; (4) ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, +weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender. + +Two slender parents have thus only (4) slender offspring (A: 034). + +[Illustration: FIG. 22.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +FUN family.] + +In this and the following pedigree charts the following symbolism is +adopted. The generations are marked at the left margin; members of +one fraternity are suspended from one horizontal line; square, males; +circles, females. The abbreviations: d. inf. (died in infancy), and d. +yg. (died young) are easily interpreted. + +The degree of shading indicates the degree of build according to the +following scheme: + +[Illustration] + + +SCH-37 FAMILY. + +A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who +in youth suffered from inflammation of the bowels and in middle age from +congestion of the brain, died at 69 years from tetanus and apoplexy. +Formula: 150/72 inches, build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died +of apoplexy at 83 years. At 80 years his formula was: 150/72 inches; +build 2.0 (29). His mother, who in middle age was subject to stomach +trouble and “shingles,” died of old age at 83 years, having at 80 years +the formula 130/M; build 2.3 (33±). Thus, this side of the house is +prevailingly slender. + +The Mother, who in youth was subject to hives, and in middle age to +asthma and eczema, has at 73 years the formula 94/63 inches; build 1.7 +(25). Her father, a farmer, who always suffered from asthma and died of +it at 74 years, had at 70 years the formula 120/M; build 1.9 (27±). Her +mother, who died at 83 years of tuberculosis of intestine, had at 80 +years the formula 110/M; build 2.0 (29±). This is a decidedly slender +family, more so than that of the paternal side. The five children: + +1. Male, who in youth had measles, whooping-cough, hay-fever, colds, +and, in middle age, asthma and hemorrhoids, has at 47 years the formula +165/72.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +2. Female, who in youth suffered from sore throat, colds, diphtheria, +and quinsy, and in middle age from sore throat; is quick-tempered and +astigmatic. At 42 years she has the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +3. Female, who died at 7 years, accident. + +4. Female, who in youth was subject to lung trouble and bronchitis, +weighed 160 pounds at 27 years, 7 pounds at birth. She has gradually +lost weight since 27 years, till at 37 years she has the formula 135/68 +inches; build 2.1 (29). + +5. Male, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has a nervous +temperament, at 30 years has the formula 137.5/72 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +_Comment._—All but one of this fraternity of 4 who grew up are of +slender build (unadjusted). The exception is a man of 47 years who is of +slender-medium build (R: Sch-37). + +To summarize: Of 10 progeny (who grew up) of these 3 matings all are +slender except 1 who falls just over the line into medium. + + +MATING 2. BOTH PARENTS ARE SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK. + +Table 21 gives the progeny of matings of slender stock. Of the 5 matured +progeny, 4 are slender and 1 just over the line into medium. The details +of the families are given below. + + +TABLE 21. _Matings of two slender parents; together with their progeny._ + +[From Table VI.] + + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+ + | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. | + | |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+ + | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF| + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+ + |Ker 5 |M |30|29| |M |27|29| | 1| | 1| | | + |Ste 9 |M | S|28| |S |31|28| | | 3| | | | + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+ + + +KER-5 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living mostly in western United +States—Colorado, Texas, New Mexico. + +The Father, who was an army officer, is a railroad official who suffered +in middle age from tropical fever. He has, at 51 years, the formula +150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a mechanic, died at +74 years from hardening of arteries, having had at 60 years the formula +160/M. His mother, who had 2 children, suffered in middle age from +typhoid; she died at about 47 years from pneumonia. At 40 years, her +formula 110/S; build probably about 2.1 (30). This side of the house is +prevailingly slender. + +The Mother, who has had 4 children, suffered in middle age from neuritis. +She is living at 49 years. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her +father, who was an army officer, suffered in middle age from heart +trouble and rheumatism. He died at 58 years from heart trouble. At 38 +years his formula 160/M. Her mother, who had 2 children, was an invalid; +she died at 36 years from consumption. Formula 100/S; say about 2.0 (27). +This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children grew up: + +1. Male, a railroad man, who in youth suffered from throat trouble and +pneumonia and who is very nervous, has at 21 years the formula 150/78 +inches; build 1.7 (25). + +2. Male, formerly a teacher, now in the army, has at 20 years the formula +158/71 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +3. Male, is slender at 15 years. + +_Comment._—The somewhat slender parents have 2 slender children and a +third who is in the army and has a slender-medium build (R: Ker-5). + + +STE-9 FAMILY. + +A family of German extraction, paternal grandparents living first in +Germany, later in Alabama; maternal grandparents, parents, and children +living in Alabama. The Father, who is a farmer, and suffered in youth +from intermittent fever and in middle age from hay fever and gallstone +or intestinal trouble, is living at 52 years. At 40 years his formula +120/65.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). His father, who was a farmer, suffered +in middle age from intermittent fever. He died at 82 years from +congestion of bowels. At 60 years he was of medium build. His mother died +at 57 years from intermittent fever. At 55 years she was slender. This +side of the house should contribute a slender to medium tendency, unless +the Father’s weight is abnormally low, due to his intestinal trouble. + +The Mother, who in youth suffered from “enlarged tonsils,” and in middle +age from bronchitis, is living at 50 years. At 40 years her formula +115/64.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, who was a blacksmith, died +at 32 years from “hemorrhage of lungs.” At 30 years he was slender. Her +mother, who in youth suffered from malarial fever and in middle age from +tumors, died at about 64 years from “intestinal trouble—tumors (?).” At +40 years her formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). The gametes from +this side of the house also should tend to produce slenderness in the +children. Four children grew up: + +1. Male, an engineer, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and +bronchitis, has at 27 years the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +2. Male, a teacher, who in youth suffered from bronchitis, has at 24 +years the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +3. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, +has at 22 years the formula 115/62.8 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +4. Female, under 18 years, of slender build, but about average for her +age. + +_Comment._—All 3 grown children have a slender build at present; it is +possible that build may be increased as they grow older (R: Ste-9). + + +MATING 3. OTHER SLENDER × VERY SLENDER MATINGS. + +There are 3 matings of this type: (1) Nob-1, (2) Cod-1, (3) Jos-1 (table +22). + +Of 7 grown and 4 immature children derived from this mating, 5 grown +children and 2 (or 3) adolescents are slender. In one mating (Jos-1) of +ethnically dissimilar parents (from Riga and Baden respectively), both +adult children are of much heavier build than either parent, i.e., of +medium to fleshy build. This might be explained as an example of the +extra-vigorous growth of hybrids; but we find few other examples of this +result in human hybrids. It seems more probable that both parents carry +1 or more factors for fleshiness and that all were combined in their +eldest son, causing him to develop fleshiness further than either of his +parents. + + +TABLE 22.—_Other matings of a slender and a very slender parent, together +with their progeny._ + + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+ + | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. | + | |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+ + | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF| + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+ + |R Cod 1|35|33|29| |30|30|25| | | 2| | | | + |R Jos 1| | |24| | | |27| | | | 1| 1| | + |R Nob 1| | |26| | M| M|24|Sui, Neur | 2| 1| | | | + | +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+--+--+ + | Total| | | | | | | | | 2| 3| 1| 1| | + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+ + + +COD-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a salesman, +suffered in youth from whooping-cough, measles, inflammatory rheumatism; +in middle age from mumps and smallpox. He is living at 45 years, having +the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died at +56 years from influenza and heart trouble. At 45 years he had the formula +160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who suffered from indigestion, +died at 72 years from “sclerosis of liver.” At 45 years her formula was +135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus this side of the house is of medium +to slender build. + +The Mother, who in youth had mumps, measles, hives, scarlet fever, +tonsillitis, and rheumatism, and in middle life sick headaches, +tonsillitis, and pneumonia, is living at 45 years, having the formula +95/62 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, who in youth suffered +from malaria and indigestion and in middle age from heart trouble, +gravel, and indigestion, died at 80 years from pneumonia and heart +trouble, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother, +who in youth had whooping-cough, mumps, erysipelas, asthma, pneumonia, +and in middle age measles, asthma, neuralgia, pneumonia, and a slight +attack of rheumatism, is living at 77 years. At 45 years her formula was +108/60 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus this side of the house is slender to +very slender. The 2 children are: + +1. Male, a druggist, who suffered from all the children’s diseases and +appendicitis, pneumonia, smallpox, rheumatism, and asthma, and loses 8 +to 10 pounds in winter and gains it back in summer, has at 20 years the +formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). + +2. Female, who in youth suffered from all the children’s diseases, +besides nervous nausea, pneumonia, and tonsillitis, has at 18 years the +formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (26). + +_Comment._—Thus both children are of slender build (R: Cod-1). + + +JOS-1 FAMILY. + +A family whose paternal and maternal grandparents lived in Baden and +Latvia respectively; parents and children living in Pennsylvania. + +The Latvian Father, who in middle age suffered from a “touch” of typhoid, +has at 60 years the formula 112/68 inches; build 1.7 (24). + +The Badenish Mother, who had three children, died at 54 years from +pneumonia, having the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +Of the two children who grew up: + +1. Male, a civil engineer, has at 33 years the formula 180/68 inches; +build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 189/68 inches; build 2.9 (41). + +2. Female, a student, has at 26 years the formula 150/69 inches; build +2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +_Comment._—The children exceed in build the stouter parent; probably a +result either of heterozygosis or multiple factors (R: Jos-1). + + +NOB-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents living in Illinois +and Minnesota, maternal grandparents living in Canada and Minnesota, +parents and children living in Illinois and Minnesota. The Father, a +livery-man, a very energetic, nervous man, is in middle age liable to +rheumatism. He has at 47 years the formula 140/74 inches; build 1.8 +(26). His father, a farmer, who in middle age suffered from asthma, +colds, and heart trouble, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the +formula M/M. His mother, who had 11 children, suffered in middle age from +bronchitis. She is living at 77 years, having the formula M/M. + +The Mother, who has had 7 children, has the formula 105/66 inches; build +1.7 (24). One of her brothers hung himself; one of her sisters was always +“sickly” and toward the end of her life “very peculiar.” Their father, a +farmer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble. He died from “dropsy +of heart.” At 60 years his formula was M/M. Their mother, who had 7 +children, is living, now insane. At 61 years her formula was M/M. + +The 7 children are: + +1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from adenoids and +tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26). + +2. Female, a bookkeeper, has at 19 years the formula 100/66 inches; build +1.6 (23). + +3. Male, a student, has at 18 years the formula 112/67 inches; build 1.8 +(25). + +_Comment._—There are four children below 18 years. Of these, No. 4, at 14 +years, is 18 pounds below standard; No. 5, at 12 years, 15 pounds below; +No. 6, at 8 years, 2 pounds below; and No. 7, at 5 years, 2 pounds above +standard. + +Thus the entire family, omitting the 5-year-old, is below the standard +and mostly very slender or slender. In view of the fact that the parents +are, at around 45 years, still slender or very slender, it is doubtful +if the children’s weights should be adjusted; it is probably a family +characteristic not to put on weight in middle life. This family supports +the view that extreme slenderness is a recessive condition, or, at least, +is determined by prevailing recessive factors (R: Nob-1). + + +Mating 4. OTHER SLENDER × SLENDER MATINGS (included in table 23). + +Since by hypothesis slender parents will rarely carry gametes with +more than 1 factor for fleshiness, it becomes important to consider +the remaining slender × slender matings, i. e., without special regard +to the grandparental conditions. A summary of the distribution of the +progeny of all slender × slender matings is given in Table VI (Appendix). +This shows that of 51 grown children (resulting from 24 matings), 5 +are very slender, 35 slender, and 11 of medium build. Here is a great +preponderance of very slender and slender offspring—40 out of the 51, +and all of the 11 of medium build are below the middle class. There +clearly are factors which drive even these progeny of two slender parents +in some cases to become of slightly heavier build than their parents, +and this result is to be expected if fleshy build depends on several +zygotic factors, and slender build lacks all these factors but two. The +distribution of builds in the offspring of the selected slender (and +very slender) parents is shown in table 23. The percentage distribution +of the progeny is: 12 VS, 73 S, 13 M, 2 F. On any hypothesis we should +expect a large proportion of slender offspring. Close conformity to any +theoretical distribution is hardly to be expected in this table, owing to +the variety of matings included. + + +TABLE 23.—_Summary of selected slender × slender matings, and those of +very slender parents, together with their progeny._ + + +-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+ + | | VS | S | M | F | VF | + +-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+ + | Ada 4 | | 2 | | | | + | Cod 1 | | 2 | | | | + | Fel | | 1 | | | | + |*Fun (a) | | 2 | | | | + |*Fun (b) | | 4 | | | | + | Hay 4 | | 2 | | | | + | Hay 12 | | 1 | 1 | | | + | Hen 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | | + | Jos 1 | | | 1 | 1 | | + | Ker 5 | 1 | | 1 | | | + | Lan 4 | 1 | 1 | | | | + | Law 7 | | 1 | | | | + |*Leo (a) | 1 | 4 | | | | + |*Leo (b) | | 3 | | | | + | Lou 2 | 1 | 1 | | | | + | McA 2 | | 3 | | | | + | McC 11 | | 1 | 1 | | | + |*Mor | | 3 | | | | + | Nob 1 | 2 | 1 | | | | + |*Pal | 1 | | | 1 | | + | Ran 4 | 1 | 2 | | | | + | Sch 8 | | 1 | 1 | | | + | Sch 37 | | 3 | 1 | | | + | Sco 5 | | 2 | 1 | | | + | Shi 5 | | | 1 | | | + |*Smi | | 2 | | | | + | Ste 9 | | 3 | | | | + | Wil 23 | | 4 | 1 | | | + | You 9 | | 1 | | | | + | A 01:44 | | 1 | | | | + | A 01:19 | | 1 | | | | + | A 01:60 | | 1 | | | | + | A 01:63 | | 1 | | | | + | +----+----+----+----+----+ + | Total 77| 9 |56 |10 | 2 | | + | Percentage 100|11.7|72.7|13.0| 2.6| | + | | + | Mean, 28.50 ± 0.24; S. D. 3.13 ± 0.17.| + +------------------------------------------+ + +Detailed family histories of these slender × slender matings are given +herewith. + + +ADA-4 FAMILY. + +A family of old English American (Massachusetts and Ohio) stock, living +in Michigan and Kansas. The Father, a merchant, who in youth suffered +from brain fever, is living at 77 years, having had at 50 years the +formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His 4 sibs are all tall. His +father, a farmer, died at 49 years from typhoid. At 40 years his formula +160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). His mother, who had 6 children, and who +was always well, died at 65 years from pneumonia. At 40 years her formula +130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). This side of the house is of prevailingly +slender to medium build. + +The mother, who has had 3 children and who suffered in middle age from +rheumatism and colitis, is living at 66 years, having had at 50 years +the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a farmer, died +from paresis. At 45 years he had the formula 175/69 inches; build 2.6 +(37). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from diphtheria, died at 73 +years from paralysis. At 45 years her formula 130/68 inches; build 2.0 +(28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender (though with 1 stout +grandparent). Two grown children: + +1. Male, a photographer, who in youth suffered from tetanus, has at 25 +years the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +2. Male, a teacher, has at 22 years the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 +(27). + +_Comment._—Both slender in the unadjusted build (R: Ada-4). + + +FEL-1 FAMILY. + +A family of Scotch and Welsh extraction, living mostly in the mid-western +United States. The Father, who is a builder, and who has suffered from +several attacks of inflammation of the lungs, is living at 50 years, +having the formula 143/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who +was in business, suffered from lung fever and was almost helpless from +rheumatism several years before he was killed in an accident. At 60 years +he had the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father’s father, a +farmer, died from lung fever, became emaciated before death. At 38 years, +his formula 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). His father’s mother, who had +6 children, and who was always well, died at 89 years from old age. At +30 years her formula 96/60 inches; build 1.9 (27). His mother, who had 4 +children, was liable to chronic neuralgia. She died at 68 from pneumonia. +At 30 years her formula 125/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother’s +father, who died at 76 years from pneumonia, had the formula 168/77 +inches; build 2.0 (28). A prevailingly slender family. + +The Mother, who has only 1 child, has always been well. She is living +at 46 years, having the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her +father, who was an expert machinist, always well, died at 43 years from +appendicitis. Formula, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who +had but 1 child, was always well. She is living at 62 years, having the +formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). A slender mother, with medium to +stout parents. + +The one child, a male, student, always well, has at 19 years the formula +125/68.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +_Comment._—A slender child (D: Fel-1). + + +HAY-4 FAMILY. + +A family of Scotch extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, New +York State, Kansas, and California. Parents living in Massachusetts, +California, Kansas, and Japan. The first two children were born in Japan, +but live in California, where the rest were born. The Father, who is a +rancher, has at 54 years the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His +father, who was an accountant, died at 67 years from apoplexy. Their +mother died from tuberculosis. Apparently a slender strain not very +resistant to tuberculosis. + +The Mother, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 45 years the +formula 123/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her three sibs are tall. Their +father, who was a merchant, suffered in middle age from tuberculosis and +died from it. At 44 years he was tall and slender. Their mother, who in +middle age suffered from chronic indigestion, had at 71 years the formula +155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). This side of the house is prevailingly +slender, with a possible tubercular diathesis. Six children: + +1. Male, a forester, has at 23 years the formula 170/76.8 inches; build +2.0 (29). + +2. Male, a student, at 21 years is 71.5 inches tall. + +3. Female, at 18 years, has the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27). +There are 3 children under 18 years, 2 slender and 1 whose build is +unknown. + +_Comment._—The children are slender, though they may develop into adults +of medium build (R: Hay-4). + + +HAY-12 FAMILY. + +A family of English and Scotch extraction, living in Pennsylvania, West +Virginia, and Washington, D. C. The Father, who is a clerk, always well, +is living at 67 years. At 65 years his formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 +(27). Of his 6 sibs, 3 are slender and 3 of medium build. Their father, +who was State senator, suffered in middle age from typhoid. He died at 85 +years from old age. At 75 years his formula was 135/68 inches; build 2.1 +(29). Their mother, who had 8 children and was always well until at 42 +years she died from dropsy, was of medium build. This side of the house +carries a tendency to slenderness. + +The Mother underwent an operation at 63 years for tic douloureux. She +is living at 67 years. At 65 years her formula 108/64 inches; build +1.9 (27). Of her 9 known sibs, 3 are slender and 3 fleshy. One of the +corpulent brothers has 2 children, 1 corpulent and 1 medium. Their +father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 55 years from “congestion +of spine, result of accident.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Their +mother, who had 8 children, was always well, till at 71 years she died +from “adhesion of bowels—caused by rupture.” Formula, 90/64 inches; build +1.5 (22). A prevailing slender family, with some tendency to heavy build. +Four children: + +1. Female, married, who in youth was liable to goiter, is at 38 years of +medium build. + +2. Female, married, always well, is at 36 years slender. + +3. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 31 years the formula 150/69 inches; +build 2.2 (32). + +4. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 25 years the formula 135/71 inches; +build 1.9 (27). + +_Comment._—Two of the children are slender, like both parents; 2 are +medium (R: Hay-12). + + +HEN-12 FAMILY. + +A family of Scotch and Irish extraction. The grandparents on both sides +of the house were southerners. The family is now located in Florida, in +which State 4 children were born. + +The Father, interested in farming, had at 40 years the formula 140/70 +inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was killed in the Civil War, was +of medium build. The father’s mother died at 30 years from child-birth; +she was also, at 25 years, of medium build. + +The Mother suffered with laryngitis in middle age and died of it at 29 +years. Her formula then was 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a +physician, and later a fruit grower, died at 75 from general debility. At +50 he was of medium build. Her mother died at 85 from old age, having at +50 a medium build. Four children are: + +1. Female, at 25, has the formula 96/66± inches; build 1.5 (22). + +2. Male, at 26, has the formula 146/69 inches; build 2.1 (31); adjusted +to 33 years, 151/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). + +3. Female, at 25, has the formula 115/67± inches; build 1.8 (26±). + +4. Male, at 22, has the formula 135/70± inches; build 1.9 (28±). + +_Comment._—The children are all slender, except perhaps one of +slender-medium build (R: Hen-12). + + +LAW-4 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living mostly in Vermont and Minnesota. +The Father, who was a clerk, died at 25 years from “typhoid pneumonia,” +having the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). One of his brothers +is tall, one very tall. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years. At 50 +years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered +in middle age from asthma; grew fleshy at 50; died at 65 years. Thus the +Father is a slender parent of medium to fleshy ancestry, who died young +from lung trouble. + +The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis, erysipelas, and +diphtheria; in middle age from pneumonia and pleurisy. She is living at +45 years. At 22 years her formula 122/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Two of +her sibs were tall. Their father, a farmer, suffered in youth from fever +and ague. He died at 69 years from paralysis. At 48 years his formula +165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered +in middle age from neuralgia. She died at 67 years from heart disease. At +45 years her formula 120/M; build 2.1 (30). A slender parent who has had +troubles of the respiratory tract. Two grown children: + +1. Male, a salesman, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and +diphtheria, has at 26 years the formula 155/74 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +2. Female, married, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and +diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 110/67 inches; build 1.7 (25). + +_Comment._—One child is slender; the other very slender (R: Law-4). + + +LAW-7 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in New Jersey. The Father, a +clerk, and always well, has at 43 years the formula 129/65.5 inches; +build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a manufacturer, suffered in youth +from typhoid fever, and in middle age from pneumonia. He died of the +latter at 31 years; was of medium build. His mother, who had 4 children, +was always well. She is living at 65 years and is of medium build. This +side of the house brings in medium-slender elements. + +The Mother has always been well. She is living at 42 years, having the +formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who was a grain +dealer, died at 63 years from apoplexy; he was of medium build. Her +mother, who had 3 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is +living at 68 years and is tall and slender. This side of the house is +prevailingly slender. Three children: + +1. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 18 years the formula 128/63.5 +inches; build 2.2 (32). + +2 and 3. Two girls at 11 and 8 years who are below average build. + +_Comment._—The one grown child is of medium build, somewhat stouter than +her Father; the other two children are rather slender for their ages (R: +Law-7). + + +LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.) + +I 1, J. L. very slender, died of pneumonia. His wife, I 2, at 87 years is +slender and measures 141 cm. in stocking feet; she has two brothers who +are slender. There are 5 children: + +II 4, ♂, was 183 cm. tall and very slender; he died at 63 years of +catarrh of stomach. + +II 5, ♂, was short and slender; he died at 52 years of Bright’s disease. + +II 6, ♀, single, is 165 cm. tall and weighs 51.7 kg. (65 inches and 114 +pounds); index 1.9 (27), obviously slender. + +II 3, ♀, slender. + +II 7, ♂, always slender. + +So far we have only slender persons to deal with. Now enters a change. +II 3 married a fleshy man who has a fleshy sister; all 3 children are +fleshy. Also II 7 married a woman whose index is 86.2 kg./114 cm., or +6.6 (190/60 inches, or 53). She has always been fleshy (except during an +attack of anemia). She had both slender and fleshy sibs. Their only child +(III 4) is a girl of 9 years. Her relative chest-girth is 57 per cent +instead of the 49 per cent expected at that age; that is, she is fleshy. +Thus the two marriages of this slender stock into fleshy lines result +altogether in 4 children, all fleshy; indicating dominance of fleshiness. + +II 16, ♂, at 50 years is tall and slender. He has 1 slender and 4 fleshy +and very fleshy sibs. His father, I 5, was slender; his mother was short +and weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds). He married II 17, a slender woman; the 2 +living children are tall and slender. Thus II 16 apparently did not carry +the gene for fleshiness from his mother (73: 676). + +[Illustration: FIG. 23.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the LEO family.] + + +LOU-2 FAMILY. + +A family of Irish and English extraction, living mostly in New York +State. The Father, who is a doctor, suffered in middle age from “nervous +breakdown, indigestion, and stomach trouble”; is living at 60 years, +and has the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His three brothers, +who are living, are tall. Their father, who survives, is a farmer and +suffered in middle age from “nervousness.” Their mother died from +consumption “caused from taking care of son who died from same.” + +The Mother, who is living at 50 years, has the formula 115/65 inches; +build 1.9 (27). Two children: + +1. Female, a student (married), has at 25 years the formula 110/66.5 +inches; build 1.8 (25). + +2. Female, a student, has at 22 years the formula 120/68 inches; build +1.8 (26). + +_Comment._—Both children are now slender, but may approach a medium +weight as they grow older (R: Lou-2). + + +MCA-2 FAMILY. + +A Scotch-English family living chiefly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, +had an attack of diphtheria in middle life, is energetic, and, at 62 +years, has the formula 135/70 inches; build 1.9 (28). His sister died +of tuberculosis. Their father, somewhat easy-going, was a farmer, had +typhoid fever and died of cancer at 68 years. His formula, 135/72 inches; +build 1.8 (26). Their mother, of mediocre activity and mentality, died at +36 years, having borne 4 children. Two of her sisters died of pneumonia. +She was of medium build. This side of the house tends to slenderness. + +The Mother, who once had typhoid fever and is physically active, has, at +60 years, the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who had +typhoid fever in the army and was very active, had the formula 180/74 +inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother’s mother, who was also very active, +was of medium build. This side of the house brings in a slender-medium +tendency. Three children: + +1. Female, a teacher, who has had typhoid fever and her tonsils and +appendix removed, is energetic, and has a formula at 30 years of 109/64 +inches; build 1.9 (27). + +2. Male, a student and farmer, who has had diphtheria and typhoid fever, +energetic, at 28 years has the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +3. Male, student and farmer, who has always been well, energetic, weighed +9 pounds at birth, formula at 23 years, 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29). + +_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children averages the same as the +parents and differs little from them; it is hardly probable that they +will reach the adjusted weight. + + +MCC-11 FAMILY. + +A family of Scotch and English extraction, living in the Middle West and +northwestern United States. The Father, who is a proof-reader, suffered +in youth from fever and ague. He is living at 74 years, having at 48 +years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a +farmer, died at 87 years from dysentery. At 40 years, his formula 160/T; +build say 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 4 children, died at 29 years +“probably from effects of child-birth.” At 26 years she was of medium +build. This side of the house probably contributes a tendency to slender +or slender-medium build. + +The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis and asthma; in middle age +from nervous prostration and abscess. She is living at 60 years, having +had at 36 years the formula 130/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her father, +who was a farmer and carpenter, suffered in middle age from internal +abscess and rheumatism. He died at 72 years from apoplexy. At 40 years he +was of medium build. Her mother, who had 4 children, died in child-birth, +at 27 years; she was of medium build. This side of the house, likewise, +contributes a tendency to slender or medium build. Two children: + +1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and +nervousness, has at 28 years the formula 125/65.3 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from asthma, enlargement of +liver, and attacks similar to epilepsy, has at 25 years the formula +180/74.3 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +_Comment._—Both children are of medium or slender-medium build (R: +McC-11). + + +MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.) + +IV 3, ♂, at 46 years is short and very slender. He married a tall, +slender woman; their son, at 22 years, is tall and slender. + +IV 19, ♀ is tall, like her Father’s father, and very slender. She has 1 +slender and 3 or 4 fleshy sibs and both of her parents were fleshy. Her +husband is 182 cm. (72 in.) tall and very slender. They have 3 children, +all tall and slender. + +The Mother apparently carries no “fleshy” gametes (73: 690). + +[Illustration: FIG. 24.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +MOR family.] + + +PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.) + +III 2, J. T. C., ♂, at 64 years is of medium height and slender. One +of his sisters is slender and one (III 7) at 56 years is 157 cm. tall +(without shoes), weighs 74 kg. net, and has a chest-girth of 105 cm. net. +This gives a relative chest-girth of 67 per cent. This sister is thus +very fleshy. Their father (II 3) was of medium build, his wife rather +fleshy. J. T. C.’s wife, III 3, is of medium height and very slender, +though her two parents were of medium build. + +The two surviving children are: + +IV 1, ♀, at 43 years weighs 165 pounds and is 62 inches tall. She has +thus an index of build of 3.0 (43) and is fleshy. + +IV 2, 34 years old is very slender; she is, however, an invalid and +bedridden. Here we have a well-authenticated record of two slender +parents with a fleshy daughter; obviously both of the slender parents +must have carried gametes with one or more genes for fleshiness; and a +combination of such genes induced fleshy build in the child. + +_Comment._—A rather remarkable family in that a slender × very slender +mating has produced a fleshy child, as well as a very slender one. But +the slender Father doubtless carries 2 or possibly (and exceptionally) 3 +zygotic factors for build (on the 6-zygotic factor hypothesis); for his +mother was fleshy and a sister very fleshy. On this hypothesis the very +slender Mother may contribute one such factor (73: 709). + +[Illustration: FIG. 25.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +PAL family.] + + +RAN-4 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in New York State and +Massachusetts. The Father, who is an editor, has at 58 years the formula +150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +The Mother has at 56 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). +Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis; height 72 inches. Her +father, a minister, suffered in middle age from bronchial consumption and +died of it at 60 years. Her mother, who in youth suffered from dropsy and +consumption, in middle age from rheumatism, died at 96 years from heart +trouble. This side of the house is slender-medium; probably because of +tuberculosis. Three children: + +1. Male, secretary of an insurance company, who in youth suffered from +hay fever, catarrh, and typhoid fever, has at 30 years the formula 140/72 +inches; build 1.9 (27). + +2. Female, has at 25 years the formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +3. Female, a clerical worker, has at 24 years the formula 120/70 inches; +build 1.7 (25). + +_Comment._—All 3 children are of slender build (one very slender) in +the unadjusted ratio. It seems a little doubtful whether, with the +inheritance they have, they will ever reach the medium build (R: Ran-4). + + +SCH-8 FAMILY. + +A family of mixed German and American origin, living in Connecticut. +The Father, a master mechanic, always well, has at 51 years the formula +132/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a farmer, always well, died at +67 years from heart failure; formula 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). His +mother, who had 3 children and who was always well, died at 67 years of +heart failure. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the +house is slender-medium. + +The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 47 years the formula 120/64 +inches; build 2.1 (29). Her two sisters are tall. Her father, a foreman +and always well, has at 73 years the formula 184/69 inches; build 2.7 +(39). Her mother was of average stature. This side of the house might be +expected to help determine slenderness in the children. Three children: + +1. Male, a stenographer, well, has at 21 years the formula 130/66 inches; +build 2.1 (30) (adjusted to 49 years, 144/66 inches; build 2.3 (33)). + +2. Male, a student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 138/66 +inches; build 2.3 (32) [adjusted to 49 years, 157/68 inches; build 2.4 +(34)]. + +3. Female, at 13 years, is very slender, even for her age. + +_Comment._—The children are slightly below (one is close to) average +build (R: Sch-8). + + +SCO-5 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living mostly in middle western United +States. The Father, a broker, who in middle age suffered from cirrhosis +of the liver, has, at 57 years, the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 +(29). His father, a lumberman, died at 60 years from paralysis, having +the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 75 years +from arterio-sclerosis; formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24). + +The Mother has at 49 years the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her +father, a wholesale merchant, died at 63 years from sarcoma. His formula +170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother, who has 2 children, has at 74 +years the formula 90/61 inches; build 2.1 (24). Three children: + +1. Male, a surveyor, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 +(32). + +2. Male, a clerk, has at 23 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 +(30). + +3. Male, a student, has at 20 years the formula 125/65 inches; build 2.1 +(30). + +_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children is only a point or two +greater than that of the parents (R: Sco-5). + + +SHI-5 FAMILY. + +A family of English and German extraction. The Father’s parents were +born in England. The Mother’s parents were born in Germany. The parents +and their one child were born in New York City, where the family is now +settled. + +The Father, inclined to indigestion in middle age, has, at 47, the +formula 143/70 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a dry-goods man, has +bronchial trouble in middle age. At 73 his formula is 145/70.5 inches; +build 2.0 (29). The Father’s mother, having borne 2 sons and 4 daughters, +died of kidney trouble and pneumonia at 52 years of age. Her formula, at +51, was 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +The Mother, who suffered from bronchitis in youth, at 46 has the formula +120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father died around the age of 35 from +wounds received in the Civil War. He was of medium build. Her mother at +71 years of age has the formula 85/56 inches; build 1.9 (27). One grown +child: + +1. Female, at 19, has the formula 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +_Comment._—The child is somewhat of heavier build than either parent and +may approach the build of her Father’s mother (R: Shi-5). + + +SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.) + +II 9, M. E. S., ♀, at 74 years is 162.5 cm. (64 inches) tall without +shoes and weighs 48 kg. (106 pounds) net. Her index of build is 1.9 (27); +she is slender. All of her 6 sibs are fleshy or very fleshy and so are +their two parents (I 1, 2). Her husband was tall and slender. They had 4 +children: (1) a boy, who died at 19 of “kidney trouble”; he was slender. +(2) and (3) died young; (4) female, at 33 is 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and +weighs 59 kg. (129 pounds) net; index 2.0 (28); she is slender. Thus the +mating of two slender persons (one arising in the midst of fleshy stock) +has resulted in 2 slender children (73: 736). + +[Illustration: FIG. 26.—Pedigree chart of part of SMI family.] + + +WIL-23 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Connecticut. +The Father, who is a teacher, is living at 61 years. At 45 years he had +the formula 155/72 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died from +“quick consumption.” His father, who was a farmer, always well, died at +61 years from pneumonia. At 45 years he was of medium build. His mother, +who had 10 children, was always well. She is living at 81 years. At 45 +years she was of medium build. This side of the house might be expected +to determine medium build in children. + +The Mother suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from typhoid +fever and hernia. She is living at 63 years. At 45 years her formula +was 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her brother died at 55 years from +tuberculosis of larynx. Her father, who was a farmer, always well, died +at 83 years from “cancer of the face.” At 50 years he was of medium +build. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well. She died at 67 +years from typhoid pneumonia; was slender. Five children: + +1. Male, a buyer, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/73 inches; +build 1.9 (27). + +2. Male, an electrical engineer, who in youth suffered from typhoid +fever, has at 29 years the formula 185/75 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +3. Male, a physician and surgeon, who in youth suffered from typhoid and +in middle age from acute nephritis, has at 27 years the formula 145/72 +inches; build 2.0 (28). + +4. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 138/69 +inches; build 2.1 (29). + +5. Male, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 22 years the +formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +_Comment._—The unadjusted builds of 4 of the children is a little less +than the parental builds of 30 and 29. The adjusted builds are a point +or two higher. In the case of child No. 2 we have an exceptionally large +index of build for this fraternity of 2.3 (33). It is possible that the +tubercular tendency on both sides may have pulled down the hereditary +potentiality of one or both parents (R: Wil-23). + + +YOU-9 FAMILY. + +A family of Pennsylvania Dutch blood; all born in and about Pennsylvania. +The Father, an educationalist, has had in middle age a nervous breakdown +and bronchial trouble. At 44 he has the formula 118/64 inches; build +2.1 (29). His father, a miller, died of old age at 76. At 68 he had +the formula 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Father’s mother having +had 7 sons and 4 daughters, died of old age at 82. When 75 she had the +formula 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). It is possible that the bronchial +trouble may have reduced the Father’s build somewhat below its normal +potentialities. + +The Mother, inclined to nervous disorders, at 43 had the formula 98/59.5; +build 2.0 (28). Her father, a railroad man, had malarial fever in middle +age. At 70 he has the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother +in youth had bronchial trouble and St. Vitus dance and in middle age, +asthma, pneumonia, rheumatism, nervous prostration, etc. She died at 64, +from a complication of diseases. At the time of her death she had the +formula 80/59 inches; build 1.6 (23). The two children are: + +1. Female, has had bronchitis and encephalitis, at 19 has the formula +94/59.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +2. Female, at 15 years is slender for her age. + +_Comment._—Slender children from two slender parents (R: You-9). + + +A: 01-19 FAMILY. + +A family of probable English extraction. The Father, a lawyer, is +troubled with catarrh, but otherwise his general health is pretty good. +At 20 years of age he had the formula 129.5/70 inches; build 2.0 (26). + +The Mother has good general health, although troubled with palpitation of +the heart and headache. At 20 years she had the formula 106/61 inches; +build 2.0 (29). + +The one daughter for whom data are given has had numerous children’s +diseases. Her general health is now good. At 18 years of age she has the +formula 114/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +_Comment._—Parents and child are all slender (A: 011d-19). + + +A: 01-44 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction. The Father, a dentist, has good general +health, but habitual constipation. At 20 years of age he had the formula +140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +The Mother has occasional headaches. At the age of 18 her formula was +104/62 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +The son has general good health, but is inclined to kidney trouble, +skin diseases, and headache, presumably from his eyes. At 18 he has the +formula 124/66; build 2.0 (29) A: (011d-19). + + +A: 01-60 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction with some Irish and Scotch blood in +addition. + +The Father, a minister, has had pneumonia and dyspepsia, but his general +health is good. At 22 years he had the formula 132.5/68 inches; build 2.0 +(29). + +The Mother has had piles and slight attacks of rheumatism. Her general +health is very good. At 19 years she had the formula 110/64 inches; build +1.9 (27). The one child for whom data are available is: + +1. Female, inclined to rheumatism and kidney trouble, like her Mother. +She has had practically all children’s diseases, and at 19 her formula is +108/65 inches; build 1.8 (26). + +_Comment._—Both parents and their child are slender (A: 011d-60). + + +A: 01-63 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction. The Father, a teacher, is in good health. +At 45 his formula is 134/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +The Mother’s health is generally good. She is inclined to some skin +trouble and is troubled with headache and habitual constipation. At 34 +years she had the formula 97/59 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +The one child is a son in general good health, although he has rheumatism +and constipation. He is also subject to frequent colds and grippe. At 19 +years of age he has the formula 111/68 inches; build 1.7 (24). + +_Comment._—Both parents and the child are of slender build (A: 011d-63). + + +SUMMARY OF S × S MATINGS. + +The gametic constitution of slender parents is certainly very diverse. +Assuming that both slender parents produce only gametes of the type Abc, +their offspring would be exclusively of the type AAbbcc, which we may +take as a zygotic formula for slender progeny. Assume that in another +case both slender parents have the zygotic formula AaBbcc; then they +would each produce gametes ABc, Abc, aBc, and abc. Uniting at random, +these gametes would produce zygotes as follows: + + Number of dominant factors 4 3 2 1 0 + Proportions 6.25 25 37.5 25 6.25 + +Thus a very variable progeny would be produced: very slender, slender, +medium, and fleshy. Now it seems probable that the totals of table 23 are +a combination of these two kinds of matings and another which would yield +very slender, slender, and medium offspring in the proportions of 25, 50, +and 25, respectively. + +Considering only the families of table 23 who have 3 or more children, we +get a total distribution for these children of: + + VS S M + 5 34 4 + +If we subtract from the S total the 16 children who belong exclusively +to slender fraternities, the children who remain have the distribution +5: 18: 4, which is fairly close to the 1: 2: 1 ratio of 6.75: 13.5: +6.75 which is to be expected from a mating of parents of the zygotic +constitution AAbbcc and AaBbcc respectively. + +We conclude, therefore, that the S × S matings are gametically of two +kinds, one slightly, the other more greatly variable. The distribution +found is determined by a combination of these two kinds. + +Also, the statistical results of the distribution of the progeny of S +× S matings are in harmony with the hypothesis that slender parents in +extreme cases carry not more than two zygotic factors for fleshy build. +The slender parent is, accordingly, to be regarded as one who carries +gametes with prevailingly recessive factors. + + +CLASS II. