summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/78107-0.txt
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
authorwww-data <www-data@mail.pglaf.org>2026-03-03 15:51:10 -0800
committerwww-data <www-data@mail.pglaf.org>2026-03-03 15:51:10 -0800
commit766bae58a855a81376174d026b2094082f52958c (patch)
tree79eb1409b8272b4bee4f191abacc12f056ddf44e /78107-0.txt
Initial commit of ebook 78107 filesHEADmain
Diffstat (limited to '78107-0.txt')
-rw-r--r--78107-0.txt11632
1 files changed, 11632 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/78107-0.txt b/78107-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49b5c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/78107-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11632 @@
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78107 ***
+
+
+
+
+ BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE
+
+ BY
+ CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT
+ DIRECTOR OF DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
+
+ [Illustration: CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON 1902]
+
+ PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
+ WASHINGTON, DECEMBER 1923
+
+
+
+
+ CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
+ PUBLICATION NO. 329
+
+ PAPER NO. 35 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS
+
+ JUDD & DETWEILER
+ WASHINGTON
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+This study of the hereditary factors of body-build is an outgrowth of
+the author’s activities in the office of the Surgeon-General of the Army
+during the World War, where he was in charge of anthropology. In the
+examination of thousands of young men the extraordinary diversity of
+build was a striking fact. The question of its genetic basis arose and
+the desire was stimulated to find out if those physiologists are correct
+who account for variations from average build solely on the ground of
+special conditions of food intake and activity, and generally disregard
+the possibility that factors of heredity are involved. It was anticipated
+that the study would be a minor one. But, on account of the wealth of
+family data at the Eugenics Record Office, the task assumed unexpectedly
+large proportions. Much correspondence had to be undertaken to secure
+confirmation or correction of the records, and the period of analysis of
+the materials grew from months into years, while the manuscript of the
+text and tables accumulated.
+
+Though it has added much to the bulk of the volume, it has seemed
+desirable to print full details about the more critical cases.
+Geographical location, race, occupation, and diseases have been generally
+given because they all bear upon build. The height and weight are of
+course given, and these are usually in English measurements, since
+they were first reported in that system. They are given in brief form
+thus: “120/63 inches”; which means that the subject weighed 120 pounds
+(usually including clothing) and was 63 inches tall (without shoes).
+The word “inches” is added as an indicator of the system of measurement
+employed. In other cases English measures, or indices based on them,
+are placed in parenthesis in accordance with scientific custom. Net
+relative chest-girths, where given, are based on measurements taken just
+below the axilla, are reduced to “on skin” measurements by subtracting
+3 centimeters for summer clothing and 6 centimeters for indoor winter
+clothing, and are divided by net stature.
+
+To this book many persons have contributed. Hundreds have furnished
+data on the Records of Family Traits. Dr. Bret Ratner kindly responded
+to my request by having daily measurements made on 11 infants during
+the first 10 days of life. The photographs of men of standard build
+were contributed by Dr. George L. Meylan; the photographs of boys on
+plate 3 were obtained for me by Dr. William Burdick, of the Playground
+Association of Baltimore. Through the kindness of Mr. Carle O. Warren,
+of the Marquand School, Brooklyn, the photographs of boys of various ages
+shown on plates 4 to 6 were secured. Dr. Harvey G. Beck and Dr. L. F.
+Barker gave permission for the republication from Barker’s “Endocrinology
+and Metabolism” of the photographs at the bottom of plate 8. The families
+who have, on request, furnished special data are too numerous to mention.
+To all of the foregoing I desire to express sincerest thanks.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+ PAGE
+
+ PREFACE iii
+
+ PART I. Build, its definition and its ontogeny 3
+
+ A. General considerations 3
+
+ Types of variation in build 4
+
+ The measurement of build 4
+
+ Ontogenetic 4
+
+ Adult 5
+
+ Sexual differences in build 5
+
+ Racial differences in build 7
+
+ Geographical differences in build 7
+
+ B. The ontogeny of build 8
+
+ Materials and methods 8
+
+ The ontogenetic curve of build 11
+
+ Later ontogenetic changes in individual build 16
+
+ Relation of juvenile to adult build 19
+
+ PART II. Mass studies in heredity of adult build 22
+
+ Methods and materials 23
+
+ The adult index of build 24
+
+ Classification of build 26
+
+ Significance of variations in build 28
+
+ Diseases in relation to build 29
+
+ Mass study of variation and heredity in build 36
+
+ Regression of progeny toward mediocrity 37
+
+ Hypothesis 40
+
+ Mate selection in build 44
+
+ The basal tables 46
+
+ PART III. Family studies in heredity of build 51
+
+ A. Statement of problem 51
+
+ B. Discussion of special matings 51
+
+ CLASS I. Both parents slender 51
+
+ Mating 1. One parent is very slender of slender stock;
+ the other slender 51
+
+ Mating 2. Both parents are slender, of slender stock 53
+
+ Mating 3. Other slender × very slender matings 54
+
+ Mating 4. Other slender × slender matings 56
+
+ Summary of slender × slender matings 68
+
+ CLASS II. Both parents fleshy 69
+
+ Mating 1. One parent is very fleshy, the other fleshy
+ of fleshy stock 69
+
+ Mating 2. Both parents fleshy of fleshy stock 77
+
+ Mating 3. Other very fleshy × very fleshy matings 80
+
+ Summary 85
+
+ CLASS III. Mating of slender with fleshy stock. The F₁
+ generation 86
+
+ Mating 1. One parent slender, of slender stock, the
+ other fleshy of fleshy stock 86
+
+ Mating 2. Other slender × fleshy matings 93
+
+ Mating 3. Very slender × very fleshy 97
+
+ Mating 4. Slender × very fleshy matings 98
+
+ Summary 105
+
+ CLASS IV. Matings of probably heterozygous parents. The
+ F₂ generation 107
+
+ Mating 1. Both parents either medium or fleshy, and
+ probably carrying gametes for slenderness as well
+ as fleshiness 107
+
+ Mating 2. Other medium × medium matings 118
+
+ Summary and discussion 119
+
+ CLASS V. The back cross 119
+
+ Mating 1. Heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender 119
+
+ Mating 2. Fleshy × heterozygous fleshy parents 132
+
+ Summary and discussion 140
+
+ C. General discussion 141
+
+ Heredity and environment in build 141
+
+ Endocrine glands as links between chromosomes and somatic
+ qualities 145
+
+ Evidence of segregation in the heredity of build 146
+
+ On the number of factors involved in fleshy build 149
+
+ D. Summary of conclusions 152
+
+ Appendix 155
+
+ Literature cited 175
+
+ Plates 177
+
+
+
+
+BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE
+
+ BY
+ CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT
+ _Director of Department of Genetics,
+ Carnegie Institution of Washington_
+
+
+
+
+PART I.
+
+BUILD, ITS DEFINITION AND ITS ONTOGENY.
+
+
+
+
+A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
+
+
+If a hundred men of about the same stature be compared, it is seen
+that they vary greatly in weight. At the same time they vary in form,
+and especially in bulk. This variation is popularly recognized by the
+variety of terms applied to build. It may be of interest to pause a
+moment to consider popular terminology relating to build. We have, first,
+terms expressing a marked deviation below the normal build. We speak of
+persons as “slender,” “thin,” “gaunt,” “slim,” “slight,” “spare,” “lank,”
+and “spindling.” These terms are not exactly synonyms. “Lank” implies
+angularity; “gaunt” connotes the ravage of disease; “thin” connotes
+a loss of weight; “slight” connotes lightness and smallness of bone;
+“spindling” is used especially of youth in the period of rapid growth
+preceding adolescence; “slim” has a faint connotation of insufficiency;
+“slender” best expresses the idea which we shall want to use in this work
+where we have a relatively small interest in stature and where we wish
+to avoid connotation of disease, developmental changes, etc. In other
+languages there exists a series of terms which similarly differ slightly
+in connotation. Thus, in French, there is “maigre,” in German “mager,”
+which often connote a loss of weight through disease, “dünn,” which
+connotes loss of a former more nearly average weight, and “schlank,”
+which is close to the English “slender.” On the other hand, the English
+language contains a variety of terms applicable to deviation in build
+above the average. Thus we have the words “stout,” “portly,” “fleshy,”
+“corpulent,” “thick-set,” “obese,” “chubby,” and “fat.” The word “stout”
+usually carries a connotation of vigor. The term “portly” connotes large
+size with a tendency to excessively great circumference. “Fleshy” is
+nearly synonymous with “portly” but has less connotation of majesty of
+size. “Corpulent” usually carries a connotation of abdominal enlargement.
+“Thick-set” implies a large bony frame. “Obese” frequently connotes
+excessive, strictly pathological, increase of build. “Chubby” is applied
+especially to infants. “Fat” connotes excessive production of fat in the
+body, as opposed to an unusually large muscular development. Perhaps of
+all of these terms “fleshy” is as satisfactory as any as an expression
+for build without connotation in respect to degree or source of great
+weight, whether due to fat, muscle, or bone. In the German language there
+are the terms, “plump,” and “schwerfällig,” which serve to express large
+build. In the French language there are the terms, “gros,” “obese,”
+and “embonpoint,” which is near to the English equivalent “stout” or
+“fleshy.” In the present work the term “fleshy” is used, despite its
+slight suggestion of muscular development merely, largely because it
+begins with a different letter from slender. The word “slender” will be
+used for the other extreme of build. It has been found convenient to
+indicate those terms by their initial letters “S” and “F” respectively.
+
+Our main problem is, in how far does this difference in build between
+slender and fleshy persons depend on constitutional factors?
+
+
+TYPES OF VARIATION IN BUILD.
+
+Two types of variation in build have to be distinguished: (_a_) the
+ontogenetic change in normal build during development with increasing
+stature, and (_b_) the change in weight in adults of relatively
+invariable stature. In type _a_, stature and other proportions are
+rapidly changing, but in type _b_, stature remains constant, and,
+throughout the race, stature does not differ as much in mature persons as
+it does from birth to maturity. These two types follow different laws and
+must be studied by different methods. Consequently they are considered in
+distinct parts of the present paper.
+
+
+THE MEASUREMENT OF BUILD.
+
+It is now necessary to consider how build may best be expressed
+quantitatively. The subject of the best index of build has been much
+discussed, but without sufficiently differentiating between the two types
+of variation in build, the ontogenetic and the adult. One of the latest
+authors to consider the matter is Bardeen (1920, p. 486), who mentions
+the desirability of recording the volume of the body as a whole, notes
+its impracticability, and concludes that we may estimate volume from
+weight. It may, however, be doubted if volume is really involved in the
+popular notion of build. At least, it is equally probable that the idea
+of build, as popularly conceived, is a relation of transverse to vertical
+diameters. When I look at a man, or a photograph of one as in plate 1,
+and think, “he is slender,” it is because I make a mental comparison of
+his breadth (of shoulders or chest) with his height and find that his
+breadth in comparison with that of most men I know of that height is
+small; or if he is stout the diameter of the chest is large in relation
+to stature (plate 2). It seems probable that breadth in relation to
+height gives the best expression of the popular idea of build. By the use
+of this relation, build can be easily expressed for any age, since chest
+circumference (which bears a nearly constant relation to chest diameter)
+has been recorded for many persons of all ages.
+
+_Ontogenetic._—Since in so many children and young people the stature and
+chest circumference have been measured, it is possible to use these data
+in finding the law of normal ontogenetic changes in build from birth
+to maturity. This ratio, chest-girth ÷ stature, has thus been used in
+discussing this law, as more fully described in section B. This relation
+can be used for tracing the change in build of the same developing child
+or for tracing the average change of build.
+
+_Adult._—In the study of adult changes of build we start with the
+condition that in the individual the stature is fixed. Consequently, in
+an individual whose weight is changing, the relation of the build at _a_
+years is to that at another period _n_ years later as chest-girth at
+_a_ years : chest-girth at _a_ + _n_ years. Thus, in the adult period,
+changes of build are proportional to chest-girth. In different persons,
+of differing stature, the stature has to be taken into account, and the
+differences in build are measured by the relation of relative chest-girth
+as in children. Unfortunately, in our study of heredity in adult build,
+we usually do not know the chest-girth of the different members of the
+family, but only their stature and weight. Our problem is, then, to find
+a relation between chest-girth and weight that will enable us to infer
+the one from the other. This problem will be further considered in a
+later section (p. 24).
+
+
+SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.
+
+Sex influences the body so profoundly that we have, first of all, to
+consider its influence on build, either in early or in adult stages. At
+birth there is, on the average, a difference between the sexes in weight.
+The male is about 2.5 per cent heavier than the female (3,310 : 3,230
+grams in German children, Daffner, 1902, p. 125, quoting Hecker;
+3,606 : 3,485 grams in American children, Benedict and Talbot, 1915).
+But this does not imply that the boy baby is the chubbier, since the
+boy baby is longer by about 1.7 per cent than the girl baby. There is
+no obvious difference in the chubbiness of the sexes at birth. Likewise,
+in later infancy no obvious difference has been detected, though no
+thoroughgoing studies have been made on this subject. In childhood and
+youth children of different sex differ in build on the average, but this
+is because the form of the ontogenetic curve of build is very different.
+After maturity and cessation of growth, there is a marked difference in
+form between the sexes. The female has more subcutaneous fat and appears
+plumper. If the criterion of weight be applied, the complication arises
+that the specific gravity of the female seems to be less than that of
+the male (Bardeen, 1920, p. 488, following Meeh, 1895). As found by
+Medico-Actuarial Mortality investigations of the Associated Life
+Insurance Medical Directors of the Actuarial Society of America,
+1912, volume I, p. 251: “The difference in weight between men and
+women of the same height is slight under the age of 20, but above
+that age young men are distinctly heavier than young women, the
+difference becoming less marked as they grow older. The tall women
+are markedly lighter than men of the same height.” The main reason
+for the greater weight of young men is their relatively much greater
+chest circumference.
+
+
+TABLE 1.—_The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build
+of offspring derived from the various types of matings._
+
+SUMMATION TABLE, MALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11.
+
+ +-------+----------+-----------+-----------------------------+---------+
+ | | | | Build of male offspring. | Total |
+ |Type of| No. of | No. of +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ No. |
+ |mating.| matings. | children. | | | | | |male and |
+ | | | | VS | S | M | F | VF | female |
+ | | | | | | | | |children.|
+ +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
+ | VS×S | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
+ | VS×M | 8 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 28 |
+ | VS×F | 5 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 25 |
+ | S×S | 23 | 29 | 1 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 47 |
+ | S×M | 101 | 172 | 0 | 12 | 116 | 38 | 6 | 306 |
+ | S×F | 49 | 88 | 1 | 5 | 51 | 30 | 1 | 155 |
+ | S×VF | 11 | 23 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 34 |
+ | M×M | 92 | 178 | 0 | 18 | 117 | 40 | 3 | 327 |
+ | M×F | 114 | 194 | 0 | 9 | 118 | 58 | 9 | 340 |
+ | M×VF | 30 | 59 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 24 | 10 | 112 |
+ | F×F | 33 | 77 | 3 | 30 | 34 | 6 | 4 | 156 |
+ | F×VF | 30 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 28 | 7 | 100 |
+ | VF×VF | 7 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 30 |
+ | +----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
+ | Total | 507 | 926 | 7 | 106 | 515 | 246 | 52 | 1,671 |
+ +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
+ | Average build |25.00|29.03|33.64|39.15|49.09| |
+ +------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
+
+ Average male index of build, 35.81 ± .12.
+ Standard deviation, 5.33 ± .084.
+
+
+TABLE 2.—_The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build
+of offspring derived from the various types of matings._
+
+SUMMATION TABLE, FEMALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11A.
+
+ +-------+----------+-----------+-----------------------------+
+ | | | | Build of female offspring. |
+ |Type of| No. of | No. of +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ |mating.| matings. | children. | | | | | |
+ | | | | VS | S | M | F | VF |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | VS×S | 4 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+ | VS×M | 8 | 17 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
+ | VS×F | 5 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
+ | S×S | 23 | 18 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
+ | S×M | 101 | 134 | 0 | 36 | 78 | 15 | 5 |
+ | S×F | 49 | 67 | 2 | 16 | 29 | 19 | 1 |
+ | S×VF | 11 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 0 |
+ | M×M | 92 | 149 | 2 | 21 | 81 | 41 | 4 |
+ | M×F | 114 | 146 | 0 | 19 | 90 | 30 | 7 |
+ | M×VF | 30 | 53 | 1 | 4 | 29 | 12 | 7 |
+ | F×F | 33 | 79 | 0 | 12 | 30 | 27 | 10 |
+ | F×VF | 30 | 43 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 14 | 10 |
+ | VF×VF | 7 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
+ | +----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | Total | 507 | 745 | 12 | 136 | 384 | 167 | 46 |
+ +-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | Average build |24.17|28.69|33.41|39.23|46.76|
+ +------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+ Average female index of build, 34.54 ± .13.
+ Standard deviation, 5.13 ± .09.
+
+Proceeding by a method to be developed later, I have divided adult build
+into five classes, and counted for the various matings the number of
+children falling into each. (See tables 1 and 2.) The average index of
+build, obtained from the individual indices of build, is 2.52 (metric
+system) or 35.81 ± 0.12 (English system) for males, and 2.43 (34.54 ±
+0.13) for females, a difference of only 3.7 per cent in favor of the
+males, a difference that for our purposes can be neglected. A separation
+of the sexes in our studies will therefore be, ordinarily, not attempted,
+and this has the advantage in giving us larger frequencies in our tables.
+
+
+RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.
+
+That there are marked racial differences in build is notorious. The
+slender Scotchman (plate 1, fig. 3) is in striking contrast with the
+South Italian, Greek, or Russian Jew (plate 2, fig. 3). The Eskimo are
+noted for their fleshiness, but Arctic conditions seem to favor large
+build. (See Davenport and Love, 1921, p. 165.) Martin (1914, p. 248)
+gives an average body-build of 1.42 (2.3 our system) for South Russian
+Jews and 1.07 (1.7 our system) for Bushmen. Probably the Nilotic negroes
+are the slenderest race on earth (Martin, 191, p. 254; for photograph see
+Martin, p. 263, or Davenport, 1917, p. 347). The racial differences in
+body-build are so great that, when feasible, race should be taken into
+account in studies on body-build.
+
+
+GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.
+
+Apart from race, it seems probable that climate influences build. The
+races that live in the north polar region are of stout build, but this
+may be a racial trait. On the other hand, the whites who come to live
+near the pole are heavier than those who live near the equator. This may
+be due to relative freedom in the subpolar area from certain diseases
+which reduce weight. There may, however, be a physiological response
+of the body to the long, cold winters. Whatever the explanation, men
+from Alaska were found, at mobilization of the United States Army in
+1917-18, to have a much higher index of build than those from any other
+region, i. e., 2.28 (32.41);[1] North Dakota and South Dakota came next,
+with indices of 2.24 (31.85) and 2.23 (31.73) respectively. These were
+followed by Montana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Contrariwise, the recruits
+from the Gulf States had a low index of build. Whatever the determining
+causes, geographical differences in build do exist. Consequently, in
+studies of build, it is desirable to consider the residences of the
+persons studied.
+
+[1] The method of measuring build is discussed at page 24. The smaller
+index (usually lying between 1.5 and 4.5) is the metric index. The
+larger index (20 up to 100) is the English system index, and is usually
+expressed without decimals.
+
+
+
+
+B. THE ONTOGENY OF BUILD.
+
+
+From the time of fertilization of the egg it proceeds on its course of
+development directed by its “hereditary factors,” but modifiable by the
+conditions offered by the environment. Thus is determined the weight of
+the baby at birth, and thus the build of the later stages to maturity
+are directed. It has seemed useful to measure the changes in build from
+birth to maturity, using the method of measuring build during development
+described in an earlier section (p. 4).
+
+
+MATERIALS AND METHODS.
+
+The materials available for such a study are considerable and may be
+drawn from a large number of different nationalities. A selection had to
+be made from this material; there were chosen the best available series
+from those nationalities most representative of the population of the
+United States, considering the diversity of its European origin. Two sets
+of data were utilized: first, collections of measurements made on males
+from 1 year to 21 years; second, some collections from children of both
+sexes from birth to 1 year of age.
+
+The first collection of data is gathered from nine sources, listed
+below. The data used are given in detail in table 3, which shows the
+number of individuals measured by each observer at each age, the average
+relative chest-girth at that age, and the average, for each age, of the
+different averages of the relative chest-girths formed by each observer.
+These averages are not weighted, since the racial stocks measured by the
+different observers differed. The average of each observer has therefore
+to be considered as a unit of nearly equal value with that of any other
+(table 3).
+
+ 1. Quetelet (1870) data. As Quetelet’s original book was not
+ available, the data reprinted in Bardeen (1920, p. 544) were
+ used. Quetelet measured 10 persons at each age from 1 to 20 years
+ (and older). He selected his subjects with good judgment and
+ the resulting curve of varying build is remarkably smooth. The
+ subjects were doubtless Belgians.
+
+ 2. Weissenberg (1911) data. These were gathered by observations
+ on South Russian Jews. The numbers observed ranged from 15 males
+ at birth to about 40 to 100 at later ages. This series is of
+ especial value because such large numbers of individuals of each
+ age were measured and because in it are considered only children
+ as near as possible to their birthdays; that is, as 2 or 3 year
+ old children were taken those of exactly 2 or 3 years ± 2 months;
+ as 4, 5, and 6 year olds, 4, 5, and 6 years ± 3 months; as 7 and
+ 8 years, 7 or 8 years ± 4 months. For older children the even
+ year ± 5 months was taken. The measurement was taken at the line
+ of the nipples and below the lower apex of the scapulæ; chest
+ apparently at rest.
+
+ 3. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. These were gathered from
+ healthy children of Boston, Massachusetts. Girth was taken at
+ the nipples, in a quiescent condition. The number of individuals
+ considered at each age is small (1 to 9), but the data are
+ precious, because so few have been published for the period 2 to
+ 5 years.
+
+ 4. Masters Day Nursery data. Original, from measurements made
+ upon healthy children in New York City. The chest was measured at
+ the line of the nipples in a quiescent condition. The numbers are
+ small, 2 per year.
+
+ 5. Town (1922) data. A special study of 5 and 6 year old children
+ of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. There were 31 and 11 children respectively.
+
+ 6. Reitz (1904) data. A study of school children of Berlin,
+ Germany. Chest-girth measured “at rest.” From 23 to 209 at the
+ respective ages from 6 to 19 years, inclusive.
+
+ 7. Baldwin (1921) data. A group of 60 boys of the well-to-do
+ class at the Horace Mann School, New York City, were measured
+ repeatedly in successive years from 7 to 17 years of age
+ inclusive. Chest at “normal” condition.
+
+ 8. Godin (1903) data. Measurements taken annually on the same 100
+ boys in a French military school at St. Hippolyte-du-Fort, Gard.
+ Chest-girth below pectoralis in repose. Ages 13½ to 17 years
+ inclusive.
+
+ 9. Hitchcock, Seeley, and Phillips (1900) data. Measurements made
+ on about 40 to 600 students at Amherst College at each age from
+ 16 to 26 years inclusive. The chest-girth is made at the level of
+ the nipples and embraces the scapulæ.
+
+
+TABLE 3.—_Average relative chest-girth (chest girth + stature) at
+different ages from birth to maturity, males._
+
+[According to the observations of 9 sets of observers. The main entries
+of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (points omitted).
+Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number of persons
+measured to obtain that average. The column on the extreme right gives
+the (unweighted) average of the averages standing on the same line.]
+
+ +--------+------------+---------------+-----------+-----------+--------+
+ | |1. Quetelet.|2. Weissenberg.|3. Benedict|4. Masters |5. Town.|
+ | | | |and Talbot.| Day | |
+ | Time. | | | | Nursery. | |
+ | +-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+
+ | | No. | Avg. | No. | Avg. | No. | Avg.| No.| Avg. |No.|Avg.|
+ +--------+-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+
+ | Birth | 10 | 5900 | | 5511 | 3 | 6600| | | | |
+ | 1 year | 10 | 6300 | | | 3 | 6300| | | | |
+ | 2 years| 10 | 5850 | 38 | 6005 | 6 | 6060| | | | |
+ | 3 years| 10 | 5600 | 38 | 5803 | 1 | 5760| | | | |
+ | 4 years| 10 | 5430 | 38 | 5567 | 2 | 5600| | | | |
+ | 5 years| 10 | 5300 | 55 | 5353 | 4 | 5340| 2 | 5263 | 31|5082|
+ | 6 years| 10 | 5200 | 55 | 5208 | 4 | 5040| 2 | 5136 | 11|4990|
+ | 7 years| 10 | 5110 | 81 | 5058 | 7 | 5190| 2 | 5072 | | |
+ | 8 years| 10 | 5040 | 95 | 5030 | 7 | 5100| | | | |
+ | 9 years| 10 | 4990 | 112 | 5016 | 7 | 5060| | | | |
+ |10 years| 10 | 4950 | 132 | 4952 | 5 | 5150| | | | |
+ |11 years| 10 | 4920 | 117 | 4911 | 9 | 4950| | | | |
+ |12 years| 10 | 4910 | 103 | 4780 | 6 | 4810| | | | |
+ |13 years| 10 | 4900 | 115 | 4850 | | | | | | |
+ |14 years| 10 | 4900 | 109 | 4866 | | | | | | |
+ |15 years| 10 | 4910 | 102 | 4923 | | | | | | |
+ |16 years| 10 | 4930 | 103 | 4888 | | | | | | |
+ |17 years| 10 | 4970 | 108 | 4929 | | | | | | |
+ |18 years| 10 | 5040 | 115 | 5046 | | | | | | |
+ |19 years| 10 | 5110 | 116 | 5076 | | | | | | |
+ |20 years| 10 | 5180 | 129 | 5040 | | | | | | |
+ |21 years| | | | | | | | | | |
+ |25 years| | 5250 | | | | | | | | |
+ +--------+-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+
+
+ +--------+---------+-----------+---------+-------------+----------+
+ | |6. Reitz.|7. Baldwin.|8. Godin.|9. Hitchcock.| |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | Time. | | | | |Unweighted|
+ | +----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+ averages.|
+ | | No.|Avg.| No. | Avg.|No.|Avg. | No. | Avg. | |
+ +--------+----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+----------+
+ | Birth | | | | | | | | | 6004 |
+ | 1 year | | | | | | | | | 6300 |
+ | 2 years| | | | | | | | | 5972 |
+ | 3 years| | | | | | | | | 5721 |
+ | 4 years| | | | | | | | | 5532 |
+ | 5 years| | | | | | | | | 5268 |
+ | 6 years| | | | | | | | | 5115 |
+ | 7 years| | | 60 | 4852| | | | | 5056 |
+ | 8 years| | | 60 | 4821| | | | | 4998 |
+ | 9 years| 168|4573| 60 | 4805| | | | | 4889 |
+ |10 years| 181|4569| 60 | 4793| | | | | 4883 |
+ |11 years| 209|4595| 60 | 4740| | | | | 4823 |
+ |12 years| 189|4546| 60 | 4731| | | | | 4755 |
+ |13 years| 143|4542| 60 | 4762|100| 4966| | | 4804 |
+ |14 years| 158|4506| 60 | 4745|100| 5071| | | 4818 |
+ |15 years| 140|4550| 60 | 4813|100| 5166| | | 4872 |
+ |16 years| 117|4626| 60 | 4870|100| 5295| 40 | 5000 | 4935 |
+ |17 years| 70|4598| 60 | 4974|100| 5296| 250 | 4968 | 4956 |
+ |18 years| 40|4684| | | | | 600 | 5003 | 4943 |
+ |19 years| 23|4833| | | | | 600 | 5089 | 5027 |
+ |20 years| | | | | | | 600 | 5136 | 5119 |
+ |21 years| | | | | | | 600 | 5205 | 5205 |
+ |25 years| | | | | | | | 5291 | 5271 |
+ +--------+----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+----------+
+
+Owing to the complex nature of the curve of build during the first year
+of development, special collections of data were made for this portion of
+the curve (table 4). They are listed as follows:
+
+ 1. Original data contributed by Dr. Bret Ratner, pediatrician,
+ of New York, being measurements made in May and June, 1922, of
+ weight, length, and chest circumference on 11 babies at the
+ Manhattan Maternity Hospital during each of the first 10 days
+ after birth. There were 9 boys and 2 girls. Judging alone by the
+ surnames, there were apparently of British stock 6, of German
+ stock 2, of Italian stock 2, and of Spanish stock 1. It is very
+ difficult to measure length and chest-girth of infants. Length
+ “on birthday” was generally taken with the child suspended by its
+ feet, chest-girth with the chest as quiet as possible. The first
+ measurement was taken as soon as the baby was born, and each
+ morning thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ a.m. The later lengths were measured
+ on a graduated board.
+
+ 2. New York Milk Station data collected by Miss Louise A. Nelson
+ and Miss Margaret R. Babcock, of the Eugenics Record Office
+ staff. They were made during May and June 1922, on healthy
+ babies, without clothing. The length was measured with the aid
+ of a graduated board. Boys and girls were both included, as at
+ this age their build is not very different, on the average. The
+ numbers ranged from 4 to 52 for the various months from 0.5 month
+ to 13 months by 0.5-month intervals.
+
+ 3. Ratner advanced data. Original data secured by Dr. Bret Ratner
+ (at Manhattan Maternity Hospital, New York City, on healthy
+ children whose parents brought them repeatedly to the hospital)
+ and kindly given to the writer for this study. In this series,
+ observations are especially abundant at 1, 1.5, and 2 months (47,
+ 170, and 30 cases respectively).
+
+ 4. Grover (1915) data. Boys only among out-patients of the
+ Children’s Hospital, Boston, and visitors at milk stations. No
+ clothing. Chest measured at level of nipples, midway between
+ inspiration and expiration. Length measured on graduated board.
+ From 2 to 5 at each month of age.
+
+ 5. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. (See No. 3, p. 9.) One to 6
+ individuals at the various months.
+
+ 6. Schmid-Monnard (1892) data. Copied from Bardeen (1920, page
+ 542). Boys and girls measured at Frankfort am Main, Germany. 8 to
+ 67 in respective months. Ages 1 to 13 months and up to 30 months.
+
+ 7. Crum (1915) data. Average measurements of babies without
+ regard to sex, 193 to 264 per month, mostly baby-show babies and
+ hence strongly selected. Various parts of the United States.
+
+From the foregoing collections of data, tables 3, 4, and 5 were drawn
+up, giving for each age the mean relative chest-girth found by each
+observer. Also, the number of individuals upon which the measurement is
+based, necessary for weighting the mean. The mean of all measurements was
+weighted in table 4, but not in table 3 for the reasons stated on page 8.
+
+
+TABLE 4.—_Average relative chest-girth of infants from birth to 13
+months._
+
+[Obtained from 6 series of observations, described on pages 12, 13.
+The main entries of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (point
+omitted). Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number
+of persons measured to obtain that average. The column at the extreme
+right gives the weighted averages of the averages standing in the same
+line.]
+
+ +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+ | | | 2. N. Y. | |
+ | |3. Ratner.| Milk |4. Grover.|
+ | Time. | |(♂ and ♀.)| |
+ | +----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
+ | | No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.|
+ +----------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
+ |2 weeks | 32| 6641| 4 | 6533| | |
+ |1 month | 47| 6602| 26 | 6504| 2 | 5861|
+ |1.5 months| 170| 6772| 36 | 6639| | |
+ |2 months | 30| 6670| 52 | 6623| 4 | 6661|
+ |3 months | 11| 6700| 49 | 6566| 3 | 6220|
+ |4 months | 12| 6542| 39 | 6542| 3 | 6157|
+ |5 months | 10| 6492| 26 | 6522| 3 | 6278|
+ |6 months | 8| 6500| 39 | 6542| 5 | 6278|
+ |7 months | 10| 6720| 27 | 6424| 3 | 6203|
+ |8 months | 3| 6267| 23 | 6317| 4 | 6464|
+ |9 months | 3| 6550| 26 | 6364| 3 | 6060|
+ |10 months | 2| 6200| 18 | 6431| 2 | 6237|
+ |11 months | 1| 6600| 13 | 6354| 2 | 5868|
+ |12 months | 1| 5800| 8 | 6271| 1 | 5691|
+ |13 months | | | 11 | 6186| | |
+ +----------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
+
+ +----------+-----------+----------+----------+-----+
+ | | |6. Schmid | | |
+ | |5. Benedict| and | 7. Crum. | |
+ | Time. |and Talbot.| Monnard. | |Aver.|
+ | +----+------+----+-----+----+-----+ |
+ | | No.| Avg. | No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.| |
+ +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+
+ |2 weeks | 3 | 6599 | | | | | 6627|
+ |1 month | 2 | 6249 | 67 | 6280| | | 6419|
+ |1.5 months| 4 | 6574 | | | | | 6745|
+ |2 months | 3 | 6765 | 44 | 6470| | | 6512|
+ |3 months | 4 | 6529 | 37 | 6040| | | 6382|
+ |4 months | 4 | 6304 | 30 | 6510| | | 6507|
+ |5 months | 3 | 6455 | 37 | 6230| | | 6368|
+ |6 months | 6 | 6117 | 27 | 6540| 259| 6556| 6540|
+ |7 months | 3 | 6500 | 19 | 6240| 256| 6468| 6456|
+ |8 months | 1 | 6308 | 16 | 6400| 232| 6470| 6450|
+ |9 months | 4 | 6352 | 29 | 6160| 211| 6355| 6333|
+ |10 months | 2 | 6110 | 17 | 6400| 209| 6404| 6400|
+ |11 months | 1 | 6174 | 15 | 6120| 193| 6336| 6318|
+ |12 months | 1 | 6383 | 22 | 6090| 289| 6298| 6280|
+ |13 months | 1 | 6026 | 19 | 6080| 264| 6235| 6222|
+ +----------+-----------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+
+
+It will be observed that the means of build differ, for the constant age,
+more than do the differences between successive ages. That is to say, the
+absolute difference between races at any given age is greater than the
+average differences between one year and the next.