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY. + +Next we turn to the matter of inheritance of fleshiness in fleshy stock. +That fleshiness may be a true hereditary character is indicated by the +existence of fleshy races of men. Examples are the South-Russian Jews, +especially of the female sex; and certain of the Chinese, who have +strikingly short legs. The matter is discussed in more detail at page 7. +The fact that the body reacts to food and climate must not blind us to +the constitutional factors that are probably present in racial obesity. +At any rate, it becomes of interest to inquire as to inheritance of +fleshiness in families characterized by the trait. For this purpose we +shall consider various matings between more or less fleshy parents. + + +Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY FLESHY, THE OTHER FLESHY (OR VERY FLESHY) OF +FLESHY STOCK. (Table 24.) + +From this mating of “pure” or nearly “pure” fleshy parents are derived +(table 24) 50 offspring: 2 S, 11 M, 23 F, 14 VF, or, in percentages, 4 S, +22 M, 46 F, 28 VF. This distribution of the total does not agree with the +4-zygotic-factor hypothesis (p. 41), which gives a filial distribution +of 50 F, 50 VF. It agrees better with the 6-factor hypothesis (p. 43), +assuming the proper dividing-line between fleshy and very fleshy to lie +somewhere in column 5, and the mating to be of the 5-factor × 4-factor +type. On this assumption we have a percentage of 17 M and F+83 VF. This +approaches the proportions found. Accordingly, the 6-factor hypothesis is +preferable. + +The progeny are more variable than those derived from two slender parents +as 5.74 ± 0.39 is to 3.13 ± 0.17. + +Details concerning the families included in table 24 are given below. + + +TABLE 24.—_Matings of a very fleshy parent and a fleshy parent of fleshy +stock, together with their progeny._ + + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+ + | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. | + | |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+ + | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF| + +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+ + |[3]Can |VF|VF|47|2VF | | |56| | | 1| | 4| | + | Ekb 1 |50|36|50|51, 52, 45 | | |38|All tall | | | | 2| 2| + | Faz 1 |F | |39|4F |F |F |57|1VF | | | | 1| 2| + | Flo 3 |42|42|44| |37|35|49| | | | 1| 6| | + | Gou A | | |37| |37|50|54|2F | | | 2| 1| 1| + | Lyn | | |38|1VF | | |50|1F | | | 4| 2| 1| + | McL A |39|36|38|VF,2; F5; F*M1|34|45|44|VF1; F5; M3 | | 1| 4| 4| 3| + | Nic 5 |VF|VF|41| |38|40|45| | | | | 1| 1| + | Whe | | |40| | | |52|1VF, 2F, 1S | | | | 2| 4| + | | | | | +--+--+--+--+--+ + | | A, 40.33 ±.55 | | |Total 50| | 2|11|23|14| + | | S. D. 5.74 ± .39 | | |Percentage 100| | 4|22|46|28| + +-------+--------------------------+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+ + +[3] Also 4 younger children, 10 to one-half years, all fleshy for their +ages. + + +CAN FAMILY. (Fig. 27.) + +A family of Italian extraction, living in a poorly furnished, very much +overcrowded, home in a poor Italian neighborhood in a factory city. + +I 1, ♂, was tall and very fleshy; died of “heart disease.” + +I 2, ♀, was tall and very fleshy and had a brother of similar build. This +very fleshy pair had 3 children, as follows: + +II 1 and II 4 both very fleshy. II 5 at 46 years 171 cm. (67 inches) tall +(without shoes) and weighing 96 kg. (212 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), +very fleshy. His chest-girth, 106 cm. net; relative chest-girth 62 per +cent. The result suggests that the parents were homozygous for fleshiness. + +II 5 married II 6, who at 45 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall (in bare +feet) and weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 3.9 (56). Her net +chest-girth is 110 cm., relative chest-girth is 72. This very fleshy pair +has 9 surviving children, as follows: the eldest, III 3, a boy at 23 +years is said to be slender (not seen), married, without children. The +second, III 5, ♂, at 22 years is fleshy, as he has always been; married, +without children. III 7, ♂, at 19 years is slender but was _fleshy_ until +the age of 18 years. III 8, ♂, at 17 years is short and fleshy. III 9, ♂, +at 12 years is short and fleshy. III 10, ♀, at 10 years is 136 cm. (53.5 +inches) tall, and weighs about 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.5 (35). Her +chest-girth is 85 cm. net, relative chest-girth 63. This indicates a girl +of far above average relative chest-girth, fleshy. III 12 is a girl of 9 +years with a relative chest-girth of 80 ÷ 135 or 59, fleshy. III 13 is a +boy of 5 years; his relative chest-girth is 68/112 or 61, fleshy. III 14 +is a 6-months-old baby weighing 6.4 kg. or 14.1 pounds and very chubby. + +_Comment._—Thus with the exception of the first (of whom no details were +obtained), all of the children are, or have been, fleshy; the fraternity +suggests that both parents are homozygous for fleshiness. The meaning of +the exceptional son is uncertain; various hypotheses may be entertained: +illegitimacy, poor health following a fleshy childhood, the possible +presence of a factor for slenderness in both parental gametes (73:652). + +[Illustration: FIG. 27.—Pedigree chart of CAN family.] + + +EKB-1 FAMILY. + +A family of Swedish extraction; parents emigrated to Illinois, where +all the children were born. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle +age from dropsy and severe headaches. He is living at 56 years, having +the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). He has 6 sibs: (1) brother, +dead, formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51); (2) brother, 225/66 inches; +build 3.6 (52); (3) sister, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Others are +not described. Their father, a farmer, died at 79 years from “gangrene +subsequent to senile paralysis,” having a formula 170/M inches; build, +say 2.6 (36). Their mother died at 79 years from senile paralysis, having +the formula 200/M inches; build, say 3.5 (50). + +The Mother, who in youth and middle age suffered from eczema, has at 51 +years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Two of her brothers and +one sister are tall and nervous. Of the 6 children, 4 survive as adults: + +1. Male, a university instructor, nervous, has at 30 years the formula +190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 202/70 inches, build +2.9 (41). + +2. Male, a university instructor, who in youth suffered from +poliomyelitis, has at 28 the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); +adjusted to 55 years, 212/68 inches, build 3.2 (46). + +3. Female, who suffered in youth from headaches, has at 25 years the +formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44); adjusted to 55 years, 196/64 +inches, build 3.3 (48). + +4. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from headaches, has at 22 years +the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 197/68 +inches, build 3.0 (43). + +_Comment._—The Father is perhaps duplex for heavy build; all of the +children have a build that is above the average, and 2 of the 4 are very +fleshy. Thus, obesity runs through three generations without skipping any +(R: Ekb-1). + + +FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.) + +A family of Italian extraction, of the artisan class, living in +comfortable homes. + +II 5, a man who was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed over 90 kg. (200 +pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy now as “always.” The 4 others of his +fraternity and their father were all fleshy; data are lacking about the +mother’s build. + +II 6, the consort of above, died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage; was of +medium stature, say 160 cm. (63 inches) and weighed 100 kg. (225 pounds); +build 4.0 (57). This obese woman has a sister, who is 150 cm. (59 inches) +tall and weighs 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 4.0 (57), same as her sister. +Her relative chest-girth is 111 cm./150, or 74 per cent, a huge girth. +Two other living members of her fraternity are in Italy and their build +is unknown. The father of this fraternity (I 6) is fleshy, has 3 fleshy +sibs and 1 of medium build. The mother is also fleshy. This looks like a +“pure” fleshy strain. + +There are 3 children: (1) ♀, 32 years, married, is 166 cm. (65 inches) +tall and weighs 97 kg. (214 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy. Her +relative net chest-girth is 105 cm./166 or 63. (2) She has a sister, II +14, 38 years, married, who is 156 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 78.5 +kg. (173 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. Her net relative +chest-girth is 105 cm./156, or 67. She has always been fleshy. (3) A man +of 22 was very fleshy up to the age of 17 years, but he is said now to be +tall and thin, though well. He is not married. + +_Comment._—This result is difficult to interpret. A mating of two “pure” +strains of obesity produces 3 offspring, all of whom were fleshy before +adolescence and of whom 2 remain very fleshy; but 1 (at 22 years) is said +to have become “thin” since the age of 17 years. It seems probable that +he also should be recorded as essentially fleshy (73: 665). + +[Illustration: FIG. 28.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +FAZ family.] + + +FLO-3 FAMILY. (Fig. 29.) + +This is a family of which all grandparents and Father were born in north +Ireland; the children were born and reared in Greater New York. The +Father, a blacksmith and farmer, suffers from digestion troubles; at 63 +his formula 185/65 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a blacksmith, died +at 40 of acute indigestion; his formula 204/70 inches; build 2.9 (42). +His mother, who died of pleurisy at 50 years, had the formula 200/69 +inches; build 2.9 (42). Thus this side of the house is of stout build. + +The Mother has at 60 years the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). +She is fat, good-natured, and a poor housekeeper. Her father, who was a +carpenter and killed by an accident at 47 years, had the formula 180/70 +inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who died of old age at 75 years, had +the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). No “direct” heredity appears +in the Mother’s obesity. The 7 children: + +1. Male, a bookkeeper, who has spinal curvature, has at 38 years the +formula 140/60 inches; build 2.7 (39); but this is clearly abnormally +high, associated with his pathologically short stature. + +2. Female, a musician, has at 36 years the formula 160/68 inches; build +2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 173/68 inches; build 2.7 (37). + +3. Male, a detective, fond of outdoor life, has at 32 years the formula +190/69 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 200/69 inches; build +3.0 (42). + +4. Male, an army officer, at 29 years 186/71 inches; build 2.6 (37); +adjusted to 50 years, 199/71; build 2.8 (39). + +5. Male, a policeman, with a history of pneumonia, at 27 years. 200/72 +inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 215/72 inches; build 2.9 +(42). + +6. Female, a teacher, subject to indigestion, at 21 years, 131/65 inches; +build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +7. Male, in the automobile business, with a history of pneumonia, has at +20 years the formula 168/68 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 50 years, +187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +_Comment._—The build of the children is rather uniformly between 2.5 (36) +and 2.9 (42), mostly in the stout class, like the Father, but far below +the obese Mother (R: Flo-3). + +[Illustration: FIG. 29.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the FLO-3 family.] + + +GOU-A FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in Maine. The Father, at 36, had +the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (37). + +The Mother, at 60, had the formula 250/68 inches; build 3.8 (54). Her +eldest brother weighed 200 pounds at 60 years. Her youngest brother +weighed 220 pounds at 50 years. Her father had the formula 190/72 +inches; build 2.6 (37), at 70 years. Her mother had, at 70 years, the +formula 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (50). Four grown children: + +1. Female, at 48, has the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48). + +2. Male, at 46, 160/68 inches; build 2.6 (35). + +3. Male, at 44, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +4. Female, at 40, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +_Comment._—Obesity appears in three generations in the direct line +without a break; 2 of the 4 children are of medium build, less than +either parent (S: Gou-A). + + +LYN FAMILY. (Fig. 30.) + +I 1, ♂, from Ireland, died at 54 of brain fever; was 173 cm. (68 inches) +tall and weighed 78 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. His sister +weighs 90 kg. He married I 2, an Irish woman, who died at 68 years. She +was 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 84 kg. (185 pounds); build +3.5 (50); very fleshy. She had a sister who was fleshy. The pair had 7 +children who grew up: + +(1) Male, fleshy; (2) ♂, of medium build; (3) ♂, died at 50 years, of +pneumonia, his stature 169 cm. (66.5 inches); weight 63.5 kg. (140 +pounds); build 2.2 (31); medium; (4) ♂, died at 70 years, stature 173 +cm. (68 inches); weight 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (35); medium. +(5) ♂, died, at 37 years, of pneumonia; stature 173 cm. (68 inches); +weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Married to a fleshy +woman, he has a child who is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighs 72.5 kg. +(160 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. (6) ♀, at 56 years, stature +160 cm. (63 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.4 (34); medium. +Her net relative chest-girth is 95/160 or 36 per cent. Though now of +medium build (or less), she used to be very fleshy, weighing over 80 kg. +(175 pounds); build 3.1 (44). She may properly be classified as of stout +build, secondarily reduced. (7) ♂, aged 54 years, is 178 cm. (70 inches) +tall; and weighs 103 kg. (227 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. His +net relative chest-girth is 117 cm. / 178, or 66 per cent. This man has +always been fleshy; at 21 years he weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds). + +_Comment._—This seems to be nearly a “pure” F × F mating. Of the progeny +4 are fleshy (or very fleshy) and 3 medium (73-684). + +[Illustration: FIG. 30.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the LYN family.] + + +MCL-A FAMILY. (Fig. 31.) + +A family of Scotch extraction from Maine. The Father (II 9), at 77 +years, had the formula 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). Of his 8 sibs: (1) +Brother, at 70 years, had the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). (2) +Brother, at 75 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (3) Brother, at 65 +years, 210/73 inches; build 2.8 (39). (4) Brother, at 78 years, 200/74 +inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 71 years, 215/75 inches; build +2.7 (38). (6) Sister, at 75 years, 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). (7) +Sister, at 65 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). (8) Sister, at 68 +years, 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Their father, at 85 years, 200/72 +inches; build 2.7 (39). Their mother, at 80 years, 150/65 inches; build +2.5 (36). + +The Mother (II 10), at 74 years, had the formula 190/66 inches; build +3.1 (44). Of her 9 sibs: (1) Brother, at 80 years, 170/70 inches; build +2.4 (35). (2) Brother, at 60 years, 200/77 inches; build 2.4 (34). (3) +Brother, at 55 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Brother, at 70 +years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 80 years, 200/73 +inches; build 2.6 (38). (6) Sister, at 60 years, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 +(37). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). (8) Sister, +at 70 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). (9) Sister, at 75 years, +180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Their father, at 70 years, 175/72 inches; +build 2.4 (34). Their mother, at 86 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). +12 children: + +1. Female, at 47 years, has the formula 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). + +2. Male, at 22 years, 22/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55+ +years, 221/72 inches; build 3.1 (43). + +3. Male, at 58 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). + +4. Male, at 50 years, 230/71 inches; build 3.2 (46). + +5. Male, at 43 years, 160/72 inches; build 2.3 (31); adjusted to 55 +years, 163/72 inches; build 2.2 (32). + +6. Female, at 70 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +7. Female, at 38 years, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 +years, 189/67 inches; build 3.0 (42). + +8. Female, at 65 years, 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +9. Female, at 61 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). + +10. Female, at 54 years, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +11. Female, at 52 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.1 (31). + +12. Female, at 50 years, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +_Comment._—Mother’s mother, Mother, and 3 children out of 12 have a build +of 3.1 to 3.2 (44 to 46), very fleshy; 3 children have a build of 2.1 +(30 to 31), a lower index than any parent, uncle, aunt, or grandparent. +Evidently fleshy stock may yield gametes with not more than 2 or even +only 1 gamete for fleshy build. (See p. 43.) (S: McL-A.) + +[Illustration: FIG. 31.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the MCL-A family.] + + +NIC-5 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents born in +Massachusetts and Kentucky; family living mostly in Ohio. The Father, +a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism and lupus. He is a +distant cousin of his wife. He died at 67 years, having at 60 years the +formula 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). His father, a farmer, died at 65 +years from kidney trouble; was corpulent. His mother, who had 8 children, +died at 70 years; was corpulent. + +The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is +living at 70 years, having the formula 165/60.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). +Her father, a farmer and surveyor, who died at 78 years, had a formula +175/M, and build, say, 2.7 (38). Her mother had 7 children and died at +78 years, having the formula 160/M; build, say, 28 (40). The 2 grown +children: + +1. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 41 years +the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 154/64 +inches; build 2.7 (38). + +2. Female, married, has at 38 years the formula 190/61.3 inches; build +3.6 (51); adjusted to 55 years, 198/61.3 inches; build 3.7 (53). + +_Comment._—There are 3 generations of corpulent persons; in the last +generation 1 is very fleshy and 1 fleshy (R: Nic-5). + + +WHE FAMILY. (Fig. 32.) + +I 1, ♂, fleshy; his wife, I 2, fleshy; 3 children about whom something is +known. + +II 1, ♂, fleshy; married a fleshy woman and had 5 children, none of whom, +it is said, are fleshy. II 2, ♂, died at over 75 years; fleshy. II 3, +♂, died at 80 years; was of medium weight. Thus, in this generation, 2 +fleshy and 1 of medium build. + +III 9, ♂, at 61 years has a stature of 160 cm. (63 inches) and weight +of 73 kg. (162 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. Nothing is known about +the build of his relatives. His wife is III 10, age 64, stature 156 cm. +(61 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.7 (52); very fleshy, +relative chest-girth 112/156, or 72 per cent. When she married at 29 +years she weighed 160 pounds and did not begin to grow fleshy until 50 +years. She had 4 sibs, about whose build something is known. (1) III 2, +♀, died at 70 of uterine cancer; stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight over +90 kg. (200 pounds); build over 3.8 (54); very fleshy. (2) III 3, ♂, died +at 73 years of “heart trouble”; stature 153 cm (64 inches); weight 77 kg. +(170 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy. He married a woman of medium build +and had a son who, at 45 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and +weight of 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. (3) III 6, ♀, +always slender. (4) III 7, ♂, died at 60 of diabetes; he weighed over 90 +kg. (200 pounds), but became very thin of disease before his death. He +had 2 fleshy children; 1, indeed, quite obese. + +The union of these two fleshy strains represented in III 9 and 10 has +produced 6 children, as follows: (1) IV 9, ♂, died at 33, was “fleshy” +and by a slender wife (whose mother was fleshy) has a fleshy little +daughter.[4] (2) IV 11, ♀, at 32 years, has stature 168 cm. (66 inches) +and weight 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.3 (48); very fleshy. Relative +chest-girth 119/168, or 73 per cent. (3) IV 12, ♂, at 30 years, has +stature 180 cm. (71 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.5 +(36); medium; fleshy and growing fleshier. (4) IV 13, ♀, at 28 years, +stature 159 cm. (62.5 inches), weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.1 +(44); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth 107/159 or 68 per cent. She +was a slender child; at her marriage at 24 years she weighed 145 pounds +and began to gain after the birth of her second child. Married to a man +of build 35.4 or medium fleshy (who once weighed 200 pounds) and with +3 stout brothers and 5 slender sisters; they have 2 children, a son of +4 years who has a relative chest-girth of 56 per cent and is of medium +build, and a daughter who at 2 years has a relative chest-girth of 64 per +cent, which is above the average for that age.[4] (5) IV 14, ♀, at 26 +years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.5 +(49); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 119/157, or 77 per cent. +(6) IV 15, ♀, at 23 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 88 kg. +(194 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. + +[4] Not shown in figure 32. + +_Comment._—This union of a fleshy and a very fleshy person (the latter of +a fleshy strain) produces 4 very fleshy and 2 fleshy progeny (including +1 medium near the fleshy line and growing fleshier). This approaches a +“pure line” of fleshiness (73:754). + +[Illustration: FIG. 32.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the WHE family.] + + +TABLE 25.—_Matings of two fleshy parents, both of fleshy stock, together +with their progeny._ + +[The indices of the build of the progeny have been adjusted.] + + +------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | | FF | FM | F | Father’s | MF | MM | M |Mother’s|VS|S|M|F|VF| + | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | | + +------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Dol 3 | 36 | 38 | 40 | | 37 | 41 | 40 | | | |5| | | + |Lan A | 37 | 37 | 37 |37, 36, 29 | 43 | 37 | 40 | 35 | |1| | | 1| + |Sle 2 | 36 | 40 | 39 | | 37 | 43 | 37 | | | | |2| | + |Thr 2 | 27 | 34 | 38 |VF3, F3, M3 | 38 | 38 | 40 | | | | |6| | + | +----+----+----+ +----+----+----+ +--+-+-+-+--+ + |Total | | | | | | | | | |1|5|8| 1| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + +------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+ + + A, 37.57 ± 0.82. + S. D., 4.70 ± 0.52. + + +Mating 2. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 25, from Table +XIII.) + +From this mating, as shown in table 25, there are 15 offspring, 1 S, 5 +M, 8 F, 1 VF. In this case one-fifteenth of the offspring are slender, +which suggests a trihybrid ratio and that there are at least 3 pairs of +factors present for fleshiness; and that, of these, 3 or 2 pairs are +present in each parent (table 18). It may be that in the Dol-3, Sle-2, +and Thi-2 families the parental gametes carry fewer genes for fleshiness. +Details are given in the following histories. + + +DOL-3 FAMILY. + +A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, an inventor, +suffered in youth from typhoid, has at 59 years the formula 180/67 +inches; build 2.8 (40). His father, an inventor and machinist, died at +73 years from “old age,” with the formula 165/M inches; build, say, 2.5 +(36). His mother, always well, died at 70 years from “general debility,” +with the formula 140/S inches; build, say, 2.7 (38). + +The Mother, who underwent an operation for “fatty tumor,” is living at +57 years, having the formula 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Three of +her sisters died in infancy from convulsions. Her father, a bookkeeper, +died at 98 years from a paralytic stroke, having the formula 160/66 +inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother’s build was 180/66, or 3.7 (41). The 5 +children who grew up: + +1. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 30 years the +formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 131/64 +inches; build 2.2 (32). + +2. Male, a machinist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 27 +years the formula 160/73 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, +176/73 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 25 years +the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 164/68 +inches; build 2.5 (36). + +4. Male, a man of science, always well, has at 23 years the formula +150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 166/68 inches; build +2.5 (36). + +5. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 20 years the formula 120/64 +inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 139/64 inches; build 2.4 +(34). + +_Comment._—Both stout parents come of stout or medium stock. Of the +children, 3 are slender, 2 are medium. Adjusted, all are of medium build +(R: Dol-3). + + +LAN-A FAMILY. + +A family from the State of Washington. The Father at 82 years had the +formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His 3 sibs are: (1) brother, at 50 +years, 160/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); (2) brother, at 26 years, 190/73 +inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) sister, at 70 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 +(37). Their father, at 90 years, had the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 +(37); their mother at 95 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +The Mother at 52 years had the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.9 (40). Her +one sister at 78 years, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her father at 54 +years, 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother at 82 years, 170/68 +inches; build 2.6 (37). The two children: + +1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 240/68.5 inches; build 3.6 (51). + +2. Female, at 48 years, 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). + +_Comment._—Details concerning this family are lacking. From two stout +parents, one of whom has a slender 2.1 (29) brother and the other a +father of build 3.0 (43), arise two children with indices of 3.6 (51) +and 2.1 (29) respectively (S: Lan-A). + + +SLE-2 FAMILY. + +A family of Irish extraction living in Michigan. The Father, a lawyer, +is recorded to have suffered from no illnesses. He died at 52 years from +“dipsomania,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His +father, a shoemaker, is living, having partially lost his mind through +excessive use of tobacco. He has at 83 years the formula 150/65 inches; +build 2.5 (36). His mother died at 50 years from “cancer of the breast,” +having the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +The Mother, who suffered in middle age from asthma, is living at 54 +years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a +lumber dealer, suffered in middle age from typhoid fever and erysipelas, +and died of old age at 84 years, having the formula 180/70 inches; +build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had “swelling and lameness of hands, +due perhaps to gout,” was killed at 78 years by a fall due to defective +sight. Her formula was 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). The 2 children: + +1. Male, a teacher, has at 28 years the formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 +(35); adjusted to 53 years, 189/71 inches; build 2.7 (37). + +2. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has +at 25 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 53 +years, 177/65 inches; build 3.0 (42). + +_Comment._—The two fleshy parents and fleshy grandparents have 2 children +whose adjusted build is fleshy (R: Sle-2). + + +THR-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.) + +In this family the Father is the same as child No. 2 of family Thr-1 (p. +138). It lives in Iowa. The father (III 4), a physician, had at 25 years +a weight of 180 pounds, height 69 inches; build 2.7 (38). At 70 years he +weighs 188 pounds, height 68.7 inches; build 2.7 (39). His 5 brothers +were of about medium build, “called sturdy, hearty boys”; they all became +stout. + +Their father, though of slender build (following lung disease) in middle +life, “took on flesh” in later life; probably came to be of “fleshy” +build. Their mother was of medium build. + +The Mother (III 5) weighs around 170 pounds and is 65 inches tall; thus a +build of 2.8 (40). Her parents (II 5-6) each had a build of 2.7 (38). The +6 children (IV 1-6): + +1. Male, weighed 10 pounds at birth; when in high school he weighed 160 +pounds; at the university was a football player; at 36 he weighed 240 +pounds, and at 41 he weighs about 200. His build is probably about 3.0 +(43). + +2. Female, is “very large”; at 35 years she weighs about 180 pounds, +stature 65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42). + +3. Female, at 33 is of the same weight and stature as her sister; build +3.0 (42). + +4. Male, weighed at 23 years about 117 pounds; at 33 years up to 130 +pounds; at 36 weighs about 190 pounds; stature 71 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +5. Female, at 26 has a weight of 175 pounds, stature 66 inches; build 2.8 +(40). + +6. Male, weighed while in the Navy at 23 years 175 pounds, stature 70 +inches; build 2.5 (36); at 26 he weighs 165 pounds; build 2.7 (38). + +_Comment._—In this family both parents are of fleshy build and all the +children are, likewise, of fleshy build (R: Thr-2). + +[Illustration: FIG. 33.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the THR-1, 2 families.] + + +Mating 3. OTHER VERY FLESHY × VERY FLESHY MATINGS. (Table XV). + +There are 7 instances of this type of mating. These are summarized in +table XV, Appendix. An examination of this table shows that in all +families with 2 or more offspring one or more of them are obese. There +is no case of slender offspring, though 12 out of 30, or two-fifths, are +of medium build and only 10, or one-third of all, are very fleshy. This +indicates the presence of recessive factors in the very fleshy parents. +It suggests further that there are two or more pairs of factors that +must be present to produce very fleshy children. Assuming that there +are two factors and that both parents are heterozygous for one of them, +we should expect very fleshy, fleshy, and medium offspring in about the +proportions of 25:50:25, which distribution is not very close to the +actual proportions of 40:27:33. On the assumption of 3 pairs of factors, +we might expect 17:32:49 respectively from a 4 × 5 factor mating. Or the +4 × 4 factor mating would give on one hypothesis 31 (S + M):38:31, which +is closest of all. All of these very fleshy parents are heterozygous. + +Table XV shows also that when all grandparents are known there is always +one on each side who is at least of grade 36. + +The contrast between the families of table II and table XV is this: In +table II, of the 20 grandparents 40 per cent are slender or very slender. +In table XV of 20 grandparents only 30 per cent are fleshy, the others +are of lower grades of build. Accordingly we are apparently justified +in concluding that some of the very fleshy parents were heterozygous in +the factors for build; and, indeed, as stated, of the 30 children 12 are +of medium build. Table II contains slender strains; table XV largely +heterozygous ones. The detailed history of these cases follows. + + +BOW-B FAMILY. (Fig. 34.) + +A Virginia family, probably of English stock. The Father has the formula +200/66.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His father had the formula 187/64.5 +inches; build 3.2 (45). His mother had the formula 165/66 inches; build +2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house has a fleshy or very fleshy build. + +The Mother has the formula 220/68 inches; build 3.4 (48). Her 3 brothers, +all 6 feet tall or more, each has a build of about 35. Her 2 tall sisters +have builds of 38 and 50 respectively. Her father had the formula 190/73 +inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother had the formula 90/62 inches; build +1.6 (23). Thus this side of the house, aside from the fleshy mother, has +prevailingly medium build. The mother’s mother was even very slender. + +Six children: + +1. Male, at 56 years, 222/66.5 inches; build 3.5 (50). + +2. Male, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +3. Male, 240/73 inches; build 3.2 (45). + +4. Female, 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47). + +5. Female, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +6. Female, 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42). + +_Comment._—Thus of the children, half are fleshy and half very fleshy, +and one exceeds any record of build in either side of the house. The +Father acts like a homozygous dominant (S: BOW-B). + +[Illustration: FIG. 34.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the Bow-B family.] + + +BOW-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 34a.) + +The grandparents and parents were born in Cornwall, England; the +children, except the first, in Connecticut. + +The Father, II 6, a contractor, who suffered from hernia and flat foot, +had, at 66, the formula 200/67 inches; build 3.2 (45). Two of his sibs +died of consumption; other sibs are as follows: (1) sister, has the +formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (2) brother, has formula 225/67.5 +inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) brother, has formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 +(52); (4) sister, has formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47): (5) sister, +has formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Some of these suffer from +varicose veins and one is bow-legged. Their father, who was a shoemaker, +and asthmatic, died at 77 years of arterio-sclerotic hemorrhage of lungs. +Formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother had varicose veins on +the leg and died at 68 years of “stoppage of the bowels.” Formula 250/66 +inches; build 4.0 (57). This is an extraordinary family of very fleshy +people (except the father’s father, who had lung trouble), the obesity +coming from the Timmins side, of Penryn, Cornwall. + +The Mother, II 7, who was much subject to sore throat, indigestion, and +piles, died of dropsy and cancer of the liver, at 57 years. Formula +180/61.5 inches; build 3.4 (48). One of her sisters died of consumption; +other sibs were as follows: (1) ♂, died of pneumonia; formula, 150/68 +inches; build 2.3 (32); (2) ♂, died at 47 years; formula, 150/65 inches; +build 2.5 (36); (3) ♀, has the formula 136/60 inches; build 2.7 (38). The +mother’s father was a miner; had asthma and miner’s disease, and died at +59 years of paralytic shock. Formula, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her +mother died at 69 years of pneumonia. Formula, 120/61 inches; build 2.3 +(32). Except for the very fleshy—3.4 (48)—Mother, this side of the house +is less fleshy than the other. Five grown children: + +1. Male, who has had naso-pharyngeal infections, has at 43 years the +formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67.5 +inches; build 2.3 (32). + +2. Female, who has suffered from naso-pharyngeal infections, diarrhea, +and nervous exhaustion, has at 42 years the formula 112/61.5 inches; +build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 117/61.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +3. Female, subject to indigestion, has at 40 years the formula 125/62.5 +inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 131/62.5 inches; build 2.4 +(34). + +4. Male, a bricklayer, subject to diarrhea, has at 35 years the formula +135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/67 inches; build +2.3 (32). + +5. Male, subject to biliousness and sleep-walking, has at 32 years the +formula 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 193/66 +inches; build 3.1 (44). + +_Comment._—Thus 4 of the 5 children have a medium build; only 1 is very +fleshy (S: Bow-2). + +[Illustration: FIG. 34A.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +BOW-2 family.] + + +BYR-A FAMILY. + +A family from South Carolina. The Father, at 60 years, had the formula +235/72 inches; build 3.2 (45). Of his 3 sibs, (1) brother, 200/66 inches; +build 3.2 (46); (2) brother, weighed 150 pounds; (3) sister, 165/66 +inches; build 2.7 (38). Their father, at 73 years, had the formula 200/64 +inches; build 3.4 (49). Their mother, at 73 years, 175/64 inches; build +3.0 (43). All but one of the Father’s brothers are very fleshy. + +The Mother, at 73 years, had the formula 165/60 inches; build 3.2 (46). +Her 6 sibs weighed from 130 to 165 pounds. Her father, at 84 years, had +the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Except for the Mother, this +side of the house is apparently of only medium build. Four children: + +1. Male, at 54 years, has the formula 235/71 inches; build 3.3 (47). + +2. Male, at 50 years, 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32). + +3. Male, at 64 years, 165/71 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +4. Female, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +_Comment._—Thus 1 in 4 is very fleshy, 1 is fleshy, and 2 are medium (S: +Byr-A). + + +CAT-3 FAMILY. + +A family of Italian origin; grandparents and parents all born in Sicily, +moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the children were all born. The Father, +a sailor till 24 years, then “in business,” suffered in youth (16 years) +from malaria, and at 20 years and again at 40 years from bronchitis; he +is living at 63 years; formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, +a sailor till 30 years, then a fish dealer, suffered in youth from colds +and in middle age from bronchitis. He died, at 85 years, from stomach +trouble. Formula, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who was +“short and slim,” died at child-birth at 23 years, having the formula +130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35). + +The Mother suffered in middle age from appendicitis and influenza. She +is living at 56 years, having the formula 195/62 inches; build 3.6 (51). +Her father, who operated an oil mill, was short and “stocky” and had +high blood-pressure. He died, at 77 years, from “sudden shock, caused by +chill,” having the formula 160/62 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who +had 11 children, was a quick-tempered, heavy-set, broad-shouldered woman. +She died at 77 years of pneumonia, having the formula 200/64 inches; +build 3.4 (49). Six grown children: + +1. Male, a pharmacist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 27 +years, the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, +156/66 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +2. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 26 years, the +formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55 years, 168/66 +inches; build 2.2 (39). + +3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, chicken-pox, and +colds, is fond of athletics and out-of-door life. At birth he weighed 10 +pounds; at 14 years, 140 pounds. Began athletics and at 17 years weighed +180 pounds. At 23 years has the formula 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42); +adjusted to 55+ years, 209/67 inches; build 3.3 (47). + +4. Female, a student, who at 22 years has the formula 120/62 inches; +build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55+ years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +5. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, diphtheria, and +pneumonia. Died at 18 years in military service, from pneumonia. Formula, +140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 165/70 inches; build +2.4 (34). + +6. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 18 +years the formula 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55+ years, +172/70 inches; build 2.5 (35). + +_Comment._—The Mother’s side of the house is decidedly the heavier. One +son approached the maternal build; the other children are far below +either parent in build, even with the adjustment (which is probably +inadequate) (R: Car-3). + + +DAL-A FAMILY. + +A family from North Carolina. The Father, at 69 years, has the formula +225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). Of his 7 sibs, (1) brother, at 64 years, +has the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); (2) brother, at 35 years, +150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31); (3) brother, at 45 years, 140/67.5 +inches; build 2.1 (30); (4) brother, at 40 years, 230/70 inches; build +3.3 (47); (5) brother, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35); (6) sister, at 60 +years, 166/66 inches; build 2.7 (38); (7) sister, at 70 years, 140/70 +inches; build 2.0 (29). Their father, at 75 years, 220/68 inches; build +3.3 (48). A very fleshy Father of whose 7 sibs 1 is very fleshy, 1 +fleshy, 4 medium, and 1 slender. The gametic constitution is apparently +mixed. + +The Mother, at 36 years, has the formula 225/65 inches; build 3.7 (53). +Her father, at 80 years, 330/72 inches; build 4.6 (64). Apparently this +side of the house is exceptionally fleshy. Six children: + +1. Male, at 64 years, 212/69 inches; build 3.1 (45). + +2. Male, at 66 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +3. Male, at 59 years, 240/69 inches; build 3.5 (50). + +4. Male, at 54 years, 240/72 inches; build 3.3 (46). + +5. Female, at 61 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +6. Female, at 54 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). + +_Comment._—Thus 3 out of 6 children are very fleshy, 1 is fleshy and the +2 daughters are medium (S: Dal-A). + + +DUD-A FAMILY. + +A family of Irish extraction from North Carolina. + +The Father, at 75 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). +His brother, at 70 years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +The Mother, at 86 years, had the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). +Two grown children: + +1. Male, at 60 years, 251/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). + +2. Male, at 70 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +_Comment._—The children of these parents, the family of one of whom at +least is of mixed build, were one very fleshy and one medium (S: Dud-A). + + +SMI-36 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction. The grandparents, parents, and one child +are all New Englanders. + +The Father, a physician, in excellent health, has at 53 the formula +208/67.5 inches; build 3.2 (46). His father, a physician also, died, at +82 years, from angina pectoris. He had pulmonary tuberculosis in youth. +At 65 his formula was 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother +had three sons and two daughters. She died of tuberculosis, at 35 years +of age. Her formula at 30 was 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of +the house shows heavy build of mixed origin. + +The Mother in middle age had cerebral embolus. At 51 her formula is +176/63.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). Her father, a farmer, had erysipelas +in middle age. He died, at 64, from typhoid fever. At 60 he had the +formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her mother, having had 3 sons and +4 daughters, died at 78 from dysentery. At 65 her formula was 160/63 +inches; build 2.8 (40). This side of the house is very fleshy to fleshy. +One child: + +1. Male, a medical student. He has, at 22, the formula 165/74 inches; +build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 52 years, 190/74 inches, build 2.5 (34). + +_Comment._—Thus the child is slenderer than either parent and like his +tubercular father’s mother (R: Smi-36). + + +SUMMARY. + +The progeny of the three matings may now be compared (table 26). While +even very fleshy parents are sometimes heterozygous (perhaps carrying 5 +or rarely even 4 zygotic factors for build), yet they do not produce any +slender children. The merely “fleshy” parents, on the other hand, produce +about 7 per cent slender. None would be expected on the 4-zygotic-factor +hypothesis, but about 6 per cent would be on the 6-factor hypothesis. + + +TABLE 26.—_Summary of selected fleshy matings, together with their +progeny._ + + +--------------------------+----+-------------------------------------+ + | | | Offspring. | + | | +------------------+------------------+ + | | No.| Frequency. | Proportion. | + | | +---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+ + | | | S | M | F | VF | S | M | F | VF | + +--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+ + |Mating 1. One parent VF; | | | | | | | | | | + | the other F, of F stock.| 50 | 2 | 11 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 22 | 46 | 28 | + | | | | | | | | | | | + |Mating 2. Both parents F, | | | | | | | | | | + | of F stock. | 15 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 33 | 53 | 7 | + | | | | | | | | | | | + |Mating 3. Other VF × VF | | | | | | | | | | + | matings. | 30 | | 12 | 8 | 10 | | 40 | 27 | 33 | + +--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+ + +A comparison of tables 23 and 26 shows a profound difference in the +distribution of build in the two sets of progenies. From the matings +of slender parents come predominantly (84 per cent) slender and very +slender offspring; from the mating of two fleshy or very fleshy parents +come predominantly (67 per cent) fleshy and very fleshy offspring. The +ranges of the offspring classes overlap somewhat, for the slender matings +produce 16 per cent progeny who are above slender build; and the fleshy +matings produce 32 per cent of progeny who are below fleshy build. The +progeny of the slender matings are much less variable than those of +fleshy matings. Thus, the standard deviation of the offspring in table 23 +is only 3.13 ± 0.17; while the standard deviation of the offspring of the +fleshy parents listed in table 24 is 5.74 ± 0.39 and in table 25 4.70 ± +0.52. From the standpoint of genetics this indicates the presence of more +genetical factors in the fleshy parents than in the slender. + +However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is +that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is lower than that +of the fleshy ones. If we place the average index of the very slender and +slender groups at 26, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient +of variability of the slender and very slender is 3.13/26, or 12 per +cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 is 4.70/40, or 14 per cent. Thus +the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more +variable than the slender offspring. + +Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data of table 12. The +standard deviation of the progeny of the S × S matings is 2.41; of the +F × F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of variability +are 2.41/28.47 and 5.35/37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent +respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the +offspring of the F × F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S +× S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the +F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of +the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater +variability of the offspring of the F × F as compared with the S × S +matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index +values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be +that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than +the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents. + + +CLASS III. MATING OF SLENDER WITH FLESHY STOCK—THE F₁ GENERATION. + +After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of +slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the +distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of +matings produces the familiar F₁ generation. Incidentally it may be +pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the F₁ generation +has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is concerned. +This is partly because there are several kinds of F₁ offspring. For +example, the progeny of very fleshy × slender, fleshy × very slender, +fleshy × slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If +we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable +range of variation in the F₁ generation is to be expected. If we deal +with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insufficient to +be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between +too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too heterogeneous +parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that +on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that dominate over +slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average, +of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are +younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their +full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating, +since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential +build. Three kinds of matings will be considered. + + +Mating 1. ONE PARENT SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, AND THE OTHER FLESHY, OF +FLESHY STOCK. (Table VIII in Part.) + +If mainly those fleshy parents are selected whose parents and sibs (so +far as known) are fleshy, then the progeny will correspond as nearly as +possible to a Mendelian F₁ generation, and should be characterized by +relatively low variability. Such selected matings are given in table 27, +extracted from table VIII, Appendix. + + +TABLE 27.—_Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy +parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny._ + + +--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+------------------+ + | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. | + | | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s +---+----+----+----+ + | | FF| FM| F | sibs. | MF| MM| M | sibs. | S | M | F | VF | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + +--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Ale 2 | 33| 28| 27| 3 tall | 36| 42| 38| 2 t | | 2 | 1 | | + |Coo 6 | 38| 38| 39| | 33| 29| 28| Short | | 1 | 2 | | + |Cla 32 | 29| 29| 29| | 31| 42| 38| | | 1 | 1 | | + |Dob 2 | 30| S | 26| | F | F | 42| | | 4 | 1 | | + |Dud I | 48| 61| 43|10 F | 31| 28| 28| 3 of 12,| 2| | | | + | | | | | and VF;| | | | F or VF.| | | | | + | | | | | 1S(t). | | | | | | | | | + |Elk I | 36| 44| 41| | 30| 32| 27| | 1| 3 | | | + |Faz | | F | S | 1 F | F | F | 57| 1 VF | | 1 | 1 | | + |Leo | | | F | 1 F | S | S | S | 4 S | | | 3 | | + |Lyn | | F | F | 2 F | | | S | | | | 6 | | + |Ofi a | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 | + |Ofi b | | | S | 1 M 3 F| | | F | 7 F | | 2 | 4 | 2 | + |Ofi c | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 | + |Smi | | | 45| | | | 30| | 1| 1 | 3 | 3 | + |Wal 4 | 38| 34| 41| | 31| 28| 27| | | 1 | 1 | | + | +---+---+---+ +---+---+---+ +---+----+----+----+ + |Total | | | | | | | | 64 | 4| 18 | 35 | 7 | + |Per cent| | | | | | | | 100 |6.2|28.1|54.6|11.1| + +--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+ + + A, 38.29 ± 0.43. + S. D., 5.02 ± 0.30 + +In table 27, of 64 offspring the proportions are 6 S, 28 M, 55 F, 11 +VF. On the assumption of 6 zygotic factors, and that the matings are of +5-factor and 2-factor parents, and that they were equally of the two +types of matings of this class, then we should expect the following +proportions; 8 S, 42 M, 42 F, 8 VF. That this does not more closely +approximate the observed proportions is probably due to the partial +dominance of F over S. At any rate, it is a closer fit than would be +given on the 4-factor hypothesis. The details of each family included in +this mating are given below. + + +ALE-2 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction; grandparents and parents living mostly +in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Two of the children were born +in West Virginia, the other two in Ohio. The Father, a minister, has at +55 years the formula 135/70.8 inches; build 1.9 (27). His 3 brothers are +tall. Their father, who was a minister, always well, died at 81 years +from “diseases incident to old age,” at 70 years having the formula +M/VT;[5] build, say, 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 6 children, in youth +was “delicate.” She died at 85 years from old age, having the formula +S/T; build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of +slender build. + +[5] M, medium weight; VT, very tall. + +The Mother, who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from erysipelas +and gallstones. She is living at 54 years, having at 50 years the formula +145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38). One of her brothers died at 18 years from +tuberculosis, height 70 inches; another brother became feeble-minded +after an attack of spinal meningitis, height 62.5 inches; one sister also +died from tuberculosis at 48 years. Their father, who was a miller, +suffered in youth from typhoid fever and in middle age from neuralgia +and acute indigestion, and was killed in an accident at 77 years. At 60 +years his formula was 165/M; build, say, 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had +9 children, was always well. She died at 78 years from angina pectoris. +At 50 years her formula was 165/M; build, say, 3.0 (42). Thus this side +of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build, despite some tuberculosis. +The 3 grown children: + +1. Male, a minister, always well, has at 30 years the formula 165/67 +inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 52 years, 174/67 inches; build 2.7 +(39). + +2. Female, a school teacher, always well, has at 28 years the formula +108/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 52 years, 123/62.5 inches; +build 2.2 (31). + +3. Male, a student, always well, has at 23 years the formula 140/66.5 +inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 52 years, 154/67 inches; build 2.4 +(34). + +_Comment._—The build of the children ranges from 2.0 or 2.2 (28 or 31) to +2.6 or 2.7 (37 or 39), almost exactly the difference between the parents +but the build is slightly higher on the average than theirs. One should +probably be classified as slender, one as medium, and one as fleshy. +There is a slight evidence of dominance of fleshiness (R: Ale-2). + + +COO-6 FAMILY. + +A family of mixed Nordic stock, chiefly English, living in the Central +States. The Father, a farmer, who has always been well, is a man of great +bodily energy and calm temperament. Formula at 40 years 180/68 inches; +build 2.7 (39). His father, a farmer, who was killed in the Civil War, +had at 40 years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, +who was always well and energetic, had at 40 years the formula 160/65 +inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house is uniformly fleshy. + +The Mother, who had a throat infection, had the formula 110/63 inches; +build 1.9 (28). Her sibs were mostly short and two of them suffered from +asthma. Their father, a farmer, who had a throat infection and died at +55 of smallpox, had the formula 150/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Their +mother, who also died at 55 of smallpox, had the formula 125/66 inches; +build 2.0 (29). Thus the maternal side of the house has a distinctly +slenderer build than the paternal. The 3 children: + +1. Male, who died in early infancy of brain fever. + +2. Male, 30 years old, a traveling salesman and soldier, with a catarrhal +nasal infection, had the formula at 20 years 160/67.5 inches; build 2.5 +(35); adjusted to 50 years, 178/69.4 inches; build 2.7 (37). + +3. Female, 25 years old, a music teacher, with a catarrhal nasal +infection, has at 20 years the formula 120/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); +adjusted to 50 years, 139/62 inches; build 2.6 (36). + +4. Male, 21 years old, a farmer, from whom a skin tumor and tonsils have +been removed, has at 20 years the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 +(35); adjusted to 50 years, 166/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +_Comment._—A mating of fleshy with slender build has produced only +medium-fleshy offspring (R: Coo-6). + + +CLA-32 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction living in Vermont. The Father, who is a +farmer, suffered in youth from catarrh and influenza. He is living at +57 years, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, +who is a farmer, always well, has at 84 years the formula 150/72 inches; +build 29. His mother, who had 2 children, always well, has at 80 years +the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). This family is prevailingly +slender. + +The Mother, who has 2 children, always well, has at 52 years the formula +157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her father, who was a farmer, suffered +in middle age from weak heart, sciatica, and rheumatism. He died, at 67 +years, from “blood-clot on brain,” having the formula 160/72 inches; +build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 1 child, was always well till, at +68 years, she died of cancer of liver; formula 160/62 inches; build 2.9 +(42). Of the 2 children: + +1. Female, married, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/66 +inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 +(37). + +2. Male, a farmer, always well, has, at 24 years, the formula 150/72 +inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 169/72 inches; build 2.3 +(33). + +_Comment._—The daughter will probably become fleshy like her Mother; the +son will probably remain slender like his Father (R: Cla-32). + + +DOB-2 FAMILY. + +A family of Scotch-Irish and German extraction, living in the middle +western States. The Father, a real-estate agent, who in youth suffered +from diphtheria, has at 65 years the formula 120/67.5 inches; build 1.9 +(26). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 89 years of old age, +with the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother died at 29 +years of tuberculosis; she was slender. + +The Mother, who in youth suffered from whooping-cough and scarlet fever, +has at 65 years the formula 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42)—fleshy. Her +father, a German farmer, died of old age at 81 years; he was corpulent. +Her mother died at 81 years of “heart leakage”; she was corpulent. The 5 +children: + +1. Male, a school teacher, always well, has at 34 years the formula +130/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 138/66.5 inches; +build 2.3 (31). + +2. Female, a music and art teacher, who in youth suffered from catarrhal +fever, has at 32 years the formula 135/61 inches; build 2.6 (36); +adjusted to 55 years, 147/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +3. Male, electrical engineer, always well, has at 29 years the formula +140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/67 inches; build +2.3 (33). + +4. Male, student, had pneumonia, has at 26 years the formula 150/67 +inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 162/67 inches; build 2.5 +(36). + +5. Male, a student, who has had malaria, has at 24 years the formula +130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 inches; build +2.3 (32). + +_Comment._—A man of a family of a prevailing slender build, whose mother +died of tuberculosis, married a fleshy woman of two fleshy parents. +Of the 5 children, 1 and perhaps 2 will become fleshy; 1 is of medium +build, and 2 will probably remain slender like the Father. Since all +children are fleshier than the slender Father, and since members of the +family tend to grow fleshy as they grow older, it seems probable (barring +disease) that child No. 2 will gain the build of her stout Mother and +that the others will become of at least medium build (R: Dob-2). + + +DUD-1 FAMILY. + +A family of Scotch stock residing principally in Ohio and Iowa. The +Father, a farmer until his retirement at 50 years, who died at 56 of +diabetes, had at 40 years the formula 215/71 inches; build 3.0 (43). Of +his 6 sisters, 4 were stout to very stout and 1 was slender and died of +tuberculosis. Of his 2 brothers, one was 72 inches tall and died of +kidney trouble; the other was 67 inches tall. The Father’s father, also a +farmer all his life and very strong, died at 60 years of apoplexy, having +the formula 250/64 inches; build 4.3 (61). This side of the house brings +into the combination a tendency to extreme fleshiness. + +The Mother, who was operated on for cancer, at 40 years had the formula +115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). She had 12 sibs, of whom 3 were fleshy or +very fleshy. Her father, a carpenter, who died of Bright’s disease at 70, +had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who died at 50 +years of tuberculosis, had at 40 years of age the formula 120/65 inches; +build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. The 2 +children: + +1. Male, a college student and subject to migraine, has at 25 years the +formula 158/70 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 40 years, 169/70 +inches; build 2.4 (35). + +2. Female, a school girl, operated on at 16 for appendicitis, has at 25 +years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 40 years, +135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +_Comment._—This mating of parents of stout and of slender stock results +in children who are still young and of only medium to slender build. +It is to be expected that the young man, at least, will become stout, +approaching his father’s build (R: Dud-1). + + +ELK-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. +The Father, a “superintendent,” suffered in youth from pneumonia. He is +living at 47 years, having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). One +of his brothers died, at 43 years, from consumption of the stomach “due +to accident”; his formula, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother +is living at 73 years, having the formula 160/60 inches; build 3.1 (44). +This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy. + +The Mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchial trouble, has at 49 +years the formula 98/60.3 inches; build 2.0 (27). Her father, a farmer, +is living at 76 years with the formula 135/67.3 inches; build 2.1 (30). +Her mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchitis, pneumonia, and +heart trouble, is living at 68 years with the formula 124/62 inches; +build 3.2. This is a prevailingly slender family. The 4 children: + +1. Female, a student, has at 23 years the formula 120/64.5 inches; build +2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 137/64.5 inches; build 2.2 (33). + +2. Female, a student, has at 21 years the formula 108/64.5 inches; build +1.8 (26); adjusted to 48 years, 126/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +3. Female, a student, has at 18 years the formula 107/61 inches; build +2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 125/61 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +4. Female, a student, twin to No. 3, has at 18 years the formula 107/61.6 +inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 48 years, 127/61.6 inches; build 2.3 +(33). + +_Comment._—The children are all fairly young and have the youthful +slender and medium build. Even on adjustment they do not rise above the +medium class. Unfortunately, we do not know how this family develops its +index of build (R: Elk-1). + + +FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.) + +II 8, ♂, is slender; he has a fleshy sister and their mother is fleshy. + +His wife is II 9, who, at 46 years, has stature 151 cm. (59 inches) and +weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Her relative +chest-girth, is 111/151, or 74 per cent. Her sister, II 6, who died at 66 +of cerebral hemorrhage, had the formula 225/63 inches; build 4.0 (57); +very fleshy. Both of their parents were fleshy. + +The children of II 8, 9 who grew up are: (1) III 9, ♀, at 19 of medium +weight. (2) III 10, ♂, at 18 years fleshy. Two others are too young to +include in the statistics. + +_Comment._—Medium and fleshy progeny recur, suggesting that the fleshy +parent is not entirely homozygous (73:665). + + +LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.) + +II 2 ♂, 72 inches tall and fleshy, has a tall and fleshy sister. His +wife, II 3, ♀, is of medium stature and slender. She has 4 sibs, all +slender; their parents also slender. Three children, all fleshy. + +Again, II 7, the slender brother of II 3, married an obese woman, and has +1 child who, at 9 years, is 20 per cent over weight. See also page 61 (S +× S mating). (73:676.) + + +LYN FAMILY. + +D. O., ♂, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), fleshy, has 2 fleshy sibs and +fleshy mother. He married a slender woman, who grew fleshier in middle +life. They had 6 children, all fleshy. D. O. is a second cousin of figure +30, II 1 (p. 74). The fleshy parent was apparently a homozygous dominant +(73:684). + + +OFI FAMILY, A. (Fig. 35.) + +I 1 ♂ was tall and slender. His wife I 2 was tall and very fleshy. There +were 8 children, about whose build something is known. + +II 1 ♀ fleshy. II 3 ♀ at 40 years is fleshy, married to a slender man, +has slender and fleshy children. II 4 ♂ at 30 years is fleshy. II 7 ♂ is +tall and fleshy. II 10 ♀ is inclined to be fleshy. II 12 ♀ at 42 years is +fleshy, and has children of both types. II 14 ♂ at 45 years, stature 165 +cm. (65 inches); weight 62.5 (138 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium. II 13 +♂ died at 35 years; very fleshy. Thus 1 is very fleshy, 6 are fleshy, and +1 is of medium build (73:697). + +[Illustration: FIG. 35.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +OFI family.] + + +OFI FAMILY, B. (Fig. 35.) + +I 7 ♂, slender, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium weight. His wife, I 8 +♀, died at 68, fleshy, had 7 sibs, all fleshy. There were 8 children: +II 15 ♀ at 38 years, stature 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 +pounds); build 2.9 (42), fleshy; relative chest-girth 92/153, or 61 +per cent. She has always been fleshy, was formerly more so than now. +Married to a man of medium build, there were 4 children, 2 slender, and 1 +fleshy[6] and 1 very fleshy. II 16 ♂ died at 48 of “heart disease,” very +fleshy. II 17 ♀, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weight 56 kg. (124 pounds); +build 2.5 (36), fleshy-medium; relative chest-girth 95/151, or 63 per +cent. II 18 ♀ fleshy. II 20 ♀, very fleshy, has 3 slender children. II 21 +♀ fleshy. II 22 ♂ of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm. +(59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43 per cent), fleshy. +Relative chest-girth 100/150, or 67 per cent. Thus, of the 8 children 2 +are of medium build, 4 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy. + +[6] III 7, shading omitted, by error, on chart. + + +OFI FAMILY, C. (Fig. 35.) + +II 2 ♂, slender, married II 3, at 40 years fleshy and _heterozygous_, and +had 4 children. III 1 ♂ fleshy; III 2 ♂ of medium build, and III 3 ♂, 4 ♂ +twins, slender. Thus 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 2 slender. + +_Comment._—Mating B is apparently that of a nearly homozygous dominant +fleshy mated to a slender, and producing fleshy and very fleshy offspring +and 2 who are just below fleshy build (73:697). + + +SMI FAMILY. + +II 1 ♂ (fig. 26), at 50, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); and weight 90 to +100 kg. (200 to 215 pounds); build 3.2 (45), very fleshy. As a lad he was +very slender, but at 28 years began to grow fleshy. + +Married a woman who, at 68 years, has a stature of 150 cm. (59 inches), +weight 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.0 (30), slender. They had 8 children: + +(1) Male, at 50 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 80 kg. (175 +pounds); build 2.9 (41), fleshy; slender as a child. (2) ♀, at 48 years, +stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.3 (47), +very fleshy; was slender until about 16 years of age. (3) ♀, at 46 years, +stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.6 (51), +very fleshy; was slender until 20 years old. By a slender husband she +has 3 children, 13 to 5 years of age, all slender, but the eldest boy +growing fleshier. (4) ♀ died at 28 years of kidney trouble, aggravated by +child-birth; at that time she was slender. (5) ♀, at 34 years, stature +155 cm. (61 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.4 (48), very +fleshy, rather uniformly over the body. She was fleshy as a child; then +became slender and remained so up to the age of 16 or 18 years. By a +slender man she has 3 children, all young and slender. (6) ♂, at 31 years +of medium build with a tendency to grow fleshier, by a slender wife has +a slender child. (7) ♂, at 29 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight +now about 62 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.5 (35), fleshy-medium, and varying +inversely with his activity. (8) ♂, at 24 years, stature 168 cm. (66 +inches); weight 59 kg. (130 pounds); build 2.1 (30), medium-slender, but +this is the age when in this family they first begin to put on flesh. + +_Comment._—This is an exceedingly instructive family; first, because +they are all slender until 20 to 25 and then begin to grow fleshier. The +heterozygous condition of fleshiness retards the full development of the +trait, as so often seen in genetics. It is probable that III 1 is nearly +homozygous for fleshiness (73:736). + + +WAL-4 FAMILY. + +A New York State family of English and Scotch ancestry. + +The Father, a business man, with diabetic tendencies, has at 60 years +the formula 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). His sibs are all tall or very +tall. His father, a Scotch farmer, who had “kidney trouble,” which, +aggravated by influenza, caused his death at 86 years, had the formula +175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who suffered from neuralgia +and died of blood-poisoning at 64 years, had the formula 150/66 inches; +build 2.4 (34). This side of the house is thus of medium to fleshy build. + +The Mother is subject to nervous prostration and intestinal indigestion +and has been operated on for uterine lacerations. At 52 she has the +formula 125/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who kept a country +store and died at 83 years of heart failure, had the formula 156/71 +inches; build 2.2 (31). The Mother’s mother, who died at 75 years of +cancer of the stomach, was hunch-backed from an accident when 3 years +old; had long arms and would probably have been tall. At 60 she had +the formula 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is +prevailingly slender. Two children are: + +1. Male, a social worker, has at 30 years the formula 200/74 inches; +build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 214/74 inches; build 2.8 (39). + +2. Male, a business man, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build +2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 178/71 inches; build 2.5 (35). + +_Comment._—One child is fleshy like the Father, the other is of +intermediate build (R: Wal-4). + + +Mating 2. OTHER SLENDER × FLESHY MATINGS. + +In addition to the selected cases of table 27, reference may be made to +other families of table VIII of which details are published herewith; and +which reveal special matters of interest. They are not included in mating +1, because there is always at least one medium-grade parent of the fleshy +side of the house. The families are listed in table 28, summarized here +and described _in extenso_ further on. + + +TABLE 28.— _Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy +parent of mixed stock, together with their progeny._ + + +------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+------------------+ + | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. | + | | | | |Father’s | | | |Mother’s+----+---+--+--+---+ + | | FF| FM| F | sibs. | MF | MM | M | sibs. | | | | | | + | | | | | | | | | | VS | S |M |F | VF| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + +------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+----+---+--+--+---+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Bro 30| 31| 27| 30| | 35 | 40 | 37| | | | 1| 1| 1| + |Fin 1 | 34| 31| 30| | 38 | 33 | 37| | | | 1| 2| | + |Met A | M | M | 39|3M 1F 1VF|33 ±|28 ±| 30| 2S, 3M | | | 1| 4| | + |Olm A | 34| | 38|1F | 34 | 28 | 24| 1M, 1F | | | 1| 4| 1| + |She 12| 34| 46| 38| | 34 | 28 | 28| | | | 3| 4| | + |Van 3 | 29| 29| 29| | 33 | 39 | 37| | | 2 | | 1| | + | +---+---+---+ +----+----+---+ +----+---+--+--+---+ + | Total| | | | | | | | | | 2 | 7|16| 2| + +------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+----+---+--+--+---+ + + Offspring: A, 38.01 ± 0.55. + S. D., 4.74 ± 0.39. + +_Bro-30._—One child out of 3 is very fleshy, of a grade that in our +experience never occurs when both parents are slender. + +_Fin-1._—In this family all 3 children have already a build nearly equal +to that of the fleshier parent. Assuming that they increase in weight +in the same degree as the average person, they may be expected to be +considerably fleshier than the fleshy parent. + +_Met-A._—Of the 5 children, 3 already exceed in build the fleshy parent. + +_Olm-A._—Of 6 children, all but 1 are fleshier than the fleshy parent. + +_She-12._—Of 7 children, 4 are fleshy like the Father, the others are +slender to medium. + +_Van-3._—One out of 3 is fleshy. + +The distribution of indices of build in the offspring is summarized in +table 28. This distribution of offspring is characterized by about the +same means as in mating 1, and by about the same variability. It seems +probable, consequently, that the fleshy parents were nearly homozygous +for this trait. + + +BRO-30 FAMILY. + +A family of prevailingly English stock. The members of this family, +including the grandparents, parents, and 3 children, were born and +have lived in Connecticut. The Father in youth had typhoid fever, in +middle age neuritis. Now, at 72, his formula is 140/68 inches; build 2.1 +(30). His father, a school-teacher and farmer, died at 65 from old age, +premature because of his strenuous life. His formula was 150/70 inches; +build 2.0 (31). The Father’s mother had sick headaches and inflammatory +rheumatism in middle age. She died at 82 from old age, having then the +formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +The Mother, who had inflammatory rheumatism in youth and malaria in +middle age, has now, at 63, the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). +Her father, a farmer and politician, suffered from Bright’s disease in +middle age, and died at 54 from an abscess of the liver as the immediate +cause. His formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, having +enjoyed good health all her life, died at 87 from old age. Her formula +was 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). The 3 children are: + +1. Male, at 42, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, +149/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +2. Male, at 40, 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, +170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +3. Male, at 39, 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, +206/68 inches; build 3.1 (45). + +_Comment._—The children’s range of build exceeds that of the parents; the +youngest is indeed very fleshy. Probably there is an obese tendency which +comes down through the line of the Mother and Mother’s mother (R: Bro-30). + + +FIN-1 FAMILY. + +A family of Russian Jewish stock. The grandparents and parents were +natives of Russia; the family emigrated to America and settled in +Pennsylvania, where the 3 children were born. The Father, a manufacturer, +is living at 47 years, having the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). +His father, a merchant, is living at 69 years, having the formula 150/66 +inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 12 children, died at 55 years +from cancer, having the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +The Mother has at 43 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). +Her sibs are mostly of heavy build. Her father, a merchant, has at 68 +years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 5 +children, died at 53 years, having the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 +(33). The 3 children: + +1. Male, a salesman, has at 23 years the formula 195/70 inches; build 2.8 +(40); adjusted to 45 years, 210/70 inches; build 3.0 (43). + +2. Male, a law student, has at 23 years the formula 175/70 inches; build +2.5 (36); adjusted to 45 years, 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +3. Male, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 169/70 inches; +build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 45 years, 186/70 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +_Comment._—All 3 children have a fleshy build and may be expected to +become fleshier than the Mother (R: Fin-1). + + +MET-A FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in Illinois. The Father, at 50 +years, had the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 5 sibs: (1) +Brother, at 50 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). (2) Brother, at 50 +years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (3) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68 +inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Sister, at 50 years, had the formula 200/T; +build, say, 3.2 (46±). (5) Sister, at 50 years, had formula 140/M; build, +say, 2.5 (35). Both their father and mother are said to have been of +medium build. + +The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30). +Of her 5 sibs who reached maturity: (1) Brother, at 50 years, had the +formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Sister, 130/64 inches; build +2.2 (32). (3) Sister, 110/60 inches; build 2.1 (31). (4) Sister, 120/63 +inches; build 2.1 (30). (5) Sister, 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28.) Their +father had the formula 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33±). Their mother had the +formula 120/T; build, say, 2.0 (28±). Five grown children: + +1. Female, at 35 years, has the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39); +adjusted to 50 years, 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). + +2. Male, at 40 years, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 +years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +3. Male, at 40 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 +years, 188/68 inches; build 2.9 (41). + +4. Male, at 20 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 +years, 178/69 inches; build 2.7 (37). + +5. Female, at 35 years, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50 +years, 161/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). + +_Comment._—On the adjusted build, all children are above the mid-parent +and 3 of the 5 exceed the stouter parent (S:Met-A). + + +OLM-A FAMILY. (Fig. 36.) + +A family of old American stock living in New York State. The Father has +the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). He has a fleshy brother. His +father had the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +The Mother has the formula 100/64.5 inches; build 1.7 (24). She has 1 +medium brother and a fleshy sister. Her father had the formula 150/66.5 +inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother had the formula 125/66.5 inches; build +2.0 (28). The 6 children: + +1. Male, at 60 years, has the formula 192/61 inches; build 3.6 (43). + +2. Male, 250/67 inches; build 3.6 (51). + +3. Male, 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). + +4. Male, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +5. Male, 155/65 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +6. Female, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +_Comment._—A fleshy man, whose known family is fleshy or medium, has by +a very slender woman whose family shows a variety of builds, 6 children: +1 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This suggests that the Father is +nearly homozygous for the factors of build (S:Olm-A). + +[Illustration: FIG. 36.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +OLM-A family.] + + +SHE-12 FAMILY. + +This family, whose grandparents came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is +chiefly of English and German stock. The 10 children were born in Iowa +and Nebraska. + +The Father, soldier and editor, is in good health at 76 years, except +for “rheumatism”; formula, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, a +blacksmith, who was killed by the kick of a horse, had the formula 160/69 +inches; build 2.4 (34). The Father’s mother, who had a large family and +died of dropsy, at 74 years had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 +(46). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build. + +The Mother, with 10 children, had an attack of pneumonia and died at 56 +of throat and bronchial trouble and had the formula 120/65 inches; build +2.0 (28). The Mother’s father, a merchant, who died of a fever, had the +formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Mother’s mother, who was +inclined to bronchial and lung diseases, had the formula 120/65 inches; +build 2.0 (28). She died of “old age” at 82 years. This side of the house +is medium to slender. The 7 grown children are: + +1. Female, married, has suffered from intestinal indigestion and “some +rheumatism.” At 48 her formula is 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42). + +2. Male, a journalist, who was weak after an attack of scarlet fever, but +developed into a robust man, has at 46 the formula 180/69 inches; build +2.7 (38). + +3. Female, now 40 years old, married and with a family, has the formula +155/66 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 162/66 inches; build +2.6 (37). + +4. Male, a linotype operator, subject to throat and stomach trouble, +has the formula 170/72 inches, build 2.3 (33), at the age of 37 years; +adjusted to 55 years, 176/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +5. Male, a promoter, in fine health, has at 34 the formula 160/72 inches; +build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 168/72 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +6. Male, a journalist, who has had ear and throat trouble following +scarlet fever, has, at 32, the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36); +adjusted to 55 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +7. Female, delicate and inclined to rheumatism, at 29 years has the +formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 135/65 +inches; build 2.2 (32). + +_Comment._—Four of the children are stout like the Father; the others are +intermediate to slender (R: She-12). + + +VAN-3 FAMILY. + +Grandparents from Pennsylvania and New York; children born in +Pennsylvania and Michigan; chiefly of English origin. Father, +iron-worker, subject to bronchial and catarrhal troubles; formula, at +60 years, 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29). Father’s father, a minister, +subject to catarrhal and bronchial troubles, died at 92 years of +pneumonia; formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). Father’s mother died of +pneumonia at 84 years; formula 122/65 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side +of the house is slender. + +The Mother, who has some catarrhal and bronchial trouble, has the formula +150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6). Her father, who died at 72 years of +kidney trouble and constipation, had the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 +(33). Her mother had the formula 160/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). This side +of the house is of or above the average build. There are 3 children: + +1. Female, a teacher, has at 27 years old the formula 110/65 inches; +build 1.8 (26). + +2. Female, who had an attack of typhoid fever, had the formula 150/64 +inches; build 2.6 (36.6) (“physically and mentally like mother”). + +3. Male, at 18 years, has the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.8 (27); +adjusted to 50 years, 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Thus 2 of the +children resemble the (slender) paternal side and 1 the maternal (R: +Van-3). + + +Mating 3. VERY SLENDER × VERY FLESHY. + +Mention may be made of one example of this extreme mating, namely, of +a very fleshy man with a very slender woman, whose slenderness may +be due to the fact that she had formerly suffered an acute attack of +tuberculosis. The two children are still young (19 and 21 years), but are +already 3 and 5 points respectively above average build (English system), +suggesting dominance of fleshiness. The detailed history of this mating +follows. + + +GOO-8 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts. The Father, a +shoe manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 210/66 +inches; build 3.4 (48). His father, a farmer, who died at 63 years from +Bright’s disease, was of medium build. His mother, who had only 1 child, +suffered in youth from tonsillitis. She is living at 75 years and is of +medium build. The very stout Father is probably heterozygous in build. + +The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from tonsillitis and +scarlet fever; in middle age from tubercular trouble (“cured”). She is +living at 46 years, having the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her +2 brothers were tall. Her father, a farmer, well except for headaches, +was a distant cousin to his wife. He is living at 72 years, having the +formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 3 children, +died from cancer at 58 years, having the formula 130/63 inches; build 2.3 +(33). Thus the mother comes of medium (heterozygous?) stock; her extreme +slenderness is associated with a tendency to active tuberculosis. The 2 +children: + +1. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, has at 21 +years the formula 153/69 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 47 years, +170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +2. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 19 +years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 47 years, +180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +_Comment._—The children are medium to fleshy; they are still young (R: +Goo-8). + + +Mating 4. SLENDER × VERY FLESHY MATINGS (Table IX). + +Another test of dominance of the fleshy factors is afforded by table IX. +The details will be found in the following pages. The distribution of +the progeny is indicated in table 29. The sums of table 29, reduced to +percentages, are: 12.5 S, 42.5 M, 35 F, 10 VF. On the 4-zygotic-factor +hypothesis of build, an equality of medium and fleshy progeny is +expected. On the 6-factor hypothesis, a 5 × 2 mating would produce two +types of families. Averaging these two types, the expected proportions +are 9 S, 41 M, 41 F, 9 VF, which is fairly close to the proportions +actually found. It will be observed that fleshy progeny are not far less +frequent than those of medium build. + + +TABLE 29.—_Matings of a slender parent and a very fleshy one, together +with their progeny._ + + +------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+ + | | Parentage. | Offspring. | + | +--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+ + |References. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | |FF|FM|F |Father’s |MF|MM| M |Mother’s |VS| S | M |F |VF| + | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | | + +------------+--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Arn 5 |31|48|44| |33|25|26 | | | | 1 | 1| | + |Ban 2 |42|31|49|2 t |M |F |26±|5 VF | | | | 2| | + |Ben 8 |38|26|28| |39|32|45 | | | | 1 | 1| | + |Bon A |40| |51|1 F |35| |26 |4 S | | | | | 1| + |Bun |F |S |57| | | |26 | | | 1 | 2 | | 1| + |Cle 5 |34|34|30|1 F |27|32|54 |3 F | | 1 | 2 | 1| | + |Coo |M |F |29|2 S, 2 F |M |49|49 |1 F, 1 VF| | | 1 | | 1| + |Fen 1 | | |44| | | |27 | | | 2 | 2 | 1| | + |Har 15 |41|28|30|1 t |35|49|49 | | | | 2 | 3| | + |Hor 9 |44|24|44| |S |M |29 | | | | 2 | | | + |How 8 |37|27|30|3 t |40|46|51 | | | | 1 | 4| | + |Kro 3 |34|42|29| |38|28|46 | | | | | 1| | + |Tea A | | |49| | | |27 | | | 1 | 3 | | 1| + | +--+--+--+ +--+--+---+ +--+----+----+--+--+ + | Totals | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 17 |14| 4| + | Percentages| | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | (4) | | | | | | | | | |12.5|42.5|35|10| + +------------+--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+ + + Offspring: A, 36.54 ± 0.59. + S. D., 5.51 ± 0.42. + +Before passing to the description of the 13 families based on Eugenics +Record Office data, reference may be made to a case described by Rose +(1907). A slender man (II 1) of slender parents married a woman who +weighed 200 pounds (“livres”) and over. Her father weighed 270 pounds +and her mother, while not obese, has a goiter. From the primary slender +× very fleshy mating were derived 4 children (fig. 37, III 1 to 5). The +first is fleshy; the third slender. The second, a girl, at 16 weighed +150 pounds, but after chlorosis became slenderer. This girl married a +man apparently of medium build, and they had 4 children, of whom 3 died +of meningitis and the other is an obese infant, weighing 36 pounds at 15 +months. The fourth and last of the main fraternity is a girl who, at 15 +years, is 145 cm. tall and weighs 75 kg. This gives her an index of build +of 3.6 (51), very fleshy. She was very fleshy at 4 years, and has a big +appetite. The fat is accumulated on abdomen, breasts, and appendages, +except hands and feet. The extreme obesity came on at puberty and +menstruation has never been regular. Epiphyses of radius and metacarpals +of fingers are fused to their diaphyses. These facts indicate an obesity +of both the dystrophic adiposo-genitalis type and the hypothyroid type. +The progeny are thus 1 S, 1 M, 1 F, and 1 VF. + +[Illustration: FIG. 37.—Pedigree chart of Rose’s case.] + + +ARN-5 FAMILY. + +This is a family of the north central States, of English stock. The +Father, an engineer, had pneumonia in youth and an attack of gravel +at 45; his formula at 60 years is 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). His +9 brothers are all one-eighth to 3 inches below average stature. His +father, who suffered five attacks of inflammatory rheumatism, died at +59 years of enlargement of the heart; formula, 135/65.5 inches; build +2.2 (31). His mother, who had typhoid at 25 years and catarrh of stomach +at 55, has (at 70 years) the formula 186/62.4 inches; build 3.3 (48). +Thus the Father, like his mother, is very fleshy; but there is a slender +strain in the family. + +The Mother, who died of tuberculosis of the lungs at 46 years after +having had 5 children, had the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (25.5). +One of her 4 sibs died of “hardening of lungs.” Her father, who after +attacks of pneumonia died at 67 of tuberculosis, had the formula 140/65 +inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who had active tuberculosis at 43 +years, with recovery, has at 73 years the formula 105/65 inches; build +1.7 (25). Thus Mother and Mother’s mother are very slender (associated +with tuberculosis); and there is no fleshiness in the record. There are 2 +grown children: + +1. Female, who has always been well, has at 24 years the formula 124/61 +inches; build 2.4 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 140/61 inches; build 2.6 +(38). + +2. Male, who has always been well, has at 22 years the formula 133/67.5 +inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 149/68 inches; build 2.3 +(32.3). + +_Comment._—Thus the progeny of these parents of opposite build are +intermediate; in the adjusted build inclining toward fleshiness (R: +Arn-5). + + +BAN-2 FAMILY. + +A family of Dutch extraction living in northern New York. The Father, +a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; in middle age from tic +douloureux. He died at 54 years from heart failure, “blood became thin +and watery”; formula, 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). One of his sisters +died at 40 years from tuberculosis of lungs. One of his brothers died at +29 years from “consumption of bowels.” His father, a farmer, suffered +in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism, and died at 74 years from +apoplexy. At 60 years his formula was 210/71 inches; build 2.9 (42). +His mother died at 68 years from heart failure, having at 60 years the +formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Thus we have a very fleshy parent +with tuberculous sibs and a fleshy father. + +The Mother, who in middle age suffered from dyspepsia, “after menopause +very gradually lost her mind, becoming imbecile and helpless till death, +at 66 years,” having the formula 96/S inches; build 26±. Five of her +sibs were corpulent. One brother, “small and light framed,” died at 27 +years from tuberculosis. Their father was of medium build. Their mother, +who in middle age suffered from paralysis, died at 73 years from cancer +of breast; at 60 years was corpulent. The slender mother is from fleshy +stock. The 2 children: + +1. Male, head of a factory, has at 50 years the formula 180/68 inches; +build 2.7 (39). + +2. Male, a teacher, has at 45 years the formula 185/69 inches; build 2.7 +(39). + +_Comment._—Both offspring at middle age are intermediate in build between +the two parents, but somewhat closer to the very fleshy one (R: Ban-2). + + +BEN-8 FAMILY. + +A northern family, of which the 4 children were born in Michigan, of +mixed English, Scotch, and other stock. + +The Father, a farmer, who enjoys good health, has at 40 years the formula +135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Both his sibs are above the average in +stature. His father, a farmer, who died from over-exertion in the sun at +48 years, had the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother died +of “heart trouble” at 71 years; formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26). +Thus, the slender parent has one fleshy parent in turn. + +The Mother, who has “heart trouble,” has at 40 years the formula 195/66 +inches; build 3.1 (45). Her 3 sibs are all tall. The Mother’s father, a +mill-man, died at 61 years of Bright’s disease, having the formula 205/73 +inches; build 2.7 (39). The Mother’s mother, who is well, had at 56 years +the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). This side of the house is +prevailingly fleshy. The 2 grown children are: + +1. Male, has, at 21 years, the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (36); +adjusted to 40 years, 202/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +2. Female, at 19 years, has the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.9 (29); +adjusted to 40 years, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +_Comment._—One child is fleshy like the Mother (adjusted build); the +other is of medium build; both are between the parental extremes. + + +BON-A FAMILY. + +A family from New Hampshire. The Father, at 55 years, had the formula +250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). His brother, at 55 years, had the formula +160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). Their father, at 61 years, had the formula +200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +The Mother, at 55 years, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). +Of her 4 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). +(2) Sister, at 55 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). (3) Sister, at +58 years, 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). (4) Sister, at 60 years, 130/68 +inches; build 2.0 (28). Their father, at 85 years, 180/71.5 inches; build +2.5 (35). + +The one child, male, at 40 years, 220/71 inches; build 3.1 (44). + +_Comment._—The progeny of these two parents, one of prevailingly fleshy +stock, the other of slender stock, is a very fleshy child, but less +extreme than his parent, who is 15 years older (S:Bon-A). + + +BUN FAMILY. (Fig. 38.) + +A Long Island family of English stock. The Father, at maturity, had +the formula 280/70 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. His father was +fleshy; his mother slender. The Mother, at maturity, had the formula +125/69 inches; build 1.8 (26); slender. She belongs to a slender family. + +The four offspring are all mature, 40 to 50 years: (1) female, 110/65.5 +inches; build 1.8 (25.5); very slender; (2) female, 140/66 inches; build +2.3 (32); medium; (3) male, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); medium; (4) +male, 198/67 inches; build, at 45 years, 3.1 (44); very fleshy (at 30 +years his build was 2.3 (33) or medium). This very fleshy man has by a +wife of medium build (but 3 of whose 9 sibs are fleshy) 2 daughters; one, +at 18 years, is 121/62.5 inches; build 2.1 (31); medium; the other at 12 +years, is 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; far above normal build +for her age. + +_Comment._—The principal mating has produced a variable progeny, but the +tendency to obesity is traceable through three generations. + +[Illustration: FIG. 38.