+
+The mean relative chest circumferences for the different ages are plotted
+in figure 2.
+
+
+THE ONTOGENETIC CURVE OF BUILD.
+
+The resulting curve of build from birth to maturity is given in figure 1.
+This curve shows that build in males is greatest at birth, or at about
+1 month, and that it then steadily diminishes to 12 years of age. It
+then slowly increases to maturity, and indeed to 30 years, after which it
+increases with extreme slowness, probably to 55 years.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—Polygon of development of relative chest-girth,
+male.
+
+Abscissæ: Age in years. Ordinates (chest ÷ girth/stature) × 1000. Based
+on averages of the measurements of Quetelet (Belgians), Weissenberg
+(Russian Jews), Benedict and Talbot (U.S.A.), Masters Day Nursery, N. Y.
+City, Town (Iowa children), Gray and Jacobs (school boys, well-to-do),
+Reitz (Germans), Godin (French), Hitchcock (U.S.A. college men), Baldwin
+(N. Y. City schools).]
+
+From table 4A and the curve of build, figure 2, we see that the infant
+at birth has a chest-girth which is somewhat over two-thirds of stature
+(0.6685). It falls rapidly to one month after birth, and then begins to
+rise. This minimum is connected with the loss of weight which follows
+birth, and is due to the difficulty of making adjustments to the new
+conditions which the organism has to meet. This adjustment is soon
+thereafter completed and within 2 months chest-girth and weight are not
+only recovered, but have caught up with increasing length of body. At 6
+weeks the body has reached its maximum post-natal chubbiness. Another
+temporary loss in chubbiness occurs at about 8 months, due perhaps to
+the cutting of the incisors. The decline which subsequently ensues is
+prevailingly due to the rapid growth of the legs without corresponding
+increase in transverse diameter (plates 3 and 4). At about 12 years the
+boy enters the awkward age when, his legs and arms having grown from 5
+to 10 cm. in a single year, he has not yet acquired muscular control
+of them (plate 7, fig. 2). At the same time his trunk retains childish
+proportions (plate 5, fig. 12). A little earlier than the boy, the girl
+enters the “Backfisch” stage of similar slenderness and awkwardness
+(plate 7, fig. 3, from Stratz, 1922, p. 258). It is commonly believed
+that this rapid growth of the appendages and their long bones is
+controlled by the secretions of the pituitary gland. Gradually in the
+boy, at 14 years, as the gonads begin to ripen, the growth of the legs is
+retarded and the transverse chest diameter begins to increase rapidly;
+the lad is quickly transformed into a broad-shouldered, broad-chested,
+stocky man (plate 3, fig. 3, plate 5, fig. 8) and accordingly the curve
+of build rises much more in the young man than in the young woman (plate
+7, figs. 4 and 5). Consequently the adult female build, as measured
+by relative chest circumference, is relatively small. At about 19 or
+20 years’ growth in stature has usually practically ceased. Meanwhile
+chest-girth increases slowly by the enlargement of trunk muscles and
+deposition of fat. Weight is, indeed, stated to increase, on the average,
+until the age of 55 years (tables 6 and 7).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—Polygon of relative chest-girth in infants, from
+birth to fourteen months, with smoothed curve of build (dotted line).
+Data from New York Milk Stations and Dr. B. Ratner.]
+
+
+TABLE 4A.—_Weight, chest-girth, length of body, and relative chest-girth
+at birth and daily thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ for 10 days for 11 babies._
+
+[Data furnished by Bret Ratner, M.D., from Manhattan Maternity Hospital
+and Dispensary, New York City. Weight in grams; chest-girth and length
+in millimeters. Relative chest-girth in ten-thousandths. Final average
+relative chest girth is multiplied by 1.037 to adjust to Table 4.]
+
+ +---------------+---------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------
+ | |Measurements, | At | 1st | 2nd | 3d | 4th
+ | | etc. |birth.| day. | day. | day. | day.
+ +---------------+---------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------
+ |No. 1, male. |{Weight | 2126 |2084 |1970 |1899 |1885
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27.75| 27
+ | V 30, 2ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 45 | 43.75| 43.13| 42.75| 43
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6400 |6493 |6491 |6279
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 2, male. |{Weight | 3472 |3494 |3423 |3366 |3430
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 35 | 35 | 34.25| 33 | 33.5
+ | V 30, 2ʰ25ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 52.25| 51.5 | 50.75| 51.5
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6699 |6651 |6503 |6505
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 3, male. |{Weight | 2963 |2927 |2842 |2729 |2736
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 32.25| 31 | 31 | 32
+ | V 30, 19ʰ35ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 50.5 | 49 | 49 | 49.25
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6386 |6327 |6327 |6498
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 4, male. |{Weight | 3558 |3487 |3303 |3154 |3204
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 34 | 34 | 33.5 | 33.25| 34
+ | V 30, 13ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 51.75
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6667 |6701 |6650 |6570
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 5, male. |{Weight | 3005 |3305 |2913 |2856 |2892
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32
+ | VI 1, 3ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50.75| 51
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6078 |6078 |6108 |6275
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 6, male. |{Weight |3019 |2913 |2877 |2750 |2863
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32.5| 31.75| 31.25| 31.75| 31.75
+ | VI 1, 12ʰ45ᵐ |{Body-length | 49 | 49 | 49.25| 49.25| 49.25
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6480 |6345 |6447 |6414
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 7, male. |{Weight |3175 |3147 |3005 |2962 |2892
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 32.5 | 32 | 32 | 31
+ | VI 1, 23ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 51.25| 50.75| 50.75| 51
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6342 |6305 |6305 |6078
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 8, female. |{Weight |2835 |2750 |2679 |2587 |2587
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 31.5| 32.5 | 31 | 31 | 31
+ | VI 3, 22ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 48.75| 48.75| 49 | 49
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6667 |6359 |6327 |6327
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 9, male. |{Weight |3657 |3657 |3572 |3381 |3366
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 33.5 | 33 | 33 | 33.5
+ | VI 5, 23ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 53 | 53 | 52.5 | 53.5 | 53.5
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6321 |6286 |6168 |6262
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 10, male. |{Weight |3232 |3118 |2948 |2821 |2814
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32 | 34 | 31 | 31 | 31
+ | VI 6. 7ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51.25| 50 | 51.5 | 51.5
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6244 |6800 |6019 |6019
+ | | | | | | |
+ |No. 11, female.|{Weight |3303 |3175 |3076 |2962 |2934
+ | Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33
+ | VI 5, 17ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 50.25| 50 | 50 | 50
+ | |{Rel. ch. girth| |6766 |6800 |6600 |6600
+ | +======+=======+=======+=======+=======
+ |Total relative | | | | |
+ | chest-girth | |710483 |711435 |699448 |698260
+ |Average relative | | | | |
+ | chest-girth × 1.037 | 661 | 670 | 671 | 659 | 658
+ +-------------------------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------
+
+ -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
+ day. | day. | day. | day. | day. | day. |
+ -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ 1821 |1871 |1899 |1899 |1899 |1928 |
+ 26.5 | 27.5 | 27.5 | 28 | 27.5 | 27.5 |
+ 43 | 42 | 42.25| 42.25| 43 | 43.75|
+ 6163 |6548 |6509 |6627 |6395 |6286 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 3466 |3529 |3508 |3515 |3529 |3572 |
+ 34 | 33.5 | 33 | 33.5 | 33.5 | 33.5 |
+ 52.25| 52.25| 52.25| 52.5 | 52.5 | 52.5 |
+ 6507 |6412 |6416 |6381 |6381 |6381 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 2835 |2821 |2849 |2835 |2913 |2927 |
+ 32.5 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 32.5 | 32.5 |
+ 49.5 | 49.5 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50.25|
+ 6566 |6465 |6200 |6200 |6500 |6468 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 3303 |3359 |3409 |3416 |3473 |3494 |
+ 33.5 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34.5 |
+ 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.25| 51.25| 51.5 | 51.5 |
+ 6505 |6602 |6634 |6634 |6602 |6699 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 2906 |2991 |3069 |3104 |3125 |3147 |
+ 32 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 |
+ 51 | 51.25| 51.5 | 52 | 52 | 51.25|
+ 6275 |6079 |6214 |6346 |6346 |6244 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 2828 |2927 |2849 |2906 |2962 |2977 |
+ 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31.5 | 32 |
+ 48.75| 49 | 50 | 50 | 50.5 | 50.5 |
+ 6564 |6530 |6400 |6400 |6238 |6337 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 2906 |2941 |2984 |2969 |3012 |3026 |
+ 31.5 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
+ 51 | 51 | 51.75| 51.75| 51.75| 52.75|
+ 6177 |6275 |6184 |6184 |6184 |6184 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 2629 |2651 |2672 |2693 |2750 |2722 |
+ 31 | 31 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
+ 49.5 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 50 | 49.5 |
+ 6263 |6263 |6060 |6263 |6200 |6263 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 3473 |3487 |3544 |3544 |3565 |3536 |
+ 33.5 | 33.5 | 33 | 33 | 33.5 | 33.5 |
+ 53.5 | 53.5 | 54 | 54 | 54.5 | 53.75|
+ 6262 |6262 |6111 |6111 |6147 |6233 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 2835 |2849 |2870 |2877 |2948 |2941 |
+ 31 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 |
+ 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 52 | 52 |
+ 6019 |6019 |6117 |6117 |6058 |6058 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 2955 |2962 |3033 |3059 |3033 |2984 |
+ 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 33 |
+ 50 | 50 | 50.25| 50.25| 50.25| 50.75|
+ 6500 |6500 |6467 |6467 |6467 |6503 |
+ =======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
+ | | | | | |
+ 697994 |699232 |692119 |697300 |695178 |696529 |
+ | | | | | |
+ 658 | 659 | 652 | 657 | 655 | 655 |
+ -------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+It may be well to consider briefly, necessarily somewhat speculatively,
+the significance of this ontogenetic change in build. First of all,
+the high relative chest circumference of infancy is due chiefly to the
+extremely short legs of the infant. Leg-length constitutes only about 40
+per cent of stature at birth, whereas it comes to constitute 53 to 55
+per cent at maturity. Consequently, the relative leg-length at infancy
+is only a trifle more than 70 per cent of the adult relative leg-length.
+Likewise the leg-length of the gorilla is about 70 per cent that of
+a European man (German, cf. Martin, 1914, p. 308). Consequently the
+relative leg-length of the infant, at birth, is to that of the adult
+as the relative leg-length of an anthropoid ape is to the relative
+leg-length of man. Incidentally, it may be added that the relative length
+of the arm of the infant is only slightly (8 per cent) less than that of
+the adult, while in the chimpanzee the relative arm-length is 18 per cent
+_greater_ than that of man.
+
+We have seen that the relative leg-length of the boy increases to about
+12 years and thereafter diminishes to the period of completed growth.
+The white man has his greatest leg-length shortly before adolescence. We
+find that among the races of mankind it is the long-legged negro tribes
+of East Africa, especially the upper Nile (Johnston, 1906. II, p. 932),
+which are among the lowest races of mankind, and which seem to represent
+in the adult the physical stage through which the white boy passes at 12
+years. Other African tribes have, indeed, relatively shorter legs and
+thus show a persisting adult stage that is either slightly younger or
+slightly older than that of the 12-year-old white boy.
+
+Figure 1 (to return to it after this digression) seems thus adequately to
+measure the varying build of humans from birth to past maturity. It may,
+indeed, be regarded as composed of two parts: first, that from birth to
+the cessation of growth in stature, and second, that beyond cessation of
+growth in stature.
+
+The curve of build thus obtained is, apart from the first period of
+adjustment that follows birth, a smoothly flowing one, that might indeed
+be expressed by a formula
+
+ _y_ = _ax_ + _bx²_ + _cx³_ + _dx⁴_, etc.
+
+The curve of build of figure 1 seems to be new in this form. It is,
+however, of the same general shape as the curve of varying “Körperfülle”
+drawn by Martin (1914, p. 246) from Quetelet’s data and based on the
+relation of weight ÷ stature³. The numbers of children considered
+in Martin’s figure are inadequate and there is hardly sufficient
+justification for the use of this formula to express changes of build
+during ontogeny.
+
+The ontogenetic curve of build may serve as a graphic representation of
+the stages of development as listed by Stratz (1922). These stages are
+shown in table 5.
+
+
+TABLE 5.—_Growth-periods in children._
+
+[Modified from C. W. Stratz, 1922, p. 87.]
+
+ +------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
+ |Year of age.| First (neutral) child age. |
+ +------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
+ | 0 to 1 | Infancy. Lactation. |
+ +------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
+ | 1 to 2 |} |
+ | 2 3 |} First period of filling out. |
+ | 3 4 |} |
+ | | |
+ | 4 5 |} |
+ | 5 6 |} First stretching. |
+ | 6 7 |} |
+ +============+=======================================================+
+ | | Second (bisexual) child age. Youth. |
+ +------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+
+ | | Boys. | Girls. |
+ +------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+
+ | 7 to 8 |} Second period of | Second period of |
+ | 8 9 |} filling out. | filling out (rounding |
+ | 9 10 |} | of hips and legs). |
+ | | | |
+ | 10 11 |} | |
+ | 11 12 |} Second stretching | Second stretching |
+ | 12 13 |} (shooting up in | (shooting up in stature).|
+ | 13 14 |} stature). Change | Menstruation; beginning |
+ | 14 15 |} of voice. | breast development. |
+ | | | |
+ | 15 16 |} | |
+ | 16 17 |} Third period of filling | Third period of fullness |
+ | 17 18 |} out (broadening of | (rapid increase |
+ | 18 19 |} chest; rapid increase | in weight). Maturity. |
+ | 19 20 |} in weight). Maturity. | |
+ +------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+
+
+
+LATER ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN INDIVIDUAL BUILD.
+
+Any investigation of the heredity of build is apt to meet with the
+difficulty that only the present weights and statures of children,
+parents, and grandparents are known; that the persons are of different
+ages and hence the data concerning them are not precisely comparable.
+Even if we exclude from consideration children of the rapid
+developmental period, under 18 years of age, still we have the problem of
+individual change of build in mature life. Since stature is practically
+immutable at this period, change in build may be measured by change in
+weight. That change in weight does occur is notorious. Figures 3 to 6
+illustrate graphically the changes in weight in various individuals from
+records taken almost at random. In figure 3 the curves of increasing
+weight run rapidly upward; in figure 4 they go up and then fall again; in
+figure 6 they are more nearly horizontal.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—Changes in weight from 25 to 50 or 60 years
+of father (F), mother (M), and son (S) in D: BOL-1 family, showing a
+consistent history of rapid increase of build with age.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—Changes in weight from 25 (or 40) years to 45
+(or 75) years of father (F), mother (M), and daughter (D) in D: BOL-1A
+family, showing a history of fluctuating build.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.—Changes in weight from 25 to 45 years of 3 sibs
+belonging to the D: HAY-1 family, showing a slight tendency to increase
+with age.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.—Changes in weight from 15 to 50 years in 4 sibs of
+the D: BAN-1 family, showing no great tendency to change of build during
+life.]
+
+On the whole, the weight tends to increase with age. This is shown by the
+tables of the “Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation” (vol. 1, pp. 38
+and 67). The tables are reproduced in our tables 6 and 7. They show that,
+on the average, weight tends to increase with age up to 50 or 51 years.
+The fact that there is, on the average, an increase in build, makes
+necessary an adjustment in some cases of the youthful indices of children
+to make them comparable with the adult indices of their parents.
+
+The adjustment was made to the weight of the child by finding in the
+appropriate column of stature and line of age the expected weight and
+adding the difference between this weight and the weight in the same
+column opposite the mid-parental age to the given weight of the child.
+
+
+TABLE 6.—_Graded average weight of men of different statures at various
+ages._
+
+[Copied from Table IV of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”]
+
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
+ | Age, | feet. | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
+ |years.| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
+ | | | inch. |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | 15 | 107 | 109 | 112 | 115 | 118 | 122 |
+ | 16 | 109 | 111 | 114 | 117 | 120 | 124 |
+ | 17 | 111 | 113 | 116 | 119 | 122 | 126 |
+ | 18 | 113 | 115 | 118 | 121 | 124 | 128 |
+ | 19 | 115 | 117 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 20 | 117 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 |
+ | 21 | 118 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 134 |
+ | 22 | 119 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 135 |
+ | 23 | 120 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 |
+ | 24 | 121 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 25 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
+ | 26 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 |
+ | 27 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 131 | 134 | 138 |
+ | 28 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 132 | 135 | 139 |
+ | 29 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 133 | 136 | 140 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 30 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 133 | 136 | 140 |
+ | 31 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 |
+ | 32 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 |
+ | 33 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 |
+ | 34 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 35 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 |
+ | 36 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 |
+ | 37 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 136 | 140 | 144 |
+ | 38 | 130 | 132 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 |
+ | 39 | 130 | 132 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 40 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 |
+ | 41 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 |
+ | 42 | 132 | 134 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 |
+ | 43 | 132 | 134 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 |
+ | 44 | 133 | 135 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 45 | 133 | 135 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 |
+ | 46 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
+ | 47 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
+ | 48 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
+ | 49 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 50 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
+ | 51 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
+ | 52 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
+ | 53 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
+ | 54 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
+ | 55 | | | | | | |
+ |and up| 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
+ | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
+ |years.| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
+ | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | 15 | 126 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 147 |
+ | 16 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 149 |
+ | 17 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 151 |
+ | 18 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 153 |
+ | 19 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 155 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 20 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 |
+ | 21 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 |
+ | 22 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 |
+ | 23 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 |
+ | 24 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 160 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 25 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | 162 |
+ | 26 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | 163 |
+ | 27 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | 163 |
+ | 28 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 | 164 |
+ | 29 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 160 | 165 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 30 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 |
+ | 31 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 |
+ | 32 | 145 | 149 | 154 | 158 | 163 | 168 |
+ | 33 | 145 | 149 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 |
+ | 34 | 146 | 150 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 35 | 146 | 150 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 |
+ | 36 | 147 | 151 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 |
+ | 37 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 |
+ | 38 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 173 |
+ | 39 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 173 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 40 | 149 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 174 |
+ | 41 | 149 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 174 |
+ | 42 | 150 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 175 |
+ | 43 | 150 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 175 |
+ | 44 | 151 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 176 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 45 | 151 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 176 |
+ | 46 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
+ | 47 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
+ | 48 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
+ | 49 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 50 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
+ | 51 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 |
+ | 52 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 |
+ | 53 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 |
+ | 54 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 |
+ | 55 | | | | | | |
+ |and up| 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
+ | Age, | feet. | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
+ |years.| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
+ | | | inch. |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | 15 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 177 |
+ | 16 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 174 | 179 |
+ | 17 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 176 | 181 |
+ | 18 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | 183 |
+ | 19 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 175 | 180 | 185 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 20 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 176 | 181 | 186 |
+ | 21 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 177 | 182 | 187 |
+ | 22 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | 183 | 188 |
+ | 23 | 164 | 169 | 175 | 180 | 185 | 190 |
+ | 24 | 165 | 171 | 177 | 182 | 187 | 192 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 25 | 167 | 173 | 179 | 184 | 189 | 194 |
+ | 26 | 168 | 174 | 180 | 186 | 191 | 196 |
+ | 27 | 169 | 175 | 181 | 187 | 192 | 197 |
+ | 28 | 170 | 176 | 182 | 188 | 193 | 198 |
+ | 29 | 171 | 177 | 183 | 189 | 194 | 199 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 30 | 172 | 178 | 184 | 190 | 196 | 201 |
+ | 31 | 173 | 179 | 185 | 191 | 197 | 202 |
+ | 32 | 174 | 180 | 185 | 192 | 198 | 203 |
+ | 33 | 175 | 181 | 187 | 193 | 199 | 204 |
+ | 34 | 176 | 182 | 188 | 194 | 200 | 206 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 35 | 176 | 182 | 189 | 195 | 201 | 207 |
+ | 36 | 177 | 183 | 190 | 196 | 202 | 208 |
+ | 37 | 178 | 184 | 191 | 197 | 203 | 209 |
+ | 38 | 179 | 185 | 192 | 198 | 204 | 210 |
+ | 39 | 179 | 185 | 192 | 199 | 205 | 211 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 40 | 180 | 186 | 193 | 200 | 206 | 212 |
+ | 41 | 180 | 186 | 193 | 200 | 207 | 213 |
+ | 42 | 181 | 187 | 194 | 201 | 208 | 214 |
+ | 43 | 181 | 187 | 194 | 201 | 208 | 214 |
+ | 44 | 182 | 188 | 195 | 202 | 209 | 215 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 45 | 182 | 188 | 195 | 202 | 209 | 215 |
+ | 46 | 183 | 189 | 196 | 203 | 210 | 216 |
+ | 47 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
+ | 48 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
+ | 49 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 50 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
+ | 51 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 |
+ | 52 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 |
+ | 53 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 |
+ | 54 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 219 |
+ | 55 | | | | | | |
+ |and up| 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 219 |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+
+TABLE 7.—-_Graded average weight of women of different statures at
+various ages._
+
+[Copied from Table IX of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”]
+
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
+ | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet. | feet |
+ |years.| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | | 1 |
+ | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| | inch. |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | 15 | 101 | 103 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 109 |
+ | 16 | 102 | 104 | 106 | 117 | 120 | 124 |
+ | 17 | 103 | 105 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 |
+ | 18 | 104 | 106 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 |
+ | 19 | 105 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 20 | 106 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 |
+ | 21 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 |
+ | 22 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 |
+ | 23 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 |
+ | 24 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 25 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 |
+ | 26 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 |
+ | 27 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 |
+ | 28 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 |
+ | 29 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 30 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 |
+ | 31 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 |
+ | 32 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 |
+ | 33 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 |
+ | 34 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 35 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 |
+ | 36 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 |
+ | 37 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 |
+ | 38 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 |
+ | 39 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 40 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 |
+ | 41 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 |
+ | 42 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 |
+ | 43 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 |
+ | 44 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 45 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 |
+ | 46 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 |
+ | 47 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 |
+ | 48 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 |
+ | 49 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 50 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
+ | 51 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
+ | 52 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
+ | 53 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
+ | 54 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
+ | 55 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
+ | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
+ |years.| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
+ | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | 15 | 112 | 115 | 118 | 122 | 126 | 130 |
+ | 16 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 149 |
+ | 17 | 116 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 129 | 133 |
+ | 18 | 117 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 134 |
+ | 19 | 118 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 135 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 20 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 |
+ | 21 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
+ | 22 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
+ | 23 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 |
+ | 24 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 25 | 121 | 124 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 |
+ | 26 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 |
+ | 27 | 122 | 125 | 129 | 132 | 136 | 140 |
+ | 28 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 |
+ | 29 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 30 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 134 | 138 | 142 |
+ | 31 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 135 | 139 | 143 |
+ | 32 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 |
+ | 33 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 | 141 | 145 |
+ | 34 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 35 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 |
+ | 36 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 | 143 | 147 |
+ | 37 | 129 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 |
+ | 38 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 | 145 | 149 |
+ | 39 | 131 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 40 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 |
+ | 41 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 | 147 | 151 |
+ | 42 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 | 147 | 151 |
+ | 43 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 152 |
+ | 44 | 133 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 45 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 |
+ | 46 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 |
+ | 47 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 151 | 155 |
+ | 48 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 152 | 156 |
+ | 49 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 152 | 156 |
+ | | | | | | | |
+ | 50 | 138 | 141 | 149 | 148 | 152 | 156 |
+ | 51 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 |
+ | 52 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 |
+ | 53 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 |
+ | 54 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 153 | 158 |
+ | 55 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 153 | 158 |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
+ | Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet. |
+ |years.| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
+ | |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | 15 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 147 | 152 |
+ | 16 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 174 | 179 |
+ | 17 | 137 | 140 | 144 | 149 | 154 |
+ | 18 | 138 | 142 | 145 | 150 | 155 |
+ | 19 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 151 | 155 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | 20 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 156 |
+ | 21 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 |
+ | 22 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 |
+ | 23 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 153 | 157 |
+ | 24 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | 25 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 154 | 158 |
+ | 26 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 |
+ | 27 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 155 | 159 |
+ | 28 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 160 |
+ | 29 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 160 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | 30 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 161 |
+ | 31 | 147 | 151 | 154 | 157 | 161 |
+ | 32 | 148 | 152 | 155 | 158 | 162 |
+ | 33 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 159 | 162 |
+ | 34 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 160 | 163 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | 35 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 160 | 163 |
+ | 36 | 151 | 155 | 158 | 161 | 164 |
+ | 37 | 152 | 156 | 159 | 162 | 165 |
+ | 38 | 153 | 157 | 160 | 163 | 166 |
+ | 39 | 154 | 158 | 161 | 164 | 167 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | 40 | 154 | 158 | 161 | 164 | 167 |
+ | 41 | 155 | 159 | 162 | 165 | 168 |
+ | 42 | 155 | 159 | 162 | 166 | 169 |
+ | 43 | 156 | 160 | 163 | 167 | 170 |
+ | 44 | 157 | 161 | 164 | 168 | 171 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | 45 | 157 | 161 | 164 | 168 | 171 |
+ | 46 | 158 | 162 | 165 | 169 | 172 |
+ | 47 | 159 | 163 | 166 | 170 | 173 |
+ | 48 | 160 | 164 | 187 | 171 | 174 |
+ | 49 | 161 | 165 | 168 | 172 | 175 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | 50 | 161 | 165 | 169 | 173 | 176 |
+ | 51 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 |
+ | 52 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 |
+ | 53 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 |
+ | 54 | 163 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 177 |
+ | 55 | 163 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 177 |
+ +------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+
+RELATION OF JUVENILE TO ADULT BUILD.
+
+This adjustment was not always necessary, first, because in not a
+few cases the children were of an adult age and the data for the
+build of the parents, now dead, were given for the same age; second,
+examination of such developmental curves as are shown in figure 6
+strongly indicates that when the parents are of slender build, and the
+children are of slender build at the age of 25 years younger than the
+parents, the increase in weight of the children will not usually follow
+the actuarial tables. The actuarial tables, indeed, represent only the
+average increase, and this average is made of a population that does not
+increase its weight at all when it grows older (fig. 6) and a population
+that increases its weight at a much faster rate than indicated in the
+actuarial tables (fig. 3). Consequently, no adjustment is made to the
+given weights of the children whose parents are slender. In the case
+where one parent was slender and one fat, the adjustment is still made in
+the build of all the children. This procedure, undoubtedly, introduces
+an error which, so far as I see, can not be avoided. Baldwin (1921, p.
+74) states that “as a general rule heavy children remain relatively heavy
+during the period studied”; and his developmental curves of individual
+children show that the same persistence of the juvenile build is commonly
+true for children of slight weight. It is striking how often the children
+of heavy parents will be heavy even in youth, and conversely, children of
+exceptionally great weight are apt to retain, and add to, their build.
+
+Chambers (1850, pp. 139-143) cites the following cases of early familial
+obesity: A boy of 3 years weighs 39.5 kg. (87 pounds); his 6 sisters
+and brothers are obese. A girl of 5 years 5 months weighs 89 kg. (196
+pounds); obesity on both sides of the house. A boy of 16 weighs 114 kg.
+(252 pounds); there is collateral heredity.
+
+A striking case of early obesity persisting to maturity is that of Miss
+Allen (plate 8).
+
+On the other hand, it is often strikingly true that in families with a
+tendency to fleshy build some of the children will remain slender until
+20 or 25 years and then begin to grow fat. The metabolic changes that
+induce fatness first appear in later life.
+
+
+
+
+PART II.
+
+MASS STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF ADULT BUILD.
+
+
+It is a matter of common observation that in some families the parents
+and children are all slender; in others, there may be many examples of
+obesity. Worthington (1877, p. 50) cites a number of examples from C.
+Bouchard. A woman of 45 years weighs 107 kg. (236 pounds); her obesity
+began shortly after marriage; her father is very obese and her mother
+obese. A woman of 49 years, whose father is a Turk and whose mother is
+French, weighs 117 kg. or about 258 pounds; her mother was obese. A woman
+of 115 kg. or about 250 pounds has an obese mother and two sisters who
+were obese in infancy; also a gouty mother’s father and father’s father.
+
+The following, from Chambers (1850), show obesity “on both sides of the
+house”: Male of 28 years, 120 kg. (266 pounds); woman of 48 years, 127
+kg. (280 pounds); woman of 52 years, 98.4 kg. (217 pounds); man of 57
+years, 227 kg. (500 pounds); woman of 58 years, 104 kg. (231 pounds);
+woman of 68 years, 118 kg. (260 pounds); woman of 70 years, 107 kg. (238
+pounds). In many other cases cited by Chambers, one parent of the obese
+patient was obese. Howard (1908, p. 54) cites the case of a 7-year-old
+girl, 45.5 inches (115.6 cm.) tall, who weighed 40 kg. (88 pounds), had
+a pendulous abdomen, and was feeble-minded. Her sibs were not abnormal
+and her parents were of average build. One of her great uncles weighs 127
+kg. (280 pounds), an uncle, at 40 years, about 109 kg., and an aunt of
+31 years, 95 kg. (210 pounds). This case is instructive because of the
+skipping of a generation.
+
+In the class of obese cases known as adiposis dolorosa, heredity is
+usually obvious. Price (1909) cites a case of an obese woman of 48 years
+and weighing 140 kg. (310 pounds) who belongs to a fraternity of 7; 1 was
+a miscarriage, 2 died young of accident, 1 died at 22 of typho-pneumonia,
+1 died young of scarlet fever, and 1 brother is large and rheumatic.
+The father seems to have been of average build and the mother is stated
+to have been “very thin.” Of her sibs, 6 were fleshy or very fleshy, 1
+medium, and 1 slender; the children of these fleshy sibs of the mother
+are “all stout.”
+
+Lyon (1910, p. 68) discusses heredity in adiposis dolorosa and
+lipomatosis and cites a considerable number of cases of family recurrence
+in his cases and others. Thus he twice treated a father and his son for
+multiple fatty tumors; also twice a mother and daughter. Lyon’s obese
+case No. 5 was like her 3 sisters and 1 daughter; a son of her father’s
+brother showed similar fatty deposits. 10 other instances of family
+recurrence of abnormal fat deposit are cited.
+
+Maranon and Bonilla (1920) cite the case of a girl of 18 years who was
+slender, like her parents, until after an attack of syphilis, when she
+came to weigh 157 kg. or 350 pounds, while her height was 160 cm., her
+chest-girth 130 cm., and that of her abdomen 150 cm. or 90 per cent of
+her height. She had a very large brother, and both mother’s parents were
+obese, though the parents were not known to be so.
+
+Such examples might be multiplied indefinitely.
+
+Our problem is not what are all the causes of this diversity of build,
+but rather in how far do genetical factors play a part in this diversity.
+We are not oblivious to the fact that there are many factors responsible
+for the result—deviation from the average build. These we shall consider
+in detail in a later section, and the consideration will help us to see
+the limits to the action of the genetical factors. Before going on to
+that, we shall have to consider more in detail the nature of the facts
+for which an explanation has to be sought.
+
+
+METHODS AND MATERIALS.
+
+The method of analyzing the genetic factors in build is that of
+tabulating the distribution of aberrant builds in the family network.
+There is required, first, a large mass of family data which includes
+many extreme or aberrant types of build, and which is as reliable and as
+accurately quantitative as possible; secondly, this has to be subjected
+to the ordinary methods of genetic analysis.
+
+The available material has consisted of data on stature and weight
+given in the Records of Family Traits which constitute a fair sample of
+the population; and of quantitative data on special schedules giving
+stature and weight of a fraternity, its parents, uncles and aunts, and
+grandparents. These special schedules had been mailed to an address
+list of overweight and underweight persons obtained through the kind
+cooperation of Mr. Arthur Hunter. Those who returned the schedules
+showed an especial appreciation of the requirements of our study. A
+third source was the A file of the Eugenics Record Office, where are
+gathered miscellaneous pedigrees of families showing aberrancy in build.
+A fourth and especially valuable source was the field work of Miss Louise
+A. Nelson, of the Eugenics Record Office; this started with selected,
+usually obese, cases.
+
+After the data had been assembled and tabulated, a certain amount of
+correspondence and personal visitation was undertaken in order to
+secure a confirmation or revision of the records in hand. In some
+cases this brought to light errors in the records, in others, useful
+details. Naturally, it was not possible to secure a revision of all of
+the data used, but an attempt was made to select only records that had
+been compiled with care and conscientiousness, and these traits in the
+compiler reveal themselves pretty clearly to a person who has examined
+thousands of these records, just as carelessness is revealed also by
+slipshod speech or posture.
+
+For our study we desire the data of stature and weight for children,
+parents, and grandparents. With some exceptions only those families are
+studied in which all these data are accurately given. Also, only children
+who are above 18 years of age can be utilized, because stature changes
+so rapidly until that age. However, since it is build and not stature
+we are studying, the fact of increase of stature from 19 to 21 years of
+age affects the result very little. Finally, in a certain proportion
+of the cases the stature and weight of all of the grandparents are not
+given quantitatively. Such families are utilized, nevertheless, with such
+quantitative data as may have been afforded.
+
+The data were taken from the Records of Family Traits by Miss Miriam
+Kortright, who long assisted in our statistical work. The computations of
+index of build were made by Miss Kortright and Mr. William Kraus, Miss
+Laura Craytor, and Miss Margaret Andrus, who checked one another’s work.
+The tabulation and seriations of the indices were done by Misses Margaret
+Babcock and Katharine Belzer.
+
+
+THE ADULT INDEX OF BUILD.
+
+In an earlier section of this paper the question of the best index of
+build has been discussed generally. It was pointed out that many regard
+it as a truism that build is a relation of volume to stature. Since
+the volume of a person’s body is rarely known, and it is difficult to
+determine it, weight has been substituted for volume. However, this
+substitution assumes that specific gravity is the same for slender and
+for fat persons; but this is not at all the case. The specific gravity
+of a fat person is about that of water (0.978 to 1.079 in 4 children 7
+to 13 years of age, Meeh, 1879, and 1.014 in a 61-year-old man of 98
+kg. weight, Mies, 1899); of a thin person it may be 5 to 8 per cent
+above that of water (1.049 to 1.082 for thin convicts, Mies, 1899).
+This variable specific gravity complicates the attempt to infer volume
+from weight. In view of these difficulties it were better to measure
+build by a relation of chest diameter (or circumference) to stature. But
+this ratio can not be used in our studies, since our data, for the most
+part, give only weight and stature and not chest-girth. It remains thus
+to determine the closest relation between weight and chest-girth. This
+determination I have attempted to make for 100 young men, 20 to 25 years
+of age, measured at Harvard University where they were students. It will
+hardly be worth while to reproduce the detailed tables of measurements
+and ratios, but they will be found summarized in table 8. In this table
+is given the frequency of occurrence of each of the different ratios
+(or rather classes of ratios) found using chest-girth in first, second,
+and third powers as a divisor. If weight varied exactly with the
+chest-girth, then the ratio of the former to the latter should remain
+constant. Such a strict relation is hardly to be expected and, of course,
+is not found. The ratios obtained show a certain variability about
+the mean condition, and this variability is measured by the standard
+deviation. Similarly, if each weight be divided in turn by the second and
+third powers of stature, and the corresponding variability of the ratios
+be considered, we shall have a method of deciding whether weight varies
+more closely with the first, second, or third power of chest-girth, and
+which of those powers gives in its fluctuations the best measure of the
+corresponding fluctuations in weight.
+
+
+TABLE 8.—_Variability of weight in relation to the second and third
+powers of chest-girth as found in 100 Harvard students._
+
+[_f_, frequency of occurrence of the given index-class.]
+
+ +------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
+ | Weight ÷ | Weight ÷ | Weight ÷ |
+ | chest-girth | chest-girth² | chest-girth³ |
+ +------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
+ | _f_ | _f_ | _f_ |
+ | 610 to 619 1 | 690 to 700 1 | 711 to 720 1 |
+ | 640 649 3 | 711 720 1 | 761 770 3 |
+ | 660 669 2 | 731 740 1 | 791 800 3 |
+ | 670 679 4 | 741 750 1 | 801 810 3 |
+ | 680 689 6 | 751 760 5 | 811 820 3 |
+ | 690 699 2 | 761 770 2 | 821 830 3 |
+ | 700 709 7 | 771 780 4 | 831 840 3 |
+ | 710 719 6 | 781 790 11 | 841 850 5 |
+ | 720 729 4 | 791 800 10 | 851 860 1 |
+ | 730 739 10 | 801 810 7 | 861 870 10 |
+ | 740 749 7 | 811 820 9 | 871 880 6 |
+ | 750 759 7 | 821 830 8 | 881 890 3 |
+ | 760 769 6 | 831 840 5 | 891 900 5 |
+ | 770 779 4 | 841 850 3 | 901 910 5 |
+ | 780 789 7 | 851 860 4 | 911 920 3 |
+ | 790 799 5 | 861 870 9 | 921 930 2 |
+ | 800 809 2 | 871 880 3 | 931 940 7 |
+ | 810 819 3 | 881 890 4 | 941 950 1 |
+ | 820 829 3 | 891 900 3 | 951 960 4 |
+ | 830 839 3 | 901 910 4 | 961 970 4 |
+ | 840 849 4 | 921 930 2 | 971 980 9 |
+ | 850 859 1 | 951 960 1 | 981 990 1 |
+ | 870 879 1 | 961 970 2 | 991 1000 5 |
+ | 900 909 1 | | 1001 1010 2 |
+ | 920 929 1 | | 1031 1040 1 |
+ | | | 1041 1050 4 |
+ | | | 1061 1070 2 |
+ | | | 1111 1120 1 |
+ | | | |
+ | σ, 58.32 | σ, 51.50 | σ, 76.99 |
+ +------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
+
+A comparison of the standard deviations gives the following results for
+man:
+
+ weight weight weight
+ Ratio: ----------- ------------ ------------
+ chest-girth chest-girth² chest-girth³
+ Standard deviation: 58.3 51.5 77.0
+
+From these results the conclusion is drawn that since the variability
+(standard deviation) of weight ÷ chest-girth² is least, the square of
+the chest-girth varies more closely with weight than either the first or
+third power of chest-girth; consequently the square of chest-girth is the
+best measure of weight of the three.
+
+By hypothesis, the chest-girth in persons of the same build varies very
+closely or exactly with stature; consequently we could substitute in
+the foregoing ratios for chest its average equivalent, stature/_K_,
+in which _K_ is nearly 2, more precisely 1.9. In any case it is thus
+clearly deducible that a better index of build is got by dividing weight
+by the square of stature than by its cube, as has been so often done.
+Accordingly, the ratio of weight to stature² has been adopted in this
+paper as the standard index of build. The correlation between this index
+of build and relative chest-girth is found by calculation to be about
+0.45.
+
+In any scale of index of build it is, of course, desirable to use the
+metric system. Unfortunately, most of our data are in English units, so
+that our indices were first obtained by the use of these units. We have
+in many cases transmuted the English into the equivalent metric measures.
+We have, however, retained the original English index, since a large
+portion of the more cultured part of the world uses that system in daily
+life. A table to facilitate transmutation is also given in the Appendix,
+table XVIII. To facilitate the determination of the index of build when
+stature and weight (in English or metric units) are known, table XVI has
+been prepared (pages 169, 170).
+
+To avoid decimals, the ratio, weight in pounds ÷ (stature in inches)² is
+multiplied in this book by 1,000; this gives a series of ratios running
+from 20 to 60 and over. To avoid confusion with the English system, the
+metric equivalents are taken as the ratio of weight in grams ÷ (stature
+in centimeters)². This gives a series of index numbers of the order 1.5
+to 4.0; in this case, at least, one decimal is always expressed. The
+small integral figure and the decimal at once indicate that the index is
+from metric units. Since the index of build has often been expressed as
+the ratio of weight to, respectively, stature, stature²⸳⁵, and stature³,
+table XVII has been prepared to permit these ratios to be transmuted into
+weight ÷ stature², English system.
+
+
+CLASSIFICATION OF BUILD.
+
+For the purposes of analysis, it was found necessary to make a small
+number of classes of build. To decide upon the limits of these classes, a
+polygon of frequency of all indices of build was made, as shown in figure
+7. It appeared plain at the outset that it is desirable to plot the
+data in this polygon by using as abscissæ the logarithms of the index of
+build rather than the absolute indices, since the range of weight above
+the mode is, for obvious reasons, very much greater than below the mode.
+Taking mean weight at 68 kg., or 150 pounds, the minimum weight is about
+20 kg. (45 pounds), or 25 kg. (55 pounds) below the mean, and the maximum
+weight is about 150 kg. (330 pounds), or 182 kg. (400 pounds) above the
+mean. That is, the range of weight classes is three times as great above
+as below the mean. Plotting data in logarithmic fashion, as shown in
+figure 7, it appears that the modal index of build is 2.3 (33). The range
+is from 1.4 (20) to 4.5 (64). Using the logarithms of abscissæ, the curve
+is more nearly a symmetrical one. It is more irregular above than below
+the mode, because the classes are more numerous and the frequency of each
+class smaller. The presence of two modes is suggestive of the hypothesis
+that the medium class and probably the fleshy classes are not strictly
+homogeneous, but, on the contrary, comprise groups of individuals whose
+build is due to dissimilar factors, or sets of factors.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.—Polygon of frequency of the various indices of
+build (weight ÷ stature²). From last column of table 12, with slight
+modifications.]
+
+To derive the desired classes from figure 7, the polygon was somewhat
+arbitrarily divided into five parts, as indicated. Taking 33.5 as a
+starting-point, an equal logarithmic distance was laid off, above and
+below this point, on the base-line. This was taken as the range of middle
+class. An equal logarithmic range was accorded the classes next above and
+below the median respectively. All of the remainders were thrown into the
+extreme classes to which are given, thus, a somewhat greater range than
+the interior classes. This seemed desirable, since their frequencies were
+so low. The adjusted classes finally adopted are as shown in table 9.
+
+
+TABLE 9.—_The five standard classes of build; limits and middle points of
+each._
+
+ +----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
+ | | Range of indices. |
+ | +---------------+--------------+------------+
+ | Class. | | | Middle |
+ | | Metric. | English. | of class |
+ | | | | (English). |
+ +----------------------+---------------+--------------+------------+
+ | Very slender (V. S.) | 1.40 to 1.80 | 20 to 25.4 | 23.5 |
+ | Slender (S.) | 1.81 2.14 | 25.5 30.4 | 28.0 |
+ | Medium (M.) | 2.15 2.56 | 30.5 36.4 | 33.5 |
+ | Fleshy (F.) | 2.57 3.05 | 36.5 43.4 | 40.0 |
+ | Very fleshy (V. F.) | 3.06 4.50+ | 43.5 64 + | 48.0 |
+ +----------------------+---------------+--------------+------------+
+
+
+SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS IN BUILD.
+
+What is the meaning of the great variations of build described in the
+preceding paragraph? What is known in this matter may here be briefly
+summarized that it may be held in mind in considering the numerous cases
+to which we shall have occasion to refer.
+
+In general, it may be stated that variations in build are due to
+endogenous causes and exogenous causes. In this book we shall have
+occasion to examine especially the former—the constitutional or
+hereditary factors. These include idiosyncrasies of metabolism, in
+part controlled by peculiarities in the functioning of the endocrine
+glands; in part, probably, by even finer protoplasmic differences. Thus
+it is known that the thyroid gland greatly influences metabolism; its
+activity in growing children tends to produce tall and slender form. On
+the other hand, deficiency in its activity in childhood leads to the
+type of obesity known as cretinism, and in middle life to myxedema.
+The secretions of the pituitary gland cooperate with the thyroid in
+stimulating growth, especially in the preadolescent stage. When pituitary
+secretions are deficient there frequently results, it is believed, the
+adiposogenital syndrome, in which great masses of fat are deposited on
+breasts, abdomen, hips, and buttocks, and the gonads remain infantile.
+A case that quite certainly belongs to this category is shown by Beck
+(1922, p. 881) and reproduced in plate 8, figures 3, 4, 5; 3 of this
+man’s 4 sibs are fleshy and have scant beards. This is quite like our
+standard very fleshy case (plate 2, fig. 5). See, also, the extreme cases
+falling under this category described by Lyon, 1910.
+
+Lesions of the pineal gland (Beck, 1922, p. 909) and of the gonads are
+stated in some cases to induce obesity. Certain it is that, on the other
+hand, the activity of the gonads tends to slow up growth in stature and
+to increase the chest circumference (plate 6), and this change is more
+marked in the male than the female.
+
+The exogenous causes of build are striking, so much so that many
+physiologists seem to accept the hypothesis that they are of sole
+importance, that excess of fat is due merely to excess of calories
+ingested over those concerned in bodily activity. While no one will deny
+the possibility of starving most fleshy persons thin or of increasing the
+weight of most adults by an excess of food, yet it is also obvious that
+two persons of the same stature and fed equal amounts of similar food
+may come to differ enormously, due to internal conditions, sometimes of
+glandular origin and sometimes dependent upon, or at least associated
+with, disease.
+
+
+TABLE 10.—_Incidence of disease in relation to build._
+
+ +-------------------+-----------------+-------------------+-----------+
+ | | In 10,000 of | | |
+ | | standard | In persons of | |
+ | | population. | selected build. | |
+ | +------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
+ | Diagnosis of | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. |
+ | disease. | | | | Per cent | |
+ | | No. | Per cent | No. | afflicted | Ratio of |
+ | | of |afflicted.| of |in 69 V. S. | col. 4 to |
+ | |cases.| |cases.|population. | col. 2. |
+ +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
+ |VERY SLENDER BUILD.| | | | | |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | YOUTH. | | | | | |
+ |Influenza | 7 | 0.07 | 2 | 2.81 | 40.14 |
+ |Tuberculosis | 24 | .24 | 2 | 2.81 | 11.70 |
+ |Colds | 48 | .48 | 3 | 4.34 | 9.04 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
+ |Melancholia | 10 | .10 | 2 | 2.81 | 28.10 |
+ |Nervousness | 130 | 1.30 | 6 | 8.60 | 6.62 |
+ |Tuberculosis | 58 | .58 | 2 | 2.81 | 4.85 |
+ +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
+ | | | | | Per cent | |
+ | SLENDER BUILD. | | | | afflicted | |
+ | | | | | in 737 S. | |
+ | YOUTH. | | | |population. | |
+ |Fevers | 4 | 0.04 | 4 | 0.542 | 13.55 |
+ |Adenoids | 10 | .10 | 9 | 1.22 | 12.20 |
+ |Appendicitis | 28 | .28 | 13 | 1.76 | 6.28 |
+ |Anemia | 11 | .11 | 5 | .68 | 6.16 |
+ |Tuberculosis | 24 | .24 | 10 | 1.35 | 5.62 |
+ |Tonsilitis | 104 | 1.04 | 30 | 4.07 | 3.91 |
+ |Bronchitis | 53 | .53 | 12 | 1.62 | 3.06 |
+ |Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 34 | 4.61 | 2.79 |
+ |Nervous breakdown | 74 | .74 | 15 | 2.03 | 2.74 |
+ |Rheumatism | 117 | 1.17 | 16 | 2.17 | 1.85 |
+ |Diphtheria | 150 | 1.50 | 19 | 2.57 | 1.71 |
+ |Scarlet Fever | 281 | 2.81 | 29 | 3.93 | 1.40 |
+ |Typhoid fever | 253 | 2.53 | 25 | 3.39 | 1.34 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
+ |Anemia | 3 | .03 | 3 | .407 | 13.57 |
+ |Intestinal trouble | 4 | .04 | 3 | .407 | 10.17 |
+ |Appendicitis | 23 | .23 | 9 | 1.220 | 5.30 |
+ |Tuberculosis | 58 | .58 | 22 | 2.980 | 5.14 |
+ |Heart disease | 94 | .94 | 15 | 2.030 | 2.16 |
+ |Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 22 | 2.980 | 2.14 |
+ |Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 16 | 2.170 | 1.57 |
+ +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
+ | | | | | Per cent | |
+ | FLESHY BUILD | | | | afflicted | |
+ | | | | | in 543 F. | |
+ | YOUTH. | | | |population. | |
+ |Adenoids | 10 | 0.10 | 3 | 0.553 | 55.30 |
+ |Scarlet fever | 281 | 2.81 | 36 | 6.642 | 2.36 |
+ |Typhoid fever | 253 | 2.53 | 28 | 5.166 | 2.04 |
+ |Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 17 | 3.136 | 1.90 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
+ |Hernia | 8 | 0.08 | 7 | 1.29 | 16.00 |
+ |Arterio-sclerosis | 9 | .09 | 6 | 1.10 | 12.22 |
+ |Bladder trouble | 10 | .10 | 6 | 1.10 | 11.00 |
+ |Measles | 10 | .10 | 6 | 1.10 | 11.00 |
+ |Appendicitis | 23 | .23 | 12 | 2.22 | 9.65 |
+ |Eczema | 6 | .06 | 3 | 0.55 | 9.17 |
+ |Hemorrhoids | 13 | .13 | 5 | 0.92 | 7.11 |
+ |Liver trouble | 16 | .16 | 6 | 1.10 | 6.88 |
+ |Paralysis | 49 | .49 | 18 | 3.38 | 6.80 |
+ |Heart trouble | 94 | .94 | 34 | 6.28 | 6.69 |
+ |Gallstones | 22 | .22 | 8 | 1.47 | 6.68 |
+ |Apoplexy | 27 | .27 | 8 | 1.47 | 5.44 |
+ |Tumor | 18 | .18 | 5 | 0.92 | 5.13 |
+ |Bronchitis | 38 | .38 | 9 | 1.66 | 4.37 |
+ |Erysipelas | 31 | .31 | 7 | 1.29 | 4.16 |
+ |Cancer | 51 | .51 | 10 | 1.84 | 3.61 |
+ |Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 27 | 4.98 | 3.58 |
+ |Malaria | 43 | .43 | 8 | 1.47 | 3.42 |
+ |Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 22 | 4.06 | 2.95 |
+ |Kidney trouble | 74 | .74 | 11 | 2.03 | 2.74 |
+ |Rheumatism | 349 | 3.49 | 37 | 6.82 | 1.95 |
+ +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
+ | | | | | Per cent | |
+ | VERY FLESHY BUILD.| | | | afflicted | |
+ | | | | |in 103 V. F.| |
+ | YOUTH. | | | |population. | |
+ |Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 7 | 6.79 | 4.115 |
+ | | | | | | |
+ | MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
+ |Dropsy | 14 | 0.14 | 3 | 2.91 | 20.80 |
+ |Stomach trouble | 15 | .15 | 3 | 2.91 | 19.40 |
+ |Apoplexy | 37 | .37 | 5 | 4.85 | 11.40 |
+ |Kidney trouble | 74 | .74 | 8 | 7.76 | 10.60 |
+ |Cancer | 51 | .51 | 4 | 3.88 | 7.61 |
+ |Heart disease | 94 | .94 | 6 | 5.82 | 6.20 |
+ |Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 8 | 7.76 | 5.6 |
+ |Malaria | 43 | .43 | 2 | 1.94 | 4.5 |
+ |Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 6 | 5.82 | 4.2 |
+ |Rheumatism | 349 | 3.49 | 10 | 9.70 | 2.8 |
+ +-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
+
+Very slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of measles, 2; found,
+none.
+
+Slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of whooping-cough, 7;
+chicken-pox, 4; colds, 4; croup, 3. Cases found, none. B. Middle Age;
+expectation for cases of eye trouble, 30, erysipelas, 24, tonsillitis,
+23, and apoplexy, 21. Cases found, none.
+
+Fleshy build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of ear trouble, 19, lung
+trouble, 18. Cases found, none. B. Middle age; expectation for cases of
+throat trouble, 5. Cases found, none.
+
+
+DISEASES IN RELATION TO BUILD.
+
+As just stated, it is frequently true that build is influenced
+permanently by disease. To test the influence of disease on, or
+association of diseases with, different types of build, a tabulation was
+made of the diseases recorded (in the Records of Family Traits, Eugenics
+Record Office) as occurring during youth and during middle age in 10,000
+fairly well described persons. This constituted the control. Then there
+was determined for our groups of very slender, slender, fleshy, and very
+fleshy, the incidence of disease. The ratio of the percentage incidence
+of the latter to the former was then calculated. In table 10 is given in
+sum many of the results found for the principal diseases. This table may
+now be briefly discussed.
+
+Persons of _very slender_ build are characterized in youth by an excess
+of respiratory diseases—influenza, tuberculosis, and colds. In middle age
+they show an excess of melancholia, nervousness, and tuberculosis.
+
+In 737 persons of _slender_ build there are found in youth many diseases
+in excess of normal incidence. These comprise diseases of the respiratory
+tract—tuberculosis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia; some nervous
+diseases, “nervous breakdown”; various general infections, such as
+“fevers,” appendicitis, anemia, “rheumatism,” diphtheria, scarlet and
+typhoid fevers. One might conclude that slender youth are relatively
+nonresistant to infections. In slender persons there is found in middle
+age an excess of tuberculosis and pneumonia, much appendicitis and
+intestinal trouble, and (as also in youth) anemia.
+
+These associations of slender build and disease are not always easy to
+interpret. The common idea of the tubercular diathesis comprises slender
+form. On the other hand, a person who has, or has recovered from, active
+pulmonary tuberculosis is apt to remain underweight, partly because
+the respiratory apparatus is damaged. The association of “nervousness”
+with slenderness is probably due to the double effect of some glandular
+dystrophy, as, for example, of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroid
+individuals are usually tall, slender, and “nervous” or irritable.
+
+In 103 persons of _very fleshy_ build, the only outstanding disease of
+youth is pneumonia. In middle age occur “kidney trouble,” “dropsy” (which
+often accompanies chronic nephritis), and apoplexy, which is sometimes
+caused by extra pressure on the blood-vessels resulting from impeded
+elimination from the kidney or to a diabetic tendency which puts extra
+work on the vessels. “Heart disease” is also commoner than usual.
+
+In 542 persons of fleshy build, “bladder trouble” (probably including
+diabetes) and kidney trouble are exceptionally frequent, also
+arterio-sclerosis and its accompaniments, apoplexy and paralysis.
+Hernia is frequent, as are various diseases of the digestive tract,
+such as appendicitis, hemorrhoids, liver trouble, and gallstones. These
+are doubtless not the cause of, but a consequence or concomitant of,
+overweight. Sibilant bronchitis, lithiasis (uric and biliare), and
+diabetes mellitus are mentioned, in addition to the above, by Heckel
+(1920, p. 31) as especially apt to be associated with obesity.
+
+
+TABLE 11.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to
+index of build; males and females tabulated separately._
+
+[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.]
+
+
+ +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Distribution of male progeny. |
+ +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+ |Index of build (English) |
+ | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
+ | |VS |VS | V | S | S | S | S | M | M | M | F | F |VF |Total|
+ | |× | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ♂ |
+ | |S | M | F | S | M | F |VF | M | F | VF | F |VF |VF | |
+ | |II |III|IV | VI|VII|VIII|IX | X | XI| XII|XIII|XIV|XV | |
+ | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
+ | 22| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 23| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 25| 1| | | 1| | 1| | | | 1 | | | | 4|
+ | 26| 1| | | | 1| | | | | | | | | 2|
+ | 27| 1| | 1| 7| | | | 1| | 1 | | | | 11|
+ | 28| | 1| | 5| | 1| 1| 1| | | | | | 9|
+ | 29| | 1| | 4| 3| 2| | 3| 2| 1 | 2| | | 18|
+ | 30| | | | 5| 8| 2| 2| 13| 7| 1 | 1| | | 39|
+ | 31| 1| | | 2| 17| 5| 1| 10| 6| 2 | 2| 1| 1| 48|
+ | 32| | 2| 2| 3| 21| 7| 2| 18| 25| 3 | 4| 4| 3| 94|
+ | 33| | 2| 1| 2| 23| 13| 2| 23| 26| 4 | 3| 7| 1| 107|
+ | 34| | 2| 1| | 17| 14| 1| 16| 21| 3 | 4| 3| 1| 83|
+ | 35| | | | | 24| 8| 2| 25| 20| 8 | 8| 5| 2| 102|
+ | 36| | 1| | | 14| 4| | 25| 20| 1 | 9| 2| 1| 77|
+ | 37| | 1| 1| | 12| 10| 1| 8| 14| 5 | 6| 1| 1| 60|
+ | 38| | | 1| | 9| 9| 2| 10| 16| 3 | 9| 3| | 62|
+ | 39| 1| | | | 6| 4| 5| 8| 5| 9 | 7| 7| 1| 53|
+ | 40| | | 1| | 4| 2| 1| 6| 6| 5 | 4| 5| 1| 35|
+ | 41| | | 2| | 4| 1| | 4| 10| | 1| 2| | 24|
+ | 42| | | | | 1| 2| 1| 1| 5| 1 | 4| 6| | 21|
+ | 43| | 1| 1| | 2| 2| | 3| 2| 1 | 3| 4| | 19|
+ | 44| | | | | 1| | 1| | 1| 1 | | 2| 1| 7|
+ | 45| | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| 4 | 2| | 2| 12|
+ | 46| | | | | | | 1| 1| | 2 | | 2| 1| 7|
+ | 47| | | | | 1| | | 1| 2| | 4| | 2| 10|
+ | 48| | | | | 1| | | | | | | 2| | 3|
+ | 49| | | | | | | | 1| | | | | | 1|
+ | 50| | | | | 1| | | | | 1 | | | 2| 4|
+ | 51| | | 1| | 1| | | | | | 2| | 1| 5|
+ | 52| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
+ | 53| | | | | | | | | 2| | 2| 1| | 5|
+ | 54| | | | | | | | | 1| | | | | 1|
+ | 55| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
+ | 56| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
+ | 57| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
+ | 58| | | | | | | | | 1| | | | | 1|
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
+ | 79| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1|
+ |103| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1|
+ | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
+ | ♂ | 5| 11| 12| 29|172| 88 | 23|178|194| 59| 77| 57| 21| 926|
+ | ♀ | 6| 17| 13| 18|134| 67 | 11|149|146| 53| 79| 43| 9| 745|
+ | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
+ |Total | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | ♂ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |and| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | ♀ | 11| 28| 25| 47|306| 155| 34|327|340| 112| 156|100| 30| 1671|
+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
+
+ Avg. ♂, 35.81 ± 0.12.
+ σ ♂, 5.325 ± 0.084.
+
+
+TABLE 11A.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to
+index of build; males and females tabulated separately_—Continued.
+
+[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.]
+
+ +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | Distribution of female progeny. |
+ +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ |Index of build (English) |
+ | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
+ | |VS |VS | V | S | S | S | S | M | M | M | F | F |VF |Total|Total|
+ | |× | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ♀ | ♂ |
+ | |S | M | F | S | M | F |VF | M | F | VF | F |VF |VF | | and |
+ | |II |III|IV | VI|VII|VIII|IX | X | XI| XII|XIII|XIV|XV | | ♀ |
+ | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
+ | 22| | 1| | 1| | | | | | | | | | 2| 2|
+ | 23| 1| | | | | 1| | | | | | | | 2| 2|
+ | 24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| 0|
+ | 25| | | 1| 3| | 1| | 2| | 1| | | | 8| 12|
+ | 26| 2| 1| | 3| 3| 3| | | 1| | 1| | | 14| 16|
+ | 27| | 1| 1| 4| 2| 1| | 3| | | | 1| | 13| 24|
+ | 28| | | 1| 1| 11| 1| | 1| 4| | 2| | | 21| 30|
+ | 29| 1| 1| 1| 2| 10| 5| 1| 7| 5| 2| 6| | | 41| 59|
+ | 30| 1| 2| 1| 1| 10| 6| | 10| 9| 2| 3| 2| | 47| 86|
+ | 31| | 4| | 1| 22| 8| 2| 15| 9| 4| 2| 3| 1| 71| 119|
+ | 32| 1| 1| 1| 2| 18| 2| 2| 12| 15| 6| 2| 2| 1| 65| 159|
+ | 33| | 4| 2| | 12| 11| 1| 14| 20| 4| 1| 2| | 71| 178|
+ | 34| | | 1| | 9| 4| | 12| 13| 9| 8| 2| 2| 60| 143|
+ | 35| | | 2| | 10| 2| | 9| 13| 4| 9| 3| | 52| 154|
+ | 36| | 1| | | 7| 2| 1| 19| 20| 2| 8| 4| 1| 65| 142|
+ | 37| | | | | 3| 3| 1| 14| 8| 4| 7| 2| | 42| 102|
+ | 38| | | | | 2| 5| 1| 7| 7| 2| 2| 5| | 31| 93|
+ | 39| | | | | 2| 5| | 10| 5| 2| | 1| 1| 26| 79|
+ | 40| | | 1| | 3| 1| 1| 3| 6| | 6| 1| 1| 23| 58|
+ | 41| | | | | 2| 1| 1| 5| 1| 2| 2| 1| | 14| 38|
+ | 42| | 1| | | 1| 3| | 2| 2| | 7| 3| 1| 21| 42|
+ | 43| | | | | 2| 1| | | 1| 2| 3| 1| | 10| 29|
+ | 44| | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| | 6| 1| | 11| 18|
+ | 45| | | | | 2| | | 1| | 2| | 3| | 8| 20|
+ | 46| | | 1| | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 1| | 5| 12|
+ | 47| | | | | | | | | 2| | 1| 2| 1| 6| 16|
+ | 48| | | | | | | | | | 1| | 1| | 2| 5|
+ | 49| | | | | 1| | | 1| 1| 1| 2| | | 6| 7|
+ | 50| | | | | | | | | 1| 1| | | | 2| 6|
+ | 51| | | | | | | | 1| | | | 1| | 2| 7|
+ | 52| | | | | | | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| 2|
+ | 53| | | | | | | | | | | | 1| | 1| 6|
+ | 54| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
+ | 55| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
+ | 56| | | | | | | | 1| | | | | | 1| 1|
+ | 57| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
+ | 58| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
+ | 79| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
+ |103| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
+ | ♀ | 6| 17| 13| 18|134| 67| 1|149|146| 53| 79| 43| 9| 745| 1671|
+ +---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
+
+ Avg. ♀, 34.54 ± 0.17.
+ S. D. ♀, 5.133 ± 0.089.
+
+The one clear conclusion from this study is that no single disease and
+no special single collection of diseases is exclusively responsible for
+exceptionally slender or exceptionally fleshy build. The variations in
+build are due primarily rather to various idiosyncrasies of development
+and metabolism which have largely an hereditary basis, upon which may be
+superimposed modifications by various types of disease.