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +BUN family.] + + +CLE-5 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, +who has for years been subject to stomach trouble, has at 62 years the +formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). He has a fleshy brother. His +father, a farmer, died at 86 years from “probable cancer of ear,” having +the formula 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother died at 80 years of +indigestion; formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This is a family of +slender to medium build. + +The Mother, who in youth was liable to asthma and throat trouble and in +middle age to rheumatism, underwent an operation at 48 years for cancer +of breast. At 25 or 30 years she began to grow fleshy; at 56 years she +has the formula 200/61 inches; build 3.8 (54). She has 3 fleshy sibs. +Her father, a farmer, died at 69 years of “enlargement (probably cancer) +of liver”; formula, 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her mother, who had +12 children, and who underwent two operations for cancer on nose, died +at 83 years of indigestion; formula, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). The +very fleshy Mother’s fraternity is apparently derived from slender-medium +parents. But one of these had probably lost weight before her death at 83 +years. The 4 grown children: + +1. Female, who has suffered from asthma, stomach trouble, gallstones, +diphtheria, and appendicitis, has at 36 years the formula 120/63 inches; +build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +2. Male, a farmer, has at 35 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0 +(29); adjusted to 55 years, 148/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +3. Male, a farmer, subject in youth to indigestion and catarrh of throat +and nose. At 25 years he has the formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); +adjusted to 55 years, 179/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +4. Male, a teacher, who has suffered from diphtheria and colds, has at 23 +years the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, +139/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). + +_Comment._—The offspring are still young, and we do not know just how +they will develop. One is fleshy (but far less so than his Mother); 2 are +intermediate, and 1, at 35 years, is even slender (R: Cle-5). + + +COO FAMILY. (Fig. 39.) + +This is a New York State family upon which I personally made +observations. A slender-medium man (II 5); build about 2.0 (29), who has +2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs, married a very fleshy woman, build 3.4 (49), +whose 2 sibs are also fleshy, 3.4 (48) and 2.8 (40) respectively. Her +mother was also about 3.4 (49). There were two daughters. One has now +at 42 years a build of 3.4 (48); her sister a build of 2.4 (34) with a +tendency to increase. The fleshy sister married a man of slender build, +whose 3 sibs are of slender to medium build. There are 5 children, all +under 16 except one boy who, at 20 years, has a build of 2.3 (32). He is +73 inches (183 cm.) tall. All of the other children are of about medium +build. + +_Comment._—The very fleshy (but heterozygous) Mother mated with a slender +man has children, all of whom are apparently of medium build (73:656). + +[Illustration: FIG. 39.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the COO family.] + + +FEN-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English, Austrian, and Swiss extraction, grandparents and +children living in New York State and California. The Father, a merchant, +died at 81 years from ulcer of the stomach. At 50 years he had the +formula 210/69.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). + +The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 77 +years, having at 50 years the formula 102/61.5 inches; build 1.8 (27). +One of her sisters died at 79 years from “rheumatism of heart.” The 5 +children are: + +1. Male, a manufacturer, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He has +at 50 years the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +2. Male, a merchant, has at 40 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 +(32); adjusted to 50 years, 143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +3. Female, always well, married, has at 40 years the formula 120/66.5 +inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 126/66.5 inches; build 2.0 +(29). + +4. Male, a broker, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, at 47 years, +147/69.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +5. Male, who suffered from hemorrhage of lungs while at college, caused +by “excessive running,” died at 31 years from tuberculosis, at 28 years +having the formula 158/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 50 years, +173/74 inches; build 2.2 (32). + +_Comment._—The children are intermediate in build between the parents. +Only 1 out of 5 is even fleshy. + + +HAR-15 FAMILY. + +A family of English (and Welsh) extraction; grandparents living in the +northern United States. + +The Father, a twin, who was in the Civil War and has since suffered +from a tendency toward tuberculosis but was living at 71 years, has the +formula 150/70.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died of +tuberculosis at 30 years, and one of pneumonia at 77 years. His father, +who was a farmer and “never sick,” died of pneumonia at 47 years, and had +the approximate formula 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who +died at 48 years of “abscess on the back” after years of ailing, was of +slender build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus, probably on account of the tubercular +tendency, the Father’s build is slender like his mother. + +The Mother, who had 11 children, had a tendency toward tuberculosis +in youth, but in middle life suffered from “obesity, rheumatism, and +varicose veins,” was genial and a ready and humorous talker; at 61 +years her formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Her father, who was +a traveling salesman and seldom ill except for “tobacco heart,” died +of paralysis at 77 years; his formula, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35). +Her mother, who had pneumonia in middle life and suffered much from +“delicate lungs,” died of a pulmonary abscess at 37 years; her formula, +194/63 inches; build 3.5 (49). Thus the Mother’s build is just like her +mother’s. Of the 5 children who grew up: + +1. Female, a teacher, who has suffered from bronchitis, tuberculosis, and +rheumatism, at 34 years has the formula 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37); +adjusted to 50 years, 173/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +2. Male, a mechanical engineer, always well, at 30 years has the formula +170/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 181/68.5 inches; +build 2.7 (39). + +3. Female, married and always well, at 26 years has the formula 135/64 +inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 151/64 inches; build 2.6 +(36.9). + +4. Male, a millwright, who suffers from valvular heart trouble, at 26 +years has the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 +years, 150/67 inches; build 33. + +5. Male, an optometrist, always well, has at 23 years the formula +150/69.8 inches; build 2.2 (30.6); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70 inches; +build 2.1 (34). + +_Comment._—Thus 3 of the children are intermediate in build between the +parents and 2 are fleshy. The build of the children inclines slightly +toward the fleshier side of the house; but variability between indices 40 +and 33 is marked (R: Har-15). + + +HOR-9 FAMILY. + +A family of Dutch and English extraction, living in Pennsylvania and New +York State. The Father, who is a manufacturer, always well, has at 53 +years the formula 218/70.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, who is a +manufacturer, and suffered in middle age from malaria and measles, is +living, at 75 years having the formula 215/70 inches; build 3.1 (44). +His mother, who has 5 children, always well, has at 70 years the formula +83/S; build, say, 1.7 (24). + +The Mother, who has 2 children and who in middle age suffered from +pneumonia, has at 52 years the formula 124/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her +father, who was a cabinet-maker, always well, till at 41 years he died +from chronic diarrhea, was a slender man. Her mother, who had 5 children, +was always well; she died, at 24 years, of child-birth; she was of medium +build. Two grown children: + +1. Female, who in youth suffered from measles (4 times), diphtheria, and +pneumonia, and has undergone operations for hernia, tubercular glands, +and appendicitis, has at 23 years the formula 116/66.5 inches; build 1.9 +(26); adjusted to 53 years, 135/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (31). + +2. Female, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever and influenza, has at +20 years the formula 119/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 53 years, +138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +_Comment._—The children, who are quite young, are of a build intermediate +between (or less than) that of parents, though a tendency to obesity is +found in Father and grandfather (R: Hor-9). + + +HOW-8 FAMILY. + +A Vermont family of English origin. The Father, an author, was supposed +to have had active tuberculosis in youth. He is living, at 83 years, with +the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). All 3 of his sibs died of +pulmonary tuberculosis. His father, a farmer, died at 79 years, having +the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 81 years, +formula, 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). This is a prevailingly slender +family with tubercular tendency. + +The Mother, who has suffered from enlarged tonsils and inflammatory +rheumatism, has, at 70 years, the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51). +One of her brothers has a powerful physique. The Mother’s father, a +legislator, died at 75 years; formula, 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). +The Mother’s mother, who died at 70 years of Bright’s disease, had the +formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). This family is characterized by +fleshiness. The 5 children are all sons: + +1. A writer, at 48, has the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35). + +2. A farmer, with an organic defect of the heart, has, at 47, the formula +170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +3. A farmer, with chronic Bright’s disease, has the formula 180/70 +inches; build 2.6 (37), at the age of 44. + +4. A teacher, troubled with rheumatism, has, at 41 years, the formula +185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 190/68 inches; build +2.9 (41). + +5. Twin to (4), a forester, has, at 41 years, the formula 180/68.5 +inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 185/68.5 inches; build 2.8 +(39). + +_Comment._—Thus the children are intermediate in build between parents. +Tuberculosis is absent. Conditions that induced fleshiness on the +mother’s side are reduced in the offspring of the slender and fleshy +mating (R: How-8). + + +KRO-3 FAMILY. + +A family of Russian and Austrian extraction, living in New York City. The +Father, who is a tailor, nervous, has, at 45 years, the formula 125/66 +inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a tailor, always well, died +at 85 years from pneumonia. Formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His +mother, who had 5 children, always well, died at 56 years from pneumonia. +Formula, 140/58; build 2.9 (42). + +The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 44 years the formula 172/61 +inches; build 3.2 (46). Her father, who was a tailor, is living at 81 +years. Formula, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 6 +children, died at 58 years from pneumonia. Formula, 101/60 inches; build +2.0 (28). + +The only grown child, a male, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, +scarlet fever, and pneumonia, has at 19 years the formula 203/72 inches; +build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 45 years, 228/74 inches; build 2.8 (42). + +_Comment._—The child is young and the possibilities of build in his case +can not be foreseen, but he is already stout and may be expected to +approach his fleshy Mother in build (R: Kro-3). + + +TEA-A FAMILY. + +A family from New York State. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula +225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). + +The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). +The 5 children are: + +1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). + +2. Male, at 40 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 +years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (31). + +3. Male, at 68 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +4. Female, at 60 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +5. Female, at 62 years, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +_Comment._—There are 2 slender children, 2 medium, and 1 very fleshy, +suggesting a sire who is heterozygous for build (S:Tea-A). + + +SUMMARY. + +Combining the progeny of the 4 matings of the F₁ generation, we get the +results shown in table 30. The mean of this series is 37.82 ± 0.31; +the standard deviation is 5.07 ± 0.22. It will be observed that the +proportions of the totals agree closely with those of mating 1 and give a +somewhat closer agreement, with the expectation of 8:42:42:8, than mating +1 does. + +The standard deviation of 5.07 ± 0.22 is greater than that of the progeny +of slender × slender parents (3.17 ± 0.17), but not so great as that of +very fleshy × fleshy parents of fleshy stock (table 24) which is 5.74 +± 0.39. It is much less than the standard deviation of the F₂ progeny +(table 31), which is 6.78 ± 0.26. This is in accordance with the usual +genetical finding, that the F₁ generation is less variable than the F₂ +generation. In this respect, as in so many others, the distribution +of progeny is exactly that found in experimentally determined +multiple-factor characters. The heredity of build follows closely the +Mendelian formulæ. + +It is noteworthy that the F₁ generation has an average build that is +above the mean of the population; the progeny of F × S matings are not +strictly intermediate, but incline toward fleshiness. This indicates +again the presence of dominant fleshy factors. + + +TABLE 30. _Matings of a slender parent and one of fleshy stock, together +with their progeny._ + + +---+------------------------------------+--------------------+ + | | |Grades of offspring.| + |No.| Nature of mating. +---+---+---+---+----+ + | | |VS | S | M | F | VF | + +---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+ + | 1 |One parent S, of S stock; the other | | | | | | + | | F, of F stock | | 4 | 18| 35| 7 | + | 2 |Other slender × fleshy matings | | 2 | 7| 15| 2 | + | 3 |One parent VS; the other VF | | | 1| 1| | + | 4 |One parent S; the other VF | | 5 | 17| 14| 4 | + | | +---+---+---+---+----+ + | | Total | | 9 | 43| 65| 13 | + | | Proportion | | 7 | 33| 50| 10 | + +---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+ + +If one superimposes in the same drawing the distribution polygons of +the parental and F₂ generations tables 23, 24, 25 and 30 (fig. 40), the +modes of the fleshy parents and the F₁ generation stand at fleshy, though +the mean of the F₁ generation is intermediate between the means of the +parental stocks. + +[Illustration: FIG. 40.—Three superimposed polygons showing distribution, +in the various classes of build, of the progeny of the following matings: + + Slender × slender (S × S) Table 23 + Very fleshy × fleshy (F × F) Table 24 + Fleshy × slender (F × S) Table 27] + + +CLASS IV. MATING OF PROBABLY HETEROZYGOUS PARENTS (THE F₂ GENERATION). + +We have next to consider the distribution of build in the progeny of +parents both of whom are certainly or probably heterozygous and, as such, +probably carry gametes for slenderness, as well as fleshiness. This is +the mating in which the geneticist finds evidence for segregation, in +that the parental types reappear nearly or quite as they went into the +combination. At any rate, this generation is characterized by a greater +variability than the F₁ generation. However, this greater variability +is the less marked the greater the number of factors involved in the +prevailing dominant trait—in this case fleshiness. + +Two classes of matings will be considered—that of parents, whether medium +or fleshy, who probably carry gametes for slenderness, and that of other +parents who are both of medium build. + + +Mating 1. BOTH PARENTS EITHER MEDIUM OR FLESHY AND PROBABLY CARRYING +GAMETES FOR SLENDERNESS AS WELL AS FLESHINESS. + +This mating includes certain parents selected, usually on the ground of +dissimilar grandparents on each side, as those which are probably of the +F₁ generation. The families used are summarized in table 31, which is +made up of the appropriate families taken from tables X, XI, and XIII. + +The range of variation of the F₂ generation includes both the slender and +the fleshy types which are found in the grandparents. The distribution +of the progeny is more in accord with the hypothesis of the 6-zygotic +factors than that of 4-zygotic factors. + +The mean variability as measured by the standard deviation is 6.78 +± 0.26, as contrasted with that of 5.02 ± 0.30 of table 27 (the F₁ +generation). The difference is 1.76, which is more than four times the +probable difference between the means. Thus, the variability of the F₂ +generation is nearly a third greater than of the F₁ generation. That +the difference is not greater is, of course, due in large part to the +presence of multiple factors. + +The family histories upon which table 31 depends are given below. + + +BEA-17 FAMILY. (Fig. 41.) + +A family reared in the Central States. Father (II 5) a contractor and +farmer, who died of pneumonia at 70 years, had the formula 170/71; build +2.4 (34); medium. Three brothers who were killed in the Civil War at 17, +19, and 21 years respectively had the formulæ 183/72; build 2.5 (35); +169/69, build 2.5 (36); 174/69, build 2.6 (37); all about medium. A +sister, who died at 68 years, was 138/65; build 2.3 (33); medium. The +Father’s father was a preacher; died at 79 years, had build 185/68; 2.8 +(40); fleshy. His wife, who died at 81 years, had build 145/62; 2.7 (38); +fleshy. This side of the house comprises medium-build children of fleshy +parents. + +The Mother (II 6), of quiet disposition, at 60 years has the build +145/66; 2.3 (33); medium. A brother, who is a machinist, at 33 has the +formula 154/69; build 2.3 (33). Another brother, carpenter, at 30 years, +has the formula 145/70; build 2.1 (30); medium. A sister has the formula +136/65; build 2.2 (32); medium. The eldest brother, a farmer, at 55 years +has the formula 160/70; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Mother’s father, a +farmer, died of cerebral hemorrhage at 81 years; 170/72; build 2.3 (33); +medium. He had a brother, still living at 80 years, with a build 185/71; +build 2.6 (37); fleshy. The Mother’s mother, living at 81 years, has the +formula 140/64; build 2.4 (34); medium. Thus this side of the house is +prevailingly of medium build. There are 4 children: + +III 1 ♂, a farmer, at 35 years, has the formula 140/69; build 2.1 (29); +slender; adjusted to 50 years, 2.14 (30). III 2 ♂, a teacher, at 30 +years, 180/69; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40). +III 3 ♂, a farmer, at 31 years, 175/68; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted +to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 4 ♀, married, at 27 years, 150/63; build 2.7 +(38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.9 (42). + +_Comment._—A mating of prevailingly medium stock with a medium parent +from fleshy ancestors yields one slender and 3 fleshy children (R: +Bea-17). + +[Illustration: FIG. 41.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +BEA-17 family.] + + +TABLE 31.—_Matings of two heterozygous parents of either medium or fleshy +build, together with the progeny, the F₂ generation._ + + +-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+----------------+ + | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. | + | |FF|FM|F | Father’s| MF | MM |M |Mother’s+--+--+--+----+--+ + | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M | F |VF| + +-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+ + |Group X, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | M × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Bea 17 |40|37|34|4 range |32[7]| 34 |33|4 range | | 1| |3[8]| | + | | | | | betw. 33| | | | 30 to | | | | | | + | | | | | and 37. | | | | 33. | | | | | | + |Cas 4 |39|29|34| |43 | 27 |34| | | | 3| 3 | | + |Smi |S |F |35|7M 1F |M |M[9]|33|1S 1M | | | | 1 | | + |War 3 |33|S |33| |41 | 26 |31| | | 3| 7| | | + |Whi 22 |41|27|32| |31 | 44 |36| | | | 2| | | + | +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+ + | Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|12| 7 | | + | | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+ + |Group XI, | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | F × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Cri 1 |37|26|34| |45 | 34 |39| | | | 2| | | + |Hor 5 |M |F |31| |M | F |42| | | | 6| 2 | | + |McF 2 |28| |39| |35 | 27 |32| | | 1| 2| 1 | | + |Mil 23 |30|37|38| |40 | 26 |33| | | | 1| 1 | | + |Ofi 1 |S |VF|33|6F 1VF | | |42|2M 3F | | 2| | | 1| + | | | | | | | | | 2VF | | | | | | + |Pot 4 |35|28|33| |29 | 43 |39| | | | 1| 2 | | + |Sta 7 |35|29|34| |37 | 44 |43| | | 1| 2| 3 | | + |Tra 4 |39|23|39| |37 | 30 |32| | | | 2| 3 | | + | +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+ + | Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|16|12 | 1| + | | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+ + |Group XIII,| | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | F × F: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Ber | | |50|2S | | |39|1S 1VF | | | 2| 2 | 3| + |Hod A | | |43|1M 2F 1V | | 37 |38| | | 2| 1| 3 | 4| + | | | | | F | | | | | | | | | | + |Mor |S |F |VF| |F | F |39|All F1 | 1| 1| | 2 | 2| + | +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+ + | Total | | | | | | | | | 1| 3| 3| 7 |9 | + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | Grand | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | total | | | | | | | | | 1|11|31|26 |10| + +-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+ + + A, 36.58 ± 0.51. + S. D., 6.78 ± 0.26. + +[7] MFB has an index of 37. + +[8] All of grade 38. + +[9] Her father fleshy, mother slender. + + +CAS-4 FAMILY. + +A family of English stock, living in New York State. The Father, a farmer +and lumberman, had at 60 years the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). +His father, also a farmer and lumberman, who died of old age at 71 years, +had at 38 years the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, +who suffered in middle age from consumption, died at 34 years with the +formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +The Mother, who died at 57 years from catarrh of the stomach, had at 40 +years the formula 130/62 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her father, an iron +worker, who died at 75 years from fatty degeneration of heart, had the +formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother, who died at 77 years, +had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). The children: + +1. Female, who suffered in middle life from rheumatism, had at 40 years +the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 146/63 +inches; build 2.6 (37). + +2. Female, had at 38 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); +adjusted to 50 years 128/63 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +3. Male, had at 35 years the formula 180/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42); +adjusted to 50 years, 186/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). + +4. Female, who suffered in youth from stomach trouble, had at 32 years +the formula 135/66 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years; 147/66 +inches; build 2.4 (34). + +5. Male, who suffered in youth from stomach and bladder trouble, had at +29 years the formula 190/70.5 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 +years, 202/70.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). + +6. Male, had at 27 years the formula 155/70.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); +adjusted to 50 years, 169/70.5 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +_Comment._—The 6 children vary greatly in index of build. The index +varies from 30 to 42, despite the similar build of the parents. But the +grandparents vary from 27 to 43. This case suggests the uniformity of F₁ +and variability of F₂ (R: Cas-4). + + +SMI FAMILY. + +The Father, of Scandinavian name and living in New York City, at 50 years +has a stature of 171 cm. (67 inches); weight 70 kg. (154 pounds); build +2.4 (34.5); medium. His father is said to have been slender, his mother +fleshy; his sibs intermediate; one fleshy after 48 years. The Mother, at +41 years, has a stature 162 cm. (64 inches); weight 61 kg. (136 pounds); +build 2.3 (33); medium; relative chest-girth 76/162, or 47 per cent. She +has a slender brother and one who is of more medium build. Their parents +were of medium build; their mother’s father was fleshy (build 2.7 or 39); +their mother’s mother was “slender.” + +There is only one child of above mating. She was a full-term baby, who +weighed 3.8 kg. (8.5 pounds), somewhat above the average. She was always +plump as a child and, until 11 years of age, always well. Then she had +“disease of the tonsils” and of the kidneys (infection), grew thin +(weighing only 40 kg. [90 pounds]), and developed a chorea. After a year +she recovered and began to gain steadily in weight, and now at the age of +13.7 years she is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighs 79 kg. (174 pounds) +and has a build of 2.7 (39); is fleshy. Relative chest-girth 102/170, or +60 per cent. Her arms and calves are relatively slender, as they have +recently been engaged in linear growth. She has monthly headaches. (Plate +9, fig. 5.) + +_Comment._—It seems probable that this girl has received factors for +fleshiness from each medium parent, which have combined to give her a +full set of fleshy factors (73:736). + + +WAR-3 FAMILY. + +A family descended from English and German stock, living in Pennsylvania +principally. + +The Father, a nurseryman, had malarial fever at 40. He is now living at +67 years, with a formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a +nurseryman and horticulturist, died at 89 from a fall. His formula was +140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). His mother, having had 5 sons, died at 42 +from consumption; she was slender. + +The Mother died, at 40, of child-birth. Her formula was 122/62 inches; +build 2.2 (31). Her father, a miller, had a temporary attack of +melancholia in middle age. He died at 75 from natural infirmities. His +formula was 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother, having had 5 sons +and 8 daughters, died of paralysis at 74. Her formula was 100/62 inches; +build 1.8 (26). Ten children are: + +1. Male, at 43, has the formula 125/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted +to 55 years, 128/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +2. Male, at 41, has the formula 138/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted +to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +3. Female, at 39, has the formula 120/63.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); +adjusted to 55 years, 126.5/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +4. Male, at 36, has the formula 158/72 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted +to 55 years, 165/72 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +5. Male, at 33, has the formula 127/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted +to 55 years, 136/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +6. Female, at 31, has the formula 110/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26); +adjusted to 55 years, 122.5/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +7. Male, at 29, has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted +to 55 years, 134/64 inches; build 2.3+ (33). + +8. Female, at 27, has the formula 110/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); +adjusted to 55 years, 126/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +9. Male, at 25 years, has the formula 138/68.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); +adjusted to 55 years, 152.5/68.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +10. Female, at 23 years, has the formula 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); +adjusted to 55 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). + +_Comment._—Unadjusted, the indices range from 26 to 31; adjusted from +30 to 36. Using adjusted indices, 4 of the children are slenderer than +either parent; the parents are doubtless heterozygous in stature (R: +War-3). + + +WHI-22 FAMILY. + +A family of English and German extraction, living partly in New York, but +mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota. + +The Father, who is a constructor, is living at 56 years, having the +formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, who was a farmer and +laborer, suffered in middle age from partial paralysis, had one hand +amputated at 48 years, one foot at 72 years. He died at 79 years from +“stricture of the bladder,” having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 +(41). His mother, who is recorded to have suffered from no illness till +at 79 years she died from “progressive paralysis,” had the formula 110/64 +inches; build 1.9 (27). + +The Mother, who is recorded as always well, has at 54 years the formula +150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her father, who was a farmer, is recorded +as always well, died at 55 years from paralysis, having the formula +150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who was always well, died at +78 years from old age, having the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). +Two grown children: + +1. Male, who in youth suffered from adenoids, at 25 years has the formula +145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 159/68 inches; build +2.4 (34). + +2. Female, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; +build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 129/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +_Comment._—One of the children has a slighter build than the parents, but +may grow heavier (R: Whi-22). + + +CRI FAMILY. (Table XI). + +A family of English extraction; earlier generations in Pennsylvania, the +last generation in Kansas. The Father, a lawyer, living at 48 years, +suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from rheumatism, has the +formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a farmer, suffered +in middle age from rheumatism; at 75 years had one leg amputated below +the knee; died from “arterio-sclerosis ending in gangrene,” having the +formula at 74 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother, who +suffered from no illnesses, is living at 76 years, having the formula +110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26). + +The Mother, who is subject to heart trouble and small goiter, is living +at 43 years, having the formula 145/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her 4 +brothers are of medium height. Her father, a farmer and public official, +died from paralysis at 57 years, his formula being 190/65 inches; build +3.2 (45). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from heart trouble and +goiter, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula 150/66 +inches; build 2.4 (34). The 2 grown children: + +2. Female, at 21 years has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); +adjusted to 45 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +1. Female, died at 18 years from typhoid fever, having the formula 120/63 +inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 45 years, 139/65 inches; build 2.3 +(33). + +_Comment._—Both the children have the build of the slighter parent (R: +Cri-1). + + +HOR-5 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in the Middle States. The Father, +who is “superintendent of bridges and buildings on a railroad,” suffered +in youth from bilious fever. He has, at 70 years, the formula 140/67.5 +inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died from “tuberculosis +of liver.” His father, who was a lumberman, died at 77 years from +“consumption of the bowels”; was of medium build. His mother died, at 78 +years, from Bright’s disease; she was corpulent. + +The Mother suffered in youth from bilious fever and pleurisy; is living, +at 58 years. Formula, 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Her father, who was +a millwright, suffered in middle age from bilious fever and morphine +poisoning; left eye removed; died at 75 years from “pneumonia (tubercular +tendency)”; was of medium build. Her mother, who suffered in youth from +typhoid fever, in middle age from paralysis, died at 68 years from +paralysis; of fleshy build. Eight grown children: + +1. Male, an electrical engineer, has, at 33 years, the formula 155/67 +inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55 years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 +(37). + +2. Female, who in youth suffered from “spinal and nerve trouble,” has +at 30 years the formula 115/63.8 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 +years, 128/63.8 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +3. Male, a civil engineer, suffered in youth from typho-malaria. Has +at 27 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55+ +years, 168/64 inches; build 2.9 (41). + +4. Female, who has at 25 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30); +adjusted to 55+ years, 134/63 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +5. Male, an accountant, who in youth suffered from a “nervous collapse +due to a severe electrical shock,” has at 23 years the formula 145/69 +inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 162/69 inches; build 2.4 +(34). + +6. Female, who in youth suffered from blood-poisoning, erysipelas, and +anemia, has at 21 years the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); +adjusted to 55+ years, 133/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +7. Male, a pattern-maker, who in youth suffered from hemorrhages, has +at 20 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55+ +years, 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). + +8. Male, at 18 years has the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); +adjusted to 55+ years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +_Comment._—The children’s indices range between the two parental indices +(R: Hor-5). + + +MCF-2 FAMILY. + +A family of Irish extraction living in Maine. The Father, who was a +shipwright, died at 40 years as a result of an injury received in battle. +At 39 years he had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father +died at 82 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 145/72 +inches; build 2.0 (28). + +The Mother, who had 5 children, died at 74 years from apoplexy, having +the formula at 50 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her father, who +was a farmer, died at 64 years from “fever,” having the formula 160/68 +inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who in middle age was “struck by +lightning,” died at 86 years from a “general breakdown,” having the +formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 4 children who grew up: + +1. Male, a farmer, who had right arm and three fingers of left hand +amputated as result of a wound received in war, is living at 69 years, +having at 50 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +2. Female, who in middle age underwent an operation for gallstones, has +at 40 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). + +3. Male, a “master mariner,” has at 50 years the formula 170/66 inches; +build 2.7 (39). + +4. Male, an attorney, has at 40 years the formula 160/67 inches; build +2.5 (36). + +_Comment._—Three of the children have indices like that of the medium +parent; the other is somewhat fleshier (R: McF-2). + + +MIL-23 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in New England and Ohio. + +The Father, who is a clergyman, and who suffered in middle age from la +grippe, is living at 58 years. At 50 years he had the formula 180/68.5 +inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, who was a preacher, died at 72 years. +At 50 years, formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, who had +4 children at 30 years, suffered from typhoid fever. At 50 years, her +formula 165/66.5 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in middle age from pleurisy, +capillary bronchitis, and nervous prostration. At 50 years her formula, +122/60.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her father, who was a bank president, +suffered in youth from yellow fever (in West Indies), and in middle age +from rheumatism and Bright’s disease. At 50 years, his formula 180/67.5 +inches; build 2.7 (40). Her mother, who in youth suffered from “lung +fever,” and in middle age from curvature of the spine and pleurisy, +died at 50 years from “anemic condition with tuberculosis, induced by +deformity.” At 40 years her formula 95/60 inches; build 1.9 (26). Two +children: + +1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from nervous troubles and +diphtheria, has at 33 years the formula 115/60.5 inches; build 2.2 (31); +adjusted to 50 years, 125/60.5 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +2. Male, who in youth suffered from throat troubles, diphtheria, scarlet +fever, tonsillitis, during war had influenza, slightly gassed. He has +at 27 years the formula 180/72.5 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 50 +years, 195/72.5 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +_Comment._—Each child resembles a different parent (R: Mil-23). + + +OFI FAMILY, D. (Fig. 35.) + +II 14 ♂, a Syrian, at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches), weight +63 kg. (139 pounds), build 2.3 (33), medium. He had 7 grown sibs, +as follows: II 1 ♀, short and fleshy; II 3 ♀, fleshy but probably +heterozygous; married to a slender man she has both fleshy and slender +children; II 4 ♂, fleshy. II 7 ♂, fleshy. II 10 ♀, inclined to be +fleshy but probably heterozygous, since she had both fleshy and slender +children. II 12 ♀, fleshy, but has some slender as well as medium +children. II 13 ♂, very fleshy. Of the foregoing fraternity the father +was slender and the mother very fleshy. From the builds of his parents +and the issue of his sibs we may conclude that II 14 carries factors for +slenderness. + +II 15 ♀, the wife of II 14, at 38 years has a stature of 153 cm. (60 +inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy (and has been +fleshier); her relative chest-girth is 61 per cent. She has had 7 sibs, +as follows: II 16 ♂, very fleshy; II 17 ♀, at 50 years, stature 151 cm. +(59 inches); weighs 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; relative +chest-girth 63 per cent; II 18 ♀, “plump.” II 20 ♀, very fleshy and has 3 +slender children; II 21 ♀, “plump.” II 22 ♂, of medium build. II 23 ♀, at +31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build +3.0 (43); fleshy; relative chest-girth 67 per cent. + +The father of the foregoing fraternity was slender and the mother fleshy. +Hence it seems probable that some or all of the mother’s fraternity carry +a gene for slenderness. + +The children of II 14 and 15 are 4 in number. III 14 ♀, at 16 years has +stature of 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 44 kg. (97 pounds); build 1.9 +(27); slender; III 15 ♀, 15 years, stature 145 cm. (57 inches); weight 85 +kg. (187 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy; relative chest-girth, 78 +per cent; she began to grow fleshy at 5 years; is a very heavy eater; III +16 ♀, 9 years, is slender, and III 17 was at 4 years a very fat baby, but +is now a slender child. + +_Comment._—Slenderness and fleshiness occur in the same fraternity; the +eventual proportions can not yet be stated, since two of the children are +very young (73:697). + + +POT-4 FAMILY. + +A family of British extraction; living chiefly in Illinois. + +The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; is +living at 52 years, having the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). +His father, who was a farmer and in middle age subject to heart trouble, +died at 57 years from heart failure. His formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4 +(35). His mother, who has always been well, is living at 77 years, having +at 74 years the formula 105/61 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 48 +years, having the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, who +was a farmer, in middle age suffered from a nervous breakdown; he died at +71 years of apoplexy, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). +Her mother, who died at 67 years from erysipelas, had the formula 200/68 +inches; build 3.0 (43). Three grown children: + +1. Male, a chemist, always well, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 +inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 177/71 inches; build 2.5 +(35). + +2. Male, farmer, always well, has at 22 years the formula 155/66.5 +inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 168/66.5 inches; build 2.7 +(38). + +3. Female, a student at college, always well, has at 18 years the formula +135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 156/64 inches; build +2.7 (38). + +_Comment._—The children’s builds lie between those of the parents (R: +Pot-4). + + +STA-7 FAMILY. + +A family of German extraction, living in the Central States. + +The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in middle age from sciatic +rheumatism; he is living at 69 years, having the formula 165/70 inches; +build 2.4 (34). His father, who was a farmer, was always well; he died +from apoplexy at 87 years, having the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 +(35). His mother died from heart trouble at 69 years, having the formula +130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +The Mother has always been well; she is living, at 59 years, having the +formula 165/62 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her father, who was a carpenter +and farmer, was always well; he died from “old age, hard work, and +exposure” at 73 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). +Her mother, who was always well, died from apoplexy at 72 years, having +the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). Six children: + +1. Male, who is a real-estate agent, always well, has at 34 years the +formula 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 174/70 +inches; build 2.5 (36). + +2. Female, married, has always been well, has at 32 years the formula +118/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). + +3. Female, a school teacher, suffered in youth from appendicitis, has at +29 years the formula 124/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). + +4. Male, a teacher, in youth suffered from typhoid fever; has at 28 years +the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 175/69 +inches; build 2.6 (37). + +5. Male (twin of No. 4), a salesman, has at 28 years the formula 160/68 +inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 65 years, 172/68 inches; build 2.6 +(37). + +6. Male, a teacher, always well; at 24 years has the formula 162/69 +inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.6 +(37). + +_Comment._—The children are fairly uniform in build, mostly falling in +the medium class (R: Sta-7). + + +TRA-4 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in Canada and the eastern United +States. + +The Father, who was a station-master, died at 86 years from diabetes, +having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). He was a first cousin +to his wife. His father, who was a “customs-house officer,” died at 72 +years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build +2.7 (39). His mother, who had 1 child, was always well, died at 91 years +from “old age.” Formula, 90/63 inches; build 1.6 (23). + +The Mother, who had 6 children, was “never very strong—nervous,” +suffered in middle age from acromegalia and diabetes mellitus, iritis, +and cataract. She died at 65 years from acromegalia, having the formula +140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). One of her sisters died at 26 years from +epilepsy; one brother died from apoplexy, “very tall and stout.” Her +father, who was a “clerk in a freight office,” died at 76 years from +pneumonia, having the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, +who had a weak heart, died at 89 years from old age and apoplectic +strokes; formula, 120/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). Five grown children: + +1. Female, has at 47 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.2 (32); +adjusted to 55 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +2. Male, who is a telegraph operator, suffered in youth from dyspepsia, +has at 45 years the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 +years, 192/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +3. Male, a telegraph operator, who in youth suffered from rheumatic +fever, has at 44 years the formula 210/71 inches; build 3.0 (42). + +4. Female, a physician, has at 42 years the formula 135/68 inches; build +29; adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +5. Male, a draughtsman, always well, has at 39 years the formula 210/73 +inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, formula 216/73 inches; +build 2.9 (41). + +_Comment._—The children are variable (like the grandparents), ranging +from medium to fleshy (R: Tra-4). + + +BER FAMILY. (Fig. 42.) + +I 5, J. B., male, born in Germany, was 175 cm. tall (68.9 inches) and +weighed 108.8 kg. (240 pounds); build 3.5 (50). He died at 79 years of +Bright’s disease. He had 2 sisters who were slender. His wife was 152 cm. +(59.8 inches) tall and weighed 63.5 kg. (140 pounds), build 2.7 (39). One +of her brothers was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 113 kg. (250 +pounds); build 3.4 (48); but another brother was slender, about 2.1 (30). +This mating may or may not be of heterozygous parents. + +There were 7 children who grew up. II 4, male, 176 cm (69 inches) tall +and weighing at the time of his death (at 50 years from “heart disease”) +about 215 kg. (475 pounds); build 7.0 (100), an extraordinarily obese +man. This man was fleshy as a child. The next brother (II 6) remained +single, dying at 45 years. His stature 170 cm. (67 inches) and weight 77 +kg. (170 pounds); build 2.7 (38). The next brother, II 7, died at 54, +single. He was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 118 kg. (260 pounds); +build 3.5 (50); thus very fleshy. The next brother (II 8) was slender as +a child and began to put on flesh at 19 years. His stature is 175 cm. +(69 inches). At 25 he weighed 93 kg. (205 pounds); at 33 years, 115 kg.; +at 35 years, 136 kg.; at 41 years, 163 kg.; at 52, 172 kg. and now at +57 years over 180 kg. or 400 pounds. This increase of weight occurred +despite dieting and reducing exercises. He is a very hearty eater. He is +fat all over the body, especially hips, abdomen, and shoulders. He has +remained single. + +Next in order is II 10, who died at 46 years of rheumatism of the heart. +She was 175 cm. (69 inches) tall and weighed 73 kg. (160 pounds); build +2.4 (34) or medium. Last was a pair of twins. II 11, male, 182 cm. (72 +inches) tall and weighs 79 kg. (176 pounds); build 2.4 (34); thus medium. +The other twin, II 12, is a woman, who at 38 is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall +and weighs about 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.0 (43). She is thus fleshy. + +_Comment._—Thus 5 of the fraternity are fleshy (2 enormously obese) and +2 are of medium build. Thus we have a proportion of 2 medium to 5 very +fleshy, approaching a 1:3 ratio; or a ratio may be recognized of 2 +medium, 3 fleshy to very fleshy, and 2 obese; approximately a 1:2:1 ratio +(73:646). + +[Illustration: FIG. 42.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +BER family.] + + +HOD-A FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction from Illinois. The Father, at 84 years, +had the formula 230/69 inches; build 3.4 (48). Of his 4 sibs: (1) +brother, at 60 years had the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41); (2) +sister, at 65 years, 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) sister, at 68 +years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); (4) sister, at 60 years, 130/60 +inches; build 2.5 (36). + +The Mother, at 50 years, 150/63 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, at +86, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). The 10 children are: + +1. Male, at 55 years had the formula 242/69 inches; build 3.6 (51). + +2. Male, at 60 years, 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +3. Male, at 21 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 +years, 199/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). + +4. Male, at 49 years, 210/67 inches; build 3.3 (47). + +5. Male, at 45 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42). + +6. Male, at 47 years, 225/69 inches; build 3.3 (47). + +7. Male, at 37 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); adjusted to 55 +years, 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43). + +8. Female, at 57 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +9. Female, at 53 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +10. Female, at 39 years, had the formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47); +adjusted to 55 years, 206/65 inches; build 3.4 (49). + +_Comment._—This pedigree has a special interest because the original +data gave the Father’s build as 26 and the Mother’s as 28. This led to +correspondence which yielded the revised results according to which this +fraternity is the progeny of parents who grew fleshy in their later +years, stout instead of slender parents. Of the 10 children, 2 are +slender, 1 medium, 3 stout, and 4 very stout (S: Hod-A). + + +MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.) + +III 13 ♂, short, in middle life weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds); very fleshy. +In later life he has grown slenderer. His mother was fleshy, like +himself, but his father was slender; consequently he is heterozygous. + +III 14 ♀, wife of above, is less than 153 cm. (60 inches) tall and +weighs about 63 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. At the time of +her marriage she weighed 43 kg. (96 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender. +Nevertheless, III 14 apparently contains some non-fleshy genes, as +indicated by her 6 children: + +(1) IV 10 ♀, was stout as a child; when married at 24 years she weighed +75 kg. (164 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Now, at 41 years, she is 161 +cm. (63.5 inches) tall, and weighs, net, 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.6 +(52); very fleshy. For the past 7 years her weight has been invariable. +Her net relative chest-girth is 108/161 = 68 per cent. She married a man +of build 3.7 (53), very fleshy, of relative chest-girth of 69 per cent. +He is one of a fraternity of 7, of whom 5 are fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 +slender. Their 2 children are (_a_) ♂, who weighed 7.5 kg. (16.5 pounds) +at birth, instead of the average of about 3 kg., and died at the age of +2 days, requiring a casket large enough for a year-old child; (_b_) ♀, +at 13 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 63 kg. (139 pounds); +build 2.7 (39); fleshy; relative chest-girth 97/152, or 64 per cent. She +weighed 5.6 kg. at birth, grew slenderer to 5 years, and since then +stouter. This seems like a pure line for fleshiness. + +(2) IV 12 ♂, is of about the build 2.6 (37) or slightly fleshy. + +(3) IV 15 ♀, at 47 years is 153 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 75 kg. +(165 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Like her mother, she was +slender until 39 years of age. + +(4) IV 17 ♀, at 44 years is slightly fleshy. + +(5) IV 19 ♀, is tall and “very slender”; by a very slender husband she +has 3 children, all slender. + +(6) IV 20 ♀, at 38 years is slender. + +_Comment._—Thus, of the 6 children, 1 is very slender, 1 is slender, 2 +fleshy, and 2 very fleshy—an exceedingly variable progeny. Evidently some +of the gametes from both parents are responsible for the result (73:690). + + +REMARKS. + +The mating of two heterozygous parents produces, in general, an +exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of +the presence of genetical factors in build. The result can not, so far as +I can see, be adequately explained on any other than the genetical basis. +As an illustration of such variability in full sibs, plate 9, figure 4, +is striking. Such differences are frequently found in the offspring of +heterozygous parents. + + +Mating 2. OTHER MEDIUM × MEDIUM MATINGS (Table X). + +This mating is important for deciding between the hypotheses (_a_) that +medium build is the heterozygous condition between slender and fleshy; +(_b_) that “medium” represents an hereditary type (biotype) as truly as +slender does; (_c_) that the “medium” group is a combination of cases of +the heterozygous condition and a distinct biotype. + +First, it appears that the mating is the commonest one in our records, +except medium × fleshy. But this is to be expected, inasmuch as the +medium grade of build is the commonest grade. + +Second, the variability of the progeny is small, 4.05 ± 0.11. The only +mating that has a less variable progeny is S × S, 2.41 ± 0.17. This +result, shown in table 12, indicates that the persons of medium build +are, for the most part, not heterozygous, but belong to a distinct +biotype. On the other hand, M × M matings from table X, selected mostly +on account of dissimilar build of parents, give progeny distributed +nearly in a 1:2:1 ratio, such as is got in the second generation of +a monohybrid. It seems probable, accordingly, that hypothesis (_c_) +is correct, but that the cases of medium that belong to a distinct +biotype are much more numerous than the cases of medium parents who are +heterozygous. + + +SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION. + +The matings selected because most obviously adapted to give an F₂ progeny +produced an offspring about one-third more variable than the F₁ progeny. +The wide range of variability of the F₂ progeny is more in accordance +with the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build than that of 4 zygotic +factors. + +The mating of two “medium-build” parents gives a progeny that is not +very variable in build; not more variable than the progeny of the S × +F mating. The result is like that obtained in studies in heredity of +stature, where the progeny of the M × M was not extremely variable. +This result, in the case of build, that the medium build is relatively +invariable, suggests that some persons of medium build really belong to a +biotype in which fleshy build is due to 4-zygotic factors, and that such +parents are zygotically of the AAbb type, and produce offspring of whom +100 per cent are again of that type. Examples would seem to be found in +the following families with 4 or more children: Bat-2, Bea-7, Kel-4a, +Old-2, Rig-1, War-3. There is, of course, genetical justification for +the assumption that the same character may in certain strains be due to +3 gametic factors, in others to only 2. This is especially well shown in +susceptibility to tumor-growth of mice. + + +CLASS V. THE “BACK-CROSS.” + +The mating of heterozygous individuals with the “pure” recessives of +the parental stock, as well as with “pure” dominants, is an important +procedure in genetics, in order to determine the number of factors +involved in the trait. This mating is of especial importance in detecting +“crossing over,” but our data are insufficient to permit use for this +purpose. Though the total of our data is considerable, yet the nature +of traits due to multiple factors is such that the table has to be +broken up into a large number of small ones, of which the “constants” +are subject to large probable errors. It seems best to distinguish two +kinds of matings: (1) heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender, and (2) +heterozygous fleshy × fleshy (or very fleshy) of fleshy stock. + + +Mating 1. HETEROZYGOUS MEDIUM OR FLESHY × SLENDER. + +The data for this analysis are in table 32, which contains the apparently +most significant matings from Appendix tables III, IV, and VIII. + +The totals of table 32, _b_ + _c_, give the following proportions: 3 VS, +26 S, 36 M, 20 F, 4 VF. + +The matings of 4-factor and 2-factor parents respectively give a +distribution of two types. Uniting these (on the assumption that they are +equally numerous), we get proportions as follows: 3 VS, 25 S, 44 M, 25 F, +3 VF. + +This theoretical series is of the same general type as that given by the +data, and the agreement (considering all of the unknown factors) is +fairly close. The details of the family histories included in table 32 +are given below. + + +TABLE 32.—_Matings of a heterozygous parent, of either medium or +fleshy build, and a slender parent, together with the progeny of this +back-cross._ + + +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | (_a_) FROM TABLE III, VS × M (S). | + +-------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------+ + | | Parentage. | Offspring. | + | +----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+ + | Ref. | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s| | | | | | + | | FF | FM |F | sibs. |MF |MM |M | sibs. |VS | S | M | F |VF | + +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+ + |Ach 2 | 32 | 33 |32| |32 |27 |25| | | 1 | 2 | | | + |Bic 1 | 29 | 35 |34| |M |S |25|4t | | 1 | 2 | | | + |Gru 1 | M | M |31|1t |M |S |24| | | 1 | 1 | | | + |Ise 2 | 26 | 31 |31| |31 |27 |23| | | 2 | 5 | | | + |Mil A | 39 | 28 |36|1S 1M 3F|35 |30 |22| | 1 | | 3 | 3 | | + |Wit 2 | 26 | M |33| |M |t |22|2t | | 2 | 1 | | | + | | | | | | | | | +---+---+---+---+---+ + | Total | | | | | | | | | 1 | 7 |14 | 3 | | + +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+ + | A, 32.34 ± 0.59. S. D., 4.38 ± 0.42. | + +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | (_b_) FROM TABLE IV, VS × F (S). | + +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+ + |Hol A | | |39| | | |23| | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | + |Law A | 34 | |43| |35 | |24|1S 1M 2F| | 2 | 1 | 1 | | + |Wat 5 | | |37|1F | |S |25|4S | | 1 | 3 | 1 | | + +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+ + | (_c_) IN PART FROM TABLE VIII, S × F (S). | + +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+ + |Gui 3 | | |27| |34 |30 |39| | | 1 | 3 | 3 | | + |Hok 1 | 36 | S |37| |31 |35 |27| | | | 2 | | | + |Hot 1 | M | S |30| |S |S |40| | | | 1 | | | + |Hul 2 | 34 | 25 |30| |35 |27 |37| | 2 | 4 | 1 | | | + |Kie | | |S | | | |F | | | 2 | | 2 | | + |Leo (a)| S | S |S |4S |F |S |51|3S 3F | | | | 1 | | + |Leo (b)| | |S | | | |51| | | 2 | | 1 | 3 | + |Lyn 2 | S | F |37| |S |M |29| | | | 1 | | | + |Mer B | 47 | 27 |40| |37 |36 |25| | | 1 | 3 | 1 | | + |Mor (a)| | |50| | | |S | | | |10 | 3 | | + |Mor (b)| | |S | |F |F |F |2S 2F | | 4 | | | | + |Mor (c)| F | M |F |1S 1M 4F| | |S |1S | | 2 | | | | + |Pad 1 | 31 | 35 |28| |33 |23 |37| | | | | 1 | | + |Rid 1 |F(?)|M(?)|42|3F |S |S |S | | | 2 | | | | + |Rom 1 | S | F |38|3t |F |M |28| | | | 6 | 1 | | + |Van | | |42|1S 1F | | |S |1M | | 2 | | 3 | | + |Wat | S | F |27| |26 |45 |40| | | 1 | 1 | 1 | | + | +----+----+--+ +---+---+--+ +---+---+---+---+---+ + | Total | | | | | | | | | 3 |26 |36 |20 | 4 | + +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+ + | A, 33.67 ± 0.40. S. D., 5.58 ± 0.28. | + +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + +ACH-2 FAMILY. + +A family of English and probable Scotch stock. The family residence +is now located in Oregon, in which State the 3 children of the third +generation were born. The Father, a mechanic, inclined to rheumatism and +nervousness, has at 50 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.3 (32). +His sibs are all tall (and presumably slender). His father, a farmer, +died when 78 years old, having at 40 years the formula 150/69 inches; +build 2.2 (32). His mother, after having borne 6 sons and 5 daughters, +died of cancer at 70 years. At that time she had the formula 125/62 +inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus, the Father’s fraternity, though their +parents were of medium build, apparently carries a slender tendency. + +The Mother suffers from “rheumatism”; she is “always busy” and is living +at 51 years, with the formula 93/61 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, +a farmer, died at 82 with the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her +mother, having had 5 sons and 4 daughters, died of “heart trouble” at 42 +years. She had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). Thus this side +of the house inclines toward slenderness. The 3 children are: + +1. Female, a bookkeeper and “nervous,” at 26 has the formula 95/65 +inches; build 1.6 (23); adjusted to 50 years, 112/65 inches; build 1.8 +(27). + +2. Female, a bookkeeper, and “energetic” and “nervous,” at 22 has the +formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 139/67 +inches; build 2.2 (31). + +3. Female, a bookkeeper and “energetic, impulsive, and agile,” has at 23 +the formula 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 50 years, 129/63 +inches; build 2.3 (33). + +_Comment._—A medium Father of medium and slender stock marries a +slender, nervous woman who has a slender mother. One of the children is +exceptionally slender and two are slender according to the unadjusted +index. It is very doubtful if the most slender child would ever acquire +the adjusted index of 27, though children Nos. 2 and 3, energetic and +agile at 23 and 22 years respectively, with builds 1.9 (28) and 2.0 (27), +may well acquire a medium build by maturity if they become less active +(R: Ach-2). + + +BIC-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English and French extraction living mostly in Kentucky +and Indiana. The Father, a newspaper publisher, suffered in youth from +typhoid fever. He is living at 52 years, having at 45 years the formula +175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a justice of the peace, died +at 39 years from pulmonary tuberculosis contracted during the Civil War. +At 26 years he had the formula 140/70 inches; build 20 (29). His mother, +who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from cancer. She is living at +76 years. At 40 years her formula was 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Thus +the father is of mixed ancestry; he is probably heterozygous in respect +to build. + +The Mother has been subject to tuberculosis of throat and lungs. She is +living at 51 years, having at 45 years the formula 102/64 inches; build +1.7 (24). Four of her sibs died from tuberculosis of throat and lungs. +Her father, a revenue collector, suffered in youth from rheumatism and in +middle age from “very bad throat trouble.” He died at 85 years from old +age. At 45 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 9 children, +always well, died at 85 years from malignant tumor. At 45 years she was +slender. This side of the house is very slender, largely on account of +tuberculosis. The grandfather is of medium build; the grandmother was +nervously active and slender. The 3 children: + +1. Female, a social worker, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, +tonsillitis, and adenoids, has at 23 years the formula 105/64 inches; +build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 45 years, 2.1 (29). (R: Bic-1.) + +2. Female, a college graduate, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, +scarlet fever, and appendicitis and had a tendency to consumption, has +at 22 years the formula 126/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 45 +years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +3. Female, a student, who has a “nervous temperament,” has at 18 years +the formula 124/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 45 years, 143/67 +inches; build 2.3 (32). + +_Comment._—The tuberculous tendency of the Mother’s fraternity and of the +Father’s father reappears in at least one of the children. None is as +slender as the Mother, and all approach the medium grade (R: Bic-1). + + +GRU-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English and German extraction living mostly in Pennsylvania +and New Jersey. The Father, a school-teacher and principal, is living +at 52 years, having had at 45 years the formula 134/66 inches; build +2.2 (31). One of his brothers died of “consumption” and was apparently +slender. His father, a farmer, often mentally depressed, is living at 75 +years, and has a “medium” build. His mother, who had 10 children, and who +suffered in middle age from rheumatism, is living at 73 years, and is of +“medium” build. Thus the paternal inheritance is toward medium build; the +father possibly heterozygous. + +The Mother suffered in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism; she has +at 40 years the formula 106/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). Her father, a +farmer, of medium build, died at 77 years from pneumonia. Her mother, who +had 6 children, died at 77 years from arterio-sclerosis; she was slender. +Thus the maternal build is prevailingly slender, though the grandfather +is of medium build. The 3 children: + +1. Female, a teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 20 +years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 42 years, +125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +2. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from infantile paralysis, has +at 18 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 42 +years, 136/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +3. Female, at 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister. + +_Comment._—All the children have a heavier build than the slenderer +parent and approach a medium build (R: Gru-1). + + +ISE-2 FAMILY. + +A family of Swiss and French origin living in Kansas. The Father, who is +of Swiss parentage, a farmer, is living at 86 years, having the formula +150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, a farmer, died of consumption, +having the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had +8 children, died at 82 years from pneumonia, having the formula 130/65 +inches; build 2.2 (31). This side of the house is of mixed slender-medium +build. + +The Mother, who has had 11 children, is of French-Swiss stock and has +been a farmer’s wife in Kansas. She has been operated upon for glaucoma, +is living at 72 years, and has the formula 88/62 inches; build 1.6 (23). +Her father, a farmer, died from neuralgia of heart, having the formula +130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 3 children, died at +46 years, suddenly, perhaps from appendicitis, having the formula 115/65 +inches; build 1.9 (27). The maternal side of the house has thus a build +ranging from very slender to slender-medium. The 8 children about whom +information is given are: + +1. Male, a college professor, died at 42 years after an operation for +appendicitis, having the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted +to 55+ years, 129/68 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +2. Female, a librarian, who in youth suffered from pneumonia, in middle +age from a nervous breakdown, has at 47 years the formula 112/60 inches; +build 2.2 (31). + +3. Female, a stenographer, who in middle age suffered from fever (in +Africa), has at 45 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +4. Male, a college professor, always well, has at 41 years the formula +170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55+ years, 175/70 inches; +build 2.5 (36). + +5. Male, a merchant, has at 39 years the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 +(33); adjusted to 55+ years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +6. Male, a merchant, who in youth suffered from acute rheumatism and +leakage of heart, has at 36 years the formula 165/72 inches; build 2.2 +(32); adjusted to 55+ years, 172/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +7. Male, an editor, who in middle age has suffered from pleurisy and +pneumonia, has at 33 years the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30); +adjusted to 55+ years, 159/71 inches; build 2.2 (32). + +8. Male, a newspaper reporter, of unknown build. + +_Comment._—All children, except the first, who was of a nervous, active +type and died prematurely, are of medium build, mostly slightly fleshier +than the stockier parent (R: Ise-2). + + +MIL-A FAMILY. + +A family probably of old American (English) stock, living in Los Angeles, +California. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 170/68.5 inches; +build 2.5 (36). Of his sibs, 1 is slender, 1 medium, and 4 are fleshy. +His father, at 70 years, had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). +His mother, at 70 years, had the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). +Thus the Father is of mixed fleshy and slender origin. + +The Mother, at 85 years, had the formula 100/67 inches; build 1.6 (22). +Her father, at 70 years, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her mother, at 70 +years, 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus, the maternal parent is very +slender with slender to medium grandparents. The 6 children are: + +1. Male, at 56 years, has the formula 224/72 inches; build 3.1 (43). + +2. Male, at 53 years, 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +3. Female, at 27 years, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 +years, 148/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +4. Female, at 64 years, 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22). + +5. Female, at 50 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +6. Female, at 59 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42). + +_Comment._—The children vary from slender to fleshy; thus two have a +heavier build than any ancestor described (S:Mil-A). + + +WIT-2 FAMILY. + +A family of English and Irish extraction; paternal grandparents living +in the Middle States and California. The Father, a merchant, suffered +in middle age from pneumonia. He is living at 75 years. At 70 years his +formula was 155/69 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a farmer, died +at 86 years from dropsy. At 70 years his formula was 140/73 inches; +build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had 8 children, died from consumption. +At 50 years she was of medium build. Thus this side of the house is +prevailingly of medium build, but the Father’s father was slender, +consequently the Father is probably heterozygous for build. + +The Mother suffered in middle age from insanity and consumption, having +the formula 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22). Two of her 4 sibs who reached +maturity died from consumption. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 +years from bladder trouble. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their +mother, who had 4 children, died from consumption. In this family the +very slender stature is probably controlled by lung tuberculosis. The 3 +children are: + +1. Male, a machinist, who was accidentally killed at 19 years, 145/69 +inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 168/71 inches; build 2.4 +(34). + +2. Male, retired, who in youth suffered from dysentery and pneumonia; +in middle age from indigestion, internal catarrh, tuberculosis, +appendicitis, and malaria, has at 44 years the formula 140/69.5 inches; +build 2.0 (29). + +3. Female, who was “very healthy” in youth, but in middle age had mental +“nervous troubles,” has at 40 years the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 +(24); adjusted to 55 years, 106/64 inches; build 1.8 (26). + +_Comment._—The children of this mating are mixed slender to medium; one +of the children is feeble-minded and is very slender; one who is slender +has had active tuberculosis and much other illness; the third, who died +at 19, had an average build. The record is complicated by disease (R: +Wit-2). + + +HOL-A FAMILY. + +A family from Illinois. The Father at 55 years has the formula: 180/68 +inches; build 2.7 (39). + +The Mother, at 50 years, has the formula: 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). +The 9 children are: + +(1) Female, at 30 years, has the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43); +adjusted to 55 years, 194/65 inches; build 3.2 (46). + +(2) Male, at 30 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 +years, 139/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). + +(3) Male, at 27 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 +years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +(4) Male, at 25 years, 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 +years, 184/74 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +(5) Male, at 29 years, 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 +years, 151/68 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +(6) Male, at 26 years, 125/72 inches; build 1.7 (24). + +(7) Female, at 24 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 +years, 161/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +(8) Female, at 22 years, 110/72 inches; build 1.5 (21); adjusted to 55 +years, 130/72 inches; build 1.8 (25). + +(9) Female, at 20 years, has the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24); +adjusted to 55 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +_Comment._—The children vary greatly from very slender to stout or even, +adjusted, to very stout. One of them is much stouter than either parent. +Probably the Father is heterozygous (S:Hol-A). + + +LAW-A FAMILY. + +A family from Georgia. The Father, at 30 years, had the formula 200/68 +inches; build 3.0 (43). His brothers were “all stout.” His father, at 30 +years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The fleshy father +carries factors for at least medium build. + +The Mother, at 30 years, had the formula 100/65 inches; build 1.7 (24). +Her brothers were all of “medium” build. Her sisters are: 1 slender, 1 +medium, and 2 fleshy. Their father, at 30 years, had the formula 170/70 +inches; build 2.4 (35). The 4 children: + +1. Male, at 30 years, had the formula 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41). + +2. Female, at 30 years, 110/61 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +3. Female, at 30 years, 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28). + +4. Female, at 30 years, 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35). + +_Comment._—A fleshy man of medium stock has by a very slender woman of +mixed stock in respect to build, 4 children—2 slender, 1 medium, and 1 +fleshy (S:Law-A). + + +WAT-5 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, +Michigan, England, Utah, and Montana; parents and children living in Utah +and Montana. The Father, a miner, suffered in middle age from pneumonia +and died at 64 years from chronic bronchitis. At 60 years his formula was +190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, a farmer, died at 37 years. +The Father had a fleshy sister, at least 3 of whose children were fleshy. +His mother died at 38 years. Apparently, a fleshy strain on the Father’s +father’s side; Father’s mother’s side unknown. + +The Mother, who had 7 children, suffered in youth from scarlet fever and +lung fever, is living at 60 years, having the formula 107/65.5 inches; +build 1.8 (25). Her 4 sibs are “thin.” Their father, a lawyer, suffered +at 23 years from scarlet fever, died from an accident at 42. Two of his +sibs were “very large” and tall. Her mother, who had 9 children, died +at 76 years from pneumonia; she was slender and so was her sister. Thus +the slender Mother has both slender and fleshy close relations. The 5 +children who grew up are: + +1. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 37 +years the formula 109/67 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 years, +119/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +2. Male, a miner, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, tonsillitis, +and throat trouble, has at 34 years the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 +(37); adjusted to 55 years, 193/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +3. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has, at 31 +years, the formula 128/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, +143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +4. Female, married, who in youth suffered from throat trouble, underwent +a tonsillectomy and appendectomy, has at 25 years the formula 120/65.5 +inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 138/65.5 inches; build 2.3 +(32). + +5. Female, married, has at 21 years, the formula 120/65.5 inches; build +2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 140/65.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +_Comment._—The adjusted build of the children show 1 slender (unadjusted, +very slender), 3 medium, and 1 fleshy, suggesting a heterozygous +parentage. This family has been placed in this category, despite +absence of information about the Father’s parents, because of the great +variability of the children (R: Wat-5). + + +GUI-3 FAMILY. + +A family of Scandinavian extraction, living mostly in Kansas. The Father, +a farmer, who suffered in middle age from asthma, has at 74 years the +formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +The Mother has at 60 years the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her +father, a farmer, died at 83 years from senile dementia. At 75 years his +formula was 150/S inches; build, say, 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 6 +children, died at 84 years, “probably senility.” At 75 years her formula +was 120/M inches; build, say, 2.1 (30). The 8 children: + +1. Female, married, suffered in youth and middle age from heart trouble, +following rheumatism. At 40 years she has the formula 110/62 inches; +build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 116/62 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from rheumatism, has at 33 years +the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 +inches; build 2.3 (33). + +3. Male, who died at 16 years from operation for rectal tumor. + +4. Male, a real-estate dealer, who in youth suffered from asthma, has +at 33 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ +years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +5. Female, a nurse, who in youth suffered from anterior poliomyelitis +(complete recovery), has at 31 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 +(37); adjusted to 55 years, 162/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +6. Male, a farmer, has at 29 years the formula 153/70 inches; build 2.2 +(31); adjusted to 55 years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +7. Female, has at 27 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36); +adjusted to 55 years, 166/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +8. Male, a farmer, has at 24 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 +(33); adjusted to 55+ years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +_Comment._—One-half of the children may be expected to exceed the mean +build of the parents, and 2 to equal or exceed the fleshy build of the +Mother (R: Gui-3). + + +HOK-1 FAMILY. + +A family of German and English extraction, living in Illinois, Colorado, +and Iowa. The Father, who is a carpenter, always well, is living at 63 +years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, who +was a manufacturer, always well, died at 72 years from a fistula. At 72 +years his formula 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother died +at about 48 years; was of slender build. + +The Mother, always well, has at 62 years the formula 105/62 inches; +build 1.9 (27). Her father, who was a coal-mine owner, died at 46 years +from exposure during Civil War. At 45 years his formula 140/67 inches; +build 2.2 (31). Her mother, always well, died at 87 years from old age. +Formula, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Two grown children: + +1. Male, a surveyor, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 34 years +the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/70 +inches; build 2.4 (34). + +2. Male, always well, has at 26 years the formula 165/72 inches; build +2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 181/72 inches; build 2.5 (35). + +_Comment._—Both children are of medium build, fairly close to that of the +fleshier parent (R: Hok-1). + + +HOT-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living mostly in New York State. The +Father, who is a carpenter, suffered in middle age from pneumonia. He is +living at 51 years, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His +father, who was a farmer, died at 69 years from apoplexy; was of medium +build. His mother, who had 6 children, at 50 years was slender. + +The Mother is living at 50 years, having the formula 150/61 inches; +build 2.8 (40). Her father, who was a grocer, suffered in youth from +rheumatism; in middle age from typhoid fever. He died at 61 years from +Bright’s disease. At 61 years he was slender. Her mother, who had 3 +children, was always well. She died at 79 years from cerebral hemorrhage; +she was said to be slender. + +One son, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 140/67 +inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 151/67 inches; build 2.3 +(33). + +_Comment._—The son is intermediate in build between the parents (R: +Hot-1). + + +HUL-2 FAMILY. + +A rural New York family of prevailingly English origin. The Father, a +business man, always well, had, at 50 years, the formula 140/68 inches; +build 2.1 (30). His father, who died of “rheumatism of the stomach” at +80 years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who +died at 82 years of old age, with dropsical tendencies, had the formula +95/62 inches; build 1.7 (25). This family has a build at or below the +average. + +The Mother, who suffered much from sick headache and “rheumatism,” and in +later years from diabetes mellitus, had, at 50 years, the formula 150/64 +inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, who suffered from migraine, had the +formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, always well, died at +78 years of gradual decay; her formula, at 50 years, 115/65 inches; build +1.9 (27). The Mother is doubtless heterozygous. There are 7 children: + +1. Female, who has had pneumonia and suffers from migraine, has, at 38, +the formula 100/62.5 inches; build 1.8 (26). + +2. Female, a teacher, married, at 37 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +3. Female, married, and died at 35 years of Addison’s disease, 105/65 +inches; build 1.8 (25). + +4. Female, who has been operated on for tubercular neck glands, at 34 +years, 115/62 inches; build 2.1 (30). + +5. Female, who suffered in youth from tachycardia, at 28 years, 100/65.5 +inches; build 1.6 (23). + +6. Female, who has suffered from migraine and rheumatism and had an +attack of pneumonia, at 27 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted +to 50 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +7. Male, well, at 20 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 +years, 158/68 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +_Comment._—On the whole the children are _below_ the average build, like +the slender parent (R: Hul-2). + + +KIE FAMILY. (Fig. 43.) + +II 1 ♂, a slender German. His wife, II 2 ♀, fleshy. Their 4 children of +whose build something is known: III 1 ♂, fleshy; III 2 ♂, slender, over +6 feet tall, married to a fleshy woman, has 6 tall, slender daughters. +III 4 ♀, died of “heart disease”; slender. III 7 ♂, died at 56 of cancer +of the lungs, weight in health 82 kg. (180 pounds); stature 178 cm. (70 +inches); build 2.6 (37), fleshy. Thus 2 are fleshy and 2 slender. + +_Comment._—From the variability of the offspring we infer that the fleshy +Mother was heterozygous in build (73-670). + +[Illustration: FIG. 43.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the KIE family.] + + +LEO FAMILY, A. (Fig. 23.) + +II 7 ♂, slender with 4 slender sibs. Their parents both slender. His +wife, II 8 ♀, at 36 years, has a stature of 152 cm. (60 inches); weight +84 kg. (184 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy; relative chest-girth +112/52, or 74 per cent. She has 3 fleshy and 2 slender sibs. Of their +parents one was fleshy and one slender. Thus II 8 is heterozygous. + +III 4, the only child, at 9 years, has a relative chest-girth of 57 per +cent; fleshy. + + +LEO FAMILY, B. + +I 5 ♂, slender, and I 6 ♀, whose build is about 3.6 (51), or very fleshy, +have 6 children of whom something is known, as follows: II 8 ♀, build 3.6 +(51), very fleshy; II 11 ♀, fleshy; II 15 ♀, slender; II 16 ♀, slender, +married to a slender man and has 3 slender children; II 12 ♂, of medium +stature and 95 kg. (210 pounds) weight; build, say, 3.2 (45); very +fleshy; II 13 ♀, of tall stature and 91 kg. (200 pounds) weight; build, +say, 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Thus there are 3 very fleshy, 1 fleshy, and +2 slender children. The Mother’s heterozygosity is inferred from the +variability of the progeny in build. + +II 14 ♂, fleshy, and II 15 ♀, slender, have 2 sons, both slender (73:676). + + +LYN-2 FAMILY. + +A family of prevailingly English stock, living in Illinois and Nebraska. +The Father, who was a farmer and school-teacher, died at 65 years from +cancer of stomach. Formula, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, +who was a farmer, died at 76 years from pneumonia; he was slender. His +mother, who had 10 children, is living and is corpulent. Thus the Father +is heterozygous. + +The Mother, who has 1 child, has at 49 years the formula 120/64 inches; +build 2.1 (29). Her father, who is a carpenter, always well, is at 70 +years slender. Her mother, who had 4 children, died at 36 years from +pneumonia; she was of medium build. One child, female, a kindergarten +teacher, has at 19 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 2.0 (28); +adjusted to 55+ years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +_Comment._—The child is now like the slender parent and will probably +increase somewhat in build (R: Lyn-2). + + +MER-B FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction from Rochester, New York. The Father, at +21 years, had the formula 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). His father had +the formula 250/73 inches; build 3.3 (47). His mother had the formula +130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +The Mother, at 21 years, had the formula 96/61 inches; build 1.8 (25). +Her father had the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother had +the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Five children: + +1. Male, at 21 years, had the formula 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). + +2. Male, at 21 years, 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +3. Female, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +4. Female, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +5. Female, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). + +_Comment._—All 5 children are intermediate between the parents; 1 is +fleshy, 1 slender (S:Mer-B). + + +MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.) + +(_a_) II 1 ♂, stature 181 cm. (71 inches); weight 13 kg. (200 pounds); +build 3.5 (50); very fleshy. Married II 2, a slender woman. They had 7 +sons, 2 fleshy, 5 medium, and 6 daughters, 1 fleshy and 5 medium. Thus 3 +fleshy and 10 of medium build. To save space only 5 are represented in +figure 24. + +(_b_) IV 16 ♂, slender, married IV 17 ♀, fleshy, who has 2 fleshy and 2 +slender sibs; and both parents fleshy. They have 4 living children, all +slender. + +(_c_) IV 5 ♂, fleshy with 4 fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender sibs and a +fleshy and medium parent; married IV 6, slender, with a slender sister. +They had 2 sons, both slender (73:690). + + +PAD-1 FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction, living in the middle West. The Father, a +horticulturist, subject in middle life to catarrh, is living at 55 years, +having had at 50 years the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28). His +father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from measles and bronchitis, and +in middle age from liver trouble, died at 59 years from complication of +stomach and liver diseases. At 55 years his formula 145/68 inches; build +2.2 (31). His mother is living at 80 years, having the formula 160/68 +inches; build 2.4 (35). + +The Mother, at 49 years, had the formula 145/63 inches; build 2.6 (37). +Her father, a merchant and farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever +and congestion of the brain. He died at 86 years from old age, having had +at 70 years the formula 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother died at +83 years of old age, having the formula 95/64 inches; build 1.6 (23). The +only grown child is a male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles +and catarrh, has at 21 years the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35); +adjusted to 50 years, 171/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +_Comment._—The only grown child is like his stouter parent in build (R: +Pad-1). + + +ROM-1 FAMILY. + +A family of prevailing English stock, living in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, +and Kansas. The Father, who is a lawyer, has at 72 years the formula +170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). Three of his brothers died at 26 years, 41 +years, and 22 years respectively, from tuberculosis; all were of medium +height. Their father, who was a “farmer and blacksmith,” died at 76 years +from Bright’s disease; was slender. Their mother, who had 5 children, +died at 55 years from “tuberculosis of the liver”; was corpulent. The +Father is doubtless heterozygous in build. + +The Mother has at 67 years the formula 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). +One of her sisters, who was tall, died from “quick consumption”; another +from diabetes; another from dropsy. Two of her brothers, tall, died from +hardening of the arteries, another from “leakage of the heart,” and +another from dropsy. Their father, who was a miller, died at 76 years—“a +complication of diseases (asthma).” He was corpulent. Their mother, who +had 10 children, died at 72 years from pneumonia; was of medium build. +The 7 children are: + +1. Female, married, who in middle age suffered from rheumatism, has at 44 +years the formula 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, +158/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 41 +years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, +155/68 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +3. Male, a farmer, has at 38 years the formula 155/68 inches; build 2.4 +(34); adjusted to 55 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.5 (35). + +4. Male, who died at 18 years from diphtheria, having the formula 145/72 +inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 171/72 inches; build 2.3 +(33). + +5. Female, married, has at 31 years the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 +(27); adjusted to 55 years, 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +6. Male, a farmer, has at 28 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2 +(32); adjusted to 55 years, 174/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). + +7. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, scarlet +fever, and other “children’s” diseases, has at 22 years the formula +118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 136/64 inches; build +2.3 (33). + +_Comment._—All except one on the adjusted weights equal or exceed the +mid-parent index. One of the 7 children is as fleshy as the fleshier +parent (R: Rom-1). + + +RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.) + +III 9 ♂, at 59 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 73 kg. (160 +pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy; “as fat as butter when a child.” He +has 3 fleshy sibs and his parents are dissimilar in build; hence he is +heterozygous; married to III 10 ♀, slender, of two slender parents. + +Of their 2 children, IV 3 ♀, at 30 years is slender; IV 4 ♂, at 16 years, +slender (73:727). + + +VAN FAMILY. (Fig. 44.) + +I 3 ♂, died at 51 years of heart disease, stature 170 cm. (67 inches); +weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.0 (42); fleshy. He was one of a +fraternity of 8 of whom something is known of the following: I 1 ♂, +slender; I 2 ♂, stature 183 (72 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); +build 2.7 (38.5); fleshy; slender as a child. I 3, married I 4, who died +at 32, was tall, slender, angular. A brother is of medium build. + +They have 5 children: II 1 ♂, died at 53 years of indigestion; stature +189 cm. (74 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.6 (37); fleshy. +II 2 ♀, always slender. II 3 ♀, slender. II 4 ♂, at 54, stature 175 cm. +(69 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy. Relative +chest-girth 108 ÷ 175, or 62 per cent. He first began to increase in +build at 22 years and at 30 years had his present build; loses weight +after vigorous exercise. He married a woman (II 5) who, like himself, was +slender in youth, but began to grow fleshy at 39, and now has a build +of 2.9 (41). She has 2 slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy sibs, and +her parents were both very fleshy. The foregoing couple (II 4, 5) have +2 children who grew up. III 1 ♀ at 28 years, keeps slender by constant +dieting. III 2 ♂ (one of twins) at 25 years, very slender, nervous, and +irritable. The children have not yet reached the age when their mother +became fleshy. + +Finally, II 7 ♀, at 50 years, is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall and weighs 88 +kg. (195 pounds); build 3.1 (43); fleshy. She was slender up to 27 years +of age. She is married to a somewhat fleshy man and their daughter at 27 +is of medium build, but beginning to grow fleshy. + +_Comment._—The mating of a man of build 3.0, of a fraternity that is +variable in build, and a woman of slender build yields grown children +with following builds: 2.6, “slender,” “slender,” 2.9 (slender in youth), +and 3.1 (slender in youth). Three of the five become fleshy, but probably +only late in life—the heterozygous reaction (73:745). + +[Illustration: FIG. 44.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +VAN family.] + + +WAT FAMILY. + +A family of English extraction living in Wyoming. The Father, who has +tuberculosis, has the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). His father +was slender and of average height. His mother was fleshy and of average +height. + +The Mother had at 50 the formula 165/64 inches; build 2.8 (40), but +averaged usually from 120 to 128 pounds. She had stomach trouble. Her +father, an invalid and sufferer from tuberculosis, rheumatism, neuralgia, +heart trouble, and dropsy, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 +(26). His weight varied from 102 to 120 pounds; very slender. Her mother, +who had a goiter of which she was cured, and quinsy, had the formula +140/56 inches; build 3.1 (45). The mother’s father’s father had the +formula 180/73.