+
+
+TABLE 12.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings, according
+to index of build; sexes tabulated together, based on Appendix tables,
+omitting starred families._
+
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | Serial | II | III | IV | VI | VII | VIII| IX |
+ | mating No. | | | | | | | |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | Type of | VS | VS | VS | S | S | S | S |
+ | mating. | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
+ | | S | M | F | S | M | F | VF |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | Av. index | 26.1| 28.4| 32.0| 29.8| 30.9| 33.8| 37.9|
+ | of build | | | | | | | |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | No. of | 4 | 8 | 5 | 23 | 101 | 49 | 11 |
+ | matings. | | | | | | | |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ | 22 | | 1 | | 1 | | | |
+ | 23 | 1 | | | | | 1 | |
+ | 24 | | | | | | | |
+ | 25 | 1 | | 1 | 4 | | 2 | |
+ | 26 | 3 | 1 | | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
+ | 27 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 1 | |
+ | 28 | | 1 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 1 |
+ | 29 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 |
+ | 30 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 8 | 2 |
+ | 31 | 1 | 4 | | 3 | 39 | 13 | 3 |
+ | 32 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 39 | 9 | 4 |
+ | 33 | | 6 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 24 | 3 |
+ | 34 | | 2 | 2 | | 26 | 18 | 1 |
+ | 35 | | | 2 | | 34 | 10 | 2 |
+ | 36 | | 2 | | | 21 | 6 | 1 |
+ | 37 | | 1 | 1 | | 15 | 13 | 2 |
+ | 38 | | | 1 | | 11 | 14 | 3 |
+ | 39 | 1 | | | | 8 | 9 | 5 |
+ | 40 | | | 2 | | 7 | 3 | 2 |
+ | 41 | | | 2 | | 5 | 2 | 1 |
+ | 42 | | 1 | | | 3 | 5 | 1 |
+ | 43 | | 1 | 1 | | 4 | 3 | |
+ | 44 | | | | | 2 | 1 | 1 |
+ | 45 | | | | | 3 | 1 | |
+ | 46 | | | 1 | | 4 | | 1 |
+ | 47 | | | | | 1 | | |
+ | 48 | | | | | 1 | | |
+ | 49 | | | | | 1 | | |
+ | 50 | | | | | 1 | | |
+ | 51 | | | 1 | | 1 | | |
+ | 52 | | | | | | | |
+ | 53 | | | | | | | |
+ | 54 | | | | | | | |
+ | 55 | | | | | | | |
+ | 56 | | | | | | | |
+ | 57 | | | | | | | |
+ | 58 | | | | | | | |
+ | 79 | | | | | | | |
+ | 103 | | | | | | | |
+ | Total | 11 | 28 | 25 | 47 | 306 | 155 | 34 |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ |Adult progeny | | | | | | | |
+ | per mating | 2.75| 3.50| 5.00| 2.04| 3.03| 3.16| 3.09|
+ |Average |28.55|32.18|35.04|28.47|34.01|34.39|35.68|
+ |P. E. of aver.| ±.86| ±.54| ±.83| ±.24| ±.16| ±.22| ±.51|
+ |σ | 4.21| 4.20| 6.18| 2.41| 4.20| 4.13| 4.44|
+ |P. E. of σ | ±.61| ±.38| ±.59| ±.17| ±.11| ±.16| ±.36|
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | Serial | X | XI | XII | XIII| XIV | XV | |
+ | mating No. | | | | | | | |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
+ | Type of | M | M | M | F | F | VF | |
+ | mating. | × | × | × | × | × | × |Total.|
+ | | M | F | VF | F | VF | VF | |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
+ | Av. index | | | | | | | |
+ | of build | 33.2| 36.4| 40.7| 39.2| 43.0| 47.4| |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | No. of | | | | | | | |
+ | matings. | 92 | 114 | 30 | 33 | 29 | 7 | 506 |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 22 | | | | | | | 2 |
+ | 23 | | | | | | | 2 |
+ | 24 | | | | | | | 0 |
+ | 25 | 2 | | 2 | | | | 12 |
+ | 26 | | 1 | | 1 | | | 16 |
+ | 27 | 4 | | 1 | | 1 | | 24 |
+ | 28 | 2 | 4 | | 2 | | | 30 |
+ | 29 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 8 | | | 59 |
+ | 30 | 23 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | | 86 |
+ | 31 | 25 | 15 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 119 |
+ | 32 | 30 | 40 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 159 |
+ | 33 | 37 | 46 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 178 |
+ | 34 | 28 | 34 | 12 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 143 |
+ | 35 | 34 | 33 | 12 | 17 | 8 | 2 | 154 |
+ | 36 | 44 | 40 | 3 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 142 |
+ | 37 | 22 | 22 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 102 |
+ | 38 | 17 | 23 | 5 | 11 | 8 | | 93 |
+ | 39 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 79 |
+ | 40 | 9 | 12 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 58 |
+ | 41 | 9 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 3 | | 38 |
+ | 42 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 42 |
+ | 43 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 5 | | 29 |
+ | 44 | | 3 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 18 |
+ | 45 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 20 |
+ | 46 | 1 | 1 | 3 | | 3 | 1 | 12 |
+ | 47 | 1 | 4 | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 16 |
+ | 48 | | | 1 | | 3 | | 5 |
+ | 49 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | 7 |
+ | 50 | | 1 | 2 | | | 2 | 6 |
+ | 51 | 1 | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
+ | 52 | | | 1 | 1 | | | 2 |
+ | 53 | | 2 | | 2 | 2 | | 6 |
+ | 54 | | 1 | | | | | 1 |
+ | 55 | | | | | | | 0 |
+ | 56 | 1 | | | | | | 1 |
+ | 57 | | | | | | | 0 |
+ | 58 | | 1 | | | | | 1 |
+ | 79 | | | 1 | | | | 1 |
+ | 103 | | | 1 | | | | 1 |
+ | Total | 327 | 340 | 112 | 156 | 100 | 30 | 1671 |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ |Adult progeny | | | | | | | |
+ | per mating | 3.55| 2.98| 3.70| 4.72| 3.45| 4.29| 3.29 |
+ |Average |34.79|35.41|37.64|37.56|38.49|39.20|35.24 |
+ |P. E. of aver.| ±.15| ±.16| ±.58| ±.29| ±.38| ±.78| ±.087|
+ |σ | 4.05| 4.34| 9.11| 5.37| 5.38| 6.31| 5.29 |
+ |P. E. of σ | ±.11| ±.11| ±.41| ±.21| ±.27| ±.55| ±.06 |
+ +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+
+
+MASS STUDY OF VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN BUILD.
+
+Having considered the classification and something of the causes of
+variation in build, we have now to consider the relation between the
+build of the parents and that of the progeny. This is the mass treatment
+of the data of “heredity” which was the prevailing method 25 years ago
+and earlier. It is still a useful method in the case of traits due to
+multiple factors, such as the present one.
+
+The distribution of build in the children of the different matings
+is given in tables 11, 11A, and 12. There are 15 possible different
+combinations of matings of the five grades. The first of these (VS × VS)
+is not represented in our data, and the fifth, VS × VF, is represented
+by only one mating and no column is devoted to it. The frequencies are
+given separately for male and female offspring (table 11), and again
+for both sexes together (table 12). Table 13 shows that there is a
+considerable correlation between the average build of the parentage and
+that of the progeny. From the matings of the fleshier parents the progeny
+are fleshier; from those of slender parents, slenderer. This relation
+may conceivably be due to family tradition handed down from parents to
+children. We shall see later that this hypothesis meets with formidable
+difficulties to acceptance. The most reasonable hypothesis is that there
+are, above all, hereditary family tendencies that help determine build.
+
+
+TABLE 13.—_Distribution of progeny of the various matings, according to
+classes of build, absolute numbers, and proportions, based on Appendix
+table, including starred families._
+
+ +----------------+-----------+---------------------+-------------------+
+ | | | | Proportional |
+ | | Total | Absolute numbers. | frequencies |
+ |Type of mating. | No. of | | (per mille). |
+ | | children. +----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+ | | |VS. | S.| M. | F.|VF.|VS.| S.| M.| F.|VF.|
+ +----------------+-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+ |No. II VS × S | 20 | 4 | 12| 2| 2| |200|600|100|100| |
+ | III VS × M | 28 | 1 | 7| 17| 3| | 36|250|607|107| |
+ | IV VS × F | 25 | 1 | 5| 10| 7| 2| 40|200|400|280| 80|
+ | VI S × S | 51 | 5 | 35| 11| | | 98|686|215| | |
+ | VII S × M | 313 | | 49| 200| 53| 11| |157|639|169| 35|
+ | VIII S × F | 179 | 5 | 25| 85| 57| 7| 28|140|475|318| 39|
+ | IX S × VF | 50 | | 7| 18| 17| 8| |140|360|340|160|
+ | X M × M | 332 | 2 | 40| 201| 82| 7| 6|121|605|247| 21|
+ | XI M × F | 346 | | 31| 210| 88| 17| | 90|606|255| 49|
+ | XII M × VF | 112 | 2 | 7| 50| 36| 17| 18| 63|446|321|152|
+ | XIII F × F | 159 | | 15| 62| 61| 21| | 94|390|384|132|
+ | XIV F × VF | 146 | 1 | 7| 52| 51| 35| 7| 48|356|349|240|
+ | XV VF × VF | 37 | | | 12| 8| 10| | |400|267|333|
+ | +-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+ | Total | 1798 | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +----------------+-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+
+Comparing the tables for male and female offspring, it appears, first,
+that there are, for some reason, more males than females about whom data
+of build are given, probably because more males than females know their
+stature and weight, or willingly record it; second, there are relatively
+more females than males of very slender build (grades 22 to 31); there
+are recorded relatively more very fleshy males than females (grades of
+50 and above); third, there are relatively more recorded daughters than
+sons derived from one very slender parent, and from the F × F and M × M
+matings. The male progeny are more variable than the female as 5.325 ±
+0.084 is to 5.133 ± 0.089; but the difference is less than three times
+the probable error, and is, consequently, not very significant.
+
+Considering next the table of total progeny of the various matings, it
+appears that the average number of children with recorded build from the
+recorded matings is variable. In descending order the fecundity of the
+matings is shown in table 14. This table shows that larger families, on
+the average, were derived from fleshy parents than from slender parents.
+Thus the F × F matings yield 2.3 times as many children, on the average,
+per mating as the S × S matings.
+
+
+TABLE 14.—_Average number of progeny yielded by each type of mating
+(based on table 12)._
+
+ +-------+---------+-------+---------+
+ |Mating.| No. of |Mating.| No. of |
+ | |children.| |children.|
+ +-------+---------+-------+---------+
+ |VS × F | 5.00 | S × F | 3.16 |
+ | F × F | 4.72 | S × VF| 3.09 |
+ |VF × VF| 4.29 | S × M | 3.03 |
+ | M × VF| 3.70 | M × F | 2.98 |
+ | M × M | 3.55 |VS × S | 2.75 |
+ |VS × M | 3.50 | S × S | 2.04 |
+ | F × VF| 3.45 | | |
+ +-------+---------+-------+---------+
+
+
+REGRESSION OF PROGENY TOWARD MEDIOCRITY.
+
+Galton pointed out, in the case of stature, that, since correlation
+between parents and progeny is not perfect, the progeny of selected
+parents will tend to be less extremely selected and hence more nearly
+mediocre than their parents. It has, indeed, been shown in my studies
+on stature (1917, p. 341) that the progeny of tall parents do not show
+this regression to mediocrity as much as the progeny of short parents.
+This was regarded as evidence that the gametes of tall parents carried
+fewer recessive allelomorphs than those of short parents; hence were
+genetically “purer” and comprise more recessive factors. What is the
+condition in respect to the varying indices of build?
+
+The answer to this question is given in table 15, which in turn is based
+on table 12. This table shows for each of the 13 matings the average
+departure of the parents from mediocre build (which for the parents is
+34.86) and the corresponding departure of their offspring from mediocre
+build (which for the progeny is 35.24). In the right-hand column of
+the table is given the difference between these two departures, which
+measures the amount of regression toward mediocrity on the part of the
+progeny. The results of the last column are shown graphically in figure 8.
+
+
+TABLE 15.—_Average build and regression from parental average of the
+progeny of the various types of mating. Also matings arranged in order of
+regression. Sexes combined (based on table 12)._
+
+ +-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | | | | | | | Regression.|
+ | | | | Avg. | | Departure of | |
+ |Type of| No. of | No. of | build |Avg. build |parents|progeny| |
+ |mating.|matings.|progeny.| of |of progeny.| from | |
+ | | | |parents.| | mediocrity. | |
+ +-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
+ |VS × S | 4 | 11 | 26.13 |28.55 ± .86| -8.73 | -6.69 | +2.04 |
+ |VS × M | 8 | 28 | 28.38 |32.18 ± .54| -6.48 | -3.06 | +3.42 |
+ |VS × F | 5 | 25 | 32.00 |35.04 ± .83| -2.86 | -0.20 | +2.66 |
+ | S × S | 23 | 47 | 29.77 |28.47 ± .24| -5.09 | -6.77 | -1.68 |
+ | S × M | 101 | 306 | 30.90 |34.01 ± .16| -3.96 | -1.23 | +2.73 |
+ | S × F | 49 | 155 | 33.85 |34.39 ± .22| -1.01 | -0.85 | +0.16 |
+ | S × VF| 11 | 34 | 37.91 |35.48 ± .51| +3.05 | +0.24 | +2.81 |
+ | M × M | 92 | 327 | 33.23 |34.79 ± .15| -1.63 | -0.45 | +1.18 |
+ | M × F | 114 | 340 | 36.45 |35.41 ± .16| +1.59 | +0.17 | +1.42 |
+ | M × VF| 30 | 112 | 40.68 |36.53 ± .38| +5.82 | +1.29 | +4.53 |
+ | F × F | 33 | 156 | 39.21 |37.56 ± .29| +4.35 | +2.32 | +2.03 |
+ | F × VF| 30 | 100 | 42.97 |38.49 ± .36| +8.11 | +3.25 | +4.86 |
+ |VF × VF| 7 | 30 | 47.43 |39.20 ± .78| +12.57| +3.96 | +8.61 |
+ | +--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
+ | Total | 507 | 1671 | 34.86 |35.24 | | | |
+ +-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
+
+ Mediocrity for parents, 34.86.
+ Mediocrity for progeny, 35.24.
+
+MATINGS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF REGRESSION.
+
+ +---------+-------+
+ | S × S | -1.68 |
+ | S × F | +0.16 |
+ | M × M | +1.18 |
+ | M × F | +1.42 |
+ | F × F | +2.03 |
+ | VS × S | +2.04 |
+ | VS × F | +2.66 |
+ | S × M | +2.73 |
+ | S × VF | +2.81 |
+ | VS × M | +3.42 |
+ | M × VF | +4.53 |
+ | F × VF | +4.86 |
+ | VF × VF | +8.61 |
+ +---------+-------+
+
+Figure 8 shows clearly that, in spite of considerable irregularities, the
+line of regression descends from the matings of two very fleshy parents
+at the left, and in general from matings in which the average parental
+departure from the mean build of parents is positive, to the mating of
+two slender parents (or, less strikingly the VS × S mating) or in general
+to the matings in which the average parental departure is extremely
+negative. This result is most easily explained on the ground that whereas
+fleshy parents carry all sorts of gametes for build, slender parents
+carry a preponderance of gametes of their own kind; hence the progeny do
+not regress so much from the selected parental condition. This suggests
+that the slender parents are more nearly homozygous than the fleshy
+parents.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.—Line of regression of progeny on parents, based
+on the difference between average filial and parental departures from
+mediocrity. The abscissæ measure the average parental departure of each
+class of mating. The ordinates are proportional to the filial regression.]
+
+Still another test of the gametic composition of the parents is the
+variability of their offspring. The facts regarding such variability
+are given in table 16. From this table it appears that the mating that
+yields the least variable progeny is that of two slender consorts. The
+variability in their progeny is measured by 2.41 ± 0.17. The variability
+of the progeny of the VS × S mating is greater, 4.21 ± 0.61, but on
+account of the small number of the progeny the probable error is large,
+and it is possible that this difference in variability between S × S and
+VS × S progeny is not a significant one. Next to the least variable
+are the offspring of the M × M mating, 4.06 ± 0.11, and this leads to
+the conclusion that a large proportion of the M parents are not merely
+heterozygous, but constitute a “pure race” of medium build. The offspring
+of the S × F mating have a fairly small variability 4.13 ± 0.16, as
+befits a first generation (F₁) hybrid. On the other extreme, we have
+the M × VF mating with a standard deviation of 9.11 ± 0.41. This large
+standard deviation is due chiefly to the inclusion of one family (Ber-A)
+which contains 2 progeny of builds 79 and 103, weighing 180 kg. (400
+pounds) and 215 kg. (475 pounds) respectively. Otherwise, the variability
+of this mating is not extreme. It is 5.25 ± 0.24. The next largest
+variability is from the VF × VF mating, 6.31 ± 0.55, a variability that
+is due to the absence of any important mode. The progeny of the VS × F
+mating are highly variable, 6.18 ± 0.59, but this standard deviation has
+the largest probable error of any except VS × S, so that great stress
+must not be laid upon its exact position. In general, the progeny of
+matings with 2 or 1 F or VF parents, belong to the more variable group
+and those with S (or VS) parents to the less variable group. The meaning
+of this is clear to the geneticist who has dealt with multiple factors.
+It indicates that some or all of the factors that make for fleshy build
+dominate to a greater or less degree over the factors for slenderness.
+The test of the regression of progeny toward mediocrity and the test of
+the variability of the progeny of the various matings thus lead to the
+same result—the factors for fleshiness are imperfectly dominant over
+those for slenderness, and the latter probably lack some or all of those
+factors that make for fleshy build.
+
+
+TABLE 16.—_Progeny of the various types of matings arranged in order of
+variability or standard deviation (S. D.), together with the probable
+errors (P. E.) of the means and deviations; also the coefficients of
+variation (based on table 12)._
+
+ +-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
+ |Type of| No. of | Mean build of |Standard deviation|Coefficient of|
+ |mating.|progeny.|progeny and (P. E.)| and (P. E.) | variability. |
+ +-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
+ | S × S | 47 | 28.47 ± 0.24 | 2.41 ± 0.17 | 8.97 |
+ | M × M | 327 | 34.79 ± 0.15 | 4.06 ± 0.11 | 11.67 |
+ | S × F | 155 | 34.39 ± 0.22 | 4.13 ± 0.16 | 12.01 |
+ | S × M | 306 | 34.01 ± 0.16 | 4.20 ± 0.11 | 12.35 |
+ |VS × S | 11 | 28.55 ± 0.86 | 4.21 ± 0.61 | 14.75 |
+ |VS × M | 28 | 32.18 ± 0.54 | 4.22 ± 0.38 | 13.11 |
+ | M × F | 340 | 35.41 ± 0.16 | 4.27 ± 0.11 | 12.06 |
+ | S × VF| 34 | 35.68 ± 0.51 | 4.44 ± 0.36 | 12.44 |
+ | F × F | 157 | 37.56 ± 0.29 | 5.37 ± 0.20 | 14.30 |
+ | F × VF| 100 | 38.49 ± 0.36 | 5.38 ± 0.27 | 3.98 |
+ |VS × F | 25 | 35.04 ± 0.83 | 6.18 ± 0.59 | 17.64 |
+ |VF × VF| 30 | 39.20 ± 0.78 | 6.31 ± 0.55 | 16.10 |
+ | M × VF| 112 | 37.64 ± 0.58 | 9.11 ± 0.41 | 24.17 |
+ +-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
+
+
+HYPOTHESIS.
+
+The foregoing brief studies of the progeny of classes of matings suggest
+the following hypothesis:
+
+Fleshy build results from the action of several positive (dominant)
+factors that make for stoutness, while slenderness results from the
+absence of one or more of such factors, or is due to recessive factors.
+Fleshy parents may, and frequently do, carry gametes which lack the
+“fleshy” or carry the “slender” factor, while in slender parents for the
+most part the gametes carry only the slender factor, hence the gametes
+of slender parents are more nearly homogeneous. This hypothesis may be
+further developed as follows:
+
+Assuming that there are two independent factors A and B for build, then
+these may be found in different zygotes in the following combinations:
+
+ AABB AaBB aABB aaBB
+ AABb AaBb aABb aaBb
+ AAbB AabB aAbB aabB
+ AAbb Aabb aAbb aabb
+
+Or, disregarding order of the letters, and considering only the number
+and kind of genes in each kind of zygote, we have:
+
+ AABB 2AaBB aaBB
+ 2AABb 4AaBb 2aaBb
+ AAbb 2Aabb aabb
+
+in which the coefficients indicate the relative frequency of the
+different combinations.
+
+We may assume that:
+
+ 4 positive factors in a zygote correspond to a very fleshy person.
+ 3 factors correspond to a fleshy person.
+ 2 factors correspond to a person of medium build.
+ 1 factor corresponds to a slender person.
+ 0 factor corresponds to a very slender person.
+
+Table 17 indicates the possible matings and their progeny.
+
+
+TABLE 17.—_Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings,
+on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent upon 4 zygotic
+factors in the parents._
+
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------------------------+
+ | | | | | Percentage of each number of |
+ |One |Other| Zygotic | Gametic | zygotes in progeny. |
+ | parent. | formulæ. | formulæ. +------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | | |0 (VS)|1 (S)|2 (M)|3 (F)|4 (VF)|
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 4 | 4 | AABB × AABB | AB × AB | | | | | 100 |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 4 | 3 | AABB × AABb |{ AB × AB }| | | | 50 | 50 |
+ | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | AABB × AAbb | AB × Ab | | | | 100 | |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 4 | 2 | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
+ | | | AABB × AaBb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
+ | | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 4 | 1 | AABB × Aabb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 50 | 50 | |
+ | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 4 | 0 | AABB × aabb | AB × ab | | | 100 | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
+ | 3 | 3 | AABb × AABb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
+ | | | |{ Ab × AB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 3 | 2 | AABb × AAbb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 50 | 50 | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | AABb × AaBb |{ Ab × AB }| | 12.5| 37.5| 37.5| 12.5|
+ | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | 3 | 1 | AABb × Aabb |{ AB × ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+ | 3 | 0 | AABb × aabb |{ Ab × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | AAbb × AAbb | Ab × Ab | | |100 | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × AB }| | | | | |
+ | | | AAbb × AaBb |{ Ab × Ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | AaBb × AAbb |{ Ab × Ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
+ | | | |{ aB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{2Ab × AB }| | | | | |
+ | | | AaBb × AaBb |{2Ab × Ab }| 6.25| 25 | 37.5| 25 | 6.25|
+ | | | |{2Ab × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{2Ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × AB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | AAbb × Aabb |{ Ab × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | 2 | 1 | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | AABb × Aabb |{ Ab × ab }| 12.5| 37.5| 37.5| 12.5| |
+ | | | |{ aB × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ aB × aB }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | AAbb × aabb | Ab × ab | |100 | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+ | 2 | 0 | AaBb × aabb |{ Ab × ab }| 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
+ | | | |{ aB × ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | 1 | 1 | Aabb × Aabb |{ AB × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+ | | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 1 | 0 | Aabb × aabb |{ Abab }| 50 | 50 | | | |
+ | | | |{ abab }| | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+ | 0 | 0 | aabb × aabb | | 100 | | | | |
+ +-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
+
+On the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build, the possible
+combinations in the progeny are much more numerous. Seven classes of
+zygotic combinations are possible. We recognize in our work only 5
+classes of build. Accordingly, it would be necessary to redistribute our
+classes of build into 7 or else assume that the two lowest classes are
+both comprised in “very slender” and the two highest in “very fleshy.”
+The former operation would require an amount of work hardly justified by
+the possible advantage; so the latter procedure was adopted as perhaps a
+sufficiently close approximation. The distributions are given in table 18
+which is given in detail only in part.
+
+
+TABLE 18.—_Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings
+on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent on 6 zygotic
+factors in the parents._
+
+ +----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
+ | No. of | |
+ |factors in| Percentage of each class of zygotic factors. |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ |One |Other| 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
+ | parent. | | | | | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 6 | 6 | 100 | | | | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 6 | 5 | 50 | 50 | | | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 6 | 4 |{ |100 | | | | | |
+ | | |{ 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 6 | 3 |{ | 50 | 50 | | | | |
+ | | |{ 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 6 | 2 |{ | |100 | | | | |
+ | | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 6 | 1 | | | 50 | 50 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 6 | 0 | | | |100 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 5 | 5 | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 5 | 4 |{ | 50 | 50 | | | | |
+ | | |{ 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 5 | 3 |{ 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | |
+ | | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 5 | 2 |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | |
+ | | |{ | | 50 | 50 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 5 | 1 | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 5 | 0 | | | | 50 | 50 | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | | |{ 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | |
+ | 4 | 4 |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
+ | | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
+ | | |{ | |100 | | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | | |{ 3.125 | 15.625| 31.25 | 31.25| 15.625 | 3.125| |
+ | 4 | 3 |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | |
+ | | |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | |
+ | | |{ | | 50 | 50 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | | |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | |
+ | 4 | 2 |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
+ | | |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
+ | | |{ | | |100 | | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 4 | 1 |{ | | | 50 | 50 | | |
+ | | |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 4 | 0 | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | | |{ 1.5625| 9.375| 23.4375| 31.25| 23.4375| 9.375| 1.5625|
+ | 3 | 3 |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | |
+ | | |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | |
+ | | |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | | |{ | 3.125| 16.625 | 31.25| 31.25 | 16.625| 3.125 |
+ | 3 | 2 |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | |
+ | | |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | |
+ | | |{ | | | 50 | 50 | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 3 | 1 |{ | | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.5 |
+ | | |{ | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 3 | 0 |{ | | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 |
+ | | |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | | |{ | | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 |
+ | 2 | 2 |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | |
+ | | |{ | | | |100 | | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 2 | 1 |{ | | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 |
+ | | |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 2 | 0 |{ | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
+ | | |{ | | | | |100 | |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 1 | 1 | | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 1 | 0 | | | | | | 50 | 50 |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+ | 0 | 0 | | | | | | |100 |
+ +----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
+
+
+MATE SELECTION IN BUILD.
+
+Statistics on temperament and stature of consorts (Davenport, 1915, p.
+106; 1917, p. 329) seem clearly to show that there is an assortative
+mating in respect to these traits. The question arises: Is there
+assortative mating in respect to build? The inquiry is rendered the
+more difficult, inasmuch as build changes to such an extent with age.
+Nevertheless, as there appears to be a considerable correlation (though
+not yet calculated) between build at 25 and at 50 years, it is fair to
+assume that some degree of the mature build is already indicated at the
+period just before marriage.
+
+If, now, there is no assortative mating in respect to build, we should
+find that persons of any given build, say slender, would have very
+slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy consorts in the
+respective proportions in which such classes of build occur in the
+whole population of parents. A marked deviation from this expectation
+would indicate the falseness of this hypothesis and that there is an
+assortative mating in respect to build.
+
+To test the hypothesis we can make use of 531 matings, including those
+which are employed in the main tables. We find the male and the female
+consorts in these matings to occur in the different classes in the
+numbers and proportions shown in table 19.
+
+
+TABLE 19.—_Percentage distribution of parents of each sex among the
+various classes of build as found in 531 selected matings. Based on
+Appendix tables._
+
+ +----------+----------------------+----------------------+
+ | | Males. | Females. |
+ | +----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
+ | Classes. | | | | |
+ | |Frequency.| Per cent. |Frequency.| Per cent. |
+ +----------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
+ | VS | 22 | .38 | 18 | 3.39 |
+ | S | 97 | 18.27 | 127 | 23.92 |
+ | M | 230 | 43.31 | 210 | 39.55 |
+ | F | 158 | 29.75 | 120 | 22.59 |
+ | VF | 44 | 8.29 | 56 | 10.55 |
+ | +----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
+ | Total | 531 | 100 | 531 | 100 |
+ +----------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
+
+In applying the test to the hypothesis we may assume in turn that the
+groom has done the selecting and that the bride has done the selecting.
+We then compare, in the selections made by the grooms, the expected
+proportion of the classes of build on the assumption of no assortative
+mating, with the proportions actually found in the brides. Similarly,
+with suitable changes for the selections made by the brides. The results
+are given in table 20.
+
+
+TABLE 20.—_Percentage distribution of build of consorts selected by
+grooms and by brides belonging to each of the classes of build, and
+comparison with the standards of table 19._
+
+P, percentages found or expected. E, percentage excess of found over
+expected.
+
+ +----------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+---+
+ | | | | | | | T |
+ | | VS | S | M | F | VF | o |
+ | | | | | | | t |
+ | +----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+ a |
+ | | P | E | P | E | P | E | P | E | P | E | l |
+ +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
+ | SELECTIONS MADE BY GROOMS. |
+ +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
+ |Expected | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | build | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | of | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | brides, | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | random | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | selection|3.4 | |23.9| |39.6| |22.6| |10.6| |100|
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | _slender_| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | grooms |5.2 | +52.9|24.7| +3.3|37.1| +6.3|23.7| +4.9| 9.3|-12.3| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | _medium_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | grooms |3.5 | +2.9 |28.3|+18.4|40.4| +2.0|22.3| -1.3| 5.6|-47.2| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | _fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | grooms |3.2 | -5.9 |18.3|-23.4|40.5| +2.3|21.5| -4.9|16.5|+55.7| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by _very | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | grooms |0.0 | -100 |15.9|-33.5|38.6| -2.5|27.3|+20.8|18.2|+71.7| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
+ | SELECTIONS MADE BY BRIDES. |
+ +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Expected | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | build | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | of | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | grooms, | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | random | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | selection|0.4 | |18.3| |43.3| |29.8| | 8.3| |100|
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | _slender_| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | brides |1.59|+297.5|18.9| +3.3|51.2|+18.2|22.8|-23.5| 5.5|-33.7| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | _medium_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | brides |0.0 | -100 |17.1| -6.6|44.3| +2.3|30.5| +2.3| 8.1| -2.4| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | _fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | brides |0.0 | -100 |19.2| +4.9|42.5| -1.8|28.3| -5.0|10.0|+20.5| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | by _very | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | brides |0.0 | -100 |16.1|-12.0|23.2|-46.4|46.4|+55.7|14.3|+72.3| |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
+
+An inspection of tables 19 and 20 shows that the hypothesis that wives
+and husbands of men of each different class of build are merely random
+samples of the whole population of parents is not supported by the facts.
+Thus on the part of both very fleshy grooms and brides over 70 per cent
+more consorts, who will ultimately be very fleshy are selected than
+are expected on the hypothesis of random sampling. Also, among fleshy
+fathers there is a marked excess of very fleshy wives. Slender parents
+have an excess of similar consorts. Medium parents have selected consorts
+nearly at random so far as regards build. Slender parents have selected
+a smaller proportion of very fleshy consorts than expectation on random
+choice, and very fleshy parents have selected less than the average of
+very slender and slender consorts. In a word, there is some degree of
+assortative mating and, indeed, a mating of similars. This result agrees
+with the findings in respect to stature; similars tend to mate; while in
+the case of temperament, dissimilars tend to marry each other.
+
+
+THE BASAL TABLES.
+
+In the Appendix are given in tabular form details concerning the
+different types of matings, with some information concerning the
+grandparents, the sibs of parents, and the children. These are the tables
+that have been used for the mass study and from which table 11 was drawn
+up.[2] They will afford much of our data for the detailed Mendelian
+studies, and will be briefly considered in this section.
+
+[2] The families in the tables of the Appendix which are marked by an
+asterisk (*) are not included in table 11. The reason is that they were
+selected families, usually because containing very fleshy persons. It was
+deemed undesirable to combine these selected families with the unselected
+families that make up most of table 11; a table which forms the basis for
+figure 7. To have included them would have distorted the form of that
+figure.
+
+These tables are derived chiefly from the Records of Family Traits;
+some from special schedules and, in a few cases, from the A file of the
+Eugenics Record Office.
+
+ _Table I._—Mating of very slender, 1.50 to 1.75 metric (21 to 25
+ English) × very slender. This combination does not occur in our
+ 506 standard matings.
+
+ _Table II._—Matings of very slender × slender, 1.80 to 2.10 (26
+ to 30). There are seven matings altogether. They yielded 20
+ progeny: 4 VS, 12 S, 2 M, and 2 F. Four-fifths of the progeny
+ thus fall in the parental groups; the distribution shows little
+ variability (fig. 9).
+
+ _Table III._—Matings of very slender × medium, 2.2 to 2.6 (31 to
+ 36). 28 children derived from 8 matings have indices of build
+ as follows: 1 VS, 7 S, 17 M, 3 F. The mode of the progeny, as
+ compared with table 2, has shifted to the medium grade (fig. 10).
+
+ _Table IV._—Matings of very slender × fleshy, 2.6 to 3.0 (37 to
+ 43). There are 5 matings. These yielded 25 progeny: 1 VS, 5 S,
+ 10 M, 7 F, and 2 VF. The mode is at medium grade, but the whole
+ distribution is much more variable than in tables 2 and 3 (fig.
+ 11).
+
+ _Table V._—Matings of very slender × very fleshy, 3.1 to 4.5 (44
+ to 64). There is only 1 mating in this class, so that no table
+ is formed. It is described in full on page 97. It produced 7
+ children: 3 S, 3 M, and 1 VF.
+
+ _Table VI._—Matings of slender × slender. There are 24 matings of
+ this type. They yielded 51 progeny: 5 VS, 35 S, 11 M. The mode
+ is strongly in the S grade; the progeny show relatively little
+ variability (fig. 12).
+
+ _Table VII._—Matings of slender × medium parents. There are 101
+ matings of this type. They yielded 313 progeny: 49 S, 200 M, 53
+ F, 11 VF. The mode is at medium; the progeny show rather low
+ variability (fig. 13).
+
+ _Table VIII._—Matings of slender × fleshy parents. There are 52
+ matings of this type. They yielded 179 progeny: 5 VS, 25 S, 85 M,
+ 57 F, 7 VF. The mode is at medium: the progeny show rather low
+ variability (fig. 14).
+
+ _Table IX._—Matings of slender × very fleshy parents. There are
+ 16 matings of this type. They yielded 50 progeny: 7 S, 18 M, 17
+ F, 8 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 15).
+
+ _Table X._—Matings of medium × medium parents. There are 93
+ matings of this type. They yielded 332 offspring: 2 VS, 40 S,
+ 201 M, 82 F, 7 VF. The progeny are not very variable (fig.
+ 16), indicating that all individuals of medium build are not
+ “heterozygotes”; but that there is also a “medium” race.
+
+ _Table XI._—Matings of medium × fleshy parents. There are 115
+ matings of this type. They yielded 346 offspring: 31 S, 210 M, 88
+ F, 17 VF. The progeny show an intermediate degree of variability
+ (fig. 17).
+
+ _Table XII._—Matings of medium × very fleshy parents. There are
+ 30 matings of this type. They yielded 112 offspring: 2 VS, 7 S,
+ 50 M, 36 F, 17 VF. The progeny show considerable variability
+ (fig. 18).
+
+ _Table XIII._—Matings of fleshy × fleshy parents. There are 33
+ matings of this type. They yielded 159 offspring: 15 S, 62 M, 61
+ F, 21 VF. The progeny show a rather high variability (fig. 19).
+
+ _Table XIV._—Matings of fleshy × very fleshy parents. There are
+ 30 matings of this type. They yielded 146 offspring: 1 VS, 7 S,
+ 52 M, 51 F, 35 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 20).
+
+ _Table XV._—Matings of very fleshy × very fleshy parents. There
+ are 7 matings of this type. They yielded 37 offspring: 1 S, 12 M,
+ 11 F, 13 VF. The progeny are exceedingly variable (fig. 21).
+
+The diversity of the distributions of the progeny of the various matings
+and the great difference in their variabilities indicates that there
+is not only an inheritance of tendencies to particular types of build,
+but also that there is a strong evidence of some sort of Mendelian
+inheritance.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table II, VS
+× S matings. Number of individuals, 20.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table III,
+VS × M matings. Number of individuals, 28.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IV,
+VS × F matings. Number of individuals, 25.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VI, S
+× S matings. Number of individuals, 51.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VII,
+S × M matings. Number of individuals, 313.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VIII,
+S × F matings. Number of individuals, 179.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IX, S
+× VF matings. Number of individuals, 50.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table X, M
+× M matings. Number of individuals, 332.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XI, M
+× F matings. Number of individuals, 1,346.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XII,
+M × VF matings. Number of individuals, 112.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIII,
+F × F matings. Number of individuals, 159.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIV,
+F × VF matings. Number of individuals, 146.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XV,
+VF × VF matings. Number of individuals, 37.]
+
+
+
+
+PART III.
+
+FAMILY STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF BUILD.
+
+
+
+
+A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.
+
+
+Our study of the mass relation in build between parental and filial
+generation has followed the ordinary pre-Mendelian method of analysis
+of heredity, a method that has proved rather sterile for prediction of
+filial traits. It has, however, enabled us to formulate an hypothesis in
+Mendelian language. It now remains to use our data in Mendelian fashion,
+to seek a test of the hypothesis.
+
+In this study we shall not use all of the families listed in the main
+tables of the Appendix, because some of them are for various reasons not
+adequate for Mendelian analysis; for example, in some cases the ancestry
+is insufficiently known, so that the gametic nature of the parents can
+not be inferred. It is considered preferable to analyze a few of the more
+completely known families than to rest content with the mass statistics.
+I shall take up in order the more significant matings.
+
+
+
+
+B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS.
+
+
+The asterisk immediately preceding the reference letters means that the
+family referred to is not included in the statistics of table 11.
+
+†tb or †t, immediately following an index number in this study, signifies
+that the person with that index number had active tuberculosis. The †
+indicates death by the disease.
+
+
+CLASS I. BOTH PARENTS SLENDER.
+
+Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, THE OTHER SLENDER.
+
+We have only two fair cases falling into this category. The *Fun family
+with the paternal formula 27, 29, 27 and the maternal formula 32, 27,
+25; and the Sch-37 family with the paternal formula 29, 33±, 29 and the
+maternal formula 27±, 29± †tb, 25. (In these formulas the indices of
+father’s father, father’s mother, father, and similarly for the mother’s
+side of the house are given in that order.) The full history of these
+cases follows:
+
+
+*FUN FAMILY. (Fig. 22.)
+
+II 6, ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds);
+build 1.9 (27); slender and of exclusively slender sibship and parentage;
+married II 7, ♀, 167 cm. (66 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110
+pounds); build, 1.8 (25); very slender and of slender or medium sibship
+and parentage. They have 2 children: (1) ♀, at 27 years, 165 cm. (65
+inches) tall and weighing 54 kg. (118 pounds); build 1.9 (28), slender;
+(2) ♂, at 24 years, 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighing 68 kg. (149
+pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender.
+
+Thus this mating of very slender × slender parents yielded only (2)
+slender offspring. A slender × slender mating from the same family may be
+added here.
+
+I 1, ♂, 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighing 57 kg. (125 pounds); build
+1.9 (27), slender. Married I 2, ♀, 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and weighing
+50 kg. (110 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender. They had 4 children: (1) ♂,
+173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 54 kg. (120 pounds); build 1.8 (26),
+slender; (2) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 60.4 kg. (133 pounds);
+build 2.0 (29), slender; (3) ♀, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighing 52 kg.
+(115 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender; (4) ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall,
+weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender.
+
+Two slender parents have thus only (4) slender offspring (A: 034).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+FUN family.]
+
+In this and the following pedigree charts the following symbolism is
+adopted. The generations are marked at the left margin; members of
+one fraternity are suspended from one horizontal line; square, males;
+circles, females. The abbreviations: d. inf. (died in infancy), and d.
+yg. (died young) are easily interpreted.
+
+The degree of shading indicates the degree of build according to the
+following scheme:
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+SCH-37 FAMILY.
+
+A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who
+in youth suffered from inflammation of the bowels and in middle age from
+congestion of the brain, died at 69 years from tetanus and apoplexy.
+Formula: 150/72 inches, build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died
+of apoplexy at 83 years. At 80 years his formula was: 150/72 inches;
+build 2.0 (29). His mother, who in middle age was subject to stomach
+trouble and “shingles,” died of old age at 83 years, having at 80 years
+the formula 130/M; build 2.3 (33±). Thus, this side of the house is
+prevailingly slender.
+
+The Mother, who in youth was subject to hives, and in middle age to
+asthma and eczema, has at 73 years the formula 94/63 inches; build 1.7
+(25). Her father, a farmer, who always suffered from asthma and died of
+it at 74 years, had at 70 years the formula 120/M; build 1.9 (27±). Her
+mother, who died at 83 years of tuberculosis of intestine, had at 80
+years the formula 110/M; build 2.0 (29±). This is a decidedly slender
+family, more so than that of the paternal side. The five children:
+
+1. Male, who in youth had measles, whooping-cough, hay-fever, colds,
+and, in middle age, asthma and hemorrhoids, has at 47 years the formula
+165/72.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+2. Female, who in youth suffered from sore throat, colds, diphtheria,
+and quinsy, and in middle age from sore throat; is quick-tempered and
+astigmatic. At 42 years she has the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+3. Female, who died at 7 years, accident.
+
+4. Female, who in youth was subject to lung trouble and bronchitis,
+weighed 160 pounds at 27 years, 7 pounds at birth. She has gradually
+lost weight since 27 years, till at 37 years she has the formula 135/68
+inches; build 2.1 (29).
+
+5. Male, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has a nervous
+temperament, at 30 years has the formula 137.5/72 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+_Comment._—All but one of this fraternity of 4 who grew up are of
+slender build (unadjusted). The exception is a man of 47 years who is of
+slender-medium build (R: Sch-37).
+
+To summarize: Of 10 progeny (who grew up) of these 3 matings all are
+slender except 1 who falls just over the line into medium.
+
+
+MATING 2. BOTH PARENTS ARE SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK.
+
+Table 21 gives the progeny of matings of slender stock. Of the 5 matured
+progeny, 4 are slender and 1 just over the line into medium. The details
+of the families are given below.
+
+
+TABLE 21. _Matings of two slender parents; together with their progeny._
+
+[From Table VI.]
+
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
+ | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
+ | |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
+ | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
+ |Ker 5 |M |30|29| |M |27|29| | 1| | 1| | |
+ |Ste 9 |M | S|28| |S |31|28| | | 3| | | |
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
+
+
+KER-5 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living mostly in western United
+States—Colorado, Texas, New Mexico.
+
+The Father, who was an army officer, is a railroad official who suffered
+in middle age from tropical fever. He has, at 51 years, the formula
+150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a mechanic, died at
+74 years from hardening of arteries, having had at 60 years the formula
+160/M. His mother, who had 2 children, suffered in middle age from
+typhoid; she died at about 47 years from pneumonia. At 40 years, her
+formula 110/S; build probably about 2.1 (30). This side of the house is
+prevailingly slender.
+
+The Mother, who has had 4 children, suffered in middle age from neuritis.
+She is living at 49 years. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
+father, who was an army officer, suffered in middle age from heart
+trouble and rheumatism. He died at 58 years from heart trouble. At 38
+years his formula 160/M. Her mother, who had 2 children, was an invalid;
+she died at 36 years from consumption. Formula 100/S; say about 2.0 (27).
+This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children grew up:
+
+1. Male, a railroad man, who in youth suffered from throat trouble and
+pneumonia and who is very nervous, has at 21 years the formula 150/78
+inches; build 1.7 (25).
+
+2. Male, formerly a teacher, now in the army, has at 20 years the formula
+158/71 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Male, is slender at 15 years.
+
+_Comment._—The somewhat slender parents have 2 slender children and a
+third who is in the army and has a slender-medium build (R: Ker-5).
+
+
+STE-9 FAMILY.
+
+A family of German extraction, paternal grandparents living first in
+Germany, later in Alabama; maternal grandparents, parents, and children
+living in Alabama. The Father, who is a farmer, and suffered in youth
+from intermittent fever and in middle age from hay fever and gallstone
+or intestinal trouble, is living at 52 years. At 40 years his formula
+120/65.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). His father, who was a farmer, suffered
+in middle age from intermittent fever. He died at 82 years from
+congestion of bowels. At 60 years he was of medium build. His mother died
+at 57 years from intermittent fever. At 55 years she was slender. This
+side of the house should contribute a slender to medium tendency, unless
+the Father’s weight is abnormally low, due to his intestinal trouble.
+
+The Mother, who in youth suffered from “enlarged tonsils,” and in middle
+age from bronchitis, is living at 50 years. At 40 years her formula
+115/64.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, who was a blacksmith, died
+at 32 years from “hemorrhage of lungs.” At 30 years he was slender. Her
+mother, who in youth suffered from malarial fever and in middle age from
+tumors, died at about 64 years from “intestinal trouble—tumors (?).” At
+40 years her formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). The gametes from
+this side of the house also should tend to produce slenderness in the
+children. Four children grew up:
+
+1. Male, an engineer, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
+bronchitis, has at 27 years the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+2. Male, a teacher, who in youth suffered from bronchitis, has at 24
+years the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+3. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from malarial fever,
+has at 22 years the formula 115/62.8 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+4. Female, under 18 years, of slender build, but about average for her
+age.
+
+_Comment._—All 3 grown children have a slender build at present; it is
+possible that build may be increased as they grow older (R: Ste-9).
+
+
+MATING 3. OTHER SLENDER × VERY SLENDER MATINGS.
+
+There are 3 matings of this type: (1) Nob-1, (2) Cod-1, (3) Jos-1 (table
+22).
+
+Of 7 grown and 4 immature children derived from this mating, 5 grown
+children and 2 (or 3) adolescents are slender. In one mating (Jos-1) of
+ethnically dissimilar parents (from Riga and Baden respectively), both
+adult children are of much heavier build than either parent, i.e., of
+medium to fleshy build. This might be explained as an example of the
+extra-vigorous growth of hybrids; but we find few other examples of this
+result in human hybrids. It seems more probable that both parents carry
+1 or more factors for fleshiness and that all were combined in their
+eldest son, causing him to develop fleshiness further than either of his
+parents.
+
+
+TABLE 22.—_Other matings of a slender and a very slender parent, together
+with their progeny._
+
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
+ | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
+ | |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
+ | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
+ |R Cod 1|35|33|29| |30|30|25| | | 2| | | |
+ |R Jos 1| | |24| | | |27| | | | 1| 1| |
+ |R Nob 1| | |26| | M| M|24|Sui, Neur | 2| 1| | | |
+ | +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+--+--+
+ | Total| | | | | | | | | 2| 3| 1| 1| |
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
+
+
+COD-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a salesman,
+suffered in youth from whooping-cough, measles, inflammatory rheumatism;
+in middle age from mumps and smallpox. He is living at 45 years, having
+the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died at
+56 years from influenza and heart trouble. At 45 years he had the formula
+160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who suffered from indigestion,
+died at 72 years from “sclerosis of liver.” At 45 years her formula was
+135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus this side of the house is of medium
+to slender build.
+
+The Mother, who in youth had mumps, measles, hives, scarlet fever,
+tonsillitis, and rheumatism, and in middle life sick headaches,
+tonsillitis, and pneumonia, is living at 45 years, having the formula
+95/62 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, who in youth suffered
+from malaria and indigestion and in middle age from heart trouble,
+gravel, and indigestion, died at 80 years from pneumonia and heart
+trouble, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother,
+who in youth had whooping-cough, mumps, erysipelas, asthma, pneumonia,
+and in middle age measles, asthma, neuralgia, pneumonia, and a slight
+attack of rheumatism, is living at 77 years. At 45 years her formula was
+108/60 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus this side of the house is slender to
+very slender. The 2 children are:
+
+1. Male, a druggist, who suffered from all the children’s diseases and
+appendicitis, pneumonia, smallpox, rheumatism, and asthma, and loses 8
+to 10 pounds in winter and gains it back in summer, has at 20 years the
+formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+
+2. Female, who in youth suffered from all the children’s diseases,
+besides nervous nausea, pneumonia, and tonsillitis, has at 18 years the
+formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+
+_Comment._—Thus both children are of slender build (R: Cod-1).
+
+
+JOS-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family whose paternal and maternal grandparents lived in Baden and
+Latvia respectively; parents and children living in Pennsylvania.
+
+The Latvian Father, who in middle age suffered from a “touch” of typhoid,
+has at 60 years the formula 112/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).
+
+The Badenish Mother, who had three children, died at 54 years from
+pneumonia, having the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+Of the two children who grew up:
+
+1. Male, a civil engineer, has at 33 years the formula 180/68 inches;
+build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 189/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).
+
+2. Female, a student, has at 26 years the formula 150/69 inches; build
+2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+_Comment._—The children exceed in build the stouter parent; probably a
+result either of heterozygosis or multiple factors (R: Jos-1).
+
+
+NOB-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents living in Illinois
+and Minnesota, maternal grandparents living in Canada and Minnesota,
+parents and children living in Illinois and Minnesota. The Father, a
+livery-man, a very energetic, nervous man, is in middle age liable to
+rheumatism. He has at 47 years the formula 140/74 inches; build 1.8
+(26). His father, a farmer, who in middle age suffered from asthma,
+colds, and heart trouble, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the
+formula M/M. His mother, who had 11 children, suffered in middle age from
+bronchitis. She is living at 77 years, having the formula M/M.
+
+The Mother, who has had 7 children, has the formula 105/66 inches; build
+1.7 (24). One of her brothers hung himself; one of her sisters was always
+“sickly” and toward the end of her life “very peculiar.” Their father, a
+farmer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble. He died from “dropsy
+of heart.” At 60 years his formula was M/M. Their mother, who had 7
+children, is living, now insane. At 61 years her formula was M/M.
+
+The 7 children are:
+
+1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from adenoids and
+tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+
+2. Female, a bookkeeper, has at 19 years the formula 100/66 inches; build
+1.6 (23).
+
+3. Male, a student, has at 18 years the formula 112/67 inches; build 1.8
+(25).
+
+_Comment._—There are four children below 18 years. Of these, No. 4, at 14
+years, is 18 pounds below standard; No. 5, at 12 years, 15 pounds below;
+No. 6, at 8 years, 2 pounds below; and No. 7, at 5 years, 2 pounds above
+standard.
+
+Thus the entire family, omitting the 5-year-old, is below the standard
+and mostly very slender or slender. In view of the fact that the parents
+are, at around 45 years, still slender or very slender, it is doubtful
+if the children’s weights should be adjusted; it is probably a family
+characteristic not to put on weight in middle life. This family supports
+the view that extreme slenderness is a recessive condition, or, at least,
+is determined by prevailing recessive factors (R: Nob-1).
+
+
+Mating 4. OTHER SLENDER × SLENDER MATINGS (included in table 23).
+
+Since by hypothesis slender parents will rarely carry gametes with
+more than 1 factor for fleshiness, it becomes important to consider
+the remaining slender × slender matings, i. e., without special regard
+to the grandparental conditions. A summary of the distribution of the
+progeny of all slender × slender matings is given in Table VI (Appendix).
+This shows that of 51 grown children (resulting from 24 matings), 5
+are very slender, 35 slender, and 11 of medium build. Here is a great
+preponderance of very slender and slender offspring—40 out of the 51,
+and all of the 11 of medium build are below the middle class. There
+clearly are factors which drive even these progeny of two slender parents
+in some cases to become of slightly heavier build than their parents,
+and this result is to be expected if fleshy build depends on several
+zygotic factors, and slender build lacks all these factors but two. The
+distribution of builds in the offspring of the selected slender (and
+very slender) parents is shown in table 23. The percentage distribution
+of the progeny is: 12 VS, 73 S, 13 M, 2 F. On any hypothesis we should
+expect a large proportion of slender offspring. Close conformity to any
+theoretical distribution is hardly to be expected in this table, owing to
+the variety of matings included.
+
+
+TABLE 23.—_Summary of selected slender × slender matings, and those of
+very slender parents, together with their progeny._
+
+ +-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
+ | | VS | S | M | F | VF |
+ +-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
+ | Ada 4 | | 2 | | | |
+ | Cod 1 | | 2 | | | |
+ | Fel | | 1 | | | |
+ |*Fun (a) | | 2 | | | |
+ |*Fun (b) | | 4 | | | |
+ | Hay 4 | | 2 | | | |
+ | Hay 12 | | 1 | 1 | | |
+ | Hen 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | |
+ | Jos 1 | | | 1 | 1 | |
+ | Ker 5 | 1 | | 1 | | |
+ | Lan 4 | 1 | 1 | | | |
+ | Law 7 | | 1 | | | |
+ |*Leo (a) | 1 | 4 | | | |
+ |*Leo (b) | | 3 | | | |
+ | Lou 2 | 1 | 1 | | | |
+ | McA 2 | | 3 | | | |
+ | McC 11 | | 1 | 1 | | |
+ |*Mor | | 3 | | | |
+ | Nob 1 | 2 | 1 | | | |
+ |*Pal | 1 | | | 1 | |
+ | Ran 4 | 1 | 2 | | | |
+ | Sch 8 | | 1 | 1 | | |
+ | Sch 37 | | 3 | 1 | | |
+ | Sco 5 | | 2 | 1 | | |
+ | Shi 5 | | | 1 | | |
+ |*Smi | | 2 | | | |
+ | Ste 9 | | 3 | | | |
+ | Wil 23 | | 4 | 1 | | |
+ | You 9 | | 1 | | | |
+ | A 01:44 | | 1 | | | |
+ | A 01:19 | | 1 | | | |
+ | A 01:60 | | 1 | | | |
+ | A 01:63 | | 1 | | | |
+ | +----+----+----+----+----+
+ | Total 77| 9 |56 |10 | 2 | |
+ | Percentage 100|11.7|72.7|13.0| 2.6| |
+ | |
+ | Mean, 28.50 ± 0.24; S. D. 3.13 ± 0.17.|
+ +------------------------------------------+
+
+Detailed family histories of these slender × slender matings are given
+herewith.
+
+
+ADA-4 FAMILY.
+
+A family of old English American (Massachusetts and Ohio) stock, living
+in Michigan and Kansas. The Father, a merchant, who in youth suffered
+from brain fever, is living at 77 years, having had at 50 years the
+formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His 4 sibs are all tall. His
+father, a farmer, died at 49 years from typhoid. At 40 years his formula
+160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). His mother, who had 6 children, and who
+was always well, died at 65 years from pneumonia. At 40 years her formula
+130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). This side of the house is of prevailingly
+slender to medium build.
+
+The mother, who has had 3 children and who suffered in middle age from
+rheumatism and colitis, is living at 66 years, having had at 50 years
+the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a farmer, died
+from paresis. At 45 years he had the formula 175/69 inches; build 2.6
+(37). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from diphtheria, died at 73
+years from paralysis. At 45 years her formula 130/68 inches; build 2.0
+(28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender (though with 1 stout
+grandparent). Two grown children:
+
+1. Male, a photographer, who in youth suffered from tetanus, has at 25
+years the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+2. Male, a teacher, has at 22 years the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9
+(27).
+
+_Comment._—Both slender in the unadjusted build (R: Ada-4).
+
+
+FEL-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Scotch and Welsh extraction, living mostly in the mid-western
+United States. The Father, who is a builder, and who has suffered from
+several attacks of inflammation of the lungs, is living at 50 years,
+having the formula 143/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who
+was in business, suffered from lung fever and was almost helpless from
+rheumatism several years before he was killed in an accident. At 60 years
+he had the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father’s father, a
+farmer, died from lung fever, became emaciated before death. At 38 years,
+his formula 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). His father’s mother, who had
+6 children, and who was always well, died at 89 years from old age. At
+30 years her formula 96/60 inches; build 1.9 (27). His mother, who had 4
+children, was liable to chronic neuralgia. She died at 68 from pneumonia.
+At 30 years her formula 125/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother’s
+father, who died at 76 years from pneumonia, had the formula 168/77
+inches; build 2.0 (28). A prevailingly slender family.
+
+The Mother, who has only 1 child, has always been well. She is living
+at 46 years, having the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
+father, who was an expert machinist, always well, died at 43 years from
+appendicitis. Formula, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who
+had but 1 child, was always well. She is living at 62 years, having the
+formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). A slender mother, with medium to
+stout parents.
+
+The one child, a male, student, always well, has at 19 years the formula
+125/68.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+_Comment._—A slender child (D: Fel-1).
+
+
+HAY-4 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Scotch extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, New
+York State, Kansas, and California. Parents living in Massachusetts,
+California, Kansas, and Japan. The first two children were born in Japan,
+but live in California, where the rest were born. The Father, who is a
+rancher, has at 54 years the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His
+father, who was an accountant, died at 67 years from apoplexy. Their
+mother died from tuberculosis. Apparently a slender strain not very
+resistant to tuberculosis.
+
+The Mother, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 45 years the
+formula 123/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her three sibs are tall. Their
+father, who was a merchant, suffered in middle age from tuberculosis and
+died from it. At 44 years he was tall and slender. Their mother, who in
+middle age suffered from chronic indigestion, had at 71 years the formula
+155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). This side of the house is prevailingly
+slender, with a possible tubercular diathesis. Six children:
+
+1. Male, a forester, has at 23 years the formula 170/76.8 inches; build
+2.0 (29).
+
+2. Male, a student, at 21 years is 71.5 inches tall.
+
+3. Female, at 18 years, has the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+There are 3 children under 18 years, 2 slender and 1 whose build is
+unknown.
+
+_Comment._—The children are slender, though they may develop into adults
+of medium build (R: Hay-4).
+
+
+HAY-12 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English and Scotch extraction, living in Pennsylvania, West
+Virginia, and Washington, D. C. The Father, who is a clerk, always well,
+is living at 67 years. At 65 years his formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9
+(27). Of his 6 sibs, 3 are slender and 3 of medium build. Their father,
+who was State senator, suffered in middle age from typhoid. He died at 85
+years from old age. At 75 years his formula was 135/68 inches; build 2.1
+(29). Their mother, who had 8 children and was always well until at 42
+years she died from dropsy, was of medium build. This side of the house
+carries a tendency to slenderness.
+
+The Mother underwent an operation at 63 years for tic douloureux. She
+is living at 67 years. At 65 years her formula 108/64 inches; build
+1.9 (27). Of her 9 known sibs, 3 are slender and 3 fleshy. One of the
+corpulent brothers has 2 children, 1 corpulent and 1 medium. Their
+father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 55 years from “congestion
+of spine, result of accident.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Their
+mother, who had 8 children, was always well, till at 71 years she died
+from “adhesion of bowels—caused by rupture.” Formula, 90/64 inches; build
+1.5 (22). A prevailing slender family, with some tendency to heavy build.
+Four children:
+
+1. Female, married, who in youth was liable to goiter, is at 38 years of
+medium build.
+
+2. Female, married, always well, is at 36 years slender.
+
+3. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 31 years the formula 150/69 inches;
+build 2.2 (32).
+
+4. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 25 years the formula 135/71 inches;
+build 1.9 (27).
+
+_Comment._—Two of the children are slender, like both parents; 2 are
+medium (R: Hay-12).
+
+
+HEN-12 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Scotch and Irish extraction. The grandparents on both sides
+of the house were southerners. The family is now located in Florida, in
+which State 4 children were born.
+
+The Father, interested in farming, had at 40 years the formula 140/70
+inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was killed in the Civil War, was
+of medium build. The father’s mother died at 30 years from child-birth;
+she was also, at 25 years, of medium build.
+
+The Mother suffered with laryngitis in middle age and died of it at 29
+years. Her formula then was 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a
+physician, and later a fruit grower, died at 75 from general debility. At
+50 he was of medium build. Her mother died at 85 from old age, having at
+50 a medium build. Four children are:
+
+1. Female, at 25, has the formula 96/66± inches; build 1.5 (22).
+
+2. Male, at 26, has the formula 146/69 inches; build 2.1 (31); adjusted
+to 33 years, 151/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+3. Female, at 25, has the formula 115/67± inches; build 1.8 (26±).
+
+4. Male, at 22, has the formula 135/70± inches; build 1.9 (28±).
+
+_Comment._—The children are all slender, except perhaps one of
+slender-medium build (R: Hen-12).
+
+
+LAW-4 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living mostly in Vermont and Minnesota.
+The Father, who was a clerk, died at 25 years from “typhoid pneumonia,”
+having the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). One of his brothers
+is tall, one very tall. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years. At 50
+years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered
+in middle age from asthma; grew fleshy at 50; died at 65 years. Thus the
+Father is a slender parent of medium to fleshy ancestry, who died young
+from lung trouble.
+
+The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis, erysipelas, and
+diphtheria; in middle age from pneumonia and pleurisy. She is living at
+45 years. At 22 years her formula 122/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Two of
+her sibs were tall. Their father, a farmer, suffered in youth from fever
+and ague. He died at 69 years from paralysis. At 48 years his formula
+165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered
+in middle age from neuralgia. She died at 67 years from heart disease. At
+45 years her formula 120/M; build 2.1 (30). A slender parent who has had
+troubles of the respiratory tract. Two grown children:
+
+1. Male, a salesman, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
+diphtheria, has at 26 years the formula 155/74 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+2. Female, married, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
+diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 110/67 inches; build 1.7 (25).
+
+_Comment._—One child is slender; the other very slender (R: Law-4).
+
+
+LAW-7 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in New Jersey. The Father, a
+clerk, and always well, has at 43 years the formula 129/65.5 inches;
+build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a manufacturer, suffered in youth
+from typhoid fever, and in middle age from pneumonia. He died of the
+latter at 31 years; was of medium build. His mother, who had 4 children,
+was always well. She is living at 65 years and is of medium build. This
+side of the house brings in medium-slender elements.
+
+The Mother has always been well. She is living at 42 years, having the
+formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who was a grain
+dealer, died at 63 years from apoplexy; he was of medium build. Her
+mother, who had 3 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is
+living at 68 years and is tall and slender. This side of the house is
+prevailingly slender. Three children:
+
+1. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 18 years the formula 128/63.5
+inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+2 and 3. Two girls at 11 and 8 years who are below average build.
+
+_Comment._—The one grown child is of medium build, somewhat stouter than
+her Father; the other two children are rather slender for their ages (R:
+Law-7).
+
+
+LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)
+
+I 1, J. L. very slender, died of pneumonia. His wife, I 2, at 87 years is
+slender and measures 141 cm. in stocking feet; she has two brothers who
+are slender. There are 5 children:
+
+II 4, ♂, was 183 cm. tall and very slender; he died at 63 years of
+catarrh of stomach.
+
+II 5, ♂, was short and slender; he died at 52 years of Bright’s disease.
+
+II 6, ♀, single, is 165 cm. tall and weighs 51.7 kg. (65 inches and 114
+pounds); index 1.9 (27), obviously slender.
+
+II 3, ♀, slender.
+
+II 7, ♂, always slender.
+
+So far we have only slender persons to deal with. Now enters a change.
+II 3 married a fleshy man who has a fleshy sister; all 3 children are
+fleshy. Also II 7 married a woman whose index is 86.2 kg./114 cm., or
+6.6 (190/60 inches, or 53). She has always been fleshy (except during an
+attack of anemia). She had both slender and fleshy sibs. Their only child
+(III 4) is a girl of 9 years. Her relative chest-girth is 57 per cent
+instead of the 49 per cent expected at that age; that is, she is fleshy.
+Thus the two marriages of this slender stock into fleshy lines result
+altogether in 4 children, all fleshy; indicating dominance of fleshiness.
+
+II 16, ♂, at 50 years is tall and slender. He has 1 slender and 4 fleshy
+and very fleshy sibs. His father, I 5, was slender; his mother was short
+and weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds). He married II 17, a slender woman; the 2
+living children are tall and slender. Thus II 16 apparently did not carry
+the gene for fleshiness from his mother (73: 676).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the LEO family.]
+
+
+LOU-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Irish and English extraction, living mostly in New York
+State. The Father, who is a doctor, suffered in middle age from “nervous
+breakdown, indigestion, and stomach trouble”; is living at 60 years,
+and has the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His three brothers,
+who are living, are tall. Their father, who survives, is a farmer and
+suffered in middle age from “nervousness.” Their mother died from
+consumption “caused from taking care of son who died from same.”
+
+The Mother, who is living at 50 years, has the formula 115/65 inches;
+build 1.9 (27). Two children:
+
+1. Female, a student (married), has at 25 years the formula 110/66.5
+inches; build 1.8 (25).
+
+2. Female, a student, has at 22 years the formula 120/68 inches; build
+1.8 (26).
+
+_Comment._—Both children are now slender, but may approach a medium
+weight as they grow older (R: Lou-2).
+
+
+MCA-2 FAMILY.
+
+A Scotch-English family living chiefly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer,
+had an attack of diphtheria in middle life, is energetic, and, at 62
+years, has the formula 135/70 inches; build 1.9 (28). His sister died
+of tuberculosis. Their father, somewhat easy-going, was a farmer, had
+typhoid fever and died of cancer at 68 years. His formula, 135/72 inches;
+build 1.8 (26). Their mother, of mediocre activity and mentality, died at
+36 years, having borne 4 children. Two of her sisters died of pneumonia.
+She was of medium build. This side of the house tends to slenderness.
+
+The Mother, who once had typhoid fever and is physically active, has, at
+60 years, the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who had
+typhoid fever in the army and was very active, had the formula 180/74
+inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother’s mother, who was also very active,
+was of medium build. This side of the house brings in a slender-medium
+tendency. Three children:
+
+1. Female, a teacher, who has had typhoid fever and her tonsils and
+appendix removed, is energetic, and has a formula at 30 years of 109/64
+inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+2. Male, a student and farmer, who has had diphtheria and typhoid fever,
+energetic, at 28 years has the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+3. Male, student and farmer, who has always been well, energetic, weighed
+9 pounds at birth, formula at 23 years, 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29).
+
+_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children averages the same as the
+parents and differs little from them; it is hardly probable that they
+will reach the adjusted weight.
+
+
+MCC-11 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Scotch and English extraction, living in the Middle West and
+northwestern United States. The Father, who is a proof-reader, suffered
+in youth from fever and ague. He is living at 74 years, having at 48
+years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a
+farmer, died at 87 years from dysentery. At 40 years, his formula 160/T;
+build say 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 4 children, died at 29 years
+“probably from effects of child-birth.” At 26 years she was of medium
+build. This side of the house probably contributes a tendency to slender
+or slender-medium build.
+
+The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis and asthma; in middle age
+from nervous prostration and abscess. She is living at 60 years, having
+had at 36 years the formula 130/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her father,
+who was a farmer and carpenter, suffered in middle age from internal
+abscess and rheumatism. He died at 72 years from apoplexy. At 40 years he
+was of medium build. Her mother, who had 4 children, died in child-birth,
+at 27 years; she was of medium build. This side of the house, likewise,
+contributes a tendency to slender or medium build. Two children:
+
+1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
+nervousness, has at 28 years the formula 125/65.3 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from asthma, enlargement of
+liver, and attacks similar to epilepsy, has at 25 years the formula
+180/74.3 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+_Comment._—Both children are of medium or slender-medium build (R:
+McC-11).
+
+
+MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)
+
+IV 3, ♂, at 46 years is short and very slender. He married a tall,
+slender woman; their son, at 22 years, is tall and slender.