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). His weight varied from 180 to +200 pounds. He was muscular, not fat. The Mother’s father’s mother was +always thin and had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). She had +liver trouble and cancer of the face. The Mother’s mother’s father had +cancer of the face and underwent an operation for it. His formula was +125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30). The Mother’s mother’s mother had at 70 +years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). She grew heavier in +middle age. The children are: + +1. Male, liable to tuberculosis, has at 24 years the formula 134/67.5 +inches; build 2.1 (30). + +2. Male, has weak lungs; has at 22 years the formula 170/67.5 inches; +build 2.6 (37). + +3. Male, has at 18 years the formula 126/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). + +_Comment._—The children show the usual variability that arises from this +type of mating (D:Wat.). + + +Mating 2. FLESHY × HETEROZYGOUS FLESHY PARENTS. + +This includes matings between a heterozygous parent of fleshy build and a +very fleshy (or fleshy) parent of fleshy stock; a back-cross to the more +nearly dominant type. + +The matings of this type are as shown in table 33. + + +TABLE 33.—_Matings between a probably homozygous fleshy and a +heterozygous fleshy parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross._ + + +--------+---------------------------------------+---------------------+ + | | Parentage. | Offspring. | + | +--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+ + | Ref. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + | |FF|FM| F | Father’s|MF|MM| M | Mother’s|VS| S | M | F | VF | + | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | | + +--------+--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + |Hud |28|46| 45| |38|35| 40| | | | 1 | 1 | 2 | + |Jon 11c |29|49| 39|1VF 3F 5M|37|42| 39|2F 4M | | | 1 | 8 | 1 | + |Pal |F |M | 43|1S 3F 1VF| | | 40| | | | 2 | | 1 | + |Rec (a) |S | | 40|2F | | |100|2F 1S | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | + |Rec (b) |F |S |40F| |F |VF| 57|2VF 2F 1M| | | | | 1 | + |Rid | |F | 56| |S | |49±|4F 2M | | 1 | | 3 | 3 | + |Smi |VF| | VF| |M | | 48|1F | | 1 | | 3 | 3 | + |The 1 |30|31| F |1F 4S |33|33| 34|2S 1M | | | 3 | 4 | 3 | + |Wen |46|M | 46| |M |M | 37|2F | | | 6 | | 2 | + | +--+--+---+ +--+--+---+ +--+---+----+----+----+ + | Total | | 2 | 14 | 21 | 19 | + |Proportions | |3.6|25.0|37.5|33.9| + +--------+--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+ + + A = 40.48 ± 0.57. + S. D. 6.36 ± 0.41. + +These 9 matings yielded 56 children, with the following percentage +distribution: 4 S, 25 M, 37 F, 34 VF. The 6-zygotic-factor mating 5 × 3 +(both possibilities) gives a percentage distribution of 3 S, 25 M, 43 F, +28 VF, which approximates that found. + +Attention is called to the distribution of offspring in the Pal, Rid, +Smi, and Wen families. In these families the children are of two extreme +types; intermediates are absent. The result may be due merely to small +numbers, but it suggests the presence of two sorts of gametes in the +heterozygous parent and hence a tendency to segregation in the offspring. + + +HUD FAMILY. (Fig. 45.) + +The Father’s (II 7) build is 3.2 (45); very fleshy; his father’s (I 1) +was 2.0 (28) and his mother’s 3.2 (46). Thus the Father is heterozygous. +The Mother’s (II 8) build is 2.8 (40). Her father’s build was 2.7 (38), +fleshy; and her mother’s 2.5 (35); medium fleshy. The Mother’s 7 sibs +have builds ranging between 2.5 (35) and 3.2 (46); principally fleshy to +very fleshy. So this may be regarded as a back-cross of a heterozygous +parent with a fleshy one of fleshy stock. Of the 4 children, 1 is +medium-fleshy (III 11) with a build of 2.5 (36), 1 is fleshy (III 10) +2.7 (38), and two very fleshy; build 3.2 (45); thus the build of the +offspring is varied, but prevailing very fleshy. + +[Illustration: FIG. 45.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the HUD family.] + + +JON-11C FAMILY. (Fig. 46.) + +A family of Welsh extraction living chiefly in New York State and Ohio. +The Father (II 10), a farmer, suffered in middle age from “rupture,” and +died at 88 years from “old age,” having the formula 150/62 inches; build +2.7 (39). Of his 9 sibs: + +1. Brother, died at 70 years from “dissipation,” having the formula +175/68.5 inches; build 2.6 (36). + +2. Brother, who died at 53 years from “inflammation of kidneys and +dyspepsia,” had the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (31). + +3. Sister, who died at 68 years from Bright’s disease, 140/57 inches; +build 3.0 (43). + +4. Sister, who died at 74 years from “flux,” 150/58 inches; build 3.1 +(44). + +5. Sister, who died at 75 years from Bright’s disease, 120/59 inches; +build 2.4 (34). + +6. Sister, who died at 60 years from Bright’s disease, 118/59.5 inches; +build 2.3 (33). + +7. Sister, who died at 73 years, 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). + +8. Brother, who died from typhoid fever at 44 years, 175/68 inches; build +2.7 (38). + +9. Brother, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). + +Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from “hernia”; died of +heart trouble at 65 years, having the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0 +(29). Their mother died at 77 years from pneumonia, having the formula +160/57 inches; build 3.5 (49). + +The Mother suffered from “nervousness” before marriage, then not troubled +with it again till menopause. She died of “heart trouble, dropsy, +paralysis, and nervousness” at 80 years, having the formula 150/62 +inches; build 2.7 (39). Of her 8 sibs: + +1. Brother, who died from “congestive chill,” was 67 inches in height. + +2. Brother, who died at 56 years from “old age,” 180/71 inches; build 2.5 +(36). + +3. Brother, who died at 81 years from “poor circulation” and stomach +trouble, had the formula 170/71 inches; build 2.4 (34). + +4. Brother, who died from pneumonia at 45 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 +(37). + +5. Brother, who died from “kidney trouble” at 40 years, 170/70 inches; +build 2.4 (35). + +6. Brother, who died at 57 years from “abscess on liver,” 160/69 inches; +build 2.4 (34). + +7. Sister, who died at 25 years from “child-birth.” + +8. Sister, who died at 72 years from “overdose of medicine,” 165/67 +inches; build 2.6 (37). + +Their father, a farmer and cabinet-maker all his life, died at 83 years +from paralysis, having the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their +mother, who in middle age suffered from dropsy and palsy, died at 83 +years from “old age.” Her formula was 160/62 inches; build 2.9 (42). + +The 10 children: + +1. Male, a farmer, recorded as always well, has at 66 years the formula +165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +2. Female, who in youth suffered from “ague, flux, erysipelas, cholera +morbus,” has at 65 years the formula 130/59 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +3. Female, who in youth suffered from asthma, has at 63 years the formula +150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +4. Male, a lawyer, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, and middle +age from “acquired neurasthenia,” has at 59 years the formula 190/70 +inches; build 2.7 (39). + +5. Female, a school-teacher, who died at 20 years from typhoid fever, had +the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 139/61 +inches; build 2.6 (37). + +6. Female, who suffered in youth from scarlet fever and in middle age +from typhoid and kidney trouble, has always been “nervous,” has at 55 +years the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40). + +7. Male, a farmer and “shopman,” who in youth suffered from Bright’s +disease, has at 53 years the formula 170/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37). + +8. Female, who at 17 years had fever, lost her mind, has not been well +since—“gradual mental deterioration.” At 51 years she has the formula +170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). + +9. Female, who in youth suffered from “thrush,” and in middle life from +malarial fever and gradual mental deterioration, has at 51 years the +formula 116/57.5 inches; build 2.4 (35). + +10. Female, who at 48 years has the formula 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). + +_Comment._—This is an extraordinarily valuable pedigree furnished by a +member of the family who has taken great pains with the record. Both +parents are of middle-fleshy build (39). The Father’s fraternity shows +sibs: 5 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This is associated with +semi-dwarfishness, one of the sisters being only 57 inches in stature and +one of the brothers only 63 inches. _One of their parents is slender; +one obese._ The Mother’s fraternity comprises 4 persons of medium +build and 3 stout. Their _parents are both fleshy_. The “children” are +remarkably uniform. Since they all, except one, reached the parental age, +no “adjustment” is necessary; they can be compared directly. One is of +medium build, 8 are stout like their parents (including the adjusted age +of the girl who died at 20), and 1 is just over the line of being very +stout (44), like her paternal aunt and a little less than her Father’s +mother. Here the obesity has skipped a generation in the direct line, +possibly because the Father was phenotypically reduced in build, perhaps +because of his advanced age (88). This circumstance offers, however, +no theoretical difficulty. The uniformity of the progeny favors the +hypothesis that in this family there are only two independent factors for +fleshy build (R: Jon-11_c_). + +[Illustration: FIG. 46.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the JON-11C family.] + + +PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.) + +A family living in a small town in good circumstances. III 9 ♂, a farmer, +who at 67 years is 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighs around 90 kg. or 200 +pounds; build 3.0 (43); fleshy; net relative chest-girth 120/173, or 71 +per cent. This near-obese man was slender as a boy and began to grow +fleshy at 30 years of age. There are 5 others in his fraternity: (1) +III 7 ♂, a physician, at 71 years is 178 cm. (70 inches) tall, weighs +over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy; relative chest-girth +119/178, or 67 per cent. He is doubtless heterozygous for build, since, +by a slender wife, he has 2 fleshy and 2 slender children. (2) III 8 ♀, +married, at 69 years has stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 75 kg. (155 +pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy; relative chest-girth 107/157, or 68 per +cent. By a man of medium build she has 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 3 slender +children.[10] (3) III 11 ♂, at 65 years has a stature of 175 cm. (69 +inches); weight 61 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.0 (28); slender. (4) III 5 +♂, at 62 years, stature 178 cm. (70 inches); weight 95 kg. (210 pounds); +build 3.0 (43); fleshy. His relative chest-girth 117/178, or 66 per cent. +As a boy he was of medium build; at about 30 years, like III 7, he began +to grow fleshy, and is now dieting for diabetes (?). By a fleshy wife, +whose sibs vary in build, he has 2 fleshy children and 1 of medium build. +(5) III 12, at 59 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight +of 102 kg. (224 pounds); build 3.6 (52); very fleshy. By a husband of +medium build she has 1 slender and 1 medium child.[10] + +[10] Not shown in figure 25. + +The father (II 5) of this fraternity, who died at 87 years of cancer of +the face, was fleshy. He had 5 brothers, all of whom lived to be over 80 +years of age and who all, save 1, weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds). The +mother (II 6) of the man’s fraternity died at 64 of pneumonia; she was of +medium build, and her 4 sibs were of medium build. Thus all her children +were probably somewhat heterozygous, including III 9, the father of 3. + +III 10, the wife of III 9, is 178 cm. tall and weighs over 90 kg.; build +2.8 (40+); fleshy. + +Of the 3 children: (1) IV 7 ♂ at 44 is of medium build. By a slender wife +he had a daughter who at 22 years has a build 2.4 (34); medium build. (2) +IV 10 ♀, at 42 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weight of +over 115 kg. (250+ pounds); build 4.3 (61+); obese. She married a slender +man, and 1 of their 9 children, at 19 years, weighs over 90 kg. (200 +pounds). (3) IV 11 ♂ is a medium weight; he married a slender woman and +has 4 children who are of medium build. + +_Comment._—A fleshy Father, who is heterozygous for build, and his fleshy +wife (of unknown gametic composition) have 1 obese child and 2 children +of medium build (73:704). + + +REC FAMILY, A. (Fig. 47.) + +II 5 ♂ died at 84 years of “heart disease.” His stature was 188 cm. (74 +inches) and weight 100 kg. (220 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. He had +a fleshy brother and sister. Their father was a slender man, but nothing +is known about their mother. II 5 married II 6, who died at 58 years of +bronchial pneumonia. Her formula, 360/60 inches; build of 7.0 (100); very +obese. She has 1 very fleshy and 1 fleshy sister and a slender brother. + +This fleshy pair had 6 offspring, as follows: (1) III 2 ♀ (plate 9, +fig. 2), build 4.0 (57), relative chest-girth, 90 per cent. She is the +obese mother (by a fleshy, 2.8 (40), consort) of a slightly less obese +daughter, of build 3.7 (53) (plate 9, fig. 3). (2) III 3 ♂, 170 cm. (67 +inches) tall, and weighing 91 kg. (200 pounds); build 3.1 (45); very +fleshy. He is now at a State institution and weighs some 20 or 30 pounds +less. (3) III 4 ♂, build about 2.4 (34); medium. (4) III 5 ♂, very +fleshy. (5) III 6 ♂, about 183 cm. (72 inches) tall, weighs over 90 kg. +(200 pounds); has very large shoulders and abdomen; build, say, 2.8 (40). +(6) III 8 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight +of 71 kg. (157 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. Her relative chest-girth +is 52 per cent. She married a man of build 3.4 (48) and has 3 sons—2 +slender and 1 fleshy. + +_Comment._—The parents II 5 and II 6 were probably heterozygous, so that +they produced 1 in 6 of medium build. Also, their children are mostly +heterozygous. Of 8 grandchildren, 2 are slender, 2 are stout (73:714). + +[Illustration: FIG. 47.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +REC family.] + + +REC FAMILY, B. (Fig. 47.) + +III 1 ♂, fleshy, with a fleshy father and slender mother, married to +III 2 ♀ (plate 9, fig. 2), who at 53 years has a stature of 150 cm. +(59 inches) and weight of much over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0 +(57); obese. Her relative chest-girth is 135/150, or 90 per cent; +extraordinarily obese. At 16, when married, she weighed 110 pounds; build +2.2 (32); medium. 4 of her 4 sibs and both parents are exceedingly obese +(her mother weighs 163 kg. [360 pounds] and has a build of 7.0 [100]). + +The foregoing pair had 5 children, 4 of whom died young. The other, IV +2 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 104 +kg. (229 pounds); build 3.7 (53); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth +is 130/168, or 77 per cent. She had at her marriage, when 23 years old +(to a slender man), a build of 2.3 (33), medium grade. After marriage +she increased rapidly in weight, menstruation became scant, she lost the +sex-instinct, and is barren (plate 7, fig. 3). + +_Comment._—A tendency to extreme obesity runs in four generations. This +is apparently of the adiposo-genitalis type, with sterility in the latest +generation. Obvious dominant factors are at work here (73:714). + + +RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.) + +II 2 ♂ died at 54 years; short and weighed 110 kg. (240 pounds); build, +say, 3.9 (56); very fleshy. A brother who died at 52 of apoplexy was +fleshy, married a fleshy woman, and had a fleshy son. The mother of this +fraternity was fleshy; about her consort’s build nothing is known, but he +had a fleshy sister (I 1). + +II 3 ♀, wife of II 2, died of senility at 89; she weighed over 90 kg. +(200 pounds). She had 7 sibs: (1) II 4 ♀ died of epilepsy, was of medium +weight, married, and had 5 children, 4 of medium weight and 1 fleshy. (2) +II 5 ♀ of unknown build. II 6 ♀ of medium weight, her children slender. +II 7 ♂ weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build, say, 2.9 (41), or fleshy. +II 8 ♂ weighed over 90 kg.; fleshy. II 9 ♂ also fleshy, like his two +brothers. II 10 unknown. Thus of this fraternity of 6 known persons, 4 +are fleshy, 2 medium. Their father was slender; their mother “short and +plump.” + +There are 7 offspring from this mating between II 2 and 3: (1) III 1 +♀, at 66 years, is bedridden from a broken hip; tall, weight 77 kg. +(170 pounds); chest-girth 108 cm. (42 inches); build, say, 2.8 (40); +fleshy; she was fleshy as a child of 10 years. (2) III 2 ♂, died at 60 of +paralysis, was always slender. (3) III 3 ♂, at 62 years, is tall (say, 71 +inches) and weighs 97.5 kg. (235 pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy. +(4) III 4 ♀, at 56 years has the formula 91 kg. (200 pounds); 161 cm. +(63.5 inches); build 3.4 (49); very fleshy; relative chest-girth 74 per +cent. She was fleshy from the age of 16 years. (5) III 5 ♀, at 51 years, +is very fleshy; was a slender child. (6) III 6 ♀ is fleshy. (7) III 8 ♀, +at 35 years weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds), but now at 50 she is a helpless +invalid and has grown slender; she was somewhat slender as a girl. Thus +the offspring are 3 very fleshy, 2 fleshy, 1 always slender, and 1 +formerly fleshy but reduced by illness (73:727). + +[Illustration: FIG. 48.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the RID family.] + + +SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.) + +I 1 ♂ died at 72 years of acute indigestion; said to have been very +fleshy, like his father. His wife, I 2 ♀, died at 68 years of paralysis. +She was less than 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 82 kg. (180 +pounds); build 3.4 (48); very fleshy. She had 3 sibs, of whom it is known +that 1 was fleshy; the other 2 unknown. Her father was of medium build +and had 3 children by an earlier marriage, and of these 2 were slender +and 1 fleshy. There were 7 children from I 1 and 2. (1) II 1, a man +who died at 69 of pneumonia and diabetes and whose stature is 173 cm. +(68 inches) and weight about 95 kg. (210 pounds); build 3.2 (45). (2) +II 3 ♀ at 75 years is 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 82 kg. (180 +pounds); build 3.4 (48). By a stout consort she has 2 stout and 4 slender +children. (3) II 9 ♀, married, at 74 years is 163 cm. (64 inches) tall +and weighs 49 kg. (107 pounds); build 1.8 (26); slender. By a slender +husband she had one slender daughter, build 1.9 (27), a slender son, and +2 other children who died young. (4) II 5 ♀, fleshy. (5) II 6 ♀, fleshy. +(6) II 7 ♀ said to be 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and to weigh 82 kg. (180 +pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy. (7) II 4 ♂, at 55 years, fleshy. +By a medium wife he had a son who at 26 years weighs 77 kg. (170 pounds) +and was fleshy as a growing boy. Of the 7 children, 1 is slender, 3 are +fleshy, and 3 very fleshy (73:736). + + +THR-1 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.) + +A family of English and French stock living in the middle western States. +The Father (II 8), whose occupation has been very shifting, who suffered +from “weak lungs” at 35 years, and who died at 81 years, had in middle +life the formula 140/72 inches; build 1.9 (27). But in answer to special +inquiry it appears that he “took on flesh” in later years. He has to +be recorded as fleshy. Of his 3 sisters, two are slender (both with +cardiac hypertrophy), and 1 is of fleshy build. The fat sister had 2 +daughters who weighed over 225 pounds each. His 2 brothers are slender. +His father (I 1), a blacksmith, died at 90 years, having the formula +150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, always well, died at 68 years, +having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); medium. This side of +the house carries both fleshy and slender strains, some of the slender +individuals being so, probably, through disease. Apparently the Father is +heterozygous for fleshiness, perhaps one reason why he became fleshy late +in life. + +The Mother (II 9) suffered from arthritis deformans and died at 79 +years. Her formula was 135/63 inches; build 2.4 (34). Two of her sibs +are slender and one of medium build. Her father (I 3), who suffered +from arthritis deformans, was confined to his chair from rheumatism the +last 15 years, and died at 72 years, having the formula 160/70 inches, +build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who died at 50 years, had the formula 140/65 +inches; build 2.3 (33). She had a sister (I 5) who weighed about 250 +pounds, “an enormous woman.” This side of the house is of prevailingly +medium build but with a tendency to obesity in one line. The children are +10 in number: + +1. Male (III 3), a clerk, has at 66 years the formula 150/69 inches; +build 2.2 (32). + +2. Male (III 4), a physician, who has always had a rheumatic tendency +and is liable to sciatic neuritis, at 25 years had the formula 180/68.75 +inches; build 2.7 (38). He is the Father of Thr-2 family, page 79. + +3. Male (III 6), a preacher, has at 69 years the formula 170/68 inches; +build 2.6 (37). He has a daughter with a build of about 3.2 (45). + +4. Male (III 7), a physician, who in middle life suffered from +inflammatory rheumatism, has at 59 years the formula 170/68 inches; build +2.6 (37). + +5. Female (III 8), who died at 34 years from appendicitis, has the +formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). She was “a big overgrown woman in +her teens.” + +6. Female (III 9), married, who has a rheumatic tendency, has at 55 years +the formula 190/64 inches; build 3.3 (46). + +7. Female (III 11), married, who has 9 children, suffered in middle age +from rheumatism. At 53 years her formula was 225/67 inches; build 3.3 +(46). + +8. Male, a merchant, well, has at 51 years the formula 155/67 inches; +build 2.4 (35). + +9. Male, a merchant, well, has at 49 years the formula 165/68.5 inches; +build 2.5 (35). + +10. Male (III 14), a doctor and dentist, has at 47 years formula 180/68 +inches; build 2.7 (39). One of his daughters has a build of about 3.2 +(45). + +Child No. 2, a physician, writes: “Many of my relatives, both on Father’s +and Mother’s side, were afflicted with so-called muscular rheumatism +(cousins, uncles, and aunts), pains in the limbs and muscles (not in +the joints); especially those of robust and fleshy build, who possessed +extraordinary good appetites and digestion, who liked good things to eat +and much of it; the women being good cooks and the men generally marrying +good cooks, they always had plenty to eat (rich food) and to spare. None +of them are users of alcohol, simply being extra-hearty eaters” (R: +Thr-1). + + +WEN FAMILY. (Fig. 49.) + +IV 10 is the Father; his formula is 260/74 inches; build 3.2 (46); +very fleshy. His father (III 10) had the formula 245/73 inches; build +3.2 (46); very fleshy. This father had a brother of just his build +(who eventually died of tuberculosis) and a brother of formula 250/74, +build 3.0 (43); fleshy. The Father’s father’s father (II 5) had the +formula 200/70, build 2.9 (41); fleshy; one of his brothers was fleshy +(38), and one very fleshy, build 3.2 (45). The latter had a very fleshy +son. The Father’s father’s father’s father had a build of 2.9 (41) and +a brother of the same build. These brothers of Gen. I were products +of a first-cousin marriage. The Father’s father’s mother was a woman +whose formula was 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43); fleshy. Hence the +Father’s father and his brother, both of build 3.2 (46), got the fleshy +tendency from both sides of the house. The Father’s mother was a second +cousin of the Father’s father and her line also contained many fleshy +representatives, but she herself was of medium build. Thus the Father +belongs to a fleshy strain, but he probably carries some non-fleshy +gametes. + +IV 11 is the Mother; her formula is 160/65.5 inches; build 2.6 (37); +fleshy; she has 2 sibs, both fleshy; her parents are of medium build; +they have some slender grandchildren. + +There are 8 children, V 3 to 12, whose sex and indices of build are as +follows: ♂ 3.6 (51), ♀ 3.1 (44), 2 ♂ ♂ 2.5 (35), 3 ♀ ♀ 2.3 (32), ♀ 2.2 +(31). Thus 2 are very fleshy and 6 are of medium build. The interval +between the two groups is a wide one, indicating a clear genetic +difference between them. The very fleshy brother, who weighs 265 pounds, +was able to reduce about 60 pounds to be accepted for army service, but +since being discharged from the army he has rebounded to his former +weight. (A:032-25.) + +[Illustration: FIG. 49.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in +the WEN family. (Gen I 1 should be square ruled, indicating fleshiness).] + + +SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION. + +In a simple monohybrid with complete dominance the back-cross upon the +recessive gives 50 per cent of the heterozygous dominant and 50 per cent +of the recessive allelomorph. In a monohybrid with imperfect dominance +the back-cross upon the recessive gives 50 per cent of the intermediate +and 50 per cent of the recessive. Where 2 or 3 multiple factors are +present and the heterozygote is nearly intermediate but shows a slight +tendency toward imperfect dominance, we may expect an approximation to +a symmetrical distribution of grades about the intermediate condition, +with a skewness toward the recessive condition. That is what is got +in both parts of table 32. This result supports the conclusion that +there is segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous parent, so +that the progeny tend prevailingly to fall again into the slender and +medium-fleshy grandparental types. The results of table 33 similarly +support the conclusion of segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous +fleshy parent. + + + + +C. GENERAL DISCUSSION. + + +HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT IN BUILD. + +That a tendency to slenderness or fleshiness of build “runs in families” +and characterizes different races is a matter of common observation. But +this fact is far from satisfying the clinician that heredity plays any +part in this result. Thus, von Noorden, who occupies a leading position +among Teutonic investigators of metabolism in general and obesity in +particular, denies the importance of an hereditary anomaly of metabolism +in different families and races. Rejecting “anomaly of metabolism” or +“peculiarity of protoplasmic metabolism,” he stresses “inheritance” of +habits of life that favor obesity, the quantity and quality of food, +and the ideals of bodily activity. For example, the Eskimo are fat +because they eat blubber and huddle in narrow spaces, undergoing little +movement throughout the long, dark winters. It is true that von Noorden +speaks somewhat guardedly; he recognizes exceptions; suggests a possible +hereditary hypofunction of the thyroid. But clearly constitutional +peculiarities are, for him, exceptional as causes of overweight, and here +is where he fails to recognize sufficiently the fact that usually only +particular individuals of a fraternity are fleshy; the others may be +slender. + +But besides anomalies of protoplasm and family traditions of feeding, +there are obviously other possibilities. It is well known that different +varieties of cattle differ greatly in their capacity for fattening. +Armsby and Fries (1911) have inquired into the influence of type upon +the fattening of cattle. They used a pure-bred Aberdeen-Angus steer and +a “scrub,” part Jersey, steer for comparison. As is well known, the +former belongs to the easily fattening beef type; the Jersey to the +difficultly fattening milk type. During over 2½ years, beginning at under +1 year of age, these steers were under nearly continuous observations. +They were fed on ordinary growing rations, the same for each steer. The +digestibility of the total ration was determined at intervals; four tests +were made of each animal in the respiration calorimeter to determine the +percentage availability of the energy of the feeds consumed by each. The +results were as follows: Analysis of feces and urine failed to show any +difference in percentage digestibility of the food by the two animals, +and calorimeter tests failed to show any difference in the proportion +of the food-energy which was being metabolized. But the two animals did +not metabolize in the same way. Thus, in the scrub, a larger proportion +of the gain made was of protein than in the case of the beef steer; and, +conversely, the gain of the beef steer was more largely fat than in the +case of the scrub. Reduced to common weight, the energy requirement for +maintenance of the scrub steer was nearly 19 per cent greater than for +the beef steer. Since the beef steer would eat more than the scrub and +tended to store fat rather than protein, the greater tendency of the beef +steer to fatten received a biochemical explanation. The results seem to +show a difference between the two varieties in the working over of the +assimilated materials. + +Indeed, it is easily appreciated that steers of the beef and dairy types +of cattle should metabolize differently when we consider the marked +difference in the milk production of the cows of these two types. The +cow of the highest dairy type is capable of manufacturing 20 kilograms +of milk containing 1.2 kilograms of butter fat in one day, or 6 per cent +(Bailey, Encl. Am. Agric., III, 365). The cow of the meat type, of larger +size, produces up to 30 kilograms of milk, and this contains, perhaps, +1.3 kilograms of butter fat per day, or only 4.3 per cent (Sinclair, +1904, p. 740-42). There is here, obviously, a difference in the metabolic +processes in the cows and this is reflected in the steers also.[11] There +is an internal biochemical difference as well as a difference in the +feeding instinct. The latter is not merely a matter of family tradition, +of the family economics or mores; it is a physiological phenomenon as +much as internal metabolism. + +[11] I am indebted to Mrs. C. D. Walcott for calling my attention to this +point. + +Indeed, even von Noorden (1907, III, p. 700) seems to be forced to this +conclusion by cases of failure to reduce weight at a diet far below that +which appears to be essential to maintenance. Thus a man of 39 years, who +exercised freely in the open air, had a weight of 102 kg. For 3 months +his diet never exceeded 1,720 calories (estimated at 1,000 calories short +of normal requirements) and at the end of this period he weighed 101 kg. + +That a relation between ingested food and activity is not the entire +explanation of obesity is recognized by medical men of experience. +Heckel (1920, p. 371), referring to recurrent obesity, remarks on its +frequency and says: To constitute an obesity there must be organic +and hereditary tendencies: “Ne devient pas obèse qui veut.” “Aussi la +guérison accidentelle ou thérapeutique d’une obésité n’indique-t-elle pas +la disparition définitive des tendances personelles ou congénitale.” + +Gulick (1922) has lately undertaken experiments to throw light on the +question why some persons fatten easily and some with difficulty. He +had noted that he himself belongs to a non-fattening strain and that +his inclination toward a very copious diet of predominantly starchy +nature did not lead him to put on weight, even though his round of +activity was moderate. So he undertook biochemical, nutritional studies +on himself. His observation covered nearly 21 months. During part of +this time his caloric intake was low, 1,875 to 2,780; during another +part high, 3,400 to 4,100. He found that he fattened somewhat during +the period of heaviest feeding. There was, however, always an excess of +intake over predictable need, and this excess increased absolutely and +probably even relatively as the intake increased. The fecal nitrogen was +2½ to 3½ times greater during over-feeding than under-feeding. The basal +metabolism during maximum feeding was normal. Gulick concludes that a +person belonging to the difficultly fattening type shows a wasteful rate +of oxidation, whether under or over fed, but especially at the latter +time. “It seems clear,” concludes Gulick, “that throughout the entire +experimental series there was some factor at work which caused fuel food +to be burned more freely than in the average individual. This factor was +not an over-active thyroid, as attested by the entirely normal basal +metabolism.” Gulick concludes that it was “some factor in the chemistry +of nutrition” which caused extravagance. This he thinks may very possibly +be comparable to the “secondary effect” of protein enrichment, which, +according to Rubner, can raise the specific dynamic action of the food +without raising the basal rate. It is also possible, he says, that the +spare type may be accounted for by any factor that produces a high “cost +of digestion,” just as the obese may be supposed to suffer from an +abnormally low “cost of digestion” (von Noorden). + +Whatever the fundamental cause may be, the fact remains that in certain +families there is a widespread inclination to the production of slender +individuals, while in other fraternities certain proportions (though +usually not all) of any fraternity are fleshy or even obese. Perhaps, +as in the case of the Jersey as contrasted with the beef steer, the +two kinds of individuals do not metabolize their food in the same way; +some are spare and muscular, others lay on fat. In any case we can not +disregard the constitutional factors in build. + +Looking at the matter broadly, we can see that no other theory than that +constitutional differences as well as nutritional differences determine +build is sufficient to meet all the facts. In other species of animals we +have precisely the same kind of differences between hereditary strains of +slender and stout build that we have among humans. Thus, among dogs, the +slender greyhound or Dachshund and the robust “Chow”; among horses the +Thoroughbred and the stocky Percheron; among swine the “razor-back” and +the Berkshire; among poultry the slender Leghorn and the stocky Cochin. +Slender and stocky as racial traits appear quite as white and black do +and they doubtless have similarly a genetic basis. + +A careful study of the families described in this paper must convince +anyone, it seems to me, of the importance of the genetic factors. The +Fun. family is of a wholly different type from the Thr-1 family. Even +if the latter eat more, it is because of a constitutional urge like the +constitutional urge that leads the Aberdeen-Angus steer to eat more +than the Jersey steer. Very probably the Fun. family metabolizes in a +different way from the Thr-1 family, building more protein and less fat. + +In other cases it is not the whole fraternity that is fleshy or slender. +This is well illustrated by the Wen. family, where 2 of 8 of the main +fraternity are very fleshy and all the others of medium build. We have +here to do not merely with a family habit of eating, but a differential +constitution that provides one-quarter of the children with a large +appetite that leads them to eat heavily and manufacture fat and provides +three-quarters of them with a small appetite that leads them to eat +lightly and to manufacture protein instead of fat. Constitutional +differences in the appetite and method of metabolism are the essential +factors; and these are the things that are inherited. Only on such +an hypothesis can we account for the clear evidence presented of +constitutional factors in build—not always one only, but sometimes three +or more acting together to produce the end result of obesity. + +A scientific man, interested in nutrition, who has a build of 3.6 (51) +himself and one of whose sisters has a build of 3.1 (44), whereas his 4 +other sibs have builds of 2.5 to 2.1 (35 to 30), writes that his brother +(of medium build, but about 75 inches tall) consumes daily about 2,700 +calories; he himself and his fleshy sister about 2,500, and the others +of his fraternity, who are of medium build, 2,000 to 1,800. He is a +professional man, who does a good deal of office or laboratory work. He +drinks about 3 to 4 quarts of water per day. His son, who is nearly 11 +years of age, weighs just over 120 pounds, is 63 inches tall, and fairly +fleshy. Though he is active, “never still a minute,” yet he has to be +urged to eat, willingly misses a meal, and uniformly declines a second +helping; “he eats much less than his 6-year-old cousins, who are actually +under size for their age; he has never been a heavy eater from the time +he was weaned.” This boy, the son of a very fleshy man, seems to afford +an example of the easily fattening type in whom the slight excess of +calories produces a striking result in build. + + +ENDOCRINE GLANDS AS LINKS BETWEEN CHROMOSOMES AND SOMATIC QUALITIES. + +When it is concluded that there are constitutional, genetic factors for +build, the validity of this conclusion is not weakened by the known rôle +of endocrine glands on metabolism and build. Thus the experiments of +recent years have emphasized the importance of the rôle that the thyroid +gland plays in growth and development. As Uhlenhuth (1922, p. 182) says: +“The ontogenetic development of the individual is controlled by the +thyroid hormone.” Since in cretins the thyroid functions imperfectly or +not at all, the differences between the development of a normal child and +that of a cretin are supposed to indicate the scope of the control by the +thyroid hormone. In the cretin, growth is slowed up almost to cessation. +In the long bones the centers of ossification develop slowly. “The +epiphyses may be absent many years after they are due to appear and their +union with the shafts of the long bones indefinitely delayed. Periosteal +as well as endochondral bone formation may be greatly reduced and +delayed. The cranial bones are thin, poorly ossified, and osteoporotic: +mottling is sometimes evident ontogenologically.”... Incomplete closure +of the fontanelles is very common (Janney, 1922, pp. 391, 392). The +genito-urinary system is undeveloped; the external genitalia remain +infantile. The brain shows defective convolutions and all parts of the +central nervous system show deficient development. Owing to the fact +that the long bones of the leg develop imperfectly, while the chest may +continue to enlarge, the build of the cretin is usually large for his +age. Thus, in general, the specific metabolic changes are retarded. When +the thyroid functions imperfectly after maturity the victim puts on fat. +The fat is usually distributed nearly uniformly under all parts of the +skin. One of Janney’s cases weighed 212 pounds at 12 years. Some degree +of hypothyroidism is doubtless responsible for many of the “very fleshy” +persons referred to in the preceding pages. The frequent recurrence of +obesity in a family is in accordance with the tendency for hypothyroidism +to recur in different members of a family; a tendency shown remarkably in +Barrett’s (1919) family. + +The hypophysis, especially its anterior lobe, is believed to exercise an +important control over differential metabolism and the resulting form. +The results of hyperfunctioning of the gland are very different from +those of hyperfunctioning of the thyroid. An extraordinary enlargement +of certain parts of the skeleton, especially of the base of the skull, +the hands, the feet, and the ribs, occurs. There is, indeed, in growing +persons a tendency to the production of giants. In the underfunctioning +of the hypophysis before puberty an extraordinary obesity is apt to +appear, known as dystrophic adiposo-genitalis; because, the more +the fat increases in amount the more the external genitalia appear +under-developed—infantile. The obesity frequently affects the region +of the pelvis only or chiefly, though the thighs also may be involved. +Disfunctioning of the pituitary in later years is believed, likewise, +to induce obesity. Of this disfunctioning there are, doubtless, all +degrees corresponding to the variety of grades of obesity. Thus a second +factor of obesity must be recognized; and this also “runs in families”—is +hereditary. + +The other endocrine factors in obesity are less precisely known. It is +believed that the interstitial cells of the gonads secrete hormones that +regulate, especially inhibit, the production of fat. This is inferred by +the frequent tendency of women after the menopause to grow fat and of +eunuchs (of one type, at any rate) to become fleshy. Also, the secretions +of the islands of Langerhans of the pancreas are known to influence +carbohydrate metabolism, so that when they do not function properly sugar +is eliminated unchanged in the urine, and “diabetes,” usually accompanied +by fleshiness in its early stages, ensues. Of course, it can not be +stated that pancreatic insufficiency is responsible for the prediabetic +obesity; but the relation of the two phenomena is undeniably close. + +Thus there come clearly to view two links in the chain of causes +connecting chromosomal factors (such as are present in “Mendelian” +heredity), on the one hand, and build, on the other. First, two or +more of the endocrine glands play a great rôle in metabolism and when +disturbed usually result in an abnormal build; and, secondly, just the +condition of endocrine disfunctioning is an hereditary one and seems to +depend on the condition of the enzymes or catalyzers that must be in the +chromosomes. + +That other constitutional conditions than those of the larger endocrine +glands may play an important rôle in metabolism can not be denied; +probably the quality of the protoplasm of every active cell influences +the bodily metabolism; but the endocrine glands proper seem, as it were, +to be told off for this specific purpose, and thus peculiarities in their +functioning lead to striking results. + + +EVIDENCE OF SEGREGATION IN THE HEREDITY OF BUILD. + +The best single criterion of Mendelism in any hereditary distribution is +segregation. If there is sufficient evidence of segregation in our study +of build, then we are justified in concluding that build is inherited +in “Mendelian fashion.” There have been several occasions to refer to +evidence of segregation in this work; some of this evidence may be +brought together here and other added. + +1. The difference in variability of the progeny of different matings. The +offspring of slender parents are least variable, of fleshy parents most. +This is evidence that the fleshy parents carry gametes for slenderness +and thus that condition reappears in the offspring; but slender parents +rarely carry gametes for fleshiness (p. 56). + +2. As a corollary of the above, regression takes place in the progeny +of fleshy parents to a markedly greater degree than in the progeny of +slender parents (p. 39). + +3. The progeny of heterozygous parents are significantly more variable +than the progeny of parents belonging respectively to slender and to +fleshy stock. This is evidence that the heterozygous parents carry a +greater variety of gametes than those of “purer stock.” + +4. In different matings of the same type the variability of the progeny +differs; apparently, because some parents belong to a special biotype and +others simulate the biotype merely through heterozygosity. Thus, if the M +× M mating be considered (table X), one finds some families characterized +by slight variability of the offspring. The indices of build (English) in +such families are given in table 34. + + +TABLE 34.—_Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings, in which the +parents belong to the M biotype._ + + +------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+ + |Reference. |Indices of build of children. |Mid |Total | + | | |range.|range.| + +------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+ + |Bat 2 |32, 33, 33, 35 | 33.5 | 3 | + |Bea 7 |31, 32, 32, 34 | 32.5 | 3 | + |Dic 4 |29, 31, 32, 33 | 32 | 4 | + |Kel 4a |31, 32, M, M, M, 34 | 32.5 | 3 | + |Old 2 |33, 33, 33, 35 | 34 | 2 | + |Rig 1 |30, 32, 32, 34 | 32 | 4 | + |War 3 |30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 36 | 33 | 6 | + +------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+ + +The slight fluctuation in build of progeny of table 34 is obvious. The +modal index of the progeny is close to 33. On the other hand, there are +matings of this type which show a much greater variability. These are +listed in table 35. + + +TABLE 35.—_Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings in which the +parents are probably heterozygous._ + + +------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+ + |Reference. |Indices of build of children. |Mid |Total | + | | |range.|range.| + +------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+ + |Cas 4 |32, 34, 34, 37, 41, 43 | 37.5 | 11 | + |Coo 5 |31, 33, 35, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 41| 36 | 10 | + |Eat A |33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 38, 38, 42 | 37.5 | 9 | + |Fis 2 |33, 35, 37, 37, 37, 39, 40 | 36.5 | 7 | + |Ill 1 |33, 34, 35, 35, 37, 37, 38, 39 | 36 | 6 | + |Mar 22 |31, 32, 33, 36, 36, 40 | 35.5 | 9 | + |Mer 8 |33, 36, 37, 40, 41 | 37 | 8 | + |Nes 1 |32, 33, 33, 37, 41, 51 | 41.5 | 19 | + |Tet A |30, 30, 36, 41, 43, 49, 49 | 39.5 | 1 | + |Rup 1 |30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 36, 38, 40 | 35 | 10 | + |Smi 33 |31, 31, 32, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37 | 34 | 6 | + |Sto 13 |33, 34, 36, 38, 38, 38 | 35.5 | 5 | + |A 01:29 |29, 39, 41 | 35 | 12 | + +------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+ + +These series of progeny fluctuate in build around 36. It seems probable +that the variable progeny are the offspring of heterozygous parents, but +this can rarely be proved, since the build of the grandparents is not +often available in the present series. + +That there are really at least two kinds of matings of the M × M type is +shown more conclusively by figure 50, in which two modes, at 33 and 36, +respectively, are clearly seen. The conclusion seems to be justified that +the mode at 33 is that of progeny derived from the M biotype and the mode +at 36 is that of the progeny of heterozygous M parents. The existence of +these two modes in figure 50 is thus evidence of segregation. + +[Illustration: FIG. 50.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × M +matings (from Appendix table X) for males, females, and sexes combined. +Abscissæ: index of build, English system. Ordinates: absolute frequencies +for males and females and their half sum for the sexes combined.] + +Additional evidence is found in other matings, likewise. Thus the M × +F mating shows two modes, at 33 and at 36 (fig. 51). There is also one +other, possibly significant, mode, namely, at 38, in the fleshy group. +Since F parents are sometimes homozygous, mating with M would tend to +produce medium-fleshy progeny (i. e., 36). The F parents are, however, +frequently heterozygous, containing both slender, medium, fleshy, and +even very fleshy gametes; and, accordingly, we should expect somatic +segregations at about the points 30, 33, 36, and 38 as centers, just +where we find them. + +Again, the S × M mating yields (fig. 52) modes at 32 and 35 respectively, +a shade lower than those of the M × M or M × F matings; but the male +offspring (taken alone) gives modes at 33 and 35. Where the mode is at +33 it is probable that an S and an M gamete have met; and this condition +is relatively common just because M gametes are common. The mode at 35 +may arise from an F gamete carried in a heterozygous M uniting with an S +gamete. The S gamete carried in heterozygous M may be responsible for a +probable mode which is hidden in the form of a hump at 28 in figure 52. + +[Illustration: FIG. 51.