+
+IV 19, ♀ is tall, like her Father’s father, and very slender. She has 1
+slender and 3 or 4 fleshy sibs and both of her parents were fleshy. Her
+husband is 182 cm. (72 in.) tall and very slender. They have 3 children,
+all tall and slender.
+
+The Mother apparently carries no “fleshy” gametes (73: 690).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+MOR family.]
+
+
+PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)
+
+III 2, J. T. C., ♂, at 64 years is of medium height and slender. One
+of his sisters is slender and one (III 7) at 56 years is 157 cm. tall
+(without shoes), weighs 74 kg. net, and has a chest-girth of 105 cm. net.
+This gives a relative chest-girth of 67 per cent. This sister is thus
+very fleshy. Their father (II 3) was of medium build, his wife rather
+fleshy. J. T. C.’s wife, III 3, is of medium height and very slender,
+though her two parents were of medium build.
+
+The two surviving children are:
+
+IV 1, ♀, at 43 years weighs 165 pounds and is 62 inches tall. She has
+thus an index of build of 3.0 (43) and is fleshy.
+
+IV 2, 34 years old is very slender; she is, however, an invalid and
+bedridden. Here we have a well-authenticated record of two slender
+parents with a fleshy daughter; obviously both of the slender parents
+must have carried gametes with one or more genes for fleshiness; and a
+combination of such genes induced fleshy build in the child.
+
+_Comment._—A rather remarkable family in that a slender × very slender
+mating has produced a fleshy child, as well as a very slender one. But
+the slender Father doubtless carries 2 or possibly (and exceptionally) 3
+zygotic factors for build (on the 6-zygotic factor hypothesis); for his
+mother was fleshy and a sister very fleshy. On this hypothesis the very
+slender Mother may contribute one such factor (73: 709).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+PAL family.]
+
+
+RAN-4 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in New York State and
+Massachusetts. The Father, who is an editor, has at 58 years the formula
+150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+The Mother has at 56 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis; height 72 inches. Her
+father, a minister, suffered in middle age from bronchial consumption and
+died of it at 60 years. Her mother, who in youth suffered from dropsy and
+consumption, in middle age from rheumatism, died at 96 years from heart
+trouble. This side of the house is slender-medium; probably because of
+tuberculosis. Three children:
+
+1. Male, secretary of an insurance company, who in youth suffered from
+hay fever, catarrh, and typhoid fever, has at 30 years the formula 140/72
+inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+2. Female, has at 25 years the formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+3. Female, a clerical worker, has at 24 years the formula 120/70 inches;
+build 1.7 (25).
+
+_Comment._—All 3 children are of slender build (one very slender) in
+the unadjusted ratio. It seems a little doubtful whether, with the
+inheritance they have, they will ever reach the medium build (R: Ran-4).
+
+
+SCH-8 FAMILY.
+
+A family of mixed German and American origin, living in Connecticut.
+The Father, a master mechanic, always well, has at 51 years the formula
+132/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a farmer, always well, died at
+67 years from heart failure; formula 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). His
+mother, who had 3 children and who was always well, died at 67 years of
+heart failure. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the
+house is slender-medium.
+
+The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 47 years the formula 120/64
+inches; build 2.1 (29). Her two sisters are tall. Her father, a foreman
+and always well, has at 73 years the formula 184/69 inches; build 2.7
+(39). Her mother was of average stature. This side of the house might be
+expected to help determine slenderness in the children. Three children:
+
+1. Male, a stenographer, well, has at 21 years the formula 130/66 inches;
+build 2.1 (30) (adjusted to 49 years, 144/66 inches; build 2.3 (33)).
+
+2. Male, a student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 138/66
+inches; build 2.3 (32) [adjusted to 49 years, 157/68 inches; build 2.4
+(34)].
+
+3. Female, at 13 years, is very slender, even for her age.
+
+_Comment._—The children are slightly below (one is close to) average
+build (R: Sch-8).
+
+
+SCO-5 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living mostly in middle western United
+States. The Father, a broker, who in middle age suffered from cirrhosis
+of the liver, has, at 57 years, the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0
+(29). His father, a lumberman, died at 60 years from paralysis, having
+the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 75 years
+from arterio-sclerosis; formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24).
+
+The Mother has at 49 years the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
+father, a wholesale merchant, died at 63 years from sarcoma. His formula
+170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother, who has 2 children, has at 74
+years the formula 90/61 inches; build 2.1 (24). Three children:
+
+1. Male, a surveyor, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3
+(32).
+
+2. Male, a clerk, has at 23 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1
+(30).
+
+3. Male, a student, has at 20 years the formula 125/65 inches; build 2.1
+(30).
+
+_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children is only a point or two
+greater than that of the parents (R: Sco-5).
+
+
+SHI-5 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English and German extraction. The Father’s parents were
+born in England. The Mother’s parents were born in Germany. The parents
+and their one child were born in New York City, where the family is now
+settled.
+
+The Father, inclined to indigestion in middle age, has, at 47, the
+formula 143/70 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a dry-goods man, has
+bronchial trouble in middle age. At 73 his formula is 145/70.5 inches;
+build 2.0 (29). The Father’s mother, having borne 2 sons and 4 daughters,
+died of kidney trouble and pneumonia at 52 years of age. Her formula, at
+51, was 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+The Mother, who suffered from bronchitis in youth, at 46 has the formula
+120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father died around the age of 35 from
+wounds received in the Civil War. He was of medium build. Her mother at
+71 years of age has the formula 85/56 inches; build 1.9 (27). One grown
+child:
+
+1. Female, at 19, has the formula 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+_Comment._—The child is somewhat of heavier build than either parent and
+may approach the build of her Father’s mother (R: Shi-5).
+
+
+SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)
+
+II 9, M. E. S., ♀, at 74 years is 162.5 cm. (64 inches) tall without
+shoes and weighs 48 kg. (106 pounds) net. Her index of build is 1.9 (27);
+she is slender. All of her 6 sibs are fleshy or very fleshy and so are
+their two parents (I 1, 2). Her husband was tall and slender. They had 4
+children: (1) a boy, who died at 19 of “kidney trouble”; he was slender.
+(2) and (3) died young; (4) female, at 33 is 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and
+weighs 59 kg. (129 pounds) net; index 2.0 (28); she is slender. Thus the
+mating of two slender persons (one arising in the midst of fleshy stock)
+has resulted in 2 slender children (73: 736).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.—Pedigree chart of part of SMI family.]
+
+
+WIL-23 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Connecticut.
+The Father, who is a teacher, is living at 61 years. At 45 years he had
+the formula 155/72 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died from
+“quick consumption.” His father, who was a farmer, always well, died at
+61 years from pneumonia. At 45 years he was of medium build. His mother,
+who had 10 children, was always well. She is living at 81 years. At 45
+years she was of medium build. This side of the house might be expected
+to determine medium build in children.
+
+The Mother suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from typhoid
+fever and hernia. She is living at 63 years. At 45 years her formula
+was 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her brother died at 55 years from
+tuberculosis of larynx. Her father, who was a farmer, always well, died
+at 83 years from “cancer of the face.” At 50 years he was of medium
+build. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well. She died at 67
+years from typhoid pneumonia; was slender. Five children:
+
+1. Male, a buyer, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/73 inches;
+build 1.9 (27).
+
+2. Male, an electrical engineer, who in youth suffered from typhoid
+fever, has at 29 years the formula 185/75 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+3. Male, a physician and surgeon, who in youth suffered from typhoid and
+in middle age from acute nephritis, has at 27 years the formula 145/72
+inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+4. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 138/69
+inches; build 2.1 (29).
+
+5. Male, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 22 years the
+formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+_Comment._—The unadjusted builds of 4 of the children is a little less
+than the parental builds of 30 and 29. The adjusted builds are a point
+or two higher. In the case of child No. 2 we have an exceptionally large
+index of build for this fraternity of 2.3 (33). It is possible that the
+tubercular tendency on both sides may have pulled down the hereditary
+potentiality of one or both parents (R: Wil-23).
+
+
+YOU-9 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Pennsylvania Dutch blood; all born in and about Pennsylvania.
+The Father, an educationalist, has had in middle age a nervous breakdown
+and bronchial trouble. At 44 he has the formula 118/64 inches; build
+2.1 (29). His father, a miller, died of old age at 76. At 68 he had
+the formula 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Father’s mother having
+had 7 sons and 4 daughters, died of old age at 82. When 75 she had the
+formula 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). It is possible that the bronchial
+trouble may have reduced the Father’s build somewhat below its normal
+potentialities.
+
+The Mother, inclined to nervous disorders, at 43 had the formula 98/59.5;
+build 2.0 (28). Her father, a railroad man, had malarial fever in middle
+age. At 70 he has the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother
+in youth had bronchial trouble and St. Vitus dance and in middle age,
+asthma, pneumonia, rheumatism, nervous prostration, etc. She died at 64,
+from a complication of diseases. At the time of her death she had the
+formula 80/59 inches; build 1.6 (23). The two children are:
+
+1. Female, has had bronchitis and encephalitis, at 19 has the formula
+94/59.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+2. Female, at 15 years is slender for her age.
+
+_Comment._—Slender children from two slender parents (R: You-9).
+
+
+A: 01-19 FAMILY.
+
+A family of probable English extraction. The Father, a lawyer, is
+troubled with catarrh, but otherwise his general health is pretty good.
+At 20 years of age he had the formula 129.5/70 inches; build 2.0 (26).
+
+The Mother has good general health, although troubled with palpitation of
+the heart and headache. At 20 years she had the formula 106/61 inches;
+build 2.0 (29).
+
+The one daughter for whom data are given has had numerous children’s
+diseases. Her general health is now good. At 18 years of age she has the
+formula 114/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+_Comment._—Parents and child are all slender (A: 011d-19).
+
+
+A: 01-44 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction. The Father, a dentist, has good general
+health, but habitual constipation. At 20 years of age he had the formula
+140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+The Mother has occasional headaches. At the age of 18 her formula was
+104/62 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+The son has general good health, but is inclined to kidney trouble,
+skin diseases, and headache, presumably from his eyes. At 18 he has the
+formula 124/66; build 2.0 (29) A: (011d-19).
+
+
+A: 01-60 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction with some Irish and Scotch blood in
+addition.
+
+The Father, a minister, has had pneumonia and dyspepsia, but his general
+health is good. At 22 years he had the formula 132.5/68 inches; build 2.0
+(29).
+
+The Mother has had piles and slight attacks of rheumatism. Her general
+health is very good. At 19 years she had the formula 110/64 inches; build
+1.9 (27). The one child for whom data are available is:
+
+1. Female, inclined to rheumatism and kidney trouble, like her Mother.
+She has had practically all children’s diseases, and at 19 her formula is
+108/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+
+_Comment._—Both parents and their child are slender (A: 011d-60).
+
+
+A: 01-63 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction. The Father, a teacher, is in good health.
+At 45 his formula is 134/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+The Mother’s health is generally good. She is inclined to some skin
+trouble and is troubled with headache and habitual constipation. At 34
+years she had the formula 97/59 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+The one child is a son in general good health, although he has rheumatism
+and constipation. He is also subject to frequent colds and grippe. At 19
+years of age he has the formula 111/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).
+
+_Comment._—Both parents and the child are of slender build (A: 011d-63).
+
+
+SUMMARY OF S × S MATINGS.
+
+The gametic constitution of slender parents is certainly very diverse.
+Assuming that both slender parents produce only gametes of the type Abc,
+their offspring would be exclusively of the type AAbbcc, which we may
+take as a zygotic formula for slender progeny. Assume that in another
+case both slender parents have the zygotic formula AaBbcc; then they
+would each produce gametes ABc, Abc, aBc, and abc. Uniting at random,
+these gametes would produce zygotes as follows:
+
+ Number of dominant factors 4 3 2 1 0
+ Proportions 6.25 25 37.5 25 6.25
+
+Thus a very variable progeny would be produced: very slender, slender,
+medium, and fleshy. Now it seems probable that the totals of table 23 are
+a combination of these two kinds of matings and another which would yield
+very slender, slender, and medium offspring in the proportions of 25, 50,
+and 25, respectively.
+
+Considering only the families of table 23 who have 3 or more children, we
+get a total distribution for these children of:
+
+ VS S M
+ 5 34 4
+
+If we subtract from the S total the 16 children who belong exclusively
+to slender fraternities, the children who remain have the distribution
+5: 18: 4, which is fairly close to the 1: 2: 1 ratio of 6.75: 13.5:
+6.75 which is to be expected from a mating of parents of the zygotic
+constitution AAbbcc and AaBbcc respectively.
+
+We conclude, therefore, that the S × S matings are gametically of two
+kinds, one slightly, the other more greatly variable. The distribution
+found is determined by a combination of these two kinds.
+
+Also, the statistical results of the distribution of the progeny of S
+× S matings are in harmony with the hypothesis that slender parents in
+extreme cases carry not more than two zygotic factors for fleshy build.
+The slender parent is, accordingly, to be regarded as one who carries
+gametes with prevailingly recessive factors.
+
+
+CLASS II. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY.
+
+Next we turn to the matter of inheritance of fleshiness in fleshy stock.
+That fleshiness may be a true hereditary character is indicated by the
+existence of fleshy races of men. Examples are the South-Russian Jews,
+especially of the female sex; and certain of the Chinese, who have
+strikingly short legs. The matter is discussed in more detail at page 7.
+The fact that the body reacts to food and climate must not blind us to
+the constitutional factors that are probably present in racial obesity.
+At any rate, it becomes of interest to inquire as to inheritance of
+fleshiness in families characterized by the trait. For this purpose we
+shall consider various matings between more or less fleshy parents.
+
+
+Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY FLESHY, THE OTHER FLESHY (OR VERY FLESHY) OF
+FLESHY STOCK. (Table 24.)
+
+From this mating of “pure” or nearly “pure” fleshy parents are derived
+(table 24) 50 offspring: 2 S, 11 M, 23 F, 14 VF, or, in percentages, 4 S,
+22 M, 46 F, 28 VF. This distribution of the total does not agree with the
+4-zygotic-factor hypothesis (p. 41), which gives a filial distribution
+of 50 F, 50 VF. It agrees better with the 6-factor hypothesis (p. 43),
+assuming the proper dividing-line between fleshy and very fleshy to lie
+somewhere in column 5, and the mating to be of the 5-factor × 4-factor
+type. On this assumption we have a percentage of 17 M and F+83 VF. This
+approaches the proportions found. Accordingly, the 6-factor hypothesis is
+preferable.
+
+The progeny are more variable than those derived from two slender parents
+as 5.74 ± 0.39 is to 3.13 ± 0.17.
+
+Details concerning the families included in table 24 are given below.
+
+
+TABLE 24.—_Matings of a very fleshy parent and a fleshy parent of fleshy
+stock, together with their progeny._
+
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
+ | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
+ | |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
+ | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+ +-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
+ |[3]Can |VF|VF|47|2VF | | |56| | | 1| | 4| |
+ | Ekb 1 |50|36|50|51, 52, 45 | | |38|All tall | | | | 2| 2|
+ | Faz 1 |F | |39|4F |F |F |57|1VF | | | | 1| 2|
+ | Flo 3 |42|42|44| |37|35|49| | | | 1| 6| |
+ | Gou A | | |37| |37|50|54|2F | | | 2| 1| 1|
+ | Lyn | | |38|1VF | | |50|1F | | | 4| 2| 1|
+ | McL A |39|36|38|VF,2; F5; F*M1|34|45|44|VF1; F5; M3 | | 1| 4| 4| 3|
+ | Nic 5 |VF|VF|41| |38|40|45| | | | | 1| 1|
+ | Whe | | |40| | | |52|1VF, 2F, 1S | | | | 2| 4|
+ | | | | | +--+--+--+--+--+
+ | | A, 40.33 ±.55 | | |Total 50| | 2|11|23|14|
+ | | S. D. 5.74 ± .39 | | |Percentage 100| | 4|22|46|28|
+ +-------+--------------------------+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
+
+[3] Also 4 younger children, 10 to one-half years, all fleshy for their
+ages.
+
+
+CAN FAMILY. (Fig. 27.)
+
+A family of Italian extraction, living in a poorly furnished, very much
+overcrowded, home in a poor Italian neighborhood in a factory city.
+
+I 1, ♂, was tall and very fleshy; died of “heart disease.”
+
+I 2, ♀, was tall and very fleshy and had a brother of similar build. This
+very fleshy pair had 3 children, as follows:
+
+II 1 and II 4 both very fleshy. II 5 at 46 years 171 cm. (67 inches) tall
+(without shoes) and weighing 96 kg. (212 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47),
+very fleshy. His chest-girth, 106 cm. net; relative chest-girth 62 per
+cent. The result suggests that the parents were homozygous for fleshiness.
+
+II 5 married II 6, who at 45 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall (in bare
+feet) and weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 3.9 (56). Her net
+chest-girth is 110 cm., relative chest-girth is 72. This very fleshy pair
+has 9 surviving children, as follows: the eldest, III 3, a boy at 23
+years is said to be slender (not seen), married, without children. The
+second, III 5, ♂, at 22 years is fleshy, as he has always been; married,
+without children. III 7, ♂, at 19 years is slender but was _fleshy_ until
+the age of 18 years. III 8, ♂, at 17 years is short and fleshy. III 9, ♂,
+at 12 years is short and fleshy. III 10, ♀, at 10 years is 136 cm. (53.5
+inches) tall, and weighs about 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.5 (35). Her
+chest-girth is 85 cm. net, relative chest-girth 63. This indicates a girl
+of far above average relative chest-girth, fleshy. III 12 is a girl of 9
+years with a relative chest-girth of 80 ÷ 135 or 59, fleshy. III 13 is a
+boy of 5 years; his relative chest-girth is 68/112 or 61, fleshy. III 14
+is a 6-months-old baby weighing 6.4 kg. or 14.1 pounds and very chubby.
+
+_Comment._—Thus with the exception of the first (of whom no details were
+obtained), all of the children are, or have been, fleshy; the fraternity
+suggests that both parents are homozygous for fleshiness. The meaning of
+the exceptional son is uncertain; various hypotheses may be entertained:
+illegitimacy, poor health following a fleshy childhood, the possible
+presence of a factor for slenderness in both parental gametes (73:652).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.—Pedigree chart of CAN family.]
+
+
+EKB-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Swedish extraction; parents emigrated to Illinois, where
+all the children were born. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle
+age from dropsy and severe headaches. He is living at 56 years, having
+the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). He has 6 sibs: (1) brother,
+dead, formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51); (2) brother, 225/66 inches;
+build 3.6 (52); (3) sister, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Others are
+not described. Their father, a farmer, died at 79 years from “gangrene
+subsequent to senile paralysis,” having a formula 170/M inches; build,
+say 2.6 (36). Their mother died at 79 years from senile paralysis, having
+the formula 200/M inches; build, say 3.5 (50).
+
+The Mother, who in youth and middle age suffered from eczema, has at 51
+years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Two of her brothers and
+one sister are tall and nervous. Of the 6 children, 4 survive as adults:
+
+1. Male, a university instructor, nervous, has at 30 years the formula
+190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 202/70 inches, build
+2.9 (41).
+
+2. Male, a university instructor, who in youth suffered from
+poliomyelitis, has at 28 the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43);
+adjusted to 55 years, 212/68 inches, build 3.2 (46).
+
+3. Female, who suffered in youth from headaches, has at 25 years the
+formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44); adjusted to 55 years, 196/64
+inches, build 3.3 (48).
+
+4. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from headaches, has at 22 years
+the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 197/68
+inches, build 3.0 (43).
+
+_Comment._—The Father is perhaps duplex for heavy build; all of the
+children have a build that is above the average, and 2 of the 4 are very
+fleshy. Thus, obesity runs through three generations without skipping any
+(R: Ekb-1).
+
+
+FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)
+
+A family of Italian extraction, of the artisan class, living in
+comfortable homes.
+
+II 5, a man who was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed over 90 kg. (200
+pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy now as “always.” The 4 others of his
+fraternity and their father were all fleshy; data are lacking about the
+mother’s build.
+
+II 6, the consort of above, died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage; was of
+medium stature, say 160 cm. (63 inches) and weighed 100 kg. (225 pounds);
+build 4.0 (57). This obese woman has a sister, who is 150 cm. (59 inches)
+tall and weighs 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 4.0 (57), same as her sister.
+Her relative chest-girth is 111 cm./150, or 74 per cent, a huge girth.
+Two other living members of her fraternity are in Italy and their build
+is unknown. The father of this fraternity (I 6) is fleshy, has 3 fleshy
+sibs and 1 of medium build. The mother is also fleshy. This looks like a
+“pure” fleshy strain.
+
+There are 3 children: (1) ♀, 32 years, married, is 166 cm. (65 inches)
+tall and weighs 97 kg. (214 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy. Her
+relative net chest-girth is 105 cm./166 or 63. (2) She has a sister, II
+14, 38 years, married, who is 156 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 78.5
+kg. (173 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. Her net relative
+chest-girth is 105 cm./156, or 67. She has always been fleshy. (3) A man
+of 22 was very fleshy up to the age of 17 years, but he is said now to be
+tall and thin, though well. He is not married.
+
+_Comment._—This result is difficult to interpret. A mating of two “pure”
+strains of obesity produces 3 offspring, all of whom were fleshy before
+adolescence and of whom 2 remain very fleshy; but 1 (at 22 years) is said
+to have become “thin” since the age of 17 years. It seems probable that
+he also should be recorded as essentially fleshy (73: 665).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+FAZ family.]
+
+
+FLO-3 FAMILY. (Fig. 29.)
+
+This is a family of which all grandparents and Father were born in north
+Ireland; the children were born and reared in Greater New York. The
+Father, a blacksmith and farmer, suffers from digestion troubles; at 63
+his formula 185/65 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a blacksmith, died
+at 40 of acute indigestion; his formula 204/70 inches; build 2.9 (42).
+His mother, who died of pleurisy at 50 years, had the formula 200/69
+inches; build 2.9 (42). Thus this side of the house is of stout build.
+
+The Mother has at 60 years the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49).
+She is fat, good-natured, and a poor housekeeper. Her father, who was a
+carpenter and killed by an accident at 47 years, had the formula 180/70
+inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who died of old age at 75 years, had
+the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). No “direct” heredity appears
+in the Mother’s obesity. The 7 children:
+
+1. Male, a bookkeeper, who has spinal curvature, has at 38 years the
+formula 140/60 inches; build 2.7 (39); but this is clearly abnormally
+high, associated with his pathologically short stature.
+
+2. Female, a musician, has at 36 years the formula 160/68 inches; build
+2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 173/68 inches; build 2.7 (37).
+
+3. Male, a detective, fond of outdoor life, has at 32 years the formula
+190/69 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 200/69 inches; build
+3.0 (42).
+
+4. Male, an army officer, at 29 years 186/71 inches; build 2.6 (37);
+adjusted to 50 years, 199/71; build 2.8 (39).
+
+5. Male, a policeman, with a history of pneumonia, at 27 years. 200/72
+inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 215/72 inches; build 2.9
+(42).
+
+6. Female, a teacher, subject to indigestion, at 21 years, 131/65 inches;
+build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+7. Male, in the automobile business, with a history of pneumonia, has at
+20 years the formula 168/68 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 50 years,
+187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+_Comment._—The build of the children is rather uniformly between 2.5 (36)
+and 2.9 (42), mostly in the stout class, like the Father, but far below
+the obese Mother (R: Flo-3).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the FLO-3 family.]
+
+
+GOU-A FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in Maine. The Father, at 36, had
+the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (37).
+
+The Mother, at 60, had the formula 250/68 inches; build 3.8 (54). Her
+eldest brother weighed 200 pounds at 60 years. Her youngest brother
+weighed 220 pounds at 50 years. Her father had the formula 190/72
+inches; build 2.6 (37), at 70 years. Her mother had, at 70 years, the
+formula 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (50). Four grown children:
+
+1. Female, at 48, has the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48).
+
+2. Male, at 46, 160/68 inches; build 2.6 (35).
+
+3. Male, at 44, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+4. Female, at 40, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+_Comment._—Obesity appears in three generations in the direct line
+without a break; 2 of the 4 children are of medium build, less than
+either parent (S: Gou-A).
+
+
+LYN FAMILY. (Fig. 30.)
+
+I 1, ♂, from Ireland, died at 54 of brain fever; was 173 cm. (68 inches)
+tall and weighed 78 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. His sister
+weighs 90 kg. He married I 2, an Irish woman, who died at 68 years. She
+was 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 84 kg. (185 pounds); build
+3.5 (50); very fleshy. She had a sister who was fleshy. The pair had 7
+children who grew up:
+
+(1) Male, fleshy; (2) ♂, of medium build; (3) ♂, died at 50 years, of
+pneumonia, his stature 169 cm. (66.5 inches); weight 63.5 kg. (140
+pounds); build 2.2 (31); medium; (4) ♂, died at 70 years, stature 173
+cm. (68 inches); weight 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (35); medium.
+(5) ♂, died, at 37 years, of pneumonia; stature 173 cm. (68 inches);
+weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Married to a fleshy
+woman, he has a child who is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighs 72.5 kg.
+(160 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. (6) ♀, at 56 years, stature
+160 cm. (63 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.4 (34); medium.
+Her net relative chest-girth is 95/160 or 36 per cent. Though now of
+medium build (or less), she used to be very fleshy, weighing over 80 kg.
+(175 pounds); build 3.1 (44). She may properly be classified as of stout
+build, secondarily reduced. (7) ♂, aged 54 years, is 178 cm. (70 inches)
+tall; and weighs 103 kg. (227 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. His
+net relative chest-girth is 117 cm. / 178, or 66 per cent. This man has
+always been fleshy; at 21 years he weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds).
+
+_Comment._—This seems to be nearly a “pure” F × F mating. Of the progeny
+4 are fleshy (or very fleshy) and 3 medium (73-684).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the LYN family.]
+
+
+MCL-A FAMILY. (Fig. 31.)
+
+A family of Scotch extraction from Maine. The Father (II 9), at 77
+years, had the formula 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). Of his 8 sibs: (1)
+Brother, at 70 years, had the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). (2)
+Brother, at 75 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (3) Brother, at 65
+years, 210/73 inches; build 2.8 (39). (4) Brother, at 78 years, 200/74
+inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 71 years, 215/75 inches; build
+2.7 (38). (6) Sister, at 75 years, 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). (7)
+Sister, at 65 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). (8) Sister, at 68
+years, 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Their father, at 85 years, 200/72
+inches; build 2.7 (39). Their mother, at 80 years, 150/65 inches; build
+2.5 (36).
+
+The Mother (II 10), at 74 years, had the formula 190/66 inches; build
+3.1 (44). Of her 9 sibs: (1) Brother, at 80 years, 170/70 inches; build
+2.4 (35). (2) Brother, at 60 years, 200/77 inches; build 2.4 (34). (3)
+Brother, at 55 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Brother, at 70
+years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 80 years, 200/73
+inches; build 2.6 (38). (6) Sister, at 60 years, 150/64 inches; build 2.6
+(37). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). (8) Sister,
+at 70 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). (9) Sister, at 75 years,
+180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Their father, at 70 years, 175/72 inches;
+build 2.4 (34). Their mother, at 86 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45).
+12 children:
+
+1. Female, at 47 years, has the formula 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).
+
+2. Male, at 22 years, 22/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55+
+years, 221/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).
+
+3. Male, at 58 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35).
+
+4. Male, at 50 years, 230/71 inches; build 3.2 (46).
+
+5. Male, at 43 years, 160/72 inches; build 2.3 (31); adjusted to 55
+years, 163/72 inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+6. Female, at 70 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+7. Female, at 38 years, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55
+years, 189/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).
+
+8. Female, at 65 years, 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+9. Female, at 61 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).
+
+10. Female, at 54 years, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+11. Female, at 52 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.1 (31).
+
+12. Female, at 50 years, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+_Comment._—Mother’s mother, Mother, and 3 children out of 12 have a build
+of 3.1 to 3.2 (44 to 46), very fleshy; 3 children have a build of 2.1
+(30 to 31), a lower index than any parent, uncle, aunt, or grandparent.
+Evidently fleshy stock may yield gametes with not more than 2 or even
+only 1 gamete for fleshy build. (See p. 43.) (S: McL-A.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the MCL-A family.]
+
+
+NIC-5 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents born in
+Massachusetts and Kentucky; family living mostly in Ohio. The Father,
+a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism and lupus. He is a
+distant cousin of his wife. He died at 67 years, having at 60 years the
+formula 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). His father, a farmer, died at 65
+years from kidney trouble; was corpulent. His mother, who had 8 children,
+died at 70 years; was corpulent.
+
+The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is
+living at 70 years, having the formula 165/60.5 inches; build 3.2 (45).
+Her father, a farmer and surveyor, who died at 78 years, had a formula
+175/M, and build, say, 2.7 (38). Her mother had 7 children and died at
+78 years, having the formula 160/M; build, say, 28 (40). The 2 grown
+children:
+
+1. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 41 years
+the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 154/64
+inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+2. Female, married, has at 38 years the formula 190/61.3 inches; build
+3.6 (51); adjusted to 55 years, 198/61.3 inches; build 3.7 (53).
+
+_Comment._—There are 3 generations of corpulent persons; in the last
+generation 1 is very fleshy and 1 fleshy (R: Nic-5).
+
+
+WHE FAMILY. (Fig. 32.)
+
+I 1, ♂, fleshy; his wife, I 2, fleshy; 3 children about whom something is
+known.
+
+II 1, ♂, fleshy; married a fleshy woman and had 5 children, none of whom,
+it is said, are fleshy. II 2, ♂, died at over 75 years; fleshy. II 3,
+♂, died at 80 years; was of medium weight. Thus, in this generation, 2
+fleshy and 1 of medium build.
+
+III 9, ♂, at 61 years has a stature of 160 cm. (63 inches) and weight
+of 73 kg. (162 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. Nothing is known about
+the build of his relatives. His wife is III 10, age 64, stature 156 cm.
+(61 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.7 (52); very fleshy,
+relative chest-girth 112/156, or 72 per cent. When she married at 29
+years she weighed 160 pounds and did not begin to grow fleshy until 50
+years. She had 4 sibs, about whose build something is known. (1) III 2,
+♀, died at 70 of uterine cancer; stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight over
+90 kg. (200 pounds); build over 3.8 (54); very fleshy. (2) III 3, ♂, died
+at 73 years of “heart trouble”; stature 153 cm (64 inches); weight 77 kg.
+(170 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy. He married a woman of medium build
+and had a son who, at 45 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and
+weight of 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. (3) III 6, ♀,
+always slender. (4) III 7, ♂, died at 60 of diabetes; he weighed over 90
+kg. (200 pounds), but became very thin of disease before his death. He
+had 2 fleshy children; 1, indeed, quite obese.
+
+The union of these two fleshy strains represented in III 9 and 10 has
+produced 6 children, as follows: (1) IV 9, ♂, died at 33, was “fleshy”
+and by a slender wife (whose mother was fleshy) has a fleshy little
+daughter.[4] (2) IV 11, ♀, at 32 years, has stature 168 cm. (66 inches)
+and weight 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.3 (48); very fleshy. Relative
+chest-girth 119/168, or 73 per cent. (3) IV 12, ♂, at 30 years, has
+stature 180 cm. (71 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.5
+(36); medium; fleshy and growing fleshier. (4) IV 13, ♀, at 28 years,
+stature 159 cm. (62.5 inches), weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.1
+(44); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth 107/159 or 68 per cent. She
+was a slender child; at her marriage at 24 years she weighed 145 pounds
+and began to gain after the birth of her second child. Married to a man
+of build 35.4 or medium fleshy (who once weighed 200 pounds) and with
+3 stout brothers and 5 slender sisters; they have 2 children, a son of
+4 years who has a relative chest-girth of 56 per cent and is of medium
+build, and a daughter who at 2 years has a relative chest-girth of 64 per
+cent, which is above the average for that age.[4] (5) IV 14, ♀, at 26
+years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.5
+(49); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 119/157, or 77 per cent.
+(6) IV 15, ♀, at 23 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 88 kg.
+(194 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy.
+
+[4] Not shown in figure 32.
+
+_Comment._—This union of a fleshy and a very fleshy person (the latter of
+a fleshy strain) produces 4 very fleshy and 2 fleshy progeny (including
+1 medium near the fleshy line and growing fleshier). This approaches a
+“pure line” of fleshiness (73:754).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the WHE family.]
+
+
+TABLE 25.—_Matings of two fleshy parents, both of fleshy stock, together
+with their progeny._
+
+[The indices of the build of the progeny have been adjusted.]