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × F +matings (from Appendix table XI), sexes separate and combined. See also +legend of fig. 50.] + +Attention is called to the probable influence of these modes on the two +modes shown in figure 7, at 33 and 35 respectively. These two modes are +strong evidence for a segregation in the factors for build. Thus the +very irregularity of the polygon of figure 7 is evidence of the presence +of segregating factors for build. Moreover, these two modes appear at +every age from birth to maturity, as is clearly shown in figure 53. +This bimodality is easily accounted for on genetical grounds, but is +inexplicable upon the bare nutritional hypothesis of build. + + +ON THE NUMBER OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN FLESHY BUILD. + +It is by no means an easy matter to determine the number of independent +factors which are active in the case of a trait that is due to multiple +factors. This matter is still less easy if there is only very imperfect +dominance approaching intermediacy of the trait in the progeny of the +F₁ mating. Yet that is the situation that has to be met in the study of +heredity of build. + +An attempt has been made in this paper to test the relative probability +that there are only two, on the one hand, or three or more independent +factors, on the other, involved. We have seen, in each of the various +matings, that the result is, on the whole, more closely in accord with +the 3-factor hypothesis than that of 2 factors. But this is not to insist +that never more than 3 independent factors are involved in build, or +never less than 3. + +An attempt was made to apply Dr. Sewall Wright’s formula (Castle, 1922, +p. 22). Using the data of tables 12, 27, and 31, the value for _n_ (the +number of factors) was calculated by the formula + + _N_ = _D_² / 8(σ₂²-σ₁²) + +where _D_ is the difference between the means of parental pure races, σ₁ +is the standard deviation of F₁ and σ₂ is standard deviation of F₂. + +[Illustration: FIG. 52.—Polygon of distribution of frequencies of build +of offspring of S × M matings (from Appendix table VII), sexes separate +and combined. See also legend to fig. 50.] + +Substitution for the letters of their values given _n_ = (39.20-28.50)² +÷8[(6.78)²-(5.02)²] = 0.69. We can only conclude that, owing to small +numbers, this formula is not applicable here. + +Returning, then, to our conclusion that the assumption of at least +3 gametic factors for some, probably most, cases of build accords +best with the results of the various matings, we may inquire what +is the nature of these factors. It seems probable that two of them +may correspond to dystrophies of the pituitary and thyroid glands +respectively and the other or others to other regulatory mechanisms +of metabolism in the organism. It may well be that one of our factors +is the same as that which causes hypothyroidism; another as that which +causes hypopituitarism, and the third that which inhibits the normal +development of the genitalia, such as we see functioning in dystrophia +adiposo-genitalis. This is, indeed, speculation. However, the speculation +is an attempt to give a concrete form to the ideas of multiple factors in +build. + +[Illustration: FIG. 53.—Solid figure (model) giving distribution of +relative chest-girth for various ages from birth to 20 years, reading +from left to right. The mean index of build at each age is centered on +the curve of development of relative chest-girth. The relative chest +girth is indicated in percentages passing from the bottom to the top of +the figure. The solid figure is illuminated from the upper part of the +page.] + +If we assume three independent factors for build, it does not follow that +these are present in all families. Just as it has been demonstrated that +in different strains of mice there are in some cases 3, in others only 2 +factors for susceptibility to cancer, so, apparently, it is with build. +In certain families the distribution of build in the progeny is best +accounted for on the hypothesis that, in such families, there are only +two gametic factors for build. In other families there appears to be only +one gametic factor for build. + +It has been repeatedly pointed out that in many cases where multiple +factors are invoked to explain the genetical results, the results can +be equally well explained on the theory of blended inheritance. The +advantage of the factorial theory is that it brings under one type +of heredity even these most difficult cases of apparently blending +inheritance. More than that, however, the theory of multiple factors +explains a number of phenomena that the theory of blending inheritance +does not, such as the greater variability of the F₂ as contrasted with +the F₁ generation, and the skewness in distribution of progeny in the +back-cross. Thus an F × S mating should produce a “medium” progeny with +symmetrical distribution of deviating types on the theory of blending +inheritance; actually it produces not only mediums, but an excess of +fleshy over slender, which is readily accounted for on the hypothesis +that fleshiness is partially dominant over slenderness. In this and +other ways, especially in focussing attention on gametes, the doctrine +of multiple factors is essential to an adequate interpretation of the +results of mating between persons of dissimilar build. + + + + +D. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS. + + +1. Two types of variation in build are to be distinguished: (1) the +change in average build that accompanies ontogeny and (2) variations in +adult build. + +2. The popular idea of build is best expressed as the ratio of transverse +chest diameter to stature, or (since the chest diameter is rarely +known) chest-girth to stature. When only weight and stature are known, +the closest approximation to the chest÷stature ratio is given by the +weight÷(stature)² ratio, and this is taken as the standard index of build. + +3. The correlation between the standard index of build and the relative +chest-girth is, for males, about 0.45. + +4. The index of build of adult males is slightly greater than of females, +because of the relatively greater chest-girth of males. The average index +of build for males is 2.52 (35.8) and for females 2.43 (34.5). + +5. There are marked racial differences in build; but they are not so +great as the differences in ontogenetic stages. + +6. There are geographical differences in build; the heavy build of +northern peoples may be due to a physiological reaction or, in part, to a +selective survival of the fleshier individuals or strains. + +7. The ontogenetic curve of build, expressed by relative chest-girth, is +expressed by figure 1 and (for infancy) figure 2. It shows that at birth +chest-girth is about two-thirds of stature and diminishes in the male to +the age of 12 years; thereafter, on the average, it rises to complete +maturity. + +8. Build declines temporarily during the first month of life, owing to +the physiological difficulties attending adjustment to new conditions. +It declines temporarily, again, at about 8 months, probably due to the +cutting of the incisor teeth. + +9. The heavy build of the infant corresponds to that of the short-legged +anthropoids. The long-legged, slender-build stage of the boy of 12 years +persists in the Nilotic negroes and many low-grade feeble-minded. + +10. In adult life the changes in build vary with families. In those +characterized by slender build there is typically little change. In those +characterized by fleshy build there is typically progressive increase +in weight to 50 years. In some families weight fluctuates greatly at +different periods of adult life. In general, though with numerous +exceptions, a fleshy adult build is foreshadowed in plump build in +childhood. + +11. Mass studies on adult build give a polygon of distribution which is +skew, the mode being toward the slenderer end of the polygon. There is +evidence of more than one mode, and hence that there are two or more +types of build. For purposes of description five classes of build are +recognized—very slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy. + +12. The diseases associated with very slender and slender build are: +tuberculosis, pneumonia, “nervousness,” melancholia. The diseases +associated with very fleshy or fleshy build are: diabetes, nephritis and +dropsy, apoplexy, and arterio-sclerosis and paralysis accompanying it; +also numerous diseases of the alimentary tract. + +13. Fleshy parents have, on the average, in our data, larger families +than slender parents. + +14. Regression toward mediocrity is less striking in the offspring of +slender than of fleshy parents, suggesting that fleshy parents carry not +only genes for fleshiness but also for slenderness, while slender parents +more rarely carry genes for fleshiness. + +15. The offspring of two fleshy parents are twice as variable as those of +slender parents. + +16. The hypothesis is indicated that genetically build is controlled +by multiple factors, with fleshiness tending slightly to dominate over +slenderness. + +17. There is a marked tendency for persons of similar build (or with +potentialities for such) to intermarry. Dissimilar builds are selected +against. + +18. Two slender parents of slender stock have rarely any progeny whose +index of build exceeds 2.2, or just above the upper limit of the slender +group. In general, the progeny of slender parents are relatively slightly +variable. + +19. The slender parents are apparently of two kinds: those carrying +only one kind of factor for fleshy build and the other two such gametic +factors. The progeny of the former are very slightly variable; those of +the latter more variable. + +20. By comparing coefficients of variability instead of indices, and +by making allowance for the greater range of the fleshy class than the +slender class, it still appears that the progeny of fleshy parents are +relatively and per unit range more variable than the progeny of slender +parents. Absolutely the offspring of the fleshy parents are, as stated, +twice as variable as of slender parents. + +21. The matings of slender parents and fleshy parents of fleshy stock +yield a variable progeny, such as is typically found in the F₁ generation +when multiple factors are concerned. The variability is between that of +the progeny of slender matings and that of the progeny of fleshy matings. + +22. The F₁ generation has not a mode of build that is intermediate +between that of the parental stocks, but one that is about the same as of +the fleshy matings. This is evidence of partial dominance of fleshiness. + +23. The mating of two heterozygous (F₁) parents produces, in general, an +exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of +the presence of genetical factors in build. + +24. Many, if not most, parents of medium build belong to biotypes with 1 +or 2 independent factors for build. Consequently the progeny of medium × +medium matings is often strikingly invariable. + +25. The “back-cross” of a heterozygous parent with a slender parent, on +the one hand, or with a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, on the other, +gives a variable progeny, whose mode is shifted toward fleshiness; but +which shows a tendency to fall again into the slender (or fleshy) and +medium-fleshy grandparental types. + +26. Variations in build are not to be accounted for merely by variations +in intake and out-go of calories, but also by the endogenous factors that +determine the “economy of nutrition” or the cost in energy of adding +an additional kilogram of weight to the body. The factors involved in +producing differences in these respects are hereditary factors. + +27. The hereditary factors probably work through the intermediacy of +special organs that influence metabolism, notably the endocrine glands. +The latter thus intermediate between the chromosomal constitution, on the +one hand, and control of metabolic processes, on the other. + +28. The number of factors involved in very fleshy build is, in some cases +at least, three independent ones. But the number is probably not the same +in all biotypes. Probably in some there is only one, in others four or +more. + +29. The factors probably influence the functioning of the thyroid, +pituitary, and perhaps other glands. + + + + +APPENDIX. + + +I-XV. Tables of matings and progeny based on the original family +histories. + +XVI. Indices of build, weight ÷ (stature)², for weights from 100 to 225 +pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg.; statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140 to 198 +cm. + +XVII. Equivalent values of index of build by four different systems of +ratios between weight and stature, English system. + +XVIII. To transmute the English system of index of build to the metric +system. + + +ABBREVIATIONS. + +In top line of tables: F, father; M, mother; FF, father’s father; FM, +father’s mother, etc. + +In body of tables: ca, cancer; E, epilepsy; F, fleshy; hf, heart failure; +I, insane; M-D, mania-depressive insanity; M, medium build; S, slender; +su, suicide; t, tuberculosis; V, very (slender, etc.); yg, young; † or d, +died; * refers to special families not included in the construction of +figure 7, or tables 11 and 12. + + +TABLE I.—_Very slender × very slender matings and their progeny._ + +This mating is not represented in our data. This table is nevertheless +indicated and numbered in order to secure the proper ordinal position of +the following tables. + + +TABLE II.—_Slender × very slender matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Cod 1 |26 |26 | + |*Fun |29 |28 | + |Jos 1 |39 |32 | + |*Leo |VS S S |27 S | + |Nob 1[12] |25 |26 23 | + |*Pal[13] | |43 VS[13] | + |Sch 37 |31 27 |30 29 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Cod 1 |29 |35 |33 | |25 |30 |30 | | + |*Fun |27 |27 |29 |26 27 29 |25 |32 |27 |27 31 31 | + |Jos 1 |24 | | | |27 | | | | + |*Leo |VS | | | |S | | |2 S | + |Nob 1[12] |26 |M |M | |24 |M |M | | + |*Pal[13] |S |M |F |S F |VS |M |M | | + |Sch 37 |29 |29 |33±| |25 |27±|29t| | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding families with *) 26.13 + Number of matings: 4 + 3* = 7 + Total number of progeny: 11 + 9* = 20 + + VS S M F + Classification of progeny 4 12 2 2 + Proportional frequency per mille 200 600 100 100 + +[12] Four adolescents are all below standard weight but 1, who is 5 +pounds above. + +[13] An invalid. + + +TABLE III.—_Very slender × medium matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Ach 2 | |27 33 31 | + |Bic 1[14] | |29 33 32 | + |Gay 3 |32 |36 | + |Gru 1[15] | |30 33 | + |Hil 8[16] |34 |31 | + |Ise 2 |28 36 34 33 32|31 30 | + |Mil A |43 37 |33 22 31 42 | + |Wit 2[17] |33 29t |26 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Ach 2 |32 |32 |33 | |25 |32 |27 | | + |Bic 1[14] |34 |29 |35 | |25 |M |VS |t, t, t, t | + |Gay 3 |35 | |t |I |24 |M |S | | + |Gru 1[15] |31 |M |M |t |24 |M |S | | + |Hil 8[16] |34 | |33 | |23 |28 | | | + |Ise 2 |31 |26 |31 | |23 |31 |27 | | + |Mil A |36 |39 |28 |S M F F F F |22 |35 |30 | | + |Wit 2[17] |33 |26 |M | |22 |M |t |t, t | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents, 28.38 + Total number of matings, 8 + Total number of progeny, 28 + + VS S M F + Classification of progeny 1 7 17 3 + Proportional frequency per mille 36 250 607 107 + +[14] F died, 39 years, pulmonary tuberculosis. M liable to tuberculosis +of throat and lungs. + +[15] Female, 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister +(33?). + +[16] F died, 39 years, tuberculosis. + +[17] FM died, tuberculosis. M insane and tuberculous in middle life: +died, 51 years. + + +TABLE IV.—_Very slender × fleshy matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Hol A |32 40 34 33 27|46 34 25 29 | + |Kut 1[18] | |35 | + |Law A |41 |30 28 35 | + |Olm A |43 51 41 32 37|40 | + |Wat 5[19] |38 |27 33 32 33 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Hol A |39 | | | |23 | | | | + |Kut 1[18] |43 |M |S | |24 |S |M | | + |Law A |43 |34 | | |24 |35 | |F M S M F | + |Olm A |38 |38 |34 |F |24 |34 |28 |M F | + |Wat 5[19] |37 | | | |25 | |S |4 S | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents, 32.00 + Number of matings, 5 + Total number of progeny, 25 + + VS S M F VF + Classification of progeny 1 5 10 7 2 + Proportional frequency per mille 40 200 400 280 80 + +[18] Tendency to tuberculosis on maternal side. + +[19] FF had one sister who had at least three F children. Apparently +there is an F strain on Father’s side. MF had two sibs who were large and +tall. MM had both S and F close relatives; one sister was S. + + +TABLE V.—_Very slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny._ + +There is only one example of this mating described at page 97. + + +TABLE VI.—_Slender × slender matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Ada 4 |28 27 | | + |Bec 9 |30 |31 | + |Fel 1[20] |27 | | + |Hay 4[21] |29 |27 | + |Hay 12[22] |32 27 |M S | + |Hen 12 |32 28± |22 26± | + |Ker 5 |25 31 | | + |Law 4 |28 |25 | + |Law 7 | |32 | + |Lou 2 | |25 26 | + |McA 2 |28 29 |27 | + |McC 11 |33 |30 | + |Ran 4 |27 |27 25 | + |Sch 8 |30 32 | | + |Sco 5 |32 30 30 | | + |Shi 5 | |32 | + |*Smi |S |28 | + |Ste 9 |29 30 |29 S | + |Wil 23 |27 33 28 27 |29 | + |You 9[23] | |27 | + |A: 01-44 |29 | | + |A: 01-19 | |28 | + |A: 01-60 | |26 | + |A: 01-63 |27 | | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Ada 4 |30 |33 |27 | |28 |37 |28 | | + |Bec 9 |28 |29 |29 | |29 |33 |31 |†su, 2† | + | | | | | | |†t | | Brights, | + | | | | | | | | | 1 M-D. | + |Fel 1[20] |29 |28 |30 | |29 |42 |32 | | + |Hay 4[21] |29 |F |†t | |29 |S†t|38 | | + |Hay 12[22] |27 |29 |M |S S S M M M |26 |MT |22 |S S S C C C | + |Hen 12 |29 |M |M | |28 |M |M | | + |Ker 5 |29 |M |30 | |29 |M |27 | | + |Law 4 |27 |M |F | |26 |36 |30 | | + |Law 7 |30 |M |M | |28 |M |S | | + |Lou 2 |29 | |†t | |27 | | | | + |McA 2 |28 |26 |M |†t |28 |33 |M | | + |McC 11 |30 |33 |M | |30 |M |M | | + |Ran 4 |29 | | | |30 |†t |†t |†t | + |Sch 8 |30 |35 |29 | |29 |39 |M | | + |Sco 5 |29 |37 |24 | |29 |36 |24 | | + |Shi 5 |29 |29 |36 | |27 |M |27 | | + |*Smi |S | | | |27 |F |F |All F | + |Ste 9 |28 |M |S | |28 |S |31 | | + |Wil 23 |30 |M |M |†t |29 |M |S |†t | + |You 9[23] |29 |36 |34 | |28 |37 |23 | | + |A: 01-44 |30 | | | |27 | | | | + |A: 01-19 |26 | | | |29 | | | | + |A: 01-60 |29 | | | |27 | | | | + |A: 01-63 |28 | | | |28 | | | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 27.87 + Number of matings, 23 + 1* = 24 + Total number of progeny, 47 + 2* + 2 non-quantitative = 51 + + VS S M + Classification of progeny 5 35 11 + Proportional frequency per mille 98 686 215 + +[20] FFF, build 36; FFM, build 27; FMF, build 28. + +[21] 3 adolescent children are S. + +[22] M’s sib (F) has one F and one M child. + +[23] F’s weight may have been reduced by bronchial trouble. + + +TABLE VII.—_Slender × medium matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Alv A |36 32 30 |40 28 | + |Alt |43 38 33 |42 32 | + |Atw 2 |33 |28 | + |Bal 3 |32 |32 33 | + |Bak 8[24] |34 33 | | + |Bes 1[25] |33 35 35 |31 | + |Bla 11 |40 33 35 35 |39 | + |Blo 3 |35 |30 | + |Bou 3 |37 34 |35 | + |Bou 4 |32 32 |34 | + |Blu 2 |31 | | + |Bra 4 |33 | | + |Bri 2 |35 33 33 31 |28 30 30 30 33| + |Bro 36 |41 32 |30 | + |Bru A |31 |33 32 31 29 28| + |Bru 2 |31 |38 32 34 28 | + |Cha 6 | |29 26 28 | + |Cla 1 |31 37 34 |36 29 | + |Cob 1 |33 |27 33 31 31 | + |Col 19 |40 |33 | + |Clo 2 |31 32 |30 | + |Com 2 |35 32 | | + |Cos 2[26] | |31 | + |Cra 6 |31 | | + |Cru 2[27] | |36 | + |Dew 1 |41 35 35 |31 | + |Dic A[28] |42* 32 31 |29 29 | + |Dic 3[29] |45 34 |26 34 27 33 | + |Dic 6 |30 35 |30 | + |Dow 7 | |30 32 | + |Dra 4[30] | |28 | + |Dun A |44 38 |31 | + |Eps 2 |31 | | + |Fan 1 |33 |31 | + |Fin 1 |43 38 37 | | + |Fin 8 |36 34 30 |33 32 | + |Fol 3 | |31 | + |For 9 |36 38 | | + |Fra 9 |39 |44 43 42 | + |Goo 6 | |28 28 | + |Gra 3 |33 | | + |Hal B[31] |32 |31 | + |Har 35[32] |36 |29 | + |Haw 5[33] |40 31 32 |33 31 38 | + |Hei 4 |38 | | + |Hod 3 |37 30 35 37 |36 34 34 28 35| + |Hor 7 | |32 | + |Hea 3 |30 37 |31 33 | + |Hef 1 |37 |31 | + |Hos 3 |35 |35 | + |Hox 2 |S M M M M |43 | + |Hut 3 |33 33 34 | | + |Jic 1 |33 32 | | + |Joh 18 | |32 | + |Jon 15 |35 38 | | + |Kaa A | |49 35 | + |Kau 5 |36 37 | | + |Kel A |50 |41 32 | + |Leo 1[34] |34 35 |37 28 | + |Leo 9 |32 39 32 35 |34 | + |Lip 3 |35 35 34 |36 35 39 36 | + |Lit 4 |37 33 |31 | + |Loo 1 |35 |32 | + |Man 1[35] |29 |29 | + |Mar 8 |34 39 | | + |May 3 | |30 | + |McC A |51 35 |26 32 | + |McM 2[36] |36 35 M |M | + |Mil 29 |41 |32 35 | + |Mit 2 | |34 40 | + |Mon 3 |34 | | + |Moo 4 |30 33 32 | | + |Oha 1 |37 |37 | + |Oli 2 | |33 31 | + |One 1 | |31 | + |Osb 6 |34 41 35 |30 45 36 | + |Par 3 |31 |37 | + |Per 6 |38 39 36 |35 | + |Per 8 |{38 31 32 34 }|31 32 32 | + | |{ 33 33 33 }| | + |Rei 4 |29 30 31 | | + |Rid A |36 47 33 48 |31 | + |Rim 1 |36 |32 34 | + |Ran 1 |29 32 31 |31 | + |Row 6 |34 |31 33 32 | + |Rug 1 |40 | | + |Rus 5 |36 | | + |Ste 29 |31 26 |31 | + |Thr 1[37] |{32 38 35* 37}|45 46 40 | + | |{ 35 39‡ 35 }| | + |Val 1 |32 31 | | + |Van 16 |39 33 34 | | + |Wal 5 |34 | | + |Wel 3 |32 33 |29 35 35 | + |Wes 5 | |29 | + |Wey 2 |34 31 |32 | + |Whi 15 |36 37 34 36 |33 | + |Woo 14 |36 32 |34 | + |Wil 34 |32 |36 29 | + |Wri 1 |36 |32 | + |A: 01-16 | |35 | + |A: 01-50 |33 |31 | + |A: 01-9 |30 | | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Alv A |29 |34 | |38 29 |31 |31 |50 |39 39 41 | + |Alt |36 |M |M | |30 |F |F | | + |Atw 2 |26 |27 |33 | |35 |30 |M |1F 3S | + |Bal 3 |29 |32 |33 | |36 |38 |24 | | + |Bak 8[24] |27 | | | |32 | | | | + | |[24] | | | | | | | + |Bes 1[25] |30 |32 |27 | |36 |31 |31 |3 F | + |Bla 11 |33 |31 |34 |3†t 2F 1S |30 |43 |30 |S S S M M F | + |Blo 3 |32 |S |M | |28 |M |M | | + |Bou 3 |35 |32 |M | |29 |M |32 | | + |Bou 4 |30 |32 |S | |31 |32 |31 | | + |Blu 2 |30 |S |F | |34 |38 |F |34 27 33 | + |Bra 4 |35 |41 |M | |28 |M |M | | + |Bri 2 |32 |32 |31 | |26 |32 |30 | | + |Bro 36 |35 |39 |38 | |27 |36 |50 | | + |Bru A |34 |S |M |31 |26 |S |S |30 | + |Bru 2 |30 |M | | |33 |S |M | | + |Cha 6 |30 |29 |33 | |33 |34 |32 | | + |Cla 1 |30 | | | |31 |34 |32 | | + |Cob 1 |31 |33 |29 | |28 |35 |31 | | + |Col 19 |35 |M |S | |29 |M |M | | + |Clo 2 |32 |M |S | |29 | | | | + |Com 2 |30 |29 |29 | |32 |M |M | | + |Cos 2[26] |34 |M |S | |26 |S |F | | + |Cra 6 |33 |29 |28 | |28 |29 |49 | | + |Cru 2[27] |34 |36 |28 | |28 |32 |32 | | + |Dew 1 |33 | | | |29 |34 |32 | | + |Dic A[28] |35 | | | |28 |33 |45 |{28 28 31 29 }| + | | | | | | | | |{31 30 28 29 }| + |Dic 3[29] |35 |36 |S | |29 |35 |33 | | + |Dic 6 |35 | | |VF |27 |31 |38 |VF | + |Dow 7 |28 |31 |29 | |34 |34 |28 | | + |Dra 4[30] |33 |34 |32 | |28 |S |S | | + |Dun A |35 |35 |34 |38 |26 |33 |33 |27 29 | + |Eps 2 |33 |37 |31 | |28 |35 |38 | | + |Fan 1 |33 |35 |49 | |28 |M |30 | | + |Fin 1 |30 |34 |31 | |36 |38 |33 | | + |Fin 8 |32 |36 |32 | |26 |31 |34 | | + |Fol 3 |30 | | | |36 | | | | + |For 9 |28 |30 | | |32 | | | | + |Fra 9 |34 | | | |30 | | | | + |Goo 6 |31 |32 |32 | |29 | | | | + |Gra 3 |31 |35 |33 | |26 |37 |35 | | + |Hal B[31] |31 |39 |47 |50 47 40 38 36|29 | | |34 29 29* 27* | + |Har 35[32] |27 |M |24 | |35 |27 |34 | | + |Haw 5[33] |30 |31 |27 | |34 |40 |30 | | + |Hei 4 |34 |39 |M | |28 | |39 | | + |Hod 3 |34 |35 |23 | |30 |36 |30 | | + |Hor 7 |30 |M |33 |1t |33 |36 |36 | | + |Hea 3 |34 |34 | |3†t. 1†ca |30 |31 |26 | | + |Hef 1 |34 | | | |29 | | | | + |Hos 3 |30 |42 |F | |32 |37 |37 | | + |Hox 2 |31 |M |M | |28 |S |F | | + |Hut 3 |30 |36 |36 | |31 | |34 | | + |Jic 1 |34 |35 |36 | |30 |M |S | | + |Joh 18 |30 |M |S | |32 |M |S | | + |Jon 15 |34 |43 |M | |29 |36 |M | | + |Kaa A |35 |35 |28 |34 |28 |34 |29 |M M M S F VF | + |Kau 5 |34 |34 |44 | |29 |31 |42 | | + |Kel A |30 | | |40 |33 | | | | + |Leo 1[34] |35 |T |35 | |28 |M |S | | + | |[34] | | | | | | | + |Leo 9 |32 |M |S | |30 |M |S | | + |Lip 3 |35 | | | |30 | | | | + |Lit 4 |27 |31 |26 | |35 |37 |33 | | + |Loo 1 |34 |M |M | |30 |M |M | | + |Man 1[35] |28 | |F |M F |31 |M |S | | + | |[35] | | | | | | | + |Mar 8 |27 |41 |S | |34 |34 |33 | | + |May 3 |31 |32 |28 | |29 |30 |49 | | + |McC A |28 | |M |M |32 |F |F |M M M M M | + |McM 2[36] |31 | | | |27 |28 |29 | | + |Mil 29 |31 |F |S | |29 |M |S | | + |Mit 2 |32 |34 |M | |28 |35 |M | | + |Mon 3 |34 |M |M | |27 |S |M | | + |Moo 4 |31 |30 |35 | |26 |30 |37 | | + |Oha 1 |33 |33 |31 | |28 |33 | | | + |Oli 2 |32 |M |40 | |29 |M |S | | + |One 1 |30 |T | | |31 |S |39 | | + |Osb 6 |34 |31 |29 | |28 |34 |34 | | + |Par 3 |35 |M |M | |28 |M |S | | + |Per 6 |29 | | | |34 | | | | + |Per 8 |36 |S |32 | |30 |39 | | | + |Rei 4 |36 |31 |38 | |27 |34 |28 | | + |Rid A |29 | | | |32 |41 | |46 45 30 | + |Rim 1 |35 |35 |32 | |28 |S |M | | + |Ran 1 |34 |35 |36 | |26 |S |29 | | + |Row 6 |36 |32 |41 | |28 |34 |28 | | + |Rug 1 |35 |36 |33 | |30 | | | | + |Rus 5 |32 |35 |40 | |30 |32 |44 | | + |Ste 29 |37 |33 |28 | |24 |24 |34 | | + |Thr 1[37] |27 |30 |31 |S S S S F |34 |33 | |S S M | + |Val 1 |29 |M |M | |32 | | | | + |Van 16 |30 |M |S | |33 |35 |38 | | + |Wal 5 |35 |33 |35 | |28 |S |S | | + |Wel 3 |29 |M |S | |34 |M |S | | + |Wes 5 |33 |35 |29 | |26 |30 |31 | | + |Wey 2 |31 |S |M | |26 |M |S | | + |Whi 15 |34 | | | |30 |35 |32 | | + |Woo 14 |27 |M |37 | |32 | |40 | | + |Wil 34 |34 |44 |32 | |29 |31 |28 | | + |Wri 1 |30 |S |M | |34 |M |F | | + |A: 01-16 |31 | | | |30 | | | | + |A: 01-50 |29 | | | |31 | | | | + |A: 01-9 |31 | | | |30 | | | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents, 30.90 + Number of matings, 101 + Total progeny, 306 + 7 non-quantitative = 313 + + S M F VF + Classification of progeny 49 200 53 11 + Proportional frequency per mille 157 639 169 35 + +[24] In middle life; build 35 to 27. + +[25] 2 adolescent children; build 29 and 36. + +[26] Medium father carries S gametes; 2 adolescent S children. + +[27] 3 adolescent children who are slender. + +[28] MF’s sibs: 4d. 96 years; 5 others at over 65 years; men weighed +160 to 175 pounds, women 125 to 145 pounds. Height respectively 69 to +71 inches; 65 to 66 inches. MM’s family all became VF after 36 years; * +gained build 51 at 58 years. + +[29] MM reduced in build by old age. + +[30] Also 1 adolescent male child, slender. + +[31] * and * are twins. + +[32] MF had 3 sibs died of tuberculosis; FF had 3 sisters died of +tuberculosis. + +[33] 3 children died young. + +[34] 2 sibs and a nephew died of tuberculosis. + +[35] Sib died of tuberculosis. + +[36] MF and MM were second cousins. + +[37] Many F relatives who had muscular rheumatism: * has a daughter, +build 45; ‡ has a daughter build 45. + + +TABLE VIII.—_Slender × fleshy matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Ale 2 |39 34 |31 | + |Bro 30 |33 37 45 | | + |Bro 16 |34 |42 38 | + |Bus 3 | |28 38 | + |Cla 32 |33 |37 | + |Coh 4 |36 |33 | + |Coo 6 |37 37 |36 | + |Cor 3 |33 30 |33 | + |Cul 1 | |31 | + |Den 6 |35 |29 33 | + |Dex 1 |33 36 33 |33 38 | + |Dob 2 |31 33 36 32 |39 | + |Doo 3 |33 |29 31 | + |Dud 1 |35 |33 | + |Eds 2 |31 34 |32 32 39 | + |Elk 1 | |33 30 34 33 | + |Emm A |42 | | + |Fin 1 |43 39 38 | | + |Fit 2 |37 | | + |Gri 1 |34 36 |30 | + |Gui 3 |37 33 33 34 |30 40 39 | + |Har 3B |38 34 32 | | + |Has 2 | |33 30 30 | + |Hok 1 |34 35 | | + |Hot 1 |34 | | + |Hul 2 |34 |{26 27 25 30 }| + | | |{ 23 29 }| + |Kra 4[38] |29 32 | | + |Kra 5 |31 31 | | + |Lon A |38 |35 M S VS | + |Lyn 2 | |33 | + |Mer B |38 33 |34 31 29 | + |Met A |40 41 37 |41 35 | + |Mil 7 |38 38 | | + |Mor 28 |34 |26 | + |McC B |{43 38 34 33 }|38 42 39 | + | |{ 29 32 }| | + |McC 16 |38 37 |43 | + |McC 18 |25 |33 44 | + |*Ofi |VF M |{42 36 F VF F}| + | | |{ 43 }| + |Pad 1 |37 | | + |Ric 5 |33 |34 31 | + |Rom 1 |35 33 34 35 |39 31 33 | + |She 12 |38 34 32 32 |42 37 | + |*Smi[39] |41 M 35 30 |47 31 S 48 | + |Spe A |37 35 35 | | + |Tat A |39 40 |38 36 | + |Van 3 |28 |26 37 | + |*Van |37 41 | S S 43 | + |Wal 4 |39 35 | | + |Wat[40] |30 37 31 | | + |Wil 35 |34 32 |31 | + |Wil 42 | |31 29 | + |Woo 7 |42 |34 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Ale 2 |27 |33 |28 | |38 |36 |42 |F 2†t | + |Bro 30 |30 |31 |27 | |37 |35 |40 | | + |Bro 16 |41 | |32 | |29 | |31 | | + |Bus 3 |30 |M | S | |39 |M |M | | + |Cla 32 |29 |29 | | |38 |31 |42 | | + |Coh 4 |30 | | | |40 | | | | + |Coo 6 |39 |38 |38 | |28 |33 |29 | | + |Cor 3 |41 |34 |49 |S F F 1†t |28 |39 |28 |M S | + |Cul 1 |39 |39 |37 | |28 |38 |42 | | + |Den 6 |39 |33t|35 | |27 |40 |33 | | + | | | |ca | | | | | | + |Dex 1 |42 |34 |31 | |30 |30 |36 | | + | |ca | | | | | | | | + |Dob 2 |26 |30 | S | |42 |F |F | | + |Doo 3 |28 |M | S | |40 |M |M | | + |Dud 1 |43 |48 |61 |10 F-VF, 1S(t)|28 |31 |28t|{ 3 of 12 }| + | | | | | | | | |{ F or VF }| + |Eds 2 |38 |37 |35 |I F |27 |35 |25 |{ 6 above }| + | | | | | | | | |{normal build}| + |Elk 1 |41 |36 |44 |t |27 |30 |32 | | + |Emm A |40 | | |36 34 |28 | | |39 31 27 32 31| + |Fin 1 |30 |34 |31 | |37 |38 |33 | | + |Fit 2 |43 |46 | | |30 |M |M | | + |Gri 1 |37 |31 |52 | |28 | |30 | | + |Gui 3 |27 | | | |39 |34 |30 | | + |Har 3B |30 | | | |43 | | | | + |Has 2 |29 |33 |38 | |38 |35 |37 | | + |Hok 1 |37 |36 | S | |27 |31 |35 | | + |Hot 1 |30 |M | S | |40 |S |S | | + |Hul 2 |30 |34 |26 | |37 |35 |27 | | + |Kra 4[38] |27 |37 |39 | |43 |40 |41 | | + |Kra 5 |27 |37 |39 | |38 |40 |41 | | + |Lon A |38 |32 | |39 34 30 |30 | |30 |39 | + |Lyn 2 |37 |S |F | |29 |S |M | | + |Mer B |40 |47 |27 | |25 |37 |36 | | + |Met A |39 |M |M |37 35 35 46 35|30 |33±|28 |35 32 31 30 28| + |Mil 7 |39 |M |M | |29 |43 |31 | | + |Mor 28 |39 | | | |29 |39 |34 | | + |McC B |30 | | |37 |37 | | | | + |McC 16 |30 |34 |S | |39 |39 |S |1†hf, 1†t | + |McC 18 |38 | |35 | |30 |36 | | | + |*Ofi |S | | |F F F M |F | | |7 F | + |Pad 1 |28 |31 |35 | |37 |33 |23 | | + |Ric 5 |30 |36 |38 | |40 |33 |31t| | + |Rom 1 |38 |S |F |3t |28 |C |M | | + |She 12 |38 |34 |46 | |28 |34 |28 | | + |*Smi[39] |43 | | | |30 | | | | + |Spe A |40 | | |40 40 31 31 |27 | | |35 22 43 | + |Tat A |28 | | |55 35 30 31 29|41 | | |39 | + |Van 3 |29 |29 |29 | |37 |33 |39 | | + |*Van |42 | | |S 39 |S | | | | + |Wal 4 |41 |38 |34 | |27 |31 |28 | | + |Wat[40] |27 |S |F | |40 |26 |45 | | + |Wil 35 |38 | | | |28 |32 |M | | + |Wil 42 |37 |36 |35 | |30 |30 |32 | | + |Woo 7 |38 | | | |30 |S |M | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 33.85. + Number of matings, 49 + 3* = 52. + Total No. of progeny, 155 + 21* + 3 non-quantitative = 179. + + VS S M F VF + Classification of progeny 4 26 85 57 7 + Proportional freq. per mille 23 145 475 318 39 + +[38] Kra 4, by first wife; Kra 5, by second wife. + +[39] All this family were slender till about 20 years, then became +fleshy. The slender persons are still young. + +[40] MMMM build 36; MMM 30; MFM 27; MFF 33. + + +TABLE IX.—_Slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Arn 5[41] |32 |38 | + |Ban 2[42] |39 39 | | + |Ben 8 |40 |32 | + |Bon A |44 | | + |*Bun |44 33 |25.5 32 | + |Cle 5 |30 39 35 |33 | + |*Coo | |48 34 | + |Fen 1 |38 33 30 32 |29 | + |Har 15[43] |39 33 34 |40(t) 37 | + |Hor 9 | |31(t) 36 | + |How 8[44] |35 38 37 39‡ | | + | |41‡ | | + |Kro 3 |42 | | + |*Leo |45 |51 S S 46 F | + |Tea A |46 31 28 |31 32 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Arn 5[41] |44 |31 |48 | |26 |33 |25 | | + |Ban 2[42] |49 |42 |31 |t t |26 |M |F |5 F | + |Ben 8 |28 |38 |26 | |45 |39 |32 | | + |Bon A |51 |40 | |40 |26 |35 | |29 27 28 28 | + |*Bun |57 | | | |26 | | | | + |Cle 5 |30 |34 |34 |F |54 |27 |32 |3 F | + |*Coo |29 | | |F F S S |49 | |49 |48 40 | + |Fen 1 |44 | | | |27 | | | | + |Har 15[43] |30 |41 |28 |t |49 |35 |49 | | + |Hor 9 |44 |44 |24 | |29 |S |M | | + |How 8[44] |30 |37 |27 |t t t |51 |40 |46 | | + |Kro 3 |29 |34 |42 | |46 |38 |28 | | + |*Leo |S | | | |51 |S |51 |45 46 | + |Tea A |49 | | | |27 | | | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 37.91. + Number of matings, 11 + 3* = 14. + Total number of progeny 34 + 12 = 46. + + S M F VF + Classification of progeny 7 17 15 7 + Proportional freq. per mille 152 370 326 152 + +[41] M died, 46 years, tuberculosis; M’s sib died of hardening of lungs; +MF tuberculosis; MM tuberculosis, but recovered. + +[42] M underwent senile degeneration after menopause. + +[43] MM had “delicate lungs.” + +[44] ‡ Twins. + + +TABLE X.—_Medium × medium matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Abe 1 |34 |33 29 34 | + |All A |37 29 |39 | + |Aus 3 |35 |33 | + |Bac 1 | |36 | + |Bar 10 |32 32 30 | | + |Bat 2 |33 32 35 |33 | + |Bea 7 |34 32 |32 31 | + |Bec 6 |32 | | + |Bet 3 | |36 36 | + |Bis 5 |35 | | + |Bow 3 |33 |32 32 | + |Bra 10 |40 |38 39 36 | + |Bro 18 |32 36 34 | | + |Cas 4 |43 41 34 |37 32 34 | + |Chr 2 |32 36 |32 | + |Cla 29 | |36 | + |Coo 5 |{38 35 36 31 }|37 41 36 38 | + | |{ 36 37 33 }| | + |Dex 2 |33 |33 | + |Dic 4 |32 31 33 |29 | + |Dra 1 | |36 31 | + |Eat A |{34 36 35 36 }|42 33 | + | |{ 38 38 }| | + |Fie 2 |33 |35 | + |Fis 2[45] |35 |{37 37 40 33 }| + | | |{ 39 37 }| + |Fra 3A |35 35 | | + |Fri 3 |31 |35 | + |Gil 15 |42 39 |39 | + |God 2 |30 |27 31 31 31 30| + |Gol 4 | |32 30 | + |Gor 7 |34 | | + |Hal 16[46] |39 |37 | + |Haw 6 |35 32 35 29 30|29 29 27 33 | + |Haw 7 |36 |30 | + |Hen 6 |35 36 |42 35 | + |Hod 1 |38 |39 | + |Hop 5 |35 35 27 |31 | + |Hut 4 |33 |39 | + |Ill 1 |39 35 34 33 |35 38 37 37 | + |Joh 1[47] |36 |39 | + |Jon 20 |37 | | + |Jor 1 |36 41 |38 32 | + |Kel 4a |34 32 S |M (t) M M 31 | + |Kim 1 |29 35 35 | | + |Lan 8 |30 |25 | + |Lau 2 |36 | | + |Lev 2 |34 30 |36 39 | + |Lex A |47 36 36 |37 | + |Llo 4 |34 | | + |Loe A |46 38 38 36 |56 | + |Mar 22 |33 36 32 31 |40 36 | + |Mas 3 | |34 34 | + |Mat 13 |37 |36 35 37 | + |Mer 8 | |41 36 40 37 33| + |Mou 2 |29 |34 | + |Mur A |35 30 | | + |McC 12 | |33 | + |McP A[48] |{36 32 34 33 }|32 36 | + | |{35 35 39 37 }| | + |Nes 1 |32 41 33 33 |51 37 | + |Nor 6 |33 |41 | + |Obr 1 |38 |35 | + |Old 2 |33 |33 35 33 | + |Osb 4 |34 32 |25 30 31 | + |Pag 2 |36 |35 | + |Pai 2 |28(t) 41 33 |31 | + |Pat 5 |33 38 |31 31 | + |Pan 3 |35 32 |34 | + |Pot 5 |36 40 35 |36 | + |Pro 1 |37 39 | | + |Ras 1 |36 33 33 |36 39 | + |Ric 9 |32 |30 | + |Ric 11 |40 |37 | + |Rig 1 |34 32 |30 32 | + |Riz 11 | |30 29 34 28 | + |Rue 1 |35 34 33 27 | | + |Rup 1 |{31 40 38 36 }|30 33 | + | |{ 31 30 }| | + |Sam 3[49] |30 30 | | + |Sch 11 |35 38 36 |36 | + |Sco 3 | |33 | + |She 6 |37 34 40 |45 | + |Sle 3 | |33 35 34 | + |Smi 33 |36 36 36 37 |31 32 31 36 | + |*Smi | |39 | + |Sto 13 |33± |38 38 36 38 34| + |Sut 3 |31 30 | | + |Tag A |43 |31 34 | + |Tet A[50] |49* 43 36 30 |41 49 30 | + |Tor 1 |35 39 |36 34 | + |Van 13 |40 35 | | + |Vib A |39 31 | | + |War 3 |{30 31 32 30 }|32 30 32 36 | + | |{ 33 33 }| | + |Whi 17 |33 31 | | + |Whi 22 |34 |31 | + |You 2 |34 |37 | + |A: 01-26 | |29 41 39 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Abe 1 |32 |M |M | |34 |M |S | | + |All A |35 |32 |32 | |32 | |30 | | + |Aus 3 |32 |32 |31 |39 |31 |34 |28 |t | + |Bac 1 |32 |S |M | |36 |M |M | | + |Bar 10 |31 |35 |M | |33 | | | | + |Bat 2 |31 |M |S | |32 |29 |31t| | + |Bea 7 |32 |31 |28 | |34 |36 |31 | | + |Bec 6 |31 |39 |39 | |34 |35 |36 | | + |Bet 3 |34 |31 |24 | |35 |38 |43 | | + |Bis 5 |32 |39 |28 | |31 |38 |36 | | + |Bow 3 |32 |M |M | |33 |M |M | | + |Bra 10 |35±|35±|35±| |34 |35 |32 | | + |Bro 18 |33 |31t|36 | |33 |M |(t)| | + |Cas 4 |34 |39 |29t| |34 |43 |27 | | + |Chr 2 |32 |33 |32 | |33±|37 |34 | | + |Cla 29 |33 | | | |33 | | | | + |Coo 5 |32 |(t)|37 | |36 |34 |37 | | + |Dex 2 |34 |35 |30 | |36 |33 |31 |t, t | + |Dic 4 |31 |M |F | |32 |32 |29 | | + |Dra 1 |32 |35 |29 | |34 |34t|32 | | + |Eat A |35 | | |33 35 42 30 |32 |36 |33 |36 39 41 33 | + |Fie 2 |36 |35 |36 | |32 |37 |32 | | + |Fis 2[45] |36 |M |M | |32 |M | | | + |Fra 3A |33 |S |S | |35 |M |39±| | + |Fri 3 |32 |M |S | |35 |38 |35 | | + |Gil 15 |35 |31±|33±| |33t|39 |39 | | + |God 2 |34 |34 |28t| |31 |M |M | | + |Gol 4 |31 |31 |29 | |32 |41 |30 | | + |Gor 7 |35 |M |S | |32 |M |M | | + |Hal 16[46] |33 |F |S | |34 |M |S | | + |Haw 6 |33 |S |S | |31 |31 |29 | | + |Haw 7 |33 |31 |34 | |31 |42 |39 | | + |Hen 6 |32 |M |M | |31 |M |S | | + |Hod 1 |33 |31 |24 | |31 |30 |29 | | + |Hop 5 |35 |41 |31 | |35 |31 |32 | | + |Hut 4 |32 |30±|F | |32 |M |M | | + |Ill 1 |34 |32 |33 | |33 |32 |31 | | + |Joh 1[47] |35 |M |F | |33 |M |S | | + | | |[47] | | | | | | + |Jon 20 |36 |36 |40 | |31 |32 |31 | | + |Jor 1 |35 | | | |36 | | | | + |Kel 4a |36 |34 |S | |31 |34 |F | | + |Kim 1 |35 | | | |31 | | | | + |Lan 8 |37 |40 |40 | |35 |34 |25 | | + |Lau 2 |35 |S | | |31 |M |M | | + |Lev 2 |34 |34 |35 | |32 |37±|51±| | + |Lex A |33 | |37 | |32 |30 |33 |34 35 36 | + |Llo 4 |32 |M |S | |33 | | | | + |Loe A |36 | | |27 |35 | | | | + |Mar 22 |33 |M |M | |32 |S |S | | + |Mas 3 |35 |M |M | |32 |M |M | | + |Mat 13 |34 |36 |38 | |35 |35 |48 | | + |Mer 8 |35 |Mt |S |E |34 |S |M | | + |Mou 2 |31 |S |M |4†t |36 |30t|50 |4†t | + |Mur A |32 |38 |31 |37 37 |31 |33 |33 |40 32 31 28 | + |McC 12 |33 |M |S | |32 |S |F | | + |McP A[48] |36 |M |F |{41 36 34 40 }|31 |38 |47 |36 33 29 40 | + | | | | |{40 31 33[48]}| | | | | + | | | | |{ 37 }| | | | | + |Nes 1 |32 | | | |34 | | | | + |Nor 6 |33 |M |M | |36 |M |S | | + |Obr 1 |35 | | | |36 | | | | + |Old 2 |33 |34 |34 | |33 | | | | + |Osb 4 |36 | | | |31 |M |S | | + |Pag 2 |34 |33 |30 | |36 |29 |29 | | + |Pai 2 |34 |F |M |41 |32 |M |F | | + |Pat 5 |32 |M |S | |33 |M |S | | + |Pan 3 |34 |S |S | |36 |Mt |M | | + |Pot 5 |34 | | | |34 | |28 | | + |Pro 1 |33 |34 |40 | |32 |40 |33 |F F(t) 39 | + |Ras 1 |34 | | | |31 | | | | + |Ric 9 |32 |30±|32 | |34 |S |40 | | + |Ric 11 |33 |33 |31 | |32 |38 |33 | | + |Rig 1 |33 |34±|M | |36 |M |M | | + |Riz 11 |31 |32 |36 | |33 |S |M | | + |Rue 1 |31 | | | |36 | | | | + |Rup 1 |32 | | | |32 | |32 | | + |Sam 3[49] |33 |37 |35 | |31 | |44 | | + |Sch 11 |31 |37 |33 | |32 |35 |41 | | + |Sco 3 |36 |42 |39 | |31 |M |M | | + |She 6 |34 |32 | | |31 |36 |S | | + |Sle 3 |32 |33 |33 | |31 |33 | | | + |Smi 33 |34 |34 |S | |31 |35 |M | | + |*Smi |35 |S |F | |33 |39 |S |S M | + |Sto 13 | |33 | | |35 |S |F | | + |Sut 3 |31 | | | |36 |M |M | | + |Tag A |36 |36 |36 |47 36 36 |31 |34 |37 |{34 32 40 38 }| + | | | | | | | | |{ 31 37 }| + |Tet A[50] |34 | | |65 |34 |38 |31 | | + |Tor 1 |33 |32 |34 |{7 avg. build}|34 |32 |27 |Avg. or under | + | | | | |{ or above. }| | | | | + |Van 13 |32 |35t|31 | |35t|37 |28 | | + |Vib A |33 |41 |33 |33 33 40 |31 |30 | |30 | + |War 3 |33 |33 |St | |32 |41 |26 | | + |Whi 17 |33 |35 |32 | |33 |35 |40 |t | + |Whi 22 |32 |41 |27 | |36 |31 |44 | | + |You 2 |34 |38 |34 | |36 |39 |31 | | + |A: 01-26 |33 | | | |35 | | | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 33.23. + Number of matings, 92 + 1* = 93. + Total No. of progeny, 327 + 1* + 4 non-quantitative = 332. + + VS S M F VF + Classification of progeny 2 40 201 82 7 + Proportional frequency per mille 6 121 605 247 21 + +[45] MM and MF were first cousins. + +[46] FF and FM were first cousins. + +[47] Weak lungs. + +[48] Spinal trouble. + +[49] M and F were first cousins. + +[50] * has undersized wife and 2 children; male, build 49; female, build +46. + + +TABLE XI.—_Medium × fleshy matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Ade 1 |39 |31 | + |Ale 2 |32 37 36 36 36|28 31 33 | + |Bal 5 | |40 | + |Bar 24 |29 |33 | + |Beh 2 |33 | | + |Ben 11 | |36 | + |Bit 3[51] |38 38 |33 | + |Blo 1 |36 35 35 41 | | + |Bot 1 |35 |35 37 | + |Bro 23 |36 33 33 30 |35 | + |Bro 34 |39 |38 | + |Cam B |47 45 45 |38 38 30 | + |Cam 5 |38 |34 36 40 | + |Car 17 |32 38 35 |35 (t) 29 | + |Cas 9 | |30 | + |Cha 7 |36 35 | | + |Cha 12 |33 |30 33 | + |Che 7 |30 32 | | + |Cle 2 |33 |36 38 32 33 | + |Col 14 | |36 35 | + |Con 11[52] | |34 49 | + |Cra 11 |36 |39 | + |Cra 14 |44 |32 36 | + |Cri 1 | |34 33 | + |Cur 5 |30 30 |35 | + |Dan A |53 |36 46 47 | + |Dav 6 |38 32 32 32 |32 | + |Dea 1 |36 34 |42 35 | + |Dem 1 |30 |36 | + |Dra 9 |36 34 |33 | + |Ebe 1 |38 |37 | + |Edm 2 |37 34 | | + |Eil A |33 33 | | + |Eng 3 |38 36 |33 | + |Eva 7 |34 33 32 | | + |Flo 2 |33 35 33 |33 36 | + |Fou 1 | |33 36 | + |Fri 5 |40 |34 37 | + |Fri 9 |35 | | + |Glu 1 |36 |47 | + |Goo 4 |33 33 32 33 | | + |Gra 4 |33 34 | | + |Hal 12 | |35 29 | + |Hal 17 |31 |34 | + |Hal 22 |33 | | + |Hed 6 |40 38 33 |44 37 37 | + |Hen 3 |32 32 31 34 | | + |Hen 11 | |34 34 | + |Hor 5 |37 34 41 32 33|31 34 33 | + |Jac 3 |38 39 36 | | + |Jon 12 |33 35 33 |37 30 31 | + |Jen 9 |34 |39 | + |Kel 6 |34 31 | | + |Ken 2 | |36 | + |Kin 10 | |36 36 34 | + |Kle A |58 41 | | + |Kuh 2 |41 | | + |Lan 11 | |33 37 | + |Lar A |43 37 | | + |Lov 2 |31 29 | | + |Lut 1 |33 32 34 36 |33 31 31 | + |Met 1 |40 |36 | + |Mer 4 |37 | | + |Mey 5 |36 |34 36 | + |Mil 11 |34 32 34 |40 32 | + |Mil 23 |37 |34 | + |Mor A |42 |42 41 43 29 | + |Mor 16 |37 | | + |Moy 1 |35 |35 | + |Mye A |42 36 54 |33 33 35 | + |Mye 1 |32 34 |32 35 32 33 | + |McF 2 |32 39 36 |28 | + |McM 7 | |26 32 | + |New 10 |32 41 | | + |Nix 2 |35 38 |32 33 | + |Nol B |41 38 |38 28 | + |*Ofi | |27 57 | + |Ole 1 |34 31 | | + |Pap 1 |32 34 | | + |Pec 6 | |44 | + |Phi A |37 53 47 35 | | + |Pot 4 |35 38 |38 | + |Pri 6[53] |36 |32 | + |Pro 2 | |36 | + |Pug 2 |34 42 | | + |Rei 8 |32 | | + |Rob 12 |40 38 |39 | + |Roe 3 |35 |29 37 | + |Rog A |{42 39 34 33 }|30 | + | |{ 32 32 }| | + |Ryl 1 |35 34 |35 35 32 | + |Sar 2[54] |32 | | + |Sau A |43 30 41 31 | | + |Sch 12 |37 | | + |Sey 1 |33 |30 30 | + |Sid 1 |32 |31 31 | + |Smi 20 |33 |40 | + |Spi 5 |41 | | + |Spi 7 |35 33 |S S 28 50 | + |Sta 7[55] |37§ 37§ 37 |36 30 33 | + |Str 7 |36 35 |36 | + |Tho 22 | |36 | + |Thr 3 |30 |32 | + |Tra 4[56] |38 42 41 |33 32 | + |Van 10 |38 |36 | + |Van 12 | |39 36 32 | + |Voo 1 }|38 40 37 34 |30 35 32 | + |Voo A }| | | + |Wak 1 |37 |29 32 33 | + |Wan 2 |34 M 35 M | | + |Wil 10 |40 |39 | + |Wil 22[57] |36 36 41 35 32|34 | + |Win 7 |38 35 |38 40 34 | + |Woo 8 |33 |40 | + |Wri 3 |34 32 |31 | + |You A |35 | | + |Zec 1 |32 | | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Ade 1 |32t|S |S | |39 |33 |47 | | + |Ale 2 |32 | | | |39 | | | | + |Bal 5 |40 |40 |39 |M |36 |38 |42 |2 F | + |Bar 24 |38 |34 |35 | |35 | | | | + |Beh 2 |38 |41±|St |†t |33 |35±|35 | | + |Ben 11 |36 |35 |34 | |43 |31 |41 | | + |Bit 3[51] |41 |30 |34 | |36 |S |S | | + |Blo 1 |33 | |29 | |41 |†t |Mt |2 †t | + |Bot 1 |33 |M |F | |38 |M |M | | + |Bro 23 |39 |M |M | |31 |S | | | + |Bro 34 |35 |31 |38 | |38 |43 |38 | | + |Cam B |40 | | | |36 | | | | + |Cam 5 |43 | | | |32 |F |M | | + |Car 17 |34 | | | |42 |39 |M | | + |Cas 9 |37 |38 |32 | |32 |39 |33 | | + |Cha 7 |31 |33 |32 |†t |38 |24 |42 | | + |Cha 12 |31 |40 |33 | |37 |37 |26 | | + |Che 7 |37 |37 |40 | |36 | | | | + |Cle 2 |42 |M |F | |33 |M |F | | + |Col 14 |31 | | | |37 |34 |34 | | + |Con 11[52] |36 |F |M | |42 |M |M | | + |Cra 11 |42 |23 |24 |t |34 |38 |31 |1 t | + |Cra 14 |38t|S |M |†t |36 |38 |36 | | + |Cri 1 |34 |37 |26 | |39 |45 |34 | | + |Cur 5 |41 |28 |33 | |34 | |40 | | + |Dan A |34 | | | |41 | | | | + |Dav 6 |32 |39 |28 | |37 |37 |40 |3†† | + |Dea 1 |31 |M |S | |43 |40 |30 | | + |Dem 1 |41 | |F | |34 | | | | + |Dra 9 |34 |26 |34 | |37 |29 |42 | | + |Ebe 1 |39 | | |†t |31 |†t | | | + |Edm 2 |41 |39 |37 | |34 |30 |26 | | + |Eil A |41 |38 |33 |{37 41 38 34 }|35 |31 |31 |34 34 32 | + | | | | |{ 34 35 33 }| | | | | + |Eng 3 |31 |M |F | |42 |F |M | | + |Eva 7 |32 |32 |37 | |38 |38 |32 | | + |Flo 2 |31 | | | |38 | | | | + |Fou 1 |40 |35 |30 | |35 |33 |32 | | + |Fri 5 |39 | | | |34 | | | | + |Fri 9 |38 |36 |39 | |34 |M |M | | + |Glu 1 |34 |M |S |F VF |43 |M |M |F | + |Goo 4 |38 |ca |40 | |32 |38t|29 | | + | | |34 | | | | | | | + |Gra 4 |43 |29 |47 | |32 |35 |42 | | + |Hal 12 |42 | | | |31 | |22 | | + |Hal 17 |42 |32 |37 | |31 |32 |S | | + |Hal 22 |32t|M |M |2†t |39 |32 |32 | | + |Hed 6 |39±|M |F | |33±| | | | + |Hen 3 |40 | | | |33 |38 |36 | | + |Hen 11 |35 |33 |43 | |41 |S |31 | | + |Hor 5 |31 |Mt |F |†tb |42 |Mt |F | | + |Jac 3 |35 |M |35 | |37 |39 |40 | | + |Jon 12 |33 | | | |39 | | | | + |Jen 9 |40 | | | |33 | |38 | | + |Kel 6 |38 |40 |38 | |34 |M |M | | + |Ken 2 |34 |34 |31 | |43 |38 |41 | | + |Kin 10 |37 |M |F | |34 |S |M | | + |Kle A |40 | | | |33 | | | | + |Kuh 2 |40 |45 |36 | |33 |35 |31 | | + |Lan 11 |37 |M |M | |33 |M |F | | + |Lar A |34 | | |39 32 |37 |29 |30 |39 48 | + |Lov 2 |32 |34 |36 | |38 |43 |42 | | + |Lut 1 |34 |31 |M | |40 | | | | + |Met 1 |34 | | | |39 | | | | + |Mer 4 |38 |40 |S | |34 |39 |44 |†t | + |Mey 5 |38 |M |S |4 weak |32 |M |S | | + |Mil 11 |32 | | | |43 | | | | + |Mil 23 |38 |30 |37 | |33 |40 |26 | | + |Mor A |34 |43 |34 |50 44 39 39 39|38 |32 |31 |32 30 32 | + |Mor 16 |36 |M |M | |37 |31 |50 |†t | + |Moy 1 |42 |M |S | |34 |S |M | | + |Mye A |43 |37 |37 |{46 42 37 36 }|34 |35 |30 |{34 34 37 40 }| + | | | | |{ 31 27 }| | | |{ 32 30 }| + |Mye 1 |43 |42 |35 | |32 |36 |33 | | + |McF 2 |39 |28 | | |32 |35 |27 | | + |McM 7 |39 | |F | |36 |M |S | | + |New 10 |34 |S |M | |37 |S |S | | + |Nix 2 |40 |S |F |3†t |32 |M |M |4†t | + |Nol B |34 | | |27 |37 | | |31 34 | + |*Ofi |33 |S |VF |6F VF |42 |S |F |{VF 36 M VF M}| + | | | | | | | | |{ M 43 }| + |Ole 1 |35 |S |M | |37 |M |M | | + |Pap 1 |38 | |36 | |31 |32 |37 | | + |Pec 6 |31 |37 |27 | |42 |39 |25 | | + |Phi A |33 |32 |34 |46 38 30 38 |39 |42 |44 |54 51 | + |Pot 4 |33 |35 |28 | |39 |29 |43 | | + |Pri 6[53] |37 |35 |28 | |33t|30 |30 | | + |Pro 2 |43 |M |F | |33 |M |M | | + |Pug 2 |34 |37 |34 | |38 |36 |30 | | + |Rei 8 |31 |32 |38 | |40 |40 |41 | | + |Rob 12 |34 |32 |28 | |39 |46 |34 | | + |Roe 3 |33 |28 |46 | |40 |34 |31 | | + |Rog A |33 |36 |28 |30 29 |38 |34 |34 |{36 37 38 39 }| + | | | | | | | | |{ 36 30 }| + |Ryl 1 |36 | | | |39 | | | | + |Sar 2[54] |34 |M |S |†t |43 |32 |53 |2†t | + |Sau A |41 | | |36 43 |34 |41 | |{54 30 39 31 }| + | | | | | | | | |{ 32 32 }| + |Sch 12 |34 |31 | | |40 |30 |35 | | + |Sey 1 |37 |S |F | |33 |41 |M | | + |Sid 1 |36 | | |36 36 36 32 34|38 |33 |M | | + |Smi 20 |37 | | | |33 | | | | + |Spi 5 |39 |37 |29t| |32 |34 |37 | | + |Spi 7 |34 |31 |39 | |37 |M |M |2 F | + |Sta 7[55] |34 |35 |29 | |43 |37 |44 | | + |Str 7 |40 |34 |28 | |32 |38 |34 | | + |Tho 22 |37 |34 |23 | |32 |35 |32 | | + |Thr 3 |38 |36 |28 | |31 |M |31 | | + |Tra 4[56] |39 |39 |23 | |32 |37 |30 |VF | + |Van 10 |34 |32 |25 | |38 |35 |42 | | + |Van 12 |42 |33 |38 | |36 | | | | + |Voo 1 }|31 | | | |43 |32 |44 | | + |Voo A }| | | | | | | | | + |Wak 1 |33 |S |M | |40 |S |M | | + |Wan 2 |37 | |F | |35 | |F |All nervous | + |Wil 10 |41 | | | |34 | | | | + |Wil 22[57] |32 |M |M | |39 |M |M | | + |Win 7 |41 |S |M | |35 |S |M | | + |Woo 8 |32 |38 |38 | |38 |40 |47 | | + |Wri 3 |39 |M |M | |34 |M |M | | + |You A |43 | | |34 |36 | |37 |40 36 33 37 40| + |Zec 1 |41 |M |S | |34 |36 |33 | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 36.45. + Number of matings, 114 + 1* = 115. + Total number of progeny, 340 + 2* + 4 non-quantitative = 346. + + S M F VF + Classification of progeny 31 210 88 17 + Proportional frequency per mille 90 606 255 49 + +[51] MF and MM were first cousins. + +[52] F and M were first cousins. + +[53] FF and FM were first cousins. + +[54] F and M were first cousins. + +[55] § and § were twins. + +[56] F and M were first cousins. + +[57] MF and MM were first cousins. + + +TABLE XII.—_Medium × very fleshy matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Ada 7 |40 | | + |Arm 5 |31 32 |34 | + |Arm 6 |35 39 39 40 33|38 | + |Bau 1 |30 |30 | + |Bei 1 |32 35 |29 32 | + |Ber A |{79 105 45 50}|41 39 | + | |{ 39 }| | + |Bow A |42 35 39 |32 45 31 | + |Cam 7 |38 25 27 | | + |Can 2 | |33t 33 39 43 | + |Dre 3 |35 40 | | + |Dun 1 |37 |37 43 34 38 | + |Fog A |39 40 |49 35 34 | + |Gif 2 |37 35 |34 | + |Hay 9 |39 |32 | + |Hoa A |33 44 |25 29 | + |Hor 6 |34 38 |34 | + |Ing 3 |39 |32 31 | + |Mer A |45 35 33 33 29|34 45 30 | + |McG 5 | |35 | + |Oat 1 |35 |31 | + |Ole 2 |37 |33 | + |Ran 5 |45 39 |34 46 34 | + |Ran 7 |34 37 |31 36 37 37 | + |Ric 25 |39 | | + |Sch A |46 40 46 |52 50 48 | + |Sch 26 | |33 36 | + |Sev 1 |31 36 32 34 | | + |War 16 |35 38 |32 32 | + |Wey A |45 43 37 |35 37 41 | + |Win 6 |34 |35 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Ada 7 |48 |M |S | |32 |M |M | | + |Arm 5 |49 |42 |44 | |31 |35 |32 | | + |Arm 6 |36 |35 |M | |48 |M |M | | + |Bau 1 |33 | | | |53 |32 |40 | | + |Bei 1 |45 |S |M | |35 |F |36 | | + |Ber A |52 | | | |34 | | |46 46 | + |Bow A |32 |41 |26 |{32 32 32 34 }|45 |41 |26 |{33 39 39 39 }| + | | | | |{33 33 40 33 }| | | |{32 32 40 27 }| + | | | | |{ 43 }| | | | | + |Cam 7 |51 |42 |45 | |31t|36 |47 | | + |Can 2 |35 |S |S | |50 |M |S | | + |Dre 3 |36 | | | |44 | | | | + |Dun 1 |57 |41 |38 | |32t|35 |37 |2†t | + |Fog A |47 | |42 |46 38 |31 |39 | |46 37 53 | + |Gif 2 |35 |S |M | |49 |M |M | | + |Hay 9 |36 | | | |45 |35 |28 | | + |Hoa A |36 | | |25 |45 | | | | + |Hor 6 |44 |S |25 | |34 |29t|M | | + |Ing 3 |45 |32 |53 | |31 |35t|37 | | + |Mer A |45 | | |37 48 46 |36 | | | | + |McG 5 |51 |M |F | |31 |M |M | | + |Oat 1 |35 |31 |30 | |44 |35 |29t| | + |Ole 2 |45 |M |F | |34 |M |F | | + |Ran 5 |46 |F |S | |32 |Ft |S | | + |Ran 7 |33 |36 |M | |46 |M |43 | | + |Ric 25 |34 |39 |31 | |46 |33 |42 | | + |Sch A |33 | |33 | |54 |55 | | | + |Sch 26 |53 |M |S | |36 |M |M | | + |Sev 1 |46 |37 |39 | |34 |33 |33 | | + |War 16 |32 |M |S | |44 |F |S | | + |Wey A |45 |38 |30 |{32 33 30 30 }|35 |33 | |32 30 37 | + | | | | |{ 32 44 37 }| | | | | + |Win 6 |47 |M |42 | |35 |35 |S | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents, 40.68. + Number of matings, 30. + Total number of progeny, 112. + + VS S M F VF + Classification of progeny 2 7 50 36 17 + Proportional frequency per mille 18 63 446 321 152 + + +TABLE XIII.—_Fleshy × fleshy matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Ben 9 |37 35 36 |31 35 34 34 | + |Beh A |{43 37 32 31 }|30 | + | |{ 29 47 }| | + |Bur 14 | 34 |34 | + |Bur 21 |31 36 |37 32 34 41 29| + |But 2 |40 |36 | + |Cat 1 |33 38 34 |42 40 | + |Cla 12 |38 |43 35 35 | + |Dar 7 |38 |47 26 44 | + |Dol 3 |33 36 36 |32 34 | + |Elm A |42 32 |35 34 36 36 29| + |Fea 2 |32 33 30 |30 | + |For A |39 39 32 |52 49 28 29 | + |Hor 1 |35 35 | | + |Hod A |{51 29 42 47 }|31 28 49 | + | |{ 42 47 43 }| | + |Jam A |45 34 34 |43 41 | + |Jen 7 |39 |42 38 36 | + |Jon 11c[58]|37 39 37 |{37 40 37 40 }| + | | |{ 44[58] }| + | | |{ 35[58] 42 }| + |Lan A |51 |29 | + |Lic 2 |39 | | + |Lin 8 |36 36 |38 36 | + |Mar 20 |36 | | + |McW 2 |39 41 38 38 |44 | + |Nel 5 |37 38 35 35 35|36 35 36 42 34| + |*Pal[59] |M M |61+ | + |Pie 1 |40 40 |43 40 | + |Pit 1 | |37 29 37 30 29| + |Rat 1 |45 40 |37 40 | + |Sle 2 |37 |42 | + |Smi 40 | |36 33 35 35 | + |Syr 1 |35 |37 | + |Tel 1 |47 36 36 | | + |Thr 1a |43 38 38 |42 42 40 | + |Thr 2 |53 30 38 |44 44 44 | + |Wil 15[60] |39 53 42§ 35§ |35 34 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Ben 9 |37 |33 |32 | |39 |39 |29 | | + |Beh A |40 |43 |39 | 40 39 45 |40 |37 |30 |VF VF 40 27 35| + |Bur 14 |39 |37 |M | |39 | |38 | | + |Bur 21 |37 |30 |40 | |37 |35 |M | | + |But 2 |42 |36 |39 | |41 |33 |39 | | + |Cat 1 |38 |32 |38 | |38 |40 |40 | 1†t | + |Cla 12 |37 |36 |31 | |37 |38 |31 | | + |Dar 7 |37 |42 | | |42 |37 |42 | 2 t | + |Dol 3 |40 |36 |38 | |40 |37 |41 | | + |Elm A |37 | |40 | |40 |32 |30 | | + |Fea 2 |43 |33 |34 | |37 |36 |36 | | + |For A |36 |33 |29 |{29 29 27 28 }|39 |30 |35 |{32 31 32 30 }| + | | | | |{ 27 28 27 }| | | |{ 54 25 30 }| + |Hor 1 |37 |M |S | |43 |47 |S | | + |Hod A |42 | | | 41 49 41 36 |38 | |37 | | + |Jam A |39 | | | |38 | | | | + |Jen 7 |43 |M |S | |38 |M |M | | + |Jon 11c[58]|39 |29 |49 |{36 31 43 44 }| | | | | + | | | | |{34 33 33 38 }|39 |37 |42 |{36 34 37 35 }| + | | | | |{ 39 }| | | |{ 34 37 }| + |Lan A |37 |37 |37 | 29 36 37 |40 |43 |37 | 35 | + |Lic 2 |40 |M |M | |40 |30 |41 | | + |Lin 8 |38 |M | | |43 |S |M | | + |Mar 20 |40 |36 |26 | |39 |33 |36 | | + |McW 2 |40 |36 |24 | |37 |33 |37 | | + |Nel 5 |39 |34 |31 | |42 |34 |34 | | + |*Pal[59] |43 |F |M |41 40 28 43 52|40+| | | | + | | |[59][59] | | | | | + |Pie 1 |39 |F |M | |43 |M |F | | + |Pit 1 |43 |S |F |F S |39 |150|S |†t | + |Rat 1 |38 |M |M | |39 |M |M | | + |Sle 2 |39 |36 |40 | |37 |37 |43 | | + |Smi 40 |37 |36 |37 | |43 |36 |37 | | + |Syr 1 |37 |F |M | |39 |M |M | | + |Tel 1 |39 |M |M | |38 |M |M | | + |Thr 1a |38 |39 |M |5 brothers M |40 | | | | + |Thr 2 |39 |27 |34 |{39 37 46 50 }|39 |38 |38 | | + | | | | |{35 50 35 35 }| | | | | + |Wil 15[60] |42 |40 |27 | |37 |M |31 | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 39.21. + Number of matings, 33 + 1* = 34. + Total number of progeny, 156 + 3* = 159. + + S M F VF + Classification of progeny 15 62 61 21 + Proportional frequency per mille 94 390 384 132 + +[58] Feeble-minded. + +[59] FF’s sibs fleshy; FM’s sibs are M. + +[60] § and § are twins. + + +TABLE XIV.—_Fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |*Ber[61] |{100 38 50 }|34 43 | + | |{ 84[61] 34 }| | + |Bol 1[62] |39 | | + |Bro 10 |40 |39 35 32 | + |Cen 2 |33 39 |33 | + |Cla 16 |36 33 | | + |Cla 25 |39 |34 | + |Dan B |32 32 |51 31 | + |Ebe 2 | |37 36 | + |Ekb 1 |41 46 48 43 | | + |Elm B | |46 | + |*Faz[63] |VF[63] |51 47 | + |Flo 3 |39 42 39 42 40|37 36 | + |Gil A |53 39 |47 | + |Gou A |40 35 |48 32 | + |Gre 7[64] |42 37 38 | | + |Gug 1 |43 33 33 34 | | + |Hal 8 |36 35 33 | | + |Lou 4 | |41 38 34 38 36| + |*Lyn |{F M 31 35 39}|34 | + | |{ 46 }| | + |McL A |43 35 46 32 |{45 30 42 38 }| + | | |{45 30 31 31 }| + |*Mor |37 |S 52 46 F VS | + |Moo 11 | |47 35 | + |Nic 5 |38 |53 | + |Oel A |42 35 33 |38 | + |Pan 2 |39 35 44 |27 | + |Per A | |44 | + |Pon 1 |38 |42 33 | + |*Rec | |53 | + |*Rec |53 34 VF 40 |57 38 | + |Rei 7 |31 34 |30 | + |*Rid[65] |S 47 |40 49 VF F S | + |Saw A |48 |43 | + |Sch B | |45 | + |Ste 18 |34 43 |36 35 | + |Voi 1[66] | |31 | + |*Wen[67] |51 35 35 |44 32 32 32 31| + |*Whe |F 36 46 |48 | + |Yan 2,3 |40 42 42 40 44|42 33 38 | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |*Ber[61] |50 | | |S S |39 | | |48 30 | + |Bol 1[62] |40 | |28 | |45 | | | | + |Bro 10 |40 |31 |38 | |50 |36 |40 | | + |Cen 2 |41 |M |M | |47 |M |M | | + |Cla 16 |39 |36 |27 |27 36 |45 |36 |45 |42 | + |Cla 25 |38 |45 | | |39 |30 | | | + |Dan B |40 |M |M |S S S S |51 |M |S |S S S S F | + |Ebe 2 |41 |M |M | |48 |S |M |t | + |Ekb 1 |50 |36 |50 |51 52 45 |38 | | | | + |Elm B |38 | | | |44 |39 |29 | | + |*Faz[63] |39 |F | |F F F F |57 |F‡ |F |57 | + |Flo 3 |38 |42 |42 | |49 |37 |35 | | + |Gil A |38 |34 |28 | |46 | | | | + |Gou A |37 | | | |54 |37 |50 |F F | + |Gre 7[64] |38 |F |M | |44 |M |M | | + |Gug 1 |44 | | | |38 | |29 | | + |Hal 8 |38 |41 |35 | |40 |37 |26 | | + |Lou 4 |37 |32 |32 | |48 |46 |29 | | + |*Lyn |38 | | |F |50 | | |F | + |McL A |38 |39 |36 |{36 37 39 37 }|44 |34 |45 |{35 34 35 37 }| + | | | | |{38 40 45 44 }| | | |{38 37 40 43 }| + | | | | | | | | |{ 45 }| + |*Mor |VF |S |F | |39 |F |F |All F | + |Moo 11 |40 |29 |69 | |47 |35 |36 | | + |Nic 5 |41 |F |F | |45 |38 |40 | | + |Oel A |38 | | | |44 | | |3F S | + |Pan 2 |46 |46 |35 | |39 |33 |31 | | + |Per A |51 | |34 |43 42 41 |43 |35 |30 |37 37 32 34 34| + |Pon 1 |45 | | | |37 |M |S(t)| | + |*Rec |F | | | |57 |40 |100|53 34 40 38 VF| + |*Rec |40 |S | |F F |100| | |F F S | + |Rei 7 |44 |72 |M | |37 |72 |M | | + |*Rid[65] |56 |S |F |F |F | | |M M F F 41 | + | | |[65] | | | | | | + |Saw A |40 |39 | |51 |39 | | | | + |Sch B |42 | | | |52 |32 |38 |30 42 32 39 35| + |Ste 18 |43 |37 |29 |42 |50 |39 |27 |t | + |Voi 1[66] |54 |M |F | |38 |S |F |†(t) | + |*Wen[67] |46 |6 |M | |37 |M |M |F F | + | | |[67] | | | | | | + |*Whe |40 |44 |49 | |52 | | |54 42 F S | + |Yan 2,3 |52 | | | |40 | | | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 42.49. + Total number of matings, 29 + 9* = 38. + Total number of progeny, 100 + 46* = 146. + + VS S M F VF + Classification of progeny 1 7 52 51 35 + Proportional frequency per mille 7 48 356 349 240 + +[61] Slender as a child. + +[62] All show history of change (increase) of weight. + +[63] VF till 17 years; now thin; †MF sibs F F F. + +[64] Five children died in infancy. + +[65] Had a fleshy sister. + +[66] Mother has 4 small nervous sisters. + +[67] Had a brother 46, sister 43. + + +TABLE XV.—_Very fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny (using +adjusted indices)._ + + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + | File | Male | Female | + | ref. | children. | children. | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + |Bow B |50 37 45 |47 40 42 | + |Bow 2 |32 32 44 |31 34 | + |Bry A |47 32 33 |39 | + |Cat 3 |36 39 47 34 35|36 | + |Dal A |45 40 50 46 |34 32 | + |Dud A |51 31 | | + |Smi 36 |35 | | + +-----------+--------------+--------------+ + + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s | + | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + |Bow B |45 |45 |38 | |48 |36 |23 |35 35 35 38 50| + |Bow 2 |45 |34 |57 |47 44 52 49 52|48 |41 |32 |t 32 36 38 | + |Bry A |45 | |43 |46 38 49 |46 |31 | | | + |Cat 3 |44 |39 |35 | |51 |42 |49 | | + |Dal A |49 |48 | |{34 31 30 47 }|53 |64 | | | + | | | | |{ 35 38 29 }| | | | | + |Dud A |49 | | |33 |51 | | | | + |Smi 36 |46 |36t|34t| |44 |46 |40 | | + +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+ + + Average build of parents, 47.45. + Number of matings, 7. + Total number of progeny, 30. + + M F VF + Classification of progeny 14 6 10 + Proportional frequency per mille 467 200 333 + + +TABLE XVI.—_Indices of build, weight ÷ stature², for weights from 100 to +225 pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg. and statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140 +to 198 cm. Decimals omitted._ + +[Reduction from English to metric system effected by the factor 0.70308.] + + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |Weight |Pounds | 100| 105| 110| 115| 120| 125| 130| 135| 140| 145| + | |Decigr.|4536|4763|4990|5216|5443|5670|5897|6124|6350|6577| + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | | | | + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |55 in. | 3025 |3306|3471|3636|3802|3967|4132|4298|4463|4628|4793| + |1397 mm.| 1952 |2324|2440|2557|2673|2789|2905|3021|3138|3254|3370| + |56 in. | 3136 |3189|3348|3507|3667|3827|3986|4145|4305|4464|4624| + |1422 mm.| 2023 |2242|2354|2466|2578|2690|2802|2915|3027|3139|3251| + |57 in. | 3249 |3078|3232|3386|3540|3693|3847|4001|4155|4309|4463| + |1448 mm.| 2096 |2164|2272|2380|2489|2597|2705|2813|2921|3030|3138| + |58 in. | 3364 |2973|3121|3270|3419|3567|3716|3864|4013|4162|4310| + |1473 mm.| 2170 |2090|2195|2299|2404|2508|2613|2717|2821|2926|3031| + |59 in. | 3481 |2873|3016|3160|3304|3447|3591|3735|3878|4022|4165| + |1499 mm.| 2246 |2020|2121|2222|2323|2424|2525|2626|2727|2828|2929| + |60 in. | 3600 |2778|2917|3056|3194|3333|3472|3611|3750|3888|4028| + |1524 mm.| 2323 |1953|2051|2148|2246|2343|2441|2539|2637|2734|2832| + |61 in. | 3721 |2687|2822|2956|3091|3225|3359|3494|3628|3762|3897| + |1549 mm.| 2401 |1890|1984|2078|2173|2267|2362|2456|2551|2645|2740| + |62 in. | 3844 |2601|2732|2862|2992|3122|3252|3382|3512|3642|3772| + |1575 mm.| 2480 |1829|1920|2012|2103|2195|2286|2378|2469|2561|2652| + |63 in. | 3969 |2520|2646|2771|2897|3023|3149|3275|3401|3527|3653| + |1600 mm.| 2561 |1771|1860|1949|2037|2126|2214|2303|2391|2480|2569| + |64 in. | 4096 |2441|2563|2686|2808|2930|3052|3174|3296|3418|3540| + |1626 mm.| 2643 |1716|1802|1888|1974|2060|2146|2231|2317|2403|2489| + |65 in. | 4225 |2367|2485|2604|2722|2840|2959|3077|3195|3314|3432| + |1651 mm.| 2726 |1664|1747|1831|1914|1997|2080|2163|2247|2330|2413| + |66 in. | 4356 |2296|2410|2525|2640|2755|2870|2984|3099|3214|3329| + |1676 mm.| 2810 |1614|1695|1775|1856|1937|2018|2098|2179|2260|2340| + |67 in. | 4489 |2228|2339|2450|2562|2673|2785|2896|3007|3119|3230| + |1702 mm.| 2896 |1566|1645|1723|1801|1879|1958|2036|2114|2193|2271| + |68 in. | 4624 |2163|2271|2379|2487|2595|2703|2811|2920|3028|3136| + |1727 mm.| 2983 |1521|1597|1673|1749|1825|1901|1977|2053|2129|2205| + |69 in. | 4761 |2100|2205|2310|2415|2520|2625|2731|2836|2941|3046| + |1753 mm.| 3072 |1477|1551|1624|1698|1772|1845|1920|1994|2067|2141| + |70 in. | 4900 |2041|2143|2245|2347|2449|2551|2653|2755|2857|2959| + |1778 mm.| 3161 |1435|1507|1578|1650|1722|1793|1865|1937|2009|2081| + |71 in. | 5041 |1984|2083|2182|2281|2380|2480|2579|2678|2777|2876| + |1803 mm.| 3252 |1395|1464|1534|1604|1674|1743|1813|1883|1953|2022| + |72 in. | 5184 |1929|2025|2122|2218|2315|2411|2508|2604|2701|2797| + |1829 mm.| 3345 |1356|1424|1492|1560|1627|1695|1763|1831|1899|1967| + |73 in. | 5329 |1877|1970|2064|2158|2252|2346|2439|2533|2627|2721| + |1854 mm.| 3438 |1319|1385|1451|1517|1583|1649|1715|1781|1847|1913| + |74 in. | 5476 |1826|1917|2029|2100|2191|2283|2374|2465|2557|2648| + |1880 mm.| 3533 |1284|1348|1412|1477|1541|1605|1669|1733|1797|1862| + |75 in. | 5625 |1778|1867|1956|2044|2133|2222|2311|2400|2489|2578| + |1905 mm.| 3629 |1250|1312|1375|1437|1500|1562|1625|1687|1750|1812| + |76 in. | 5776 |1731|1818|1904|1991|2078|2164|2251|2337|2424|2510| + |1930 mm.| 3726 |1217|1278|1339|1400|1461|1522|1582|1643|1704|1765| + |77 in. | 5929 |1687|1771|1855|1940|2024|2108|2193|2277|2361|2446| + |1956 mm.| 3825 |1186|1245|1304|1364|1423|1482|1541|1601|1660|1719| + |78 in. | 6084 |1644|1726|1808|1890|1972|2055|2137|2219|2301|2383| + |1981 mm.| 3925 |1156|1213|1271|1329|1387|1445|1502|1560|1618|1676| + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |Weight |Pounds | 150| 155| 160| 165| 170| 175| 180| 185| 190| 195| + | |Decigr.|6804|7031|7258|7484|7711|7938|8165|8392|8618|8815| + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | | | | + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |55 in. | 3025 |4959|5124|5289|5455|5620|5785|5950|6116|6281|6446| + |1397 mm.| 1952 |3486|3603|3719|3835|3951|4067|4184|4300|4416|4532| + |56 in. | 3136 |4783|4943|5102|5261|5421|5580|5740|5899|6059|6218| + |1422 mm.| 2023 |3363|3475|3587|3699|3811|3923|4036|4148|4260|4372| + |57 in. | 3249 |4617|4771|4925|5078|5232|5386|5540|5694|5848|6002| + |1448 mm.| 2096 |3246|3354|3462|3571|3679|3787|3895|4002|4112|4220| + |58 in. | 3364 |4459|4608|4756|4905|5054|5202|5351|5499|5648|5797| + |1473 mm.| 2170 |3135|3240|3344|3449|3553|3658|3762|3867|3971|4076| + |59 in. | 3481 |4309|4453|4596|4740|4884|5027|5171|5315|5458|5602| + |1499 mm.| 2246 |3030|3131|3232|3333|3434|3535|3636|3737|3838|3939| + |60 in. | 3600 |4167|4306|4444|4583|4722|4861|5000|5139|5278|5417| + |1524 mm.| 2323 |2930|3027|3125|3222|3320|3418|3515|3613|3711|3808| + |61 in. | 3721 |4031|4166|4300|4434|4569|4703|4847|4972|5106|5241| + |1549 mm.| 2401 |2834|2929|3023|3118|3212|3307|3401|3496|3590|3684| + |62 in. | 3844 |3902|4032|4162|4292|4422|4553|4683|4813|4943|5073| + |1575 mm.| 2480 |2744|2835|2926|3018|3109|3201|3292|3384|3475|3567| + |63 in. | 3969 |3779|3905|4031|4157|4283|4409|4535|4661|4787|4913| + |1600 mm.| 2561 |2657|2746|2834|2923|3011|3100|3189|3277|3366|3454| + |64 in. | 4096 |3662|3784|3906|4028|4150|4272|4395|4517|4639|4716| + |1626 mm.| 2643 |2575|2661|2746|2832|2918|3004|3090|3175|3261|3347| + |65 in. | 4225 |3550|3669|3787|3905|4024|4142|4260|4379|4497|4615| + |1651 mm.| 2726 |2496|2579|2662|2745|2829|2912|2995|3079|3162|3245| + |66 in. | 4356 |3443|3558|3673|3788|3903|4018|4132|4247|4362|4477| + |1676 mm.| 2810 |2421|2502|2583|2663|2744|2825|2905|2986|3067|3147| + |67 in. | 4489 |3342|3453|3564|3676|3787|3898|4010|4121|4233|4344| + |1702 mm.| 2896 |2349|2428|2506|2584|2663|2741|2819|2898|2976|3054| + |68 in. | 4624 |3244|3352|3460|3568|3676|3785|3893|4000|4109|4217| + |1727 mm.| 2983 |2281|2357|2433|2509|2585|2661|2738|2814|2890|2966| + |69 in. | 4761 |3151|3256|3361|3466|3571|3676|3781|3886|3991|4096| + |1753 mm.| 3072 |2215|2289|2363|2436|2510|2584|2658|2732|2806|2880| + |70 in. | 4900 |3061|3163|3265|3367|3469|3571|3673|3776|3878|3980| + |1778 mm.| 3161 |2152|2224|2296|2368|2439|2511|2583|2654|2726|2798| + |71 in. | 5041 |2976|3075|3174|3273|3372|3472|3571|3670|3769|3868| + |1803 mm.| 3252 |2092|2162|2232|2301|2371|2441|2511|2580|2650|2720| + |72 in. | 5184 |2894|2990|3086|3183|3279|3376|3472|3569|3665|3762| + |1829 mm.| 3345 |2034|2102|2170|2238|2306|2373|2441|2509|2577|2645| + |73 in. | 5329 |2815|2909|3002|3096|3190|3284|3378|3472|3565|3659| + |1854 mm.| 3438 |1979|2045|2111|2177|2243|2309|2375|2441|2507|2573| + |74 in. | 5476 |2739|2831|2922|3013|3104|3196|3287|3378|3470|3561| + |1880 mm.| 3533 |1926|1990|2054|2118|2183|2247|2311|2375|2439|2504| + |75 in. | 5625 |2667|2756|2844|2933|3022|3111|3200|3289|3378|3467| + |1905 mm.| 3629 |1875|1937|2000|2062|2125|2187|2250|2312|2375|2437| + |76 in. | 5776 |2597|2684|2770|2857|2943|3030|3116|3203|3289|3376| + |1930 mm.| 3726 |1826|1887|1928|2008|2069|2130|2191|2252|2313|2373| + |77 in. | 5929 |2530|2614|2697|2783|2867|2952|3036|3120|3205|3289| + |1956 mm.| 3825 |1779|1838|1897|1957|2016|2075|2134|2194|2253|2312| + |78 in. | 6084 |2465|2548|2630|2712|2794|2876|2959|3041|3123|3205| + |1981 mm.| 3925 |1733|1791|1849|1907|1965|2022|2080|2138|2196|2253| + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+ + |Weight |Pounds | 200| 205| 210| 215| 220| 225|1 pound | 5 lbs.| + | |Decigr.|9072|9299|9526|9752|9979|10206| 45.4 | 227 | + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ centg. | centg.| + |Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | | + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+ + |55 in. | 3025 |6612|6777|6942|7107|7273| 7438| 33.055| 165.27| + |1397 mm.| 1952 |4648|4765|4881|4997|5113| 5230|2324.0 |1162.09| + |56 in. | 3136 |6378|6537|6696|6856|7015| 7175| 31.888| 159.47| + |1422 mm.| 2023 |4481|4596|4708|4820|4932| 5044|2242.0 |1121.0 | + |57 in. | 3249 |6155|6310|6464|6617|6771| 6925| 30.779| 153.84| + |1448 mm.| 2096 |4328|4436|4544|4653|4761| 4869|2164.0 |1082.0 | + |58 in. | 3364 |5945|6094|6240|6391|6543| 6688| 29.737| 148.64| + |1473 mm.| 2170 |4180|4285|4389|4494|4598| 4703|2090.0 |1045.0 | + |59 in. | 3481 |5745|5589|6033|6176|6320| 6464| 28.727| 143.64| + |1499 mm.| 2246 |4040|4141|4242|4343|4444| 4545|2020.0 |1010.0 | + |60 in. | 3600 |5556|5694|5833|5972|6111| 6250| 27.778| 138.89| + |1524 mm.| 2323 |3906|4004|4101|4199|4297| 4394|1953.0 |9765.0 | + |61 in. | 3721 |5375|5509|5344|5778|5912| 6947| 26.874| 134.37| + |1549 mm.| 2401 |3779|3874|3968|4062|4157| 4251|1890.0 |9448.0 | + |62 in. | 3844 |5203|5333|5463|5593|5723| 5853| 26.015| 130.08| + |1575 mm.| 2480 |3658|3750|3841|3932|4024| 4115|1829.0 |9145.0 | + |63 in. | 3969 |5039|5165|5291|5417|5543| 5669| 25.195| 125.98| + |1600 mm.| 2561 |3543|3631|3720|3809|3897| 3986|1771.0 |8857.0 | + |64 in. | 4096 |4883|5005|5127|5249|5371| 5493| 23.414| 122.07| + |1626 mm.| 2643 |3433|3519|3605|3690|3776| 3862|1716.0 |8582.0 | + |65 in. | 4225 |4734|4852|4970|5089|5207| 5325| 23.669| 118.35| + |1651 mm.| 2726 |3328|3411|3495|3578|3661| 3744|1664.0 |8320.0 | + |66 in. | 4356 |4591|4706|4821|4936|5051| 5165| 22.957| 114.79| + |1676 mm.| 2810 |3228|3309|3390|3470|3551| 3632|1614.0 |8070.0 | + |67 in. | 4489 |4455|4567|4678|4789|4901| 5012| 22.277| 111.39| + |1702 mm.| 2896 |3132|3211|3289|3367|3446| 3524|1566.0 |7831.0 | + |68 in. | 4624 |4325|4433|4542|4650|4758| 4866| 21.626| 108.13| + |1727 mm.| 2983 |3042|3118|3194|3270|3346| 3422|1521.0 |7603.0 | + |69 in. | 4761 |4201|4306|4411|4516|4621| 4726| 21.004| 105.02| + |1753 mm.| 3072 |2954|3027|3101|3175|3249| 3323|1477.0 |7384.0 | + |70 in. | 4900 |4082|4184|4286|4388|4490| 4592| 20.408| 102.04| + |1778 mm.| 3161 |2870|2941|3013|3085|3157| 3228|1435.0 |7174.0 | + |71 in. | 5041 |3967|4067|4166|4265|4364| 4463| 19.837| 99.19| + |1803 mm.| 3252 |2789|2859|2929|2999|3068| 3138|1395.0 |6974.0 | + |72 in. | 5184 |3858|3954|4051|4147|4244| 4340| 19.290| 96.46| + |1829 mm.| 3345 |2713|2780|2848|2916|2984| 3052|1356.0 |6781.0 | + |73 in. | 5329 |3753|3847|3941|4035|4128| 4222| 18.765| 93.83| + |1854 mm.| 3438 |2639|2704|2771|2837|2903| 2969|1319.0 |6597.0 | + |74 in. | 5476 |3652|3744|3835|3926|4018| 4109| 18.262| 91.31| + |1880 mm.| 3533 |2568|2632|2696|2760|2825| 2889|1283.9 |6424.0 | + |75 in. | 5625 |3556|3644|3733|3822|3911| 4000| 17.778| 88.89| + |1905 mm.| 3629 |2500|2562|2625|2687|2750| 2812|1250.0 |6250.0 | + |76 in. | 5776 |3463|3549|3636|3722|3809| 3895| 17.313| 86.57| + |1930 mm.| 3726 |2435|2495|2556|2617|2678| 2739|1217.0 |6086.0 | + |77 in. | 5929 |3373|3458|3542|3626|3711| 3795| 16.866| 84.33| + |1956 mm.| 3825 |2372|2431|2490|2550|2609| 2668|1186.0 |5929.0 | + |78 in. | 6084 |3287|3369|3452|3534|3616| 3698| 16.437| 82.19| + |1981 mm.| 3925 |2311|2369|2427|2485|2542| 2600|1155.0 |5778.0 | + +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+ + + +TABLE XVII.—_Equivalent values of index of build by four different +systems of ratios between weight and stature, English system, viz, weight +÷ stature; weight ÷ stature²; weight ÷ stature²⸳⁵; weight ÷ stature³._ + +Decimals omitted. + + +-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |Power| | | | | | | | | | | | | + | of |Stature.| 100| 105| 110| 115| 120| 125| 130| 135| 140| 145| 150| + |stature. | | | | | | | | | | | | + +-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + |55 | 55|1819|1909|2000|2091|2182|2273|2364|2455|2545|2636|2727| + |55² | 3025|3306|3471|3636|3802|3967|4132|4298|4463|4628|4793|4959| + |55²⸳⁵| 22434|4458|4680|4903|5126|5349|5572|5795|6018|6240|6463|6686| + |55³ | 166375|6011|6311|6612|6912|7213|7513|7814|8114|8415|8715|9016| + |56 | 56|1786|1875|1964|2054|2143|2232|2321|2411|2500|2589|2679| + |56² | 3136|3189|3348|3507|3667|3827|3986|4145|4305|4464|4624|4783| + |56²⸳⁵| 23468|4261|4474|4687|4900|5113|5327|5540|5753|5966|6179|6392| + |56³ | 175616|5694|5979|6264|6548|6833|7118|7403|7687|7972|8257|8541| + |57 | 57|1754|1842|1930|2018|2105|2193|2281|2368|2456|2544|2632| + |57² | 3249|3078|3232|3386|3540|3693|3847|4001|4155|4309|4463|4617| + |57²⸳⁵| 24529|4077|4281|4485|4688|4892|5096|5300|5504|5708|5911|6115| + |57³ | 185193|5400|5670|5940|6210|6480|6750|7020|7290|7560|7830|8100| + |58 | 58|1724|1810|1897|1983|2069|2155|2241|2328|2414|2500|2586| + |58² | 3364|2973|3121|3270|3419|3567|3716|3864|4013|4162|4310|4459| + |58²⸳⁵| 25619|3903|4099|4293|4489|4684|4879|5074|5269|5465|5660|5855| + |58³ | 195112|5125|5382|5638|5894|6150|6407|6663|6919|7175|7432|7688| + |59 | 59|1695|1780|1864|1949|2034|2119|2203|2288|2373|2458|2542| + |59² | 3481|2873|3016|3160|3304|3447|3591|3735|3878|4022|4165|4309| + |59²⸳⁵| 26738|3740|3927|4114|4301|4488|4675|4862|5049|5236|5423|5610| + |59³ | 205379|4869|5113|5356|5599|5843|6086|6330|6573|6817|7060|7304| + |60 | 60|1667|1750|1833|1917|2000|2083|2167|2250|2333|2417|2500| + |60² | 3600|2778|2917|3056|3194|3333|3472|3611|3750|3888|4028|4167| + |60²⸳⁵| 27885|3586|3765|3945|4124|4303|4483|4662|4841|5021|5200|5379| + |60³ | 216000|4630|4861|5093|5324|5556|5787|6019|6250|6482|6730|6944| + |61 | 61|1639|1721|1803|1885|1967|2049|2131|2213|2295|2377|2459| + |61² | 3721|2687|2822|2956|3091|3225|3359|3494|3628|3762|3897|4031| + |61²⸳⁵| 29062|3441|3613|3785|3957|4129|4301|4473|4645|4817|4989|5161| + |61³ | 226981|4406|4626|4846|5067|5287|5507|5727|5948|6168|6388|6609| + |62 | 62|1613|1694|1774|1855|1935|2016|2097|2177|2258|2339|2419| + |62² | 3844|2601|2732|2862|2992|3122|3252|3382|3512|3642|3772|3902| + |62²⸳⁵| 30268|3304|3469|3634|3799|3965|4130|4295|4460|4625|4791|4956| + |62³ | 238828|4196|4406|4616|4825|5035|5245|5455|5665|5874|6084|6294| + |63 | 63|1587|1667|1746|1825|1905|1984|2063|2143|2222|2302|2381| + |63² | 3969|2520|2646|2771|2897|3023|3149|3275|3401|3527|3653|3779| + |63²⸳⁵| 31503|3174|3333|3492|3651|3809|3968|4123|4285|4444|4603|4762| + |63³ | 250047|3999|4199|4399|4599|4799|4999|5199|5399|5599|5799|5999| + |64 | 64|1563|1641|1719|1797|1875|1953|2031|2109|2188|2266|2344| + |64² | 4096|2441|2563|2686|2808|2930|3052|3174|3296|3418|3540|3662| + |64²⸳⁵| 32768|3052|3204|3357|3510|3662|3815|3967|4120|4273|4425|4578| + |64³ | 262144|3815|4005|4196|4387|4578|4768|4959|5150|5341|5531|5722| + |65 | 65|1538|1615|1692|1769|1846|1923|2000|2077|2154|2231|2308| + |65² | 4225|2367|2485|2604|2722|2840|2959|3077|3195|3314|3432|3550| + |65²⸳⁵| 34063|2936|3083|3229|3376|3523|3670|3817|3963|4110|4257|4404| + |65³ | 274625|3641|3823|4006|4188|4370|4552|4734|4916|5098|5280|5462| + |66 | 66|1515|1591|1667|1742|1818|1894|1970|2045|2121|2197|2273| + |66² | 4356|2296|2410|2525|2640|2755|2870|2984|3099|3214|3329|3443| + |66²⸳⁵| 35388|2826|2967|3108|3250|3391|3532|3674|3815|3956|4097|4239| + |66³ | 287496|3478|3652|3826|4000|4174|4348|4522|4696|4870|5044|5218| + |67 | 67|1493|1567|1642|1716|1791|1866|1940|2015|2090|2164|2239| + |67² | 4489|2228|2339|2450|2562|2673|2785|2896|3007|3119|3230|3342| + |67²⸳⁵| 36744|2722|2858|2994|3130|3266|3402|3538|3674|3810|3946|4082| + |67³ | 300763|3325|3491|3657|3824|3990|4156|4322|4489|4655|4821|4987| + |68 | 68|1471|1544|1618|1691|1765|1838|1912|1985|2059|2132|2206| + |68² | 4624|2163|2271|2379|2487|2595|2703|2811|2920|3028|3136|3244| + |68²⸳⁵| 38130|2623|2754|2885|3016|3147|3278|3409|3541|3672|3803|3934| + |68³ | 314432|3180|3339|3498|3657|3816|3975|4134|4294|4453|4612|4771| + |69 | 69|1449|1522|1594|1667|1739|1812|1884|1957|2029|2101|2174| + |69² | 4761|2100|2205|2310|2415|2520|2625|2731|2836|2941|3046|3151| + |69²⸳⁵| 39095|2558|2686|2814|2842|3069|3197|3325|3454|3581|3709|3837| + |69³ | 328509|3044|3196|3349|3501|3653|3805|3957|4110|4262|4414|4566| + |70 | 70|1429|1500|1571|1643|1714|1786|1857|1929|2000|2071|2143| + |70² | 4900|2041|2143|2245|2347|2449|2551|2653|2755|2857|2959|3061| + |70²⸳⁵| 40996|2439|2561|2683|2805|2927|3049|3171|3293|3415|3537|3659| + |70³ | 343000|2916|3061|3207|3353|3499|3644|3790|3936|4082|4227|4373| + |71 | 71|1408|1479|1549|1620|1690|1761|1831|1901|1972|2042|2113| + |71² | 5041|1984|2083|2182|2281|2380|2480|2579|2678|2777|2876|2976| + |71²⸳⁵| 42476|2354|2472|2590|2707|2825|2943|3061|3178|3296|3414|3531| + |71³ | 357911|2794|2934|3074|3213|3353|3493|3632|3790|3936|4051|4191| + |72 | 72|1389|1458|1528|1597|1667|1736|1806|1875|1944|2014|2083| + |72² | 5184|1929|2025|2122|2218|2315|2411|2508|2604|2701|2797|2894| + |72²⸳⁵| 43988|2273|2387|2501|2614|2728|2842|2955|3069|3183|3296|3410| + |72³ | 373248|2679|2813|2947|3081|3215|3349|3483|3617|3751|3885|4019| + |73 | 73|1370|1438|1507|1575|1644|1712|1781|1849|1918|1986|2055| + |73² | 5329|1877|1970|2064|2158|2252|2346|2439|2533|2629|2721|2815| + |73²⸳⁵| 45531|2196|2306|2416|2526|2636|2745|2855|2965|3075|3185|3295| + |73³ | 389017|2571|2699|2829|2956|3085|3213|3342|3470|3599|3727|3856| + |74 | 74|1351|1419|1486|1554|1622|1689|1757|1824|1892|1959|2027| + |74² | 5476|1826|1917|2029|2100|2191|2283|2374|2465|2557|2648|2739| + |74²⸳⁵| 47106|2123|2229|2335|2441|2547|2654|2760|2866|2972|3078|3184| + |74³ | 405224|2468|2591|2715|2838|2961|3085|3208|3332|3455|3578|3702| + |75 | 75|1333|1400|1467|1533|1600|1667|1733|1800|1867|1933|2000| + |75² | 5625|1778|1867|1956|2044|2133|2222|2311|2400|2489|2578|2667| + |75²⸳⁵| 48714|2053|2155|2258|2361|2463|2566|2669|2771|2874|2977|3079| + |75³ | 421875|2373|2491|2610|2729|2847|2966|3085|3203|3322|3441|3559| + |76 | 76|1316|1382|1447|1513|1579|1645|1712|1776|1842|1908|1974| + |76² | 5776|1731|1818|1904|1991|2078|2164|2251|2337|2424|2510|2597| + |76²⸳⁵| 50355|1986|2085|2185|2284|2383|2482|2582|2681|2780|2880|2979| + |76³ | 438976|2278|2392|2506|2620|2734|2848|2961|3075|3189|3303|3417| + |77 | 77|1299|1364|1429|1494|1558|1623|1688|1753|1818|1883|1948| + |77² | 5929|1687|1771|1855|1940|2024|2108|2193|2277|2361|2446|2536| + |77²⸳⁵| 52027|1922|2018|2114|2210|2307|2403|2499|2595|2691|2787|2883| + |77³ | 456533|2190|2300|2410|2519|2629|2738|2848|2957|3067|3176|3286| + |78 | 78|1282|1346|1410|1474|1538|1603|1667|1731|1795|1859|1923| + |78² | 6084|1644|1726|1808|1890|1972|2055|2137|2219|2301|2383|2465| + |78²⸳⁵| 53732|1861|1954|2047|2140|2233|2326|2419|2513|2606|2699|2792| + |78³ | 474522|2107|2213|2318|2424|2529|2634|2740|2845|2950|3056|3161| + +-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + + +-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + |Power| | | | | | | | | | | + | of |Stature.| 155| 160| 165| 170 | 175 | 180 | 185 | 190 | 195 | + |stature. | | | | | | | | | | + +-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + |55 | 55|2818|2909|3000| 3091| 3182| 3273| 3364| 3455| 3545| + |55² | 3025|5124|5289|5455| 5620| 5785| 5950| 6116| 6281| 6446| + |55²⸳⁵| 22434|6909|7132|7355| 7578| 7801| 8024| 8246| 8469| 8692| + |55³ | 166375|9316|9617|9917|10218|10518|10819|11195|11420|11720| + |56 | 56|2768|2857|2946| 3036| 3125| 3214| 3304| 3393| 3482| + |56² | 3136|4943|5102|5261| 5421| 5580| 5740| 5899| 6059| 6218| + |56²⸳⁵| 23468|6605|6818|7031| 7244| 7457| 7670| 7883| 8096| 8309| + |56³ | 175616|8826|9111|9396| 9680| 9965|10250|10534|10819|11104| + |57 | 57|2719|2807|2895| 2982| 3070| 3158| 3246| 3333| 3421| + |57² | 3249|4771|4925|5078| 5232| 5386| 5540| 5694| 5848| 6002| + |57²⸳⁵| 24529|6319|6523|6727| 6931| 7134| 7338| 7542| 7746| 7950| + |57³ | 185193|8370|8640|8910| 9180| 9450| 9720| 9990|10260|10530| + |58 | 58|2672|2759|2845| 2931| 3017| 3103| 3190| 3276| 3362| + |58² | 3364|4608|4756|4905| 5054| 5202| 5351| 5499| 5648| 5797| + |58²⸳⁵| 25619|6050|6245|6440| 6636| 6831| 7026| 7221| 7416| 7611| + |58³ | 195112|7944|8200|8457| 8713| 8969| 9226| 9482| 9738| 9994| + |59 | 59|2627|2712|2797| 2881| 2966| 3051| 3136| 3220| 3305| + |59² | 3481|4453|4596|4740| 4884| 5027| 5171| 5315| 5458| 5602| + |59²⸳⁵| 26738|5797|5984|6171| 6358| 6545| 6732| 6919| 7106| 7293| + |59³ | 205379|7547|7791|8034| 8277| 8521| 8764| 9008| 9251| 9495| + |60 | 60|2583|2667|2750| 2833| 2917| 3000| 3083| 3167| 3250| + |60² | 3600|4306|4444|4583| 4722| 4861| 5000| 5139| 5278| 5417| + |60²⸳⁵| 27885|5559|5738|5917| 6096| 6276| 6455| 6634| 6814| 6993| + |60³ | 216000|7176|7407|7639| 7871| 8102| 8333| 8565| 8796| 9028| + |61 | 61|2541|2623|2705| 2787| 2869| 2951| 3033| 3115| 3197| + |61² | 3721|4166|4300|4434| 4569| 4703| 4837| 4972| 5106| 5241| + |61²⸳⁵| 29062|5333|5506|5678| 5850| 6022| 6194| 6366| 6538| 6710| + |61³ | 226981|6829|7049|7269| 7490| 7710| 7930| 8151| 8371| 8591| + |62 | 62|2500|2581|2661| 2742| 2823| 2903| 2984| 3065| 3145| + |62² | 3844|4032|4162|4292| 4422| 4553| 4683| 4813| 4943| 5073| + |62²⸳⁵| 30268|5121|5286|5451| 5617| 5782| 5947| 6112| 6277| 6443| + |62³ | 238828|6504|6713|6923| 7133| 7343| 7553| 7762| 7972| 8182| + |63 | 63|2460|2540|2619| 2698| 2778| 2857| 2937| 3016| 3095| + |63² | 3969|3905|4031|4157| 4283| 4409| 4535| 4661| 4787| 4913| + |63²⸳⁵| 31503|4920|5079|5238| 5396| 5555| 5714| 5873| 6031| 6190| + |63³ | 250047|6199|6399|6599| 6799| 6999| 7199| 7399| 7599| 7799| + |64 | 64|2422|2500|2578| 2656| 2734| 2813| 2891| 2969| 3047| + |64² | 4096|3784|3906|4028| 4150| 4272| 4395| 4517| 4639| 4761| + |64²⸳⁵| 32768|4730|4883|5035| 5188| 5341| 5493| 5646| 5798| 5951| + |64³ | 262144|5913|6104|6294| 6485| 6676| 6867| 7057| 7248| 7439| + |65 | 65|2385|2462|2538| 2615| 2692| 2769| 2846| 2923| 3000| + |65² | 4225|3669|3787|3905| 4024| 4142| 4260| 4379| 4497| 4615| + |65²⸳⁵| 34063|4550|4697|4844| 4991| 5138| 5284| 5431| 5578| 5725| + |65³ | 274625|5644|5826|6008| 6190| 6372| 6554| 6735| 6919| 7101| + |66 | 66|2348|2424|2500| 2576| 2652| 2727| 2803| 2879| 2955| + |66² | 4356|3558|3673|3788| 3903| 4017| 4132| 4247| 4362| 4477| + |66²⸳⁵| 35388|4380|4521|4663| 4804| 4945| 5086| 5228| 5369| 5510| + |66³ | 287496|5391|5565|5739| 5913| 6087| 6261| 6435| 6609| 6783| + |67 | 67|2313|2388|2463| 2537| 2612| 2687| 2761| 2836| 2910| + |67² | 4489|3453|3564|3676| 3787| 3898| 4010| 4121| 4233| 4344| + |67²⸳⁵| 36744|4218|4355|4491| 4623| 4763| 4899| 5035| 5171| 5307| + |67³ | 300763|5154|5320|5486| 5652| 5819| 5985| 6151| 6317| 6484| + |68 | 68|2279|2353|2426| 2500| 2574| 2647| 2721| 2794| 2868| + |68² | 4624|3352|3460|3568| 3676| 3785| 3893| 4000| 4109| 4217| + |68²⸳⁵| 38130|4065|4196|4327| 4458| 4590| 4721| 4852| 4983| 5114| + |68³ | 314432|4930|5089|5248| 5407| 5566| 5725| 5884| 6043| 6202| + |69 | 69|2246|2319|2391| 2464| 2536| 2609| 2681| 2754| 2826| + |69² | 4761|3256|3361|3466| 3571| 3676| 3781| 3886| 3991| 4096| + |69²⸳⁵| 39095|3965|4093|4221| 4345| 4476| 4604| 4372| 4860| 4988| + |69³ | 328509|4618|4871|5023| 5175| 5327| 5479| 5632| 5784| 5936| + |70 | 70|2214|2286|2357| 2429| 2500| 2571| 2643| 2714| 2786| + |70² | 4900|3163|3265|3367| 3469| 3571| 3673| 3776| 3878| 3980| + |70²⸳⁵| 40996|3781|3903|4025| 4145| 4269| 4391| 4513| 4635| 4757| + |70³ | 343000|4519|4665|4811| 4956| 5102| 5248| 5394| 5539| 5685| + |71 | 71|2183|2254|2324| 2394| 2465| 2535| 2606| 2676| 2746| + |71² | 5041|3075|3174|3273| 3372| 3472| 3571| 3670| 3769| 3868| + |71²⸳⁵| 42476|3649|3767|3885| 4002| 4120| 4238| 4355| 4473| 4591| + |71³ | 357911|4331|4470|4610| 4750| 4889| 5029| 5169| 5309| 5448| + |72 | 72|2153|2222|2292| 2361| 2431| 2500| 2569| 2639| 2708| + |72² | 5184|2990|3086|3183| 3279| 3376| 3472| 3569| 3665| 3762| + |72²⸳⁵| 43988|3524|3637|3751| 3865| 3978| 4092| 4206| 4319| 4433| + |72³ | 373248|4153|4287|4421| 4555| 4689| 4823| 4957| 5091| 5224| + |73 | 73|2123|2192|2260| 2329| 2397| 2466| 2534| 2603| 2671| + |73² | 5329|2909|3002|3096| 3190| 3284| 3378| 3472| 3565| 3659| + |73²⸳⁵| 45531|3404|3514|3624| 3734| 3844| 3953| 4063| 4174| 4283| + |73³ | 389017|3984|4113|4242| 4370| 4499| 4627| 4756| 4884| 5013| + |74 | 74|2095|2162|2230| 2297| 2365| 2432| 2500| 2568| 2635| + |74² | 5476|2831|2922|3013| 3104| 3196| 3287| 3378| 3470| 3561| + |74²⸳⁵| 47106|3290|3397|3503| 3609| 3715| 3821| 3927| 4033| 4140| + |74³ | 405224|3825|3948|4072| 4195| 4319| 4442| 4565| 4689| 4812| + |75 | 75|2067|2133|2200| 2267| 2333| 2400| 2467| 2533| 2600| + |75² | 5625|2756|2844|2930| 3022| 3111| 3200| 3289| 3378| 3467| + |75²⸳⁵| 48714|3182|3285|3387| 3490| 3592| 3695| 3798| 3900| 4003| + |75³ | 421875|3678|3796|3915| 4034| 4152| 4271| 4390| 4508| 4627| + |76 | 76|2039|2105|2171| 2237| 2303| 2368| 2434| 2500| 2566| + |76² | 5776|2684|2770|2857| 2943| 3030| 3116| 3203| 3289| 3376| + |76²⸳⁵| 50355|3078|3177|3277| 3376| 3475| 3575| 3674| 3773| 3873| + |76³ | 438976|3531|3645|3759| 3873| 3987| 4101| 4214| 4328| 4442| + |77 | 77|2013|2078|2143| 2208| 2273| 2338| 2403| 2468| 2532| + |77² | 5929|2614|2697|2783| 2867| 2952| 3036| 3120| 3205| 3289| + |77²⸳⁵| 52027|2979|3075|3171| 3268| 3364| 3460| 3556| 3652| 3748| + |77³ | 456533|3395|3505|3614| 3724| 3833| 3943| 4052| 4162| 4271| + |78 | 78|1987|2051|2115| 2179| 2244| 2308| 2372| 2436| 2500| + |78² | 6084|2548|2630|2712| 2794| 2876| 2959| 3041| 3123| 3205| + |78²⸳⁵| 53732|2885|2978|3071| 3164| 3257| 3350| 3443| 3536| 3629| + |78³ | 474522|3266|3372|3477| 3583| 3688| 3793| 3899| 4004| 4109| + +-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ + + +-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+ + |Power| | | | | | | | | | + | of |Stature.| 200 | 205 | 210 | 215 | 220 | 225 | 1 lb.|5 lbs.| + |stature. | | | | | | | | | + +-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+ + |55 | 55| 3636| 3727| 3818| 3909| 4000| 4091|18.18 | 90.91| + |55² | 3025| 6612| 6777| 6942| 7107| 7273| 7438|33.055|165.27| + |55²⸳⁵| 22434| 8915| 9138| 9361| 9587| 9807|10029|44.575|222.88| + |55³ | 166375|12021|12322|12622|12923|13223|13524|60.105|300.53| + |56 | 56| 3571| 3661| 3750| 3839| 3929| 4018|17.857| 89.29| + |56² | 3136| 6378| 6537| 6696| 6856| 7015| 7175|31.888|165.27| + |56²⸳⁵| 23468| 8522| 8735| 8947| 9161| 9375| 9588|42.612|213.06| + |56³ | 175616|11389|11673|11958|12243|12527|12812|56.942|284.71| + |57 | 57| 3509| 3596| 3684| 3772| 3860| 3947|17.544| 87.72| + |57² | 3249| 6155| 6310| 6464| 6617| 6771| 6925|30.779|153.89| + |57²⸳⁵| 24529| 8154| 8357| 8561| 8765| 8969| 9173|40.768|203.84| + |57³ | 185193|10800|11070|11340|11610|11880|12150|53.998|269.99| + |58 | 58| 3448| 3534| 3621| 3707| 3793| 3879|17.241| 86.21| + |58² | 3364| 5945| 6014| 6243| 6391| 6543| 6688|29.737|148.64| + |58²⸳⁵| 25619| 7807| 8002| 8197| 8392| 8587| 8782|39.033|195.16| + |58³ | 195112|10251|10507|10763|11019|11276|11532|51.253|256.26| + |59 | 59| 3390| 3475| 3559| 3644| 3729| 3814|16.949| 84.75| + |59² | 3481| 5745| 5589| 6033| 6176| 6320| 6464|28.727|143.64| + |59²⸳⁵| 26738| 7480| 7667| 7854| 8041| 8228| 8415|37.400|187.00| + |59³ | 205379| 9738| 9982|10225|10469|10712|10955|48.691|243.45| + |60 | 60| 3333| 3417| 3500| 3583| 3667| 3750|16.667| 83.33| + |60² | 3600| 5556| 5694| 5833| 5972| 6111| 6250|27.778|138.89| + |60²⸳⁵| 27885| 7172| 7352| 7531| 7710| 7890| 8069|35.861|179.31| + |60³ | 216000| 9259| 9491| 9722| 9954|10185|10416|46.296|231.48| + |61 | 61| 3279| 3361| 3443| 3525| 3607| 3689|16.393| 81.97| + |61² | 3721| 5375| 5509| 5644| 5778| 5912| 6047|26.874|134.37| + |61²⸳⁵| 29062| 6882| 7054| 7226| 7398| 7570| 7742|34.409|172.05| + |61³ | 226981| 8811| 9032| 9252| 9472| 9692| 9913|44.057|220.28| + |62 | 62| 3226| 3306| 3387| 3468| 3548| 3629|16.129| 80.65| + |62² | 3844| 5203| 5333| 5463| 5593| 5723| 5853|26.015|130.08| + |62²⸳⁵| 30268| 6608| 6773| 6938| 7103| 7269| 7434|33.039|165.19| + |62³ | 238828| 8392| 8602| 8811| 9021| 9231| 9441|41.959|209.80| + |63 | 63| 3175| 3254| 3333| 3413| 3492| 3571|15.873| 79.37| + |63² | 3969| 5039| 5165| 5291| 5417| 5543| 5669|25.195|125.98| + |63²⸳⁵| 31503| 6349| 6507| 6666| 6825| 6984| 7142|31.743|158.72| + |63³ | 250047| 7999| 8199| 8399| 8598| 8798| 8998|39.993|199.96| + |64 | 64| 3125| 3203| 3281| 3359| 3438| 3516|15.625| 78.13| + |64² | 4096| 4883| 5005| 5127| 5249| 5371| 5493|24.414|122.07| + |64²⸳⁵| 32768| 6104| 6256| 6409| 6561| 6714| 6867|30.518|152.59| + |64³ | 262144| 7629| 7820| 8011| 8202| 8392| 8583|38.147|190.74| + |65 | 65| 3077| 3154| 3231| 3308| 3385| 3462|15.384| 76.92| + |65² | 4225| 4734| 4852| 4970| 5089| 5207| 5325|23.669|118.35| + |65²⸳⁵| 34063| 5872| 6018| 6165| 6312| 6459| 6605|29.358|146.79| + |65³ | 274625| 7283| 7465| 7647| 7829| 8011| 8193|36.413|182.07| + |66 | 66| 3030| 3106| 3182| 3258| 3333| 3409|15.152| 75.76| + |66² | 4356| 4591| 4706| 4821| 4936| 5051| 5165|22.957|114.79| + |66²⸳⁵| 35388| 5652| 5793| 5934| 6076| 6217| 6358|28.258|141.29| + |66³ | 287496| 6957| 7131| 7305| 7478| 7652| 7826|34.783|173.92| + |67 | 67| 2985| 3060| 3134| 3209| 3284| 3358|14.925| 74.63| + |67² | 4489| 4455| 4567| 4678| 4789| 4901| 5012|22.277|111.39| + |67²⸳⁵| 36744| 5443| 5579| 5715| 5851| 5987| 6123|27.215|136.08| + |67³ | 300763| 6650| 6816| 6982| 7149| 7315| 7481|33.249|166.24| + |68 | 68| 2941| 3015| 3088| 3162| 3235| 3309|14.706| 73.53| + |68² | 4624| 4325| 4433| 4542| 4650| 4758| 4866|21.626|108.13| + |68²⸳⁵| 38130| 5245| 5376| 5507| 5639| 5770| 5901|26.226|131.29| + |68³ | 314432| 6361| 6520| 6679| 6838| 6997| 7156|31.803|159.02| + |69 | 69| 2899| 2971| 3043| 3116| 3188| 3261|14.493| 72.46| + |69² | 4761| 4201| 4306| 4411| 4516| 4621| 4726|21.004|105.02| + |69²⸳⁵| 39095| 5116| 5244| 5372| 5499| 5627| 4744|25.787|127.89| + |69³ | 328509| 6088| 6240| 6393| 6545| 6697| 6849|30.441|152.20| + |70 | 70| 2857| 2929| 3000| 3071| 3143| 3214|14.286| 71.43| + |70² | 4900| 4082| 4184| 4286| 4388| 4490| 4592|20.408|102.04| + |70²⸳⁵| 40996| 4879| 5001| 5112| 5244| 5366| 5488|24.392|121.96| + |70³ | 343000| 5831| 5977| 6122| 6268| 6414| 6560|29.155|145.77| + |71 | 71| 2817| 2887| 2958| 3028| 3099| 3169|14.085| 70.42| + |71² | 5041| 3967| 4067| 4166| 4265| 4364| 4463|19.837| 99.19| + |71²⸳⁵| 42476| 4709| 4826| 4944| 5062| 5179| 5297|23.543|117.71| + |71³ | 357911| 5588| 5728| 5867| 6007| 6147| 6286|27.940|139.70| + |72 | 72| 2778| 2847| 2917| 2986| 3056| 3125|13.889| 69.44| + |72² | 5184| 3858| 3954| 4051| 4147| 4244| 4340|19.290| 96.46| + |72²⸳⁵| 43988| 4547| 4660| 4774| 4889| 5001| 5115|22.734|113.67| + |72³ | 373248| 5358| 5492| 5626| 5760| 5894| 6028|26.792|133.96| + |73 | 73| 2740| 2808| 2877| 2945| 3014| 3082|13.698| 68.49| + |73² | 5329| 3753| 3847| 3941| 4035| 4128| 4222|18.765| 93.83| + |73²⸳⁵| 45531| 4393| 4502| 4612| 4722| 4832| 4942|21.963|109.82| + |73³ | 389017| 5141| 5270| 5398| 5527| 5655| 5784|25.706|128.53| + |74 | 74| 2703| 2770| 2838| 2905| 2973| 3041|13.514| 67.57| + |74² | 5476| 3652| 3744| 3835| 3926| 4018| 4109|18.262| 91.31| + |74²⸳⁵| 47106| 4246| 4352| 4458| 4564| 4670| 4776|21.229|106.14| + |74³ | 405224| 4936| 5059| 5182| 5306| 5429| 5553|24.678|123.39| + |75 | 75| 2667| 2733| 2800| 2867| 2933| 3000|13.333| 66.67| + |75² | 5625| 3556| 3644| 3733| 3822| 3911| 4000|17.778| 88.89| + |75²⸳⁵| 48714| 4106| 4208| 4311| 4414| 4516| 4619|20.528|102.64| + |75³ | 421875| 4746| 4864| 4983| 5101| 5220| 5339|23.727|118.64| + |76 | 76| 2632| 2697| 2763| 2829| 2895| 2961|13.158| 65.79| + |76² | 5776| 3463| 3549| 3636| 3722| 3809| 3895|17.313| 86.57| + |76²⸳⁵| 50355| 3972| 4071| 4170| 4270| 4369| 4468|19.860| 99.29| + |76³ | 438976| 4556| 4670| 4784| 4898| 5012| 5126|22.780|113.90| + |77 | 77| 2597| 2662| 2727| 2792| 2857| 2922|12.987| 64.94| + |77² | 5929| 3373| 3458| 3542| 3626| 3711| 3795|16.868| 84.33| + |77²⸳⁵| 52027| 3844| 3940| 4036| 4133| 4229| 4325|19.221| 96.10| + |77³ | 456533| 4381| 4490| 4600| 4709| 4819| 4929|21.904|109.52| + |78 | 78| 2564| 2628| 2692| 2756| 2821| 2885|12.821| 64.10| + |78² | 6084| 3287| 3369| 3452| 3534| 3716| 3698|16.437| 82.19| + |78²⸳⁵| 53732| 3722| 3815| 3908| 4001| 4094| 4187|18.611| 93.05| + |78³ | 474522| 4215| 4320| 4426| 4531| 4636| 4742|21.074|105.37| + +-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+ + + +TABLE XVIII.—_To transmute the English system of index of build to the +metric system (10 units English = 0.7 unit metric)._ + + +--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ + |English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.| + +--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ + | 16 | 1.1 | 30 | 2.1 | 44 | 3.1 | 58 | 4.1 | + | 17 | 1.2 | 31 | 2.2 | 45 | 3.2 | 59 | 4.1 | + | 18 | 1.3 | 32 | 2.3 | 46 | 3.2 | 60 | 4.2 | + | 19 | 1.3 | 33 | 2.3 | 47 | 3.3 | 61 | 4.3 | + | 20 | 1.4 | 34 | 2.4 | 48 | 3.4 | 62 | 4.4 | + | 21 | 1.5 | 35 | 2.5 | 49 | 3.4 | 63 | 4.4 | + | 22 | 1.5 | 36 | 2.5 | 50 | 3.5 | 64 | 4.5 | + | 23 | 1.6 | 37 | 2.6 | 51 | 3.6 | 65 | 4.6 | + | 24 | 1.7 | 38 | 2.7 | 52 | 3.7 | 66 | 4.6 | + | 25 | 1.8 | 39 | 2.7 | 53 | 3.7 | 67 | 4.7 | + | 26 | 1.8 | 40 | 2.8 | 54 | 3.8 | 68 | 4.8 | + | 27 | 1.9 | 41 | 2.9 | 55 | 3.9 | 69 | 4.9 | + | 28 | 2.0 | 42 | 3.0 | 56 | 3.9 | 70 | 4.9 | + | 29 | 2.0 | 43 | 3.0 | 57 | 4.0 | | | + +--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+ + + + + +LITERATURE CITED. + + +ARMSBY, H. P., and J. A. FRIES. 1911. The influence of type and of age +upon the utilization of feed by cattle. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau +of Animal Industry, Bulletin 128, 245 pp., Oct. + +BALDWIN, B. T. 1921. The physical growth of children from birth to +maturity. Univ. Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 1), 411 pp., June. + +BARDEEN, C. R. 1920. The height-weight index of build in relation to +linear and volumetric proportions, etc. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 272. + +BARKER, L. F. 1922. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 5 vols. + +BECK, H. G. 1922. “Dystrophia adiposo-genitalis” in Barker’s +Endrocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. I, pp. 860-924. + +BARRETT, A. M. 1919. Hereditary occurrence of hypothyroidism with +dystrophies of the nails and hair. Arch. Neurology and Psychiatry, II, +pp. 628-637. + +BENEDICT, F. G., and F. B. TALBOT. 1915. The physiology of the new-born +infant. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 233, 126 pp. + +——, and F. B. TALBOT. 1920. Metabolism and growth from birth to puberty. +Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 302, 213 pp. + +CASTLE, W. E. 1922. Genetic studies of rabbits and rats. Carnegie Inst. +Wash. Pub. No. 320, 55 pp., 2 pls. + +CHAMBERS, THOMAS KING. 1850. Corpulence, or excess of fat in the human +body. Also published in Lancet, I, 1850, pp. 523, 557, 581, 651, 687, 747 +(page 652, table showing some inherited cases). + +CRUM, F. S. 1915. Anthropometric table: Male and female children from 6 +to 48 months old. Newark: Prudential Ins. Co., 2 pp. + +CUSHING, HARVEY. 1912. The pituitary body and its disorders. +Philadelphia, 348 pp. + +DAFFNER, F. 1902. Das Wachstum des Menschen: Anthropologische Studien. +Leipzig: Englemann, 475 pp. + +DAVENPORT, C. B. 1915. The feebly inhibited: Inheritance of temperament. +Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 236. + +——, 1917. Inheritance of stature. Genetics, II, pp. 313-389, July. +(Eugenics Record Office Bull. No. 18.) + +——, and A. G. LOVE. 1921. Army anthropology. Medical Dept. U. S. Army in +World War, Vol. XV. Statistics, Part I, Gov’t Printing Office, 635 pp. + +GODIN, P. 1903. Recherches anthropométric sur la croissance des diverses +parties du corps. Paris: Maloine, 212 pp. + +GROVER, J. I. 1915. Some measurements of normal children, especially of +the arm and leg. Arch. Pediat., XXXII, pp. 473-486. + +GULICK, A. 1922. A study of weight regulation in adult human body during +over-nutrition. Amer. Journal of Physiology, LX, 371-395. + +HECKEL, F. 1920. Grandes et petites obésités; cure radicale. Masson. 537 +pp. + +HITCHCOCK, E., H. H. SEELEY, and P. C. PHILLIPS. 1900. The anthropometric +manual of Amherst College. Amherst, 40 pp. + +HOFFMAN, F. L. 1918. Army anthropometry and medical rejection statistics. +Newark (N. J.): Prudential Press, 114 pp. + +HOWARD, ——. 1908. Abnormal development in a girl. Report for Soc. +Diseases of Children, VIII, pp. 54-56. + +JANNEY, N. W. 1922. Hypothyroidism, in Barker’s Endocrinology and +Metabolism. I, pp. 379-440. + +JOHNSON, HARRY. 1906. Liberia. 2 vols. London. + +LYON, I. P. 1910. Adiposis and lipomatosis. Arch. of Inter. Med. 6, +28-120. + +MARANON, G., and E. BONILLA. 1920. Histoire clinique et autopsie d’un cas +d’obésité mortelle. Rev. neurolog. 27, pp. 909-914. + +MARTIN, R. 1914. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. xvi + 1181 pp. + +MEDICO-ACTUARIAL MORTALITY INVESTIGATIONS. Vol. I. Compiled and published +by the Association of Life Insurance Medical Doctors and the Actuarial +Society of America. New York. 1912, 131 pp. (Build of men, p. 38. Build +of women, p. 67.) + +MEEH, K. 1895. Volummessungen des menschlichen Körpers und siener +einzelnen Theile in den verschiedenen Alterstufen. Ztsch. f. Biol. 31, +pp. 125-147. + +MIES, J. 1889. Über die Masse, den Rauminhalt und die Dichte des +Menschen. Virchow’s Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., 157, 90 pp. + +NICEFORO, A. 1910. Anthropologie der nichtbesitzenden Klassen. Leipzig: +Maas u. Van Suchtelen, 512 pp. + +NOORDEN, CARL VON. 1907. “Obesity” in Noorden’s Metabolism and Practical +Medicine, edited by W. Hall. Vol. III, pp. 693-715. London: Heinemann. + +PRICE, G. E. 1909. Adiposis dolorosa. Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 137, pp. +705-715. + +QUETELET, A. 1870. Anthropométrie ou mesure des différentes facultés de +l’homme. Bruxelles. + +REITZ, E. 1904. Das Wachstum der Berliner Schulkinder während den +Schuljahre. Arch. f. Anthropol., No. 5.I, pp. 30-42. + +ROSE, F. 1907. Obésité familiale. L’Encephale, II, pp. 299-303, 1 pl. + +SCHMID-MONNARD, R. 1892. Über den Einfluss des Millitärdienstes der +Väter auf die körperliche Entwicklung ihrer Nachkommenschaft. Jahrb. +Kinderheilkunde XXXIII, pp. 327-350. + +SINCLAIR, JAMES. 1907. History of Shorthorn Cattle. London: Vinton, 895 +pp. + +STRATZ, C. H. 1922. Der Körper des Kindes und seine Pflege. Stuttgart: +Enke., 366 pp. + +TOWN, CLARA H. 1922. Analytic study of a group of five- and six-year-old +children. Univ. Iowa Studies: Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 4), 87 pp. + +UHLENHUTH, E. 1922. Hormone factors in growth and development, in +Barker’s Endrocrinology and Metabolism I, pp. 181-203. + +WEISSENBURG, S. 1911. Das Wachstum des Menschen. Stuttgart: Strecher u. +Schröder, 220 pp. + +WORTHINGTON, L. S. 1875. De l’obésité, étiologie, thérapeutique, et +hygiène. Paris: Martinet, 188 pp. + +[Illustration: PLATE 1 + +FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 2 mo., _below average of very +slender_ group, weight 53 kg., stature 1,835 mm., chest-girth in repose +762 mm., relative chest-girth 41.5; build 1.6 (22.5). + +FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man 18 yr. 3 mo., of average _very slender_ +build, of Scotch stock, weight 60.2 kg., stature 1,907 mm., chest-girth +in repose 789 mm., relative chest-girth 41.4; build 1.65 (23.5). + +FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 23 yr. 10 mo., of _slender_ build. Weight +62.7 kg., stature 1,787 mm., chest-girth in repose 847 mm., relative +chest-girth 47.4; build 1.98 (28).] + +[Illustration: PLATE 2 + +FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of an American-born man of 19.6 yr., of _medium_ +build. Weight 67.8 kg., stature 1,715 mm., chest-girth in repose 880 mm., +relative chest-girth 51.3; build 2.3 (33). + +FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man of 17 yr. 9 mo., of _fleshy_ build. +Weight 74.3 kg., stature 1,640 mm., chest-girth in repose 920 mm., +relative chest-girth 56.1; build 2.7. (39). + +FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 5 mo. 15 dy., of _very fleshy_ +build. Weight 90.7 kg., stature 1,617 mm., chest-girth in repose 1,013 +mm., relative chest-girth 62.6; build 3.5 (49.5).] + +[Illustration: PLATE 3 + +1. Boys of ages 6 to 7. 2. Boys of 9 to 10. 3. Boys of 15 to 16, of +Baltimore schools. + +Whereas the distance from umbilicus to vertex increases only slightly +in passing from the youngest to the eldest group, the distance of the +umbilicus above the floor increases greatly—the increase of stature is +mainly increase in length of leg. Again, boys of 9 to 10 years have +shoulders (and chests) very little broader than those of 6 to 7 years; +but boys of 15 and 16 years (whose relative chest-girth is much above the +minimum 12 years) have much broader shoulders and chests than those of 9 +to 10 years.] + +[Illustration: PLATE 4 + +School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age. + +FIG. 1. 9 yr. 11 mo. 6 dy. + +FIG. 2. 10 yr. 6 mo. + +FIG. 3. 10 yr. 9 mo. + +FIG. 4. 9 yr. 1 mo. + +FIG. 5. 11 yr. 2 mo. 26 dy. + +FIG. 6. 9 yr. 1 mo. 10 dy. + +FIG. 7. 10 yr. 8 mo. 7 dy.] + +[Illustration: PLATE 5 + +School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age. + +FIG. 8. 13 yr. 6 mo. 13 dy. + +FIG. 9. 13 yr. 8 mo. 6 dy. + +FIG. 10. 13 yr. 9 mo. 6 dy. + +FIG. 11. 13 yr. 7 mo. 15 dy. + +FIG. 12. 11 yr. 9 mo. 23 dy.] + +[Illustration: PLATE 6 + +School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age. + +FIG. 13. 16 yr. 3 mo. 22 dy. + +FIG. 14. 16 yr. 0 mo. 7 dy. + +FIG. 15. 17 yr. 1 mo. 19 dy. + +FIG. 16. 17 yr. 9 mo. 16 dy. + +FIG. 17. 16 yr. 1 mo. 3 dy.] + +[Illustration: PLATE 7 + +FIG. 1. Girl 12 months of age, at Sunnyside Day Nursery. + +FIG. 2. Boy 13 years old, at a Hebrew home. Compare relative length of +leg with figure 1. + +FIG. 3. Girl 12 years, the age of maximum relative leg-length—rather +exceptional in disproportion between leg and trunk length. From C. H. +Stratz, 1922. + +FIG. 4. Torso of a mature young man from comparison with that of a +young woman (Fig. 5). Note the difference in breadth of shoulders and +transverse diameter of chest. Fig. 4 is a French photograph. Fig. 5 is +copied from Kossman und Weiss, “Mann und Weib,” I, p. 51.] + +[Illustration: PLATE 8 + +FIGS. 1 AND 2. “Miss Allen” at the ages of 4 and 23 years respectively, +as evidence of persistence of an early juvenile condition of build. + +FIGS. 3, 4, 5. Views of a case of obesity of the kind called dystrophia +adiposo-genitalis typus feminus, age 16 years. This case is characterized +by obesity, knock-knee, large breasts and mons, and rudimentary genitalia +(from Ebaugh and Hoskins in Barker: Endocrines and Metabolism I: 881).] + +[Illustration: PLATE 9 + +FIG. 1. Rose O, the individual indicated in fig. 35 at III 15; 15 years +of age, stature of 145 cm., weight of 85 kg.; build 4.0 (54), relative +chest-girth 0.78, very fleshy. + +FIG. 2. III 2 in Rec. family (p. 139); build 4.2 (57); relative +chest-girth 0.90. + +FIG. 3. Daughter of foregoing; build 3.7 (52). + +FIG. 4. G. sisters, of Luray, Va., showing contrast of build in two full +sisters of a heterozygous mating. + +FIG. 5. The girl at the left is the daughter in the Smi. family pedigree +(p. 110). The other is an unrelated friend. This daughter has the formula +at 14 years: 79 kg./170 cm.; build 2.7 (3); relative chest-girth, 60, +fleshy.] + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78107 *** |