+
+ +------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | | FF | FM | F | Father’s | MF | MM | M |Mother’s|VS|S|M|F|VF|
+ | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+ +------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Dol 3 | 36 | 38 | 40 | | 37 | 41 | 40 | | | |5| | |
+ |Lan A | 37 | 37 | 37 |37, 36, 29 | 43 | 37 | 40 | 35 | |1| | | 1|
+ |Sle 2 | 36 | 40 | 39 | | 37 | 43 | 37 | | | | |2| |
+ |Thr 2 | 27 | 34 | 38 |VF3, F3, M3 | 38 | 38 | 40 | | | | |6| |
+ | +----+----+----+ +----+----+----+ +--+-+-+-+--+
+ |Total | | | | | | | | | |1|5|8| 1|
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
+
+ A, 37.57 ± 0.82.
+ S. D., 4.70 ± 0.52.
+
+
+Mating 2. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 25, from Table
+XIII.)
+
+From this mating, as shown in table 25, there are 15 offspring, 1 S, 5
+M, 8 F, 1 VF. In this case one-fifteenth of the offspring are slender,
+which suggests a trihybrid ratio and that there are at least 3 pairs of
+factors present for fleshiness; and that, of these, 3 or 2 pairs are
+present in each parent (table 18). It may be that in the Dol-3, Sle-2,
+and Thi-2 families the parental gametes carry fewer genes for fleshiness.
+Details are given in the following histories.
+
+
+DOL-3 FAMILY.
+
+A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, an inventor,
+suffered in youth from typhoid, has at 59 years the formula 180/67
+inches; build 2.8 (40). His father, an inventor and machinist, died at
+73 years from “old age,” with the formula 165/M inches; build, say, 2.5
+(36). His mother, always well, died at 70 years from “general debility,”
+with the formula 140/S inches; build, say, 2.7 (38).
+
+The Mother, who underwent an operation for “fatty tumor,” is living at
+57 years, having the formula 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Three of
+her sisters died in infancy from convulsions. Her father, a bookkeeper,
+died at 98 years from a paralytic stroke, having the formula 160/66
+inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother’s build was 180/66, or 3.7 (41). The 5
+children who grew up:
+
+1. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 30 years the
+formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 131/64
+inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+2. Male, a machinist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 27
+years the formula 160/73 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years,
+176/73 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 25 years
+the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 164/68
+inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+4. Male, a man of science, always well, has at 23 years the formula
+150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 166/68 inches; build
+2.5 (36).
+
+5. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 20 years the formula 120/64
+inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 139/64 inches; build 2.4
+(34).
+
+_Comment._—Both stout parents come of stout or medium stock. Of the
+children, 3 are slender, 2 are medium. Adjusted, all are of medium build
+(R: Dol-3).
+
+
+LAN-A FAMILY.
+
+A family from the State of Washington. The Father at 82 years had the
+formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His 3 sibs are: (1) brother, at 50
+years, 160/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); (2) brother, at 26 years, 190/73
+inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) sister, at 70 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6
+(37). Their father, at 90 years, had the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6
+(37); their mother at 95 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+The Mother at 52 years had the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.9 (40). Her
+one sister at 78 years, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her father at 54
+years, 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother at 82 years, 170/68
+inches; build 2.6 (37). The two children:
+
+1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 240/68.5 inches; build 3.6 (51).
+
+2. Female, at 48 years, 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29).
+
+_Comment._—Details concerning this family are lacking. From two stout
+parents, one of whom has a slender 2.1 (29) brother and the other a
+father of build 3.0 (43), arise two children with indices of 3.6 (51)
+and 2.1 (29) respectively (S: Lan-A).
+
+
+SLE-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Irish extraction living in Michigan. The Father, a lawyer,
+is recorded to have suffered from no illnesses. He died at 52 years from
+“dipsomania,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His
+father, a shoemaker, is living, having partially lost his mind through
+excessive use of tobacco. He has at 83 years the formula 150/65 inches;
+build 2.5 (36). His mother died at 50 years from “cancer of the breast,”
+having the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+The Mother, who suffered in middle age from asthma, is living at 54
+years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a
+lumber dealer, suffered in middle age from typhoid fever and erysipelas,
+and died of old age at 84 years, having the formula 180/70 inches;
+build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had “swelling and lameness of hands,
+due perhaps to gout,” was killed at 78 years by a fall due to defective
+sight. Her formula was 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). The 2 children:
+
+1. Male, a teacher, has at 28 years the formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4
+(35); adjusted to 53 years, 189/71 inches; build 2.7 (37).
+
+2. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has
+at 25 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 53
+years, 177/65 inches; build 3.0 (42).
+
+_Comment._—The two fleshy parents and fleshy grandparents have 2 children
+whose adjusted build is fleshy (R: Sle-2).
+
+
+THR-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)
+
+In this family the Father is the same as child No. 2 of family Thr-1 (p.
+138). It lives in Iowa. The father (III 4), a physician, had at 25 years
+a weight of 180 pounds, height 69 inches; build 2.7 (38). At 70 years he
+weighs 188 pounds, height 68.7 inches; build 2.7 (39). His 5 brothers
+were of about medium build, “called sturdy, hearty boys”; they all became
+stout.
+
+Their father, though of slender build (following lung disease) in middle
+life, “took on flesh” in later life; probably came to be of “fleshy”
+build. Their mother was of medium build.
+
+The Mother (III 5) weighs around 170 pounds and is 65 inches tall; thus a
+build of 2.8 (40). Her parents (II 5-6) each had a build of 2.7 (38). The
+6 children (IV 1-6):
+
+1. Male, weighed 10 pounds at birth; when in high school he weighed 160
+pounds; at the university was a football player; at 36 he weighed 240
+pounds, and at 41 he weighs about 200. His build is probably about 3.0
+(43).
+
+2. Female, is “very large”; at 35 years she weighs about 180 pounds,
+stature 65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42).
+
+3. Female, at 33 is of the same weight and stature as her sister; build
+3.0 (42).
+
+4. Male, weighed at 23 years about 117 pounds; at 33 years up to 130
+pounds; at 36 weighs about 190 pounds; stature 71 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+5. Female, at 26 has a weight of 175 pounds, stature 66 inches; build 2.8
+(40).
+
+6. Male, weighed while in the Navy at 23 years 175 pounds, stature 70
+inches; build 2.5 (36); at 26 he weighs 165 pounds; build 2.7 (38).
+
+_Comment._—In this family both parents are of fleshy build and all the
+children are, likewise, of fleshy build (R: Thr-2).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the THR-1, 2 families.]
+
+
+Mating 3. OTHER VERY FLESHY × VERY FLESHY MATINGS. (Table XV).
+
+There are 7 instances of this type of mating. These are summarized in
+table XV, Appendix. An examination of this table shows that in all
+families with 2 or more offspring one or more of them are obese. There
+is no case of slender offspring, though 12 out of 30, or two-fifths, are
+of medium build and only 10, or one-third of all, are very fleshy. This
+indicates the presence of recessive factors in the very fleshy parents.
+It suggests further that there are two or more pairs of factors that
+must be present to produce very fleshy children. Assuming that there
+are two factors and that both parents are heterozygous for one of them,
+we should expect very fleshy, fleshy, and medium offspring in about the
+proportions of 25:50:25, which distribution is not very close to the
+actual proportions of 40:27:33. On the assumption of 3 pairs of factors,
+we might expect 17:32:49 respectively from a 4 × 5 factor mating. Or the
+4 × 4 factor mating would give on one hypothesis 31 (S + M):38:31, which
+is closest of all. All of these very fleshy parents are heterozygous.
+
+Table XV shows also that when all grandparents are known there is always
+one on each side who is at least of grade 36.
+
+The contrast between the families of table II and table XV is this: In
+table II, of the 20 grandparents 40 per cent are slender or very slender.
+In table XV of 20 grandparents only 30 per cent are fleshy, the others
+are of lower grades of build. Accordingly we are apparently justified
+in concluding that some of the very fleshy parents were heterozygous in
+the factors for build; and, indeed, as stated, of the 30 children 12 are
+of medium build. Table II contains slender strains; table XV largely
+heterozygous ones. The detailed history of these cases follows.
+
+
+BOW-B FAMILY. (Fig. 34.)
+
+A Virginia family, probably of English stock. The Father has the formula
+200/66.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His father had the formula 187/64.5
+inches; build 3.2 (45). His mother had the formula 165/66 inches; build
+2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house has a fleshy or very fleshy build.
+
+The Mother has the formula 220/68 inches; build 3.4 (48). Her 3 brothers,
+all 6 feet tall or more, each has a build of about 35. Her 2 tall sisters
+have builds of 38 and 50 respectively. Her father had the formula 190/73
+inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother had the formula 90/62 inches; build
+1.6 (23). Thus this side of the house, aside from the fleshy mother, has
+prevailingly medium build. The mother’s mother was even very slender.
+
+Six children:
+
+1. Male, at 56 years, 222/66.5 inches; build 3.5 (50).
+
+2. Male, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+3. Male, 240/73 inches; build 3.2 (45).
+
+4. Female, 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47).
+
+5. Female, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+6. Female, 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).
+
+_Comment._—Thus of the children, half are fleshy and half very fleshy,
+and one exceeds any record of build in either side of the house. The
+Father acts like a homozygous dominant (S: BOW-B).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the Bow-B family.]
+
+
+BOW-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 34a.)
+
+The grandparents and parents were born in Cornwall, England; the
+children, except the first, in Connecticut.
+
+The Father, II 6, a contractor, who suffered from hernia and flat foot,
+had, at 66, the formula 200/67 inches; build 3.2 (45). Two of his sibs
+died of consumption; other sibs are as follows: (1) sister, has the
+formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (2) brother, has formula 225/67.5
+inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) brother, has formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7
+(52); (4) sister, has formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47): (5) sister,
+has formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Some of these suffer from
+varicose veins and one is bow-legged. Their father, who was a shoemaker,
+and asthmatic, died at 77 years of arterio-sclerotic hemorrhage of lungs.
+Formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother had varicose veins on
+the leg and died at 68 years of “stoppage of the bowels.” Formula 250/66
+inches; build 4.0 (57). This is an extraordinary family of very fleshy
+people (except the father’s father, who had lung trouble), the obesity
+coming from the Timmins side, of Penryn, Cornwall.
+
+The Mother, II 7, who was much subject to sore throat, indigestion, and
+piles, died of dropsy and cancer of the liver, at 57 years. Formula
+180/61.5 inches; build 3.4 (48). One of her sisters died of consumption;
+other sibs were as follows: (1) ♂, died of pneumonia; formula, 150/68
+inches; build 2.3 (32); (2) ♂, died at 47 years; formula, 150/65 inches;
+build 2.5 (36); (3) ♀, has the formula 136/60 inches; build 2.7 (38). The
+mother’s father was a miner; had asthma and miner’s disease, and died at
+59 years of paralytic shock. Formula, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her
+mother died at 69 years of pneumonia. Formula, 120/61 inches; build 2.3
+(32). Except for the very fleshy—3.4 (48)—Mother, this side of the house
+is less fleshy than the other. Five grown children:
+
+1. Male, who has had naso-pharyngeal infections, has at 43 years the
+formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67.5
+inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+2. Female, who has suffered from naso-pharyngeal infections, diarrhea,
+and nervous exhaustion, has at 42 years the formula 112/61.5 inches;
+build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 117/61.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Female, subject to indigestion, has at 40 years the formula 125/62.5
+inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 131/62.5 inches; build 2.4
+(34).
+
+4. Male, a bricklayer, subject to diarrhea, has at 35 years the formula
+135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/67 inches; build
+2.3 (32).
+
+5. Male, subject to biliousness and sleep-walking, has at 32 years the
+formula 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 193/66
+inches; build 3.1 (44).
+
+_Comment._—Thus 4 of the 5 children have a medium build; only 1 is very
+fleshy (S: Bow-2).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34A.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+BOW-2 family.]
+
+
+BYR-A FAMILY.
+
+A family from South Carolina. The Father, at 60 years, had the formula
+235/72 inches; build 3.2 (45). Of his 3 sibs, (1) brother, 200/66 inches;
+build 3.2 (46); (2) brother, weighed 150 pounds; (3) sister, 165/66
+inches; build 2.7 (38). Their father, at 73 years, had the formula 200/64
+inches; build 3.4 (49). Their mother, at 73 years, 175/64 inches; build
+3.0 (43). All but one of the Father’s brothers are very fleshy.
+
+The Mother, at 73 years, had the formula 165/60 inches; build 3.2 (46).
+Her 6 sibs weighed from 130 to 165 pounds. Her father, at 84 years, had
+the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Except for the Mother, this
+side of the house is apparently of only medium build. Four children:
+
+1. Male, at 54 years, has the formula 235/71 inches; build 3.3 (47).
+
+2. Male, at 50 years, 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+3. Male, at 64 years, 165/71 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+4. Female, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+_Comment._—Thus 1 in 4 is very fleshy, 1 is fleshy, and 2 are medium (S:
+Byr-A).
+
+
+CAT-3 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Italian origin; grandparents and parents all born in Sicily,
+moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the children were all born. The Father,
+a sailor till 24 years, then “in business,” suffered in youth (16 years)
+from malaria, and at 20 years and again at 40 years from bronchitis; he
+is living at 63 years; formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father,
+a sailor till 30 years, then a fish dealer, suffered in youth from colds
+and in middle age from bronchitis. He died, at 85 years, from stomach
+trouble. Formula, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who was
+“short and slim,” died at child-birth at 23 years, having the formula
+130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).
+
+The Mother suffered in middle age from appendicitis and influenza. She
+is living at 56 years, having the formula 195/62 inches; build 3.6 (51).
+Her father, who operated an oil mill, was short and “stocky” and had
+high blood-pressure. He died, at 77 years, from “sudden shock, caused by
+chill,” having the formula 160/62 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who
+had 11 children, was a quick-tempered, heavy-set, broad-shouldered woman.
+She died at 77 years of pneumonia, having the formula 200/64 inches;
+build 3.4 (49). Six grown children:
+
+1. Male, a pharmacist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 27
+years, the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years,
+156/66 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+2. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 26 years, the
+formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55 years, 168/66
+inches; build 2.2 (39).
+
+3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, chicken-pox, and
+colds, is fond of athletics and out-of-door life. At birth he weighed 10
+pounds; at 14 years, 140 pounds. Began athletics and at 17 years weighed
+180 pounds. At 23 years has the formula 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42);
+adjusted to 55+ years, 209/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).
+
+4. Female, a student, who at 22 years has the formula 120/62 inches;
+build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55+ years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+5. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, diphtheria, and
+pneumonia. Died at 18 years in military service, from pneumonia. Formula,
+140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 165/70 inches; build
+2.4 (34).
+
+6. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 18
+years the formula 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55+ years,
+172/70 inches; build 2.5 (35).
+
+_Comment._—The Mother’s side of the house is decidedly the heavier. One
+son approached the maternal build; the other children are far below
+either parent in build, even with the adjustment (which is probably
+inadequate) (R: Car-3).
+
+
+DAL-A FAMILY.
+
+A family from North Carolina. The Father, at 69 years, has the formula
+225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). Of his 7 sibs, (1) brother, at 64 years,
+has the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); (2) brother, at 35 years,
+150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31); (3) brother, at 45 years, 140/67.5
+inches; build 2.1 (30); (4) brother, at 40 years, 230/70 inches; build
+3.3 (47); (5) brother, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35); (6) sister, at 60
+years, 166/66 inches; build 2.7 (38); (7) sister, at 70 years, 140/70
+inches; build 2.0 (29). Their father, at 75 years, 220/68 inches; build
+3.3 (48). A very fleshy Father of whose 7 sibs 1 is very fleshy, 1
+fleshy, 4 medium, and 1 slender. The gametic constitution is apparently
+mixed.
+
+The Mother, at 36 years, has the formula 225/65 inches; build 3.7 (53).
+Her father, at 80 years, 330/72 inches; build 4.6 (64). Apparently this
+side of the house is exceptionally fleshy. Six children:
+
+1. Male, at 64 years, 212/69 inches; build 3.1 (45).
+
+2. Male, at 66 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+3. Male, at 59 years, 240/69 inches; build 3.5 (50).
+
+4. Male, at 54 years, 240/72 inches; build 3.3 (46).
+
+5. Female, at 61 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+6. Female, at 54 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+_Comment._—Thus 3 out of 6 children are very fleshy, 1 is fleshy and the
+2 daughters are medium (S: Dal-A).
+
+
+DUD-A FAMILY.
+
+A family of Irish extraction from North Carolina.
+
+The Father, at 75 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49).
+His brother, at 70 years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+The Mother, at 86 years, had the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51).
+Two grown children:
+
+1. Male, at 60 years, 251/70 inches; build 3.6 (51).
+
+2. Male, at 70 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+_Comment._—The children of these parents, the family of one of whom at
+least is of mixed build, were one very fleshy and one medium (S: Dud-A).
+
+
+SMI-36 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction. The grandparents, parents, and one child
+are all New Englanders.
+
+The Father, a physician, in excellent health, has at 53 the formula
+208/67.5 inches; build 3.2 (46). His father, a physician also, died, at
+82 years, from angina pectoris. He had pulmonary tuberculosis in youth.
+At 65 his formula was 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother
+had three sons and two daughters. She died of tuberculosis, at 35 years
+of age. Her formula at 30 was 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of
+the house shows heavy build of mixed origin.
+
+The Mother in middle age had cerebral embolus. At 51 her formula is
+176/63.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). Her father, a farmer, had erysipelas
+in middle age. He died, at 64, from typhoid fever. At 60 he had the
+formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her mother, having had 3 sons and
+4 daughters, died at 78 from dysentery. At 65 her formula was 160/63
+inches; build 2.8 (40). This side of the house is very fleshy to fleshy.
+One child:
+
+1. Male, a medical student. He has, at 22, the formula 165/74 inches;
+build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 52 years, 190/74 inches, build 2.5 (34).
+
+_Comment._—Thus the child is slenderer than either parent and like his
+tubercular father’s mother (R: Smi-36).
+
+
+SUMMARY.
+
+The progeny of the three matings may now be compared (table 26). While
+even very fleshy parents are sometimes heterozygous (perhaps carrying 5
+or rarely even 4 zygotic factors for build), yet they do not produce any
+slender children. The merely “fleshy” parents, on the other hand, produce
+about 7 per cent slender. None would be expected on the 4-zygotic-factor
+hypothesis, but about 6 per cent would be on the 6-factor hypothesis.
+
+
+TABLE 26.—_Summary of selected fleshy matings, together with their
+progeny._
+
+ +--------------------------+----+-------------------------------------+
+ | | | Offspring. |
+ | | +------------------+------------------+
+ | | No.| Frequency. | Proportion. |
+ | | +---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
+ | | | S | M | F | VF | S | M | F | VF |
+ +--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
+ |Mating 1. One parent VF; | | | | | | | | | |
+ | the other F, of F stock.| 50 | 2 | 11 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 22 | 46 | 28 |
+ | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Mating 2. Both parents F, | | | | | | | | | |
+ | of F stock. | 15 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 33 | 53 | 7 |
+ | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Mating 3. Other VF × VF | | | | | | | | | |
+ | matings. | 30 | | 12 | 8 | 10 | | 40 | 27 | 33 |
+ +--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
+
+A comparison of tables 23 and 26 shows a profound difference in the
+distribution of build in the two sets of progenies. From the matings
+of slender parents come predominantly (84 per cent) slender and very
+slender offspring; from the mating of two fleshy or very fleshy parents
+come predominantly (67 per cent) fleshy and very fleshy offspring. The
+ranges of the offspring classes overlap somewhat, for the slender matings
+produce 16 per cent progeny who are above slender build; and the fleshy
+matings produce 32 per cent of progeny who are below fleshy build. The
+progeny of the slender matings are much less variable than those of
+fleshy matings. Thus, the standard deviation of the offspring in table 23
+is only 3.13 ± 0.17; while the standard deviation of the offspring of the
+fleshy parents listed in table 24 is 5.74 ± 0.39 and in table 25 4.70 ±
+0.52. From the standpoint of genetics this indicates the presence of more
+genetical factors in the fleshy parents than in the slender.
+
+However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is
+that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is lower than that
+of the fleshy ones. If we place the average index of the very slender and
+slender groups at 26, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient
+of variability of the slender and very slender is 3.13/26, or 12 per
+cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 is 4.70/40, or 14 per cent. Thus
+the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more
+variable than the slender offspring.
+
+Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data of table 12. The
+standard deviation of the progeny of the S × S matings is 2.41; of the
+F × F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of variability
+are 2.41/28.47 and 5.35/37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent
+respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the
+offspring of the F × F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S
+× S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the
+F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of
+the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater
+variability of the offspring of the F × F as compared with the S × S
+matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index
+values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be
+that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than
+the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents.
+
+
+CLASS III. MATING OF SLENDER WITH FLESHY STOCK—THE F₁ GENERATION.
+
+After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of
+slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the
+distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of
+matings produces the familiar F₁ generation. Incidentally it may be
+pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the F₁ generation
+has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is concerned.
+This is partly because there are several kinds of F₁ offspring. For
+example, the progeny of very fleshy × slender, fleshy × very slender,
+fleshy × slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If
+we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable
+range of variation in the F₁ generation is to be expected. If we deal
+with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insufficient to
+be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between
+too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too heterogeneous
+parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that
+on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that dominate over
+slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average,
+of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are
+younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their
+full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating,
+since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential
+build. Three kinds of matings will be considered.
+
+
+Mating 1. ONE PARENT SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, AND THE OTHER FLESHY, OF
+FLESHY STOCK. (Table VIII in Part.)
+
+If mainly those fleshy parents are selected whose parents and sibs (so
+far as known) are fleshy, then the progeny will correspond as nearly as
+possible to a Mendelian F₁ generation, and should be characterized by
+relatively low variability. Such selected matings are given in table 27,
+extracted from table VIII, Appendix.
+
+
+TABLE 27.—_Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy
+parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny._
+
+ +--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+------------------+
+ | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
+ | | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s +---+----+----+----+
+ | | FF| FM| F | sibs. | MF| MM| M | sibs. | S | M | F | VF |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Ale 2 | 33| 28| 27| 3 tall | 36| 42| 38| 2 t | | 2 | 1 | |
+ |Coo 6 | 38| 38| 39| | 33| 29| 28| Short | | 1 | 2 | |
+ |Cla 32 | 29| 29| 29| | 31| 42| 38| | | 1 | 1 | |
+ |Dob 2 | 30| S | 26| | F | F | 42| | | 4 | 1 | |
+ |Dud I | 48| 61| 43|10 F | 31| 28| 28| 3 of 12,| 2| | | |
+ | | | | | and VF;| | | | F or VF.| | | | |
+ | | | | | 1S(t). | | | | | | | | |
+ |Elk I | 36| 44| 41| | 30| 32| 27| | 1| 3 | | |
+ |Faz | | F | S | 1 F | F | F | 57| 1 VF | | 1 | 1 | |
+ |Leo | | | F | 1 F | S | S | S | 4 S | | | 3 | |
+ |Lyn | | F | F | 2 F | | | S | | | | 6 | |
+ |Ofi a | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 |
+ |Ofi b | | | S | 1 M 3 F| | | F | 7 F | | 2 | 4 | 2 |
+ |Ofi c | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 |
+ |Smi | | | 45| | | | 30| | 1| 1 | 3 | 3 |
+ |Wal 4 | 38| 34| 41| | 31| 28| 27| | | 1 | 1 | |
+ | +---+---+---+ +---+---+---+ +---+----+----+----+
+ |Total | | | | | | | | 64 | 4| 18 | 35 | 7 |
+ |Per cent| | | | | | | | 100 |6.2|28.1|54.6|11.1|
+ +--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+
+
+ A, 38.29 ± 0.43.
+ S. D., 5.02 ± 0.30
+
+In table 27, of 64 offspring the proportions are 6 S, 28 M, 55 F, 11
+VF. On the assumption of 6 zygotic factors, and that the matings are of
+5-factor and 2-factor parents, and that they were equally of the two
+types of matings of this class, then we should expect the following
+proportions; 8 S, 42 M, 42 F, 8 VF. That this does not more closely
+approximate the observed proportions is probably due to the partial
+dominance of F over S. At any rate, it is a closer fit than would be
+given on the 4-factor hypothesis. The details of each family included in
+this mating are given below.
+
+
+ALE-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction; grandparents and parents living mostly
+in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Two of the children were born
+in West Virginia, the other two in Ohio. The Father, a minister, has at
+55 years the formula 135/70.8 inches; build 1.9 (27). His 3 brothers are
+tall. Their father, who was a minister, always well, died at 81 years
+from “diseases incident to old age,” at 70 years having the formula
+M/VT;[5] build, say, 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 6 children, in youth
+was “delicate.” She died at 85 years from old age, having the formula
+S/T; build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of
+slender build.
+
+[5] M, medium weight; VT, very tall.
+
+The Mother, who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from erysipelas
+and gallstones. She is living at 54 years, having at 50 years the formula
+145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38). One of her brothers died at 18 years from
+tuberculosis, height 70 inches; another brother became feeble-minded
+after an attack of spinal meningitis, height 62.5 inches; one sister also
+died from tuberculosis at 48 years. Their father, who was a miller,
+suffered in youth from typhoid fever and in middle age from neuralgia
+and acute indigestion, and was killed in an accident at 77 years. At 60
+years his formula was 165/M; build, say, 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had
+9 children, was always well. She died at 78 years from angina pectoris.
+At 50 years her formula was 165/M; build, say, 3.0 (42). Thus this side
+of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build, despite some tuberculosis.
+The 3 grown children:
+
+1. Male, a minister, always well, has at 30 years the formula 165/67
+inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 52 years, 174/67 inches; build 2.7
+(39).
+
+2. Female, a school teacher, always well, has at 28 years the formula
+108/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 52 years, 123/62.5 inches;
+build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Male, a student, always well, has at 23 years the formula 140/66.5
+inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 52 years, 154/67 inches; build 2.4
+(34).
+
+_Comment._—The build of the children ranges from 2.0 or 2.2 (28 or 31) to
+2.6 or 2.7 (37 or 39), almost exactly the difference between the parents
+but the build is slightly higher on the average than theirs. One should
+probably be classified as slender, one as medium, and one as fleshy.
+There is a slight evidence of dominance of fleshiness (R: Ale-2).
+
+
+COO-6 FAMILY.
+
+A family of mixed Nordic stock, chiefly English, living in the Central
+States. The Father, a farmer, who has always been well, is a man of great
+bodily energy and calm temperament. Formula at 40 years 180/68 inches;
+build 2.7 (39). His father, a farmer, who was killed in the Civil War,
+had at 40 years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother,
+who was always well and energetic, had at 40 years the formula 160/65
+inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house is uniformly fleshy.
+
+The Mother, who had a throat infection, had the formula 110/63 inches;
+build 1.9 (28). Her sibs were mostly short and two of them suffered from
+asthma. Their father, a farmer, who had a throat infection and died at
+55 of smallpox, had the formula 150/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Their
+mother, who also died at 55 of smallpox, had the formula 125/66 inches;
+build 2.0 (29). Thus the maternal side of the house has a distinctly
+slenderer build than the paternal. The 3 children:
+
+1. Male, who died in early infancy of brain fever.
+
+2. Male, 30 years old, a traveling salesman and soldier, with a catarrhal
+nasal infection, had the formula at 20 years 160/67.5 inches; build 2.5
+(35); adjusted to 50 years, 178/69.4 inches; build 2.7 (37).
+
+3. Female, 25 years old, a music teacher, with a catarrhal nasal
+infection, has at 20 years the formula 120/62 inches; build 2.2 (31);
+adjusted to 50 years, 139/62 inches; build 2.6 (36).
+
+4. Male, 21 years old, a farmer, from whom a skin tumor and tonsils have
+been removed, has at 20 years the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4
+(35); adjusted to 50 years, 166/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+_Comment._—A mating of fleshy with slender build has produced only
+medium-fleshy offspring (R: Coo-6).
+
+
+CLA-32 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction living in Vermont. The Father, who is a
+farmer, suffered in youth from catarrh and influenza. He is living at
+57 years, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father,
+who is a farmer, always well, has at 84 years the formula 150/72 inches;
+build 29. His mother, who had 2 children, always well, has at 80 years
+the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). This family is prevailingly
+slender.
+
+The Mother, who has 2 children, always well, has at 52 years the formula
+157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her father, who was a farmer, suffered
+in middle age from weak heart, sciatica, and rheumatism. He died, at 67
+years, from “blood-clot on brain,” having the formula 160/72 inches;
+build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 1 child, was always well till, at
+68 years, she died of cancer of liver; formula 160/62 inches; build 2.9
+(42). Of the 2 children:
+
+1. Female, married, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/66
+inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6
+(37).
+
+2. Male, a farmer, always well, has, at 24 years, the formula 150/72
+inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 169/72 inches; build 2.3
+(33).
+
+_Comment._—The daughter will probably become fleshy like her Mother; the
+son will probably remain slender like his Father (R: Cla-32).
+
+
+DOB-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Scotch-Irish and German extraction, living in the middle
+western States. The Father, a real-estate agent, who in youth suffered
+from diphtheria, has at 65 years the formula 120/67.5 inches; build 1.9
+(26). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 89 years of old age,
+with the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother died at 29
+years of tuberculosis; she was slender.
+
+The Mother, who in youth suffered from whooping-cough and scarlet fever,
+has at 65 years the formula 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42)—fleshy. Her
+father, a German farmer, died of old age at 81 years; he was corpulent.
+Her mother died at 81 years of “heart leakage”; she was corpulent. The 5
+children:
+
+1. Male, a school teacher, always well, has at 34 years the formula
+130/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 138/66.5 inches;
+build 2.3 (31).
+
+2. Female, a music and art teacher, who in youth suffered from catarrhal
+fever, has at 32 years the formula 135/61 inches; build 2.6 (36);
+adjusted to 55 years, 147/61 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+3. Male, electrical engineer, always well, has at 29 years the formula
+140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/67 inches; build
+2.3 (33).
+
+4. Male, student, had pneumonia, has at 26 years the formula 150/67
+inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 162/67 inches; build 2.5
+(36).
+
+5. Male, a student, who has had malaria, has at 24 years the formula
+130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 inches; build
+2.3 (32).
+
+_Comment._—A man of a family of a prevailing slender build, whose mother
+died of tuberculosis, married a fleshy woman of two fleshy parents.
+Of the 5 children, 1 and perhaps 2 will become fleshy; 1 is of medium
+build, and 2 will probably remain slender like the Father. Since all
+children are fleshier than the slender Father, and since members of the
+family tend to grow fleshy as they grow older, it seems probable (barring
+disease) that child No. 2 will gain the build of her stout Mother and
+that the others will become of at least medium build (R: Dob-2).
+
+
+DUD-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Scotch stock residing principally in Ohio and Iowa. The
+Father, a farmer until his retirement at 50 years, who died at 56 of
+diabetes, had at 40 years the formula 215/71 inches; build 3.0 (43). Of
+his 6 sisters, 4 were stout to very stout and 1 was slender and died of
+tuberculosis. Of his 2 brothers, one was 72 inches tall and died of
+kidney trouble; the other was 67 inches tall. The Father’s father, also a
+farmer all his life and very strong, died at 60 years of apoplexy, having
+the formula 250/64 inches; build 4.3 (61). This side of the house brings
+into the combination a tendency to extreme fleshiness.
+
+The Mother, who was operated on for cancer, at 40 years had the formula
+115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). She had 12 sibs, of whom 3 were fleshy or
+very fleshy. Her father, a carpenter, who died of Bright’s disease at 70,
+had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who died at 50
+years of tuberculosis, had at 40 years of age the formula 120/65 inches;
+build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. The 2
+children:
+
+1. Male, a college student and subject to migraine, has at 25 years the
+formula 158/70 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 40 years, 169/70
+inches; build 2.4 (35).
+
+2. Female, a school girl, operated on at 16 for appendicitis, has at 25
+years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 40 years,
+135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+_Comment._—This mating of parents of stout and of slender stock results
+in children who are still young and of only medium to slender build.
+It is to be expected that the young man, at least, will become stout,
+approaching his father’s build (R: Dud-1).
+
+
+ELK-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
+The Father, a “superintendent,” suffered in youth from pneumonia. He is
+living at 47 years, having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). One
+of his brothers died, at 43 years, from consumption of the stomach “due
+to accident”; his formula, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother
+is living at 73 years, having the formula 160/60 inches; build 3.1 (44).
+This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy.
+
+The Mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchial trouble, has at 49
+years the formula 98/60.3 inches; build 2.0 (27). Her father, a farmer,
+is living at 76 years with the formula 135/67.3 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+Her mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchitis, pneumonia, and
+heart trouble, is living at 68 years with the formula 124/62 inches;
+build 3.2. This is a prevailingly slender family. The 4 children:
+
+1. Female, a student, has at 23 years the formula 120/64.5 inches; build
+2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 137/64.5 inches; build 2.2 (33).
+
+2. Female, a student, has at 21 years the formula 108/64.5 inches; build
+1.8 (26); adjusted to 48 years, 126/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+3. Female, a student, has at 18 years the formula 107/61 inches; build
+2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 125/61 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+4. Female, a student, twin to No. 3, has at 18 years the formula 107/61.6
+inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 48 years, 127/61.6 inches; build 2.3
+(33).
+
+_Comment._—The children are all fairly young and have the youthful
+slender and medium build. Even on adjustment they do not rise above the
+medium class. Unfortunately, we do not know how this family develops its
+index of build (R: Elk-1).
+
+
+FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)
+
+II 8, ♂, is slender; he has a fleshy sister and their mother is fleshy.
+
+His wife is II 9, who, at 46 years, has stature 151 cm. (59 inches) and
+weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Her relative
+chest-girth, is 111/151, or 74 per cent. Her sister, II 6, who died at 66
+of cerebral hemorrhage, had the formula 225/63 inches; build 4.0 (57);
+very fleshy. Both of their parents were fleshy.
+
+The children of II 8, 9 who grew up are: (1) III 9, ♀, at 19 of medium
+weight. (2) III 10, ♂, at 18 years fleshy. Two others are too young to
+include in the statistics.
+
+_Comment._—Medium and fleshy progeny recur, suggesting that the fleshy
+parent is not entirely homozygous (73:665).
+
+
+LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)
+
+II 2 ♂, 72 inches tall and fleshy, has a tall and fleshy sister. His
+wife, II 3, ♀, is of medium stature and slender. She has 4 sibs, all
+slender; their parents also slender. Three children, all fleshy.
+
+Again, II 7, the slender brother of II 3, married an obese woman, and has
+1 child who, at 9 years, is 20 per cent over weight. See also page 61 (S
+× S mating). (73:676.)
+
+
+LYN FAMILY.
+
+D. O., ♂, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), fleshy, has 2 fleshy sibs and
+fleshy mother. He married a slender woman, who grew fleshier in middle
+life. They had 6 children, all fleshy. D. O. is a second cousin of figure
+30, II 1 (p. 74). The fleshy parent was apparently a homozygous dominant
+(73:684).
+
+
+OFI FAMILY, A. (Fig. 35.)
+
+I 1 ♂ was tall and slender. His wife I 2 was tall and very fleshy. There
+were 8 children, about whose build something is known.
+
+II 1 ♀ fleshy. II 3 ♀ at 40 years is fleshy, married to a slender man,
+has slender and fleshy children. II 4 ♂ at 30 years is fleshy. II 7 ♂ is
+tall and fleshy. II 10 ♀ is inclined to be fleshy. II 12 ♀ at 42 years is
+fleshy, and has children of both types. II 14 ♂ at 45 years, stature 165
+cm. (65 inches); weight 62.5 (138 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium. II 13
+♂ died at 35 years; very fleshy. Thus 1 is very fleshy, 6 are fleshy, and
+1 is of medium build (73:697).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+OFI family.]
+
+
+OFI FAMILY, B. (Fig. 35.)
+
+I 7 ♂, slender, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium weight. His wife, I 8
+♀, died at 68, fleshy, had 7 sibs, all fleshy. There were 8 children:
+II 15 ♀ at 38 years, stature 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151
+pounds); build 2.9 (42), fleshy; relative chest-girth 92/153, or 61
+per cent. She has always been fleshy, was formerly more so than now.
+Married to a man of medium build, there were 4 children, 2 slender, and 1
+fleshy[6] and 1 very fleshy. II 16 ♂ died at 48 of “heart disease,” very
+fleshy. II 17 ♀, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weight 56 kg. (124 pounds);
+build 2.5 (36), fleshy-medium; relative chest-girth 95/151, or 63 per
+cent. II 18 ♀ fleshy. II 20 ♀, very fleshy, has 3 slender children. II 21
+♀ fleshy. II 22 ♂ of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm.
+(59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43 per cent), fleshy.
+Relative chest-girth 100/150, or 67 per cent. Thus, of the 8 children 2
+are of medium build, 4 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy.
+
+[6] III 7, shading omitted, by error, on chart.
+
+
+OFI FAMILY, C. (Fig. 35.)
+
+II 2 ♂, slender, married II 3, at 40 years fleshy and _heterozygous_, and
+had 4 children. III 1 ♂ fleshy; III 2 ♂ of medium build, and III 3 ♂, 4 ♂
+twins, slender. Thus 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 2 slender.
+
+_Comment._—Mating B is apparently that of a nearly homozygous dominant
+fleshy mated to a slender, and producing fleshy and very fleshy offspring
+and 2 who are just below fleshy build (73:697).
+
+
+SMI FAMILY.
+
+II 1 ♂ (fig. 26), at 50, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); and weight 90 to
+100 kg. (200 to 215 pounds); build 3.2 (45), very fleshy. As a lad he was
+very slender, but at 28 years began to grow fleshy.
+
+Married a woman who, at 68 years, has a stature of 150 cm. (59 inches),
+weight 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.0 (30), slender. They had 8 children:
+
+(1) Male, at 50 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 80 kg. (175
+pounds); build 2.9 (41), fleshy; slender as a child. (2) ♀, at 48 years,
+stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.3 (47),
+very fleshy; was slender until about 16 years of age. (3) ♀, at 46 years,
+stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.6 (51),
+very fleshy; was slender until 20 years old. By a slender husband she
+has 3 children, 13 to 5 years of age, all slender, but the eldest boy
+growing fleshier. (4) ♀ died at 28 years of kidney trouble, aggravated by
+child-birth; at that time she was slender. (5) ♀, at 34 years, stature
+155 cm. (61 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.4 (48), very
+fleshy, rather uniformly over the body. She was fleshy as a child; then
+became slender and remained so up to the age of 16 or 18 years. By a
+slender man she has 3 children, all young and slender. (6) ♂, at 31 years
+of medium build with a tendency to grow fleshier, by a slender wife has
+a slender child. (7) ♂, at 29 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight
+now about 62 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.5 (35), fleshy-medium, and varying
+inversely with his activity. (8) ♂, at 24 years, stature 168 cm. (66
+inches); weight 59 kg. (130 pounds); build 2.1 (30), medium-slender, but
+this is the age when in this family they first begin to put on flesh.
+
+_Comment._—This is an exceedingly instructive family; first, because
+they are all slender until 20 to 25 and then begin to grow fleshier. The
+heterozygous condition of fleshiness retards the full development of the
+trait, as so often seen in genetics. It is probable that III 1 is nearly
+homozygous for fleshiness (73:736).
+
+
+WAL-4 FAMILY.
+
+A New York State family of English and Scotch ancestry.
+
+The Father, a business man, with diabetic tendencies, has at 60 years
+the formula 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). His sibs are all tall or very
+tall. His father, a Scotch farmer, who had “kidney trouble,” which,
+aggravated by influenza, caused his death at 86 years, had the formula
+175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who suffered from neuralgia
+and died of blood-poisoning at 64 years, had the formula 150/66 inches;
+build 2.4 (34). This side of the house is thus of medium to fleshy build.
+
+The Mother is subject to nervous prostration and intestinal indigestion
+and has been operated on for uterine lacerations. At 52 she has the
+formula 125/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who kept a country
+store and died at 83 years of heart failure, had the formula 156/71
+inches; build 2.2 (31). The Mother’s mother, who died at 75 years of
+cancer of the stomach, was hunch-backed from an accident when 3 years
+old; had long arms and would probably have been tall. At 60 she had
+the formula 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is
+prevailingly slender. Two children are:
+
+1. Male, a social worker, has at 30 years the formula 200/74 inches;
+build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 214/74 inches; build 2.8 (39).
+
+2. Male, a business man, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build
+2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 178/71 inches; build 2.5 (35).
+
+_Comment._—One child is fleshy like the Father, the other is of
+intermediate build (R: Wal-4).
+
+
+Mating 2. OTHER SLENDER × FLESHY MATINGS.
+
+In addition to the selected cases of table 27, reference may be made to
+other families of table VIII of which details are published herewith; and
+which reveal special matters of interest. They are not included in mating
+1, because there is always at least one medium-grade parent of the fleshy
+side of the house. The families are listed in table 28, summarized here
+and described _in extenso_ further on.
+
+
+TABLE 28.— _Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy
+parent of mixed stock, together with their progeny._
+
+ +------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+------------------+
+ | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
+ | | | | |Father’s | | | |Mother’s+----+---+--+--+---+
+ | | FF| FM| F | sibs. | MF | MM | M | sibs. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | | VS | S |M |F | VF|
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+----+---+--+--+---+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Bro 30| 31| 27| 30| | 35 | 40 | 37| | | | 1| 1| 1|
+ |Fin 1 | 34| 31| 30| | 38 | 33 | 37| | | | 1| 2| |
+ |Met A | M | M | 39|3M 1F 1VF|33 ±|28 ±| 30| 2S, 3M | | | 1| 4| |
+ |Olm A | 34| | 38|1F | 34 | 28 | 24| 1M, 1F | | | 1| 4| 1|
+ |She 12| 34| 46| 38| | 34 | 28 | 28| | | | 3| 4| |
+ |Van 3 | 29| 29| 29| | 33 | 39 | 37| | | 2 | | 1| |
+ | +---+---+---+ +----+----+---+ +----+---+--+--+---+
+ | Total| | | | | | | | | | 2 | 7|16| 2|
+ +------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+----+---+--+--+---+
+
+ Offspring: A, 38.01 ± 0.55.
+ S. D., 4.74 ± 0.39.
+
+_Bro-30._—One child out of 3 is very fleshy, of a grade that in our
+experience never occurs when both parents are slender.
+
+_Fin-1._—In this family all 3 children have already a build nearly equal
+to that of the fleshier parent. Assuming that they increase in weight
+in the same degree as the average person, they may be expected to be
+considerably fleshier than the fleshy parent.
+
+_Met-A._—Of the 5 children, 3 already exceed in build the fleshy parent.
+
+_Olm-A._—Of 6 children, all but 1 are fleshier than the fleshy parent.
+
+_She-12._—Of 7 children, 4 are fleshy like the Father, the others are
+slender to medium.
+
+_Van-3._—One out of 3 is fleshy.
+
+The distribution of indices of build in the offspring is summarized in
+table 28. This distribution of offspring is characterized by about the
+same means as in mating 1, and by about the same variability. It seems
+probable, consequently, that the fleshy parents were nearly homozygous
+for this trait.
+
+
+BRO-30 FAMILY.
+
+A family of prevailingly English stock. The members of this family,
+including the grandparents, parents, and 3 children, were born and
+have lived in Connecticut. The Father in youth had typhoid fever, in
+middle age neuritis. Now, at 72, his formula is 140/68 inches; build 2.1
+(30). His father, a school-teacher and farmer, died at 65 from old age,
+premature because of his strenuous life. His formula was 150/70 inches;
+build 2.0 (31). The Father’s mother had sick headaches and inflammatory
+rheumatism in middle age. She died at 82 from old age, having then the
+formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+The Mother, who had inflammatory rheumatism in youth and malaria in
+middle age, has now, at 63, the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+Her father, a farmer and politician, suffered from Bright’s disease in
+middle age, and died at 54 from an abscess of the liver as the immediate
+cause. His formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, having
+enjoyed good health all her life, died at 87 from old age. Her formula
+was 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). The 3 children are:
+
+1. Male, at 42, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years,
+149/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+2. Male, at 40, 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years,
+170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+3. Male, at 39, 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years,
+206/68 inches; build 3.1 (45).
+
+_Comment._—The children’s range of build exceeds that of the parents; the
+youngest is indeed very fleshy. Probably there is an obese tendency which
+comes down through the line of the Mother and Mother’s mother (R: Bro-30).
+
+
+FIN-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Russian Jewish stock. The grandparents and parents were
+natives of Russia; the family emigrated to America and settled in
+Pennsylvania, where the 3 children were born. The Father, a manufacturer,
+is living at 47 years, having the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+His father, a merchant, is living at 69 years, having the formula 150/66
+inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 12 children, died at 55 years
+from cancer, having the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+The Mother has at 43 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+Her sibs are mostly of heavy build. Her father, a merchant, has at 68
+years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 5
+children, died at 53 years, having the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3
+(33). The 3 children:
+
+1. Male, a salesman, has at 23 years the formula 195/70 inches; build 2.8
+(40); adjusted to 45 years, 210/70 inches; build 3.0 (43).
+
+2. Male, a law student, has at 23 years the formula 175/70 inches; build
+2.5 (36); adjusted to 45 years, 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+3. Male, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 169/70 inches;
+build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 45 years, 186/70 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+_Comment._—All 3 children have a fleshy build and may be expected to
+become fleshier than the Mother (R: Fin-1).
+
+
+MET-A FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in Illinois. The Father, at 50
+years, had the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 5 sibs: (1)
+Brother, at 50 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). (2) Brother, at 50
+years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (3) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68
+inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Sister, at 50 years, had the formula 200/T;
+build, say, 3.2 (46±). (5) Sister, at 50 years, had formula 140/M; build,
+say, 2.5 (35). Both their father and mother are said to have been of
+medium build.
+
+The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+Of her 5 sibs who reached maturity: (1) Brother, at 50 years, had the
+formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Sister, 130/64 inches; build
+2.2 (32). (3) Sister, 110/60 inches; build 2.1 (31). (4) Sister, 120/63
+inches; build 2.1 (30). (5) Sister, 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28.) Their
+father had the formula 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33±). Their mother had the
+formula 120/T; build, say, 2.0 (28±). Five grown children:
+
+1. Female, at 35 years, has the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39);
+adjusted to 50 years, 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41).
+
+2. Male, at 40 years, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50
+years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+3. Male, at 40 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50
+years, 188/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).
+
+4. Male, at 20 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50
+years, 178/69 inches; build 2.7 (37).
+
+5. Female, at 35 years, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50
+years, 161/68 inches; build 2.4 (35).
+
+_Comment._—On the adjusted build, all children are above the mid-parent
+and 3 of the 5 exceed the stouter parent (S:Met-A).
+
+
+OLM-A FAMILY. (Fig. 36.)
+
+A family of old American stock living in New York State. The Father has
+the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). He has a fleshy brother. His
+father had the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+The Mother has the formula 100/64.5 inches; build 1.7 (24). She has 1
+medium brother and a fleshy sister. Her father had the formula 150/66.5
+inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother had the formula 125/66.5 inches; build
+2.0 (28). The 6 children:
+
+1. Male, at 60 years, has the formula 192/61 inches; build 3.6 (43).
+
+2. Male, 250/67 inches; build 3.6 (51).
+
+3. Male, 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).
+
+4. Male, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+5. Male, 155/65 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+6. Female, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+_Comment._—A fleshy man, whose known family is fleshy or medium, has by
+a very slender woman whose family shows a variety of builds, 6 children:
+1 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This suggests that the Father is
+nearly homozygous for the factors of build (S:Olm-A).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+OLM-A family.]
+
+
+SHE-12 FAMILY.
+
+This family, whose grandparents came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is
+chiefly of English and German stock. The 10 children were born in Iowa
+and Nebraska.
+
+The Father, soldier and editor, is in good health at 76 years, except
+for “rheumatism”; formula, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, a
+blacksmith, who was killed by the kick of a horse, had the formula 160/69
+inches; build 2.4 (34). The Father’s mother, who had a large family and
+died of dropsy, at 74 years had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2
+(46). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build.
+
+The Mother, with 10 children, had an attack of pneumonia and died at 56
+of throat and bronchial trouble and had the formula 120/65 inches; build
+2.0 (28). The Mother’s father, a merchant, who died of a fever, had the
+formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Mother’s mother, who was
+inclined to bronchial and lung diseases, had the formula 120/65 inches;
+build 2.0 (28). She died of “old age” at 82 years. This side of the house
+is medium to slender. The 7 grown children are:
+
+1. Female, married, has suffered from intestinal indigestion and “some
+rheumatism.” At 48 her formula is 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).
+
+2. Male, a journalist, who was weak after an attack of scarlet fever, but
+developed into a robust man, has at 46 the formula 180/69 inches; build
+2.7 (38).
+
+3. Female, now 40 years old, married and with a family, has the formula
+155/66 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 162/66 inches; build
+2.6 (37).
+
+4. Male, a linotype operator, subject to throat and stomach trouble,
+has the formula 170/72 inches, build 2.3 (33), at the age of 37 years;
+adjusted to 55 years, 176/72 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+5. Male, a promoter, in fine health, has at 34 the formula 160/72 inches;
+build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 168/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+6. Male, a journalist, who has had ear and throat trouble following
+scarlet fever, has, at 32, the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36);
+adjusted to 55 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+7. Female, delicate and inclined to rheumatism, at 29 years has the
+formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 135/65
+inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+_Comment._—Four of the children are stout like the Father; the others are
+intermediate to slender (R: She-12).
+
+
+VAN-3 FAMILY.
+
+Grandparents from Pennsylvania and New York; children born in
+Pennsylvania and Michigan; chiefly of English origin. Father,
+iron-worker, subject to bronchial and catarrhal troubles; formula, at
+60 years, 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29). Father’s father, a minister,
+subject to catarrhal and bronchial troubles, died at 92 years of
+pneumonia; formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). Father’s mother died of
+pneumonia at 84 years; formula 122/65 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side
+of the house is slender.
+
+The Mother, who has some catarrhal and bronchial trouble, has the formula
+150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6). Her father, who died at 72 years of
+kidney trouble and constipation, had the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3
+(33). Her mother had the formula 160/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). This side
+of the house is of or above the average build. There are 3 children:
+
+1. Female, a teacher, has at 27 years old the formula 110/65 inches;
+build 1.8 (26).
+
+2. Female, who had an attack of typhoid fever, had the formula 150/64
+inches; build 2.6 (36.6) (“physically and mentally like mother”).
+
+3. Male, at 18 years, has the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.8 (27);
+adjusted to 50 years, 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Thus 2 of the
+children resemble the (slender) paternal side and 1 the maternal (R:
+Van-3).
+
+
+Mating 3. VERY SLENDER × VERY FLESHY.
+
+Mention may be made of one example of this extreme mating, namely, of
+a very fleshy man with a very slender woman, whose slenderness may
+be due to the fact that she had formerly suffered an acute attack of
+tuberculosis. The two children are still young (19 and 21 years), but are
+already 3 and 5 points respectively above average build (English system),
+suggesting dominance of fleshiness. The detailed history of this mating
+follows.
+
+
+GOO-8 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts. The Father, a
+shoe manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 210/66
+inches; build 3.4 (48). His father, a farmer, who died at 63 years from
+Bright’s disease, was of medium build. His mother, who had only 1 child,
+suffered in youth from tonsillitis. She is living at 75 years and is of
+medium build. The very stout Father is probably heterozygous in build.
+
+The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from tonsillitis and
+scarlet fever; in middle age from tubercular trouble (“cured”). She is
+living at 46 years, having the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her
+2 brothers were tall. Her father, a farmer, well except for headaches,
+was a distant cousin to his wife. He is living at 72 years, having the
+formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 3 children,
+died from cancer at 58 years, having the formula 130/63 inches; build 2.3
+(33). Thus the mother comes of medium (heterozygous?) stock; her extreme
+slenderness is associated with a tendency to active tuberculosis. The 2
+children:
+
+1. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, has at 21
+years the formula 153/69 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 47 years,
+170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+2. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 19
+years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 47 years,
+180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+_Comment._—The children are medium to fleshy; they are still young (R:
+Goo-8).
+
+
+Mating 4. SLENDER × VERY FLESHY MATINGS (Table IX).
+
+Another test of dominance of the fleshy factors is afforded by table IX.
+The details will be found in the following pages. The distribution of
+the progeny is indicated in table 29. The sums of table 29, reduced to
+percentages, are: 12.5 S, 42.5 M, 35 F, 10 VF. On the 4-zygotic-factor
+hypothesis of build, an equality of medium and fleshy progeny is
+expected. On the 6-factor hypothesis, a 5 × 2 mating would produce two
+types of families. Averaging these two types, the expected proportions
+are 9 S, 41 M, 41 F, 9 VF, which is fairly close to the proportions
+actually found. It will be observed that fleshy progeny are not far less
+frequent than those of medium build.
+
+
+TABLE 29.—_Matings of a slender parent and a very fleshy one, together
+with their progeny._
+
+ +------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+
+ | | Parentage. | Offspring. |
+ | +--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+
+ |References. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | |FF|FM|F |Father’s |MF|MM| M |Mother’s |VS| S | M |F |VF|
+ | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+ +------------+--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Arn 5 |31|48|44| |33|25|26 | | | | 1 | 1| |
+ |Ban 2 |42|31|49|2 t |M |F |26±|5 VF | | | | 2| |
+ |Ben 8 |38|26|28| |39|32|45 | | | | 1 | 1| |
+ |Bon A |40| |51|1 F |35| |26 |4 S | | | | | 1|
+ |Bun |F |S |57| | | |26 | | | 1 | 2 | | 1|
+ |Cle 5 |34|34|30|1 F |27|32|54 |3 F | | 1 | 2 | 1| |
+ |Coo |M |F |29|2 S, 2 F |M |49|49 |1 F, 1 VF| | | 1 | | 1|
+ |Fen 1 | | |44| | | |27 | | | 2 | 2 | 1| |
+ |Har 15 |41|28|30|1 t |35|49|49 | | | | 2 | 3| |
+ |Hor 9 |44|24|44| |S |M |29 | | | | 2 | | |
+ |How 8 |37|27|30|3 t |40|46|51 | | | | 1 | 4| |
+ |Kro 3 |34|42|29| |38|28|46 | | | | | 1| |
+ |Tea A | | |49| | | |27 | | | 1 | 3 | | 1|
+ | +--+--+--+ +--+--+---+ +--+----+----+--+--+
+ | Totals | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 17 |14| 4|
+ | Percentages| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | (4) | | | | | | | | | |12.5|42.5|35|10|
+ +------------+--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+
+
+ Offspring: A, 36.54 ± 0.59.
+ S. D., 5.51 ± 0.42.
+
+Before passing to the description of the 13 families based on Eugenics
+Record Office data, reference may be made to a case described by Rose
+(1907). A slender man (II 1) of slender parents married a woman who
+weighed 200 pounds (“livres”) and over. Her father weighed 270 pounds
+and her mother, while not obese, has a goiter. From the primary slender
+× very fleshy mating were derived 4 children (fig. 37, III 1 to 5). The
+first is fleshy; the third slender. The second, a girl, at 16 weighed
+150 pounds, but after chlorosis became slenderer. This girl married a
+man apparently of medium build, and they had 4 children, of whom 3 died
+of meningitis and the other is an obese infant, weighing 36 pounds at 15
+months. The fourth and last of the main fraternity is a girl who, at 15
+years, is 145 cm. tall and weighs 75 kg. This gives her an index of build
+of 3.6 (51), very fleshy. She was very fleshy at 4 years, and has a big
+appetite. The fat is accumulated on abdomen, breasts, and appendages,
+except hands and feet. The extreme obesity came on at puberty and
+menstruation has never been regular. Epiphyses of radius and metacarpals
+of fingers are fused to their diaphyses. These facts indicate an obesity
+of both the dystrophic adiposo-genitalis type and the hypothyroid type.
+The progeny are thus 1 S, 1 M, 1 F, and 1 VF.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.—Pedigree chart of Rose’s case.]
+
+
+ARN-5 FAMILY.
+
+This is a family of the north central States, of English stock. The
+Father, an engineer, had pneumonia in youth and an attack of gravel
+at 45; his formula at 60 years is 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). His
+9 brothers are all one-eighth to 3 inches below average stature. His
+father, who suffered five attacks of inflammatory rheumatism, died at
+59 years of enlargement of the heart; formula, 135/65.5 inches; build
+2.2 (31). His mother, who had typhoid at 25 years and catarrh of stomach
+at 55, has (at 70 years) the formula 186/62.4 inches; build 3.3 (48).
+Thus the Father, like his mother, is very fleshy; but there is a slender
+strain in the family.
+
+The Mother, who died of tuberculosis of the lungs at 46 years after
+having had 5 children, had the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (25.5).
+One of her 4 sibs died of “hardening of lungs.” Her father, who after
+attacks of pneumonia died at 67 of tuberculosis, had the formula 140/65
+inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who had active tuberculosis at 43
+years, with recovery, has at 73 years the formula 105/65 inches; build
+1.7 (25). Thus Mother and Mother’s mother are very slender (associated
+with tuberculosis); and there is no fleshiness in the record. There are 2
+grown children:
+
+1. Female, who has always been well, has at 24 years the formula 124/61
+inches; build 2.4 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 140/61 inches; build 2.6
+(38).
+
+2. Male, who has always been well, has at 22 years the formula 133/67.5
+inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 149/68 inches; build 2.3
+(32.3).
+
+_Comment._—Thus the progeny of these parents of opposite build are
+intermediate; in the adjusted build inclining toward fleshiness (R:
+Arn-5).
+
+
+BAN-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Dutch extraction living in northern New York. The Father,
+a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; in middle age from tic
+douloureux. He died at 54 years from heart failure, “blood became thin
+and watery”; formula, 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). One of his sisters
+died at 40 years from tuberculosis of lungs. One of his brothers died at
+29 years from “consumption of bowels.” His father, a farmer, suffered
+in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism, and died at 74 years from
+apoplexy. At 60 years his formula was 210/71 inches; build 2.9 (42).
+His mother died at 68 years from heart failure, having at 60 years the
+formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Thus we have a very fleshy parent
+with tuberculous sibs and a fleshy father.
+
+The Mother, who in middle age suffered from dyspepsia, “after menopause
+very gradually lost her mind, becoming imbecile and helpless till death,
+at 66 years,” having the formula 96/S inches; build 26±. Five of her
+sibs were corpulent. One brother, “small and light framed,” died at 27
+years from tuberculosis. Their father was of medium build. Their mother,
+who in middle age suffered from paralysis, died at 73 years from cancer
+of breast; at 60 years was corpulent. The slender mother is from fleshy
+stock. The 2 children:
+
+1. Male, head of a factory, has at 50 years the formula 180/68 inches;
+build 2.7 (39).
+
+2. Male, a teacher, has at 45 years the formula 185/69 inches; build 2.7
+(39).
+
+_Comment._—Both offspring at middle age are intermediate in build between
+the two parents, but somewhat closer to the very fleshy one (R: Ban-2).
+
+
+BEN-8 FAMILY.
+
+A northern family, of which the 4 children were born in Michigan, of
+mixed English, Scotch, and other stock.
+
+The Father, a farmer, who enjoys good health, has at 40 years the formula
+135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Both his sibs are above the average in
+stature. His father, a farmer, who died from over-exertion in the sun at
+48 years, had the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother died
+of “heart trouble” at 71 years; formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+Thus, the slender parent has one fleshy parent in turn.
+
+The Mother, who has “heart trouble,” has at 40 years the formula 195/66
+inches; build 3.1 (45). Her 3 sibs are all tall. The Mother’s father, a
+mill-man, died at 61 years of Bright’s disease, having the formula 205/73
+inches; build 2.7 (39). The Mother’s mother, who is well, had at 56 years
+the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). This side of the house is
+prevailingly fleshy. The 2 grown children are:
+
+1. Male, has, at 21 years, the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (36);
+adjusted to 40 years, 202/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+2. Female, at 19 years, has the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.9 (29);
+adjusted to 40 years, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+_Comment._—One child is fleshy like the Mother (adjusted build); the
+other is of medium build; both are between the parental extremes.
+
+
+BON-A FAMILY.
+
+A family from New Hampshire. The Father, at 55 years, had the formula
+250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). His brother, at 55 years, had the formula
+160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). Their father, at 61 years, had the formula
+200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+The Mother, at 55 years, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+Of her 4 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+(2) Sister, at 55 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). (3) Sister, at
+58 years, 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). (4) Sister, at 60 years, 130/68
+inches; build 2.0 (28). Their father, at 85 years, 180/71.5 inches; build
+2.5 (35).
+
+The one child, male, at 40 years, 220/71 inches; build 3.1 (44).
+
+_Comment._—The progeny of these two parents, one of prevailingly fleshy
+stock, the other of slender stock, is a very fleshy child, but less
+extreme than his parent, who is 15 years older (S:Bon-A).
+
+
+BUN FAMILY. (Fig. 38.)
+
+A Long Island family of English stock. The Father, at maturity, had
+the formula 280/70 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. His father was
+fleshy; his mother slender. The Mother, at maturity, had the formula
+125/69 inches; build 1.8 (26); slender. She belongs to a slender family.
+
+The four offspring are all mature, 40 to 50 years: (1) female, 110/65.5
+inches; build 1.8 (25.5); very slender; (2) female, 140/66 inches; build
+2.3 (32); medium; (3) male, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); medium; (4)
+male, 198/67 inches; build, at 45 years, 3.1 (44); very fleshy (at 30
+years his build was 2.3 (33) or medium). This very fleshy man has by a
+wife of medium build (but 3 of whose 9 sibs are fleshy) 2 daughters; one,
+at 18 years, is 121/62.5 inches; build 2.1 (31); medium; the other at 12
+years, is 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; far above normal build
+for her age.
+
+_Comment._—The principal mating has produced a variable progeny, but the
+tendency to obesity is traceable through three generations.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+BUN family.]
+
+
+CLE-5 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer,
+who has for years been subject to stomach trouble, has at 62 years the
+formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). He has a fleshy brother. His
+father, a farmer, died at 86 years from “probable cancer of ear,” having
+the formula 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother died at 80 years of
+indigestion; formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This is a family of
+slender to medium build.
+
+The Mother, who in youth was liable to asthma and throat trouble and in
+middle age to rheumatism, underwent an operation at 48 years for cancer
+of breast. At 25 or 30 years she began to grow fleshy; at 56 years she
+has the formula 200/61 inches; build 3.8 (54). She has 3 fleshy sibs.
+Her father, a farmer, died at 69 years of “enlargement (probably cancer)
+of liver”; formula, 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her mother, who had
+12 children, and who underwent two operations for cancer on nose, died
+at 83 years of indigestion; formula, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). The
+very fleshy Mother’s fraternity is apparently derived from slender-medium
+parents. But one of these had probably lost weight before her death at 83
+years. The 4 grown children:
+
+1. Female, who has suffered from asthma, stomach trouble, gallstones,
+diphtheria, and appendicitis, has at 36 years the formula 120/63 inches;
+build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+2. Male, a farmer, has at 35 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0
+(29); adjusted to 55 years, 148/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+3. Male, a farmer, subject in youth to indigestion and catarrh of throat
+and nose. At 25 years he has the formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36);
+adjusted to 55 years, 179/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+4. Male, a teacher, who has suffered from diphtheria and colds, has at 23
+years the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years,
+139/63 inches; build 2.5 (35).
+
+_Comment._—The offspring are still young, and we do not know just how
+they will develop. One is fleshy (but far less so than his Mother); 2 are
+intermediate, and 1, at 35 years, is even slender (R: Cle-5).
+
+
+COO FAMILY. (Fig. 39.)
+
+This is a New York State family upon which I personally made
+observations. A slender-medium man (II 5); build about 2.0 (29), who has
+2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs, married a very fleshy woman, build 3.4 (49),
+whose 2 sibs are also fleshy, 3.4 (48) and 2.8 (40) respectively. Her
+mother was also about 3.4 (49). There were two daughters. One has now
+at 42 years a build of 3.4 (48); her sister a build of 2.4 (34) with a
+tendency to increase. The fleshy sister married a man of slender build,
+whose 3 sibs are of slender to medium build. There are 5 children, all
+under 16 except one boy who, at 20 years, has a build of 2.3 (32). He is
+73 inches (183 cm.) tall. All of the other children are of about medium
+build.
+
+_Comment._—The very fleshy (but heterozygous) Mother mated with a slender
+man has children, all of whom are apparently of medium build (73:656).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the COO family.]
+
+
+FEN-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English, Austrian, and Swiss extraction, grandparents and
+children living in New York State and California. The Father, a merchant,
+died at 81 years from ulcer of the stomach. At 50 years he had the
+formula 210/69.5 inches; build 3.1 (44).
+
+The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 77
+years, having at 50 years the formula 102/61.5 inches; build 1.8 (27).
+One of her sisters died at 79 years from “rheumatism of heart.” The 5
+children are:
+
+1. Male, a manufacturer, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He has
+at 50 years the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+2. Male, a merchant, has at 40 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3
+(32); adjusted to 50 years, 143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+3. Female, always well, married, has at 40 years the formula 120/66.5
+inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 126/66.5 inches; build 2.0
+(29).
+
+4. Male, a broker, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, at 47 years,
+147/69.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+5. Male, who suffered from hemorrhage of lungs while at college, caused
+by “excessive running,” died at 31 years from tuberculosis, at 28 years
+having the formula 158/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 50 years,
+173/74 inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+_Comment._—The children are intermediate in build between the parents.
+Only 1 out of 5 is even fleshy.
+
+
+HAR-15 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English (and Welsh) extraction; grandparents living in the
+northern United States.
+
+The Father, a twin, who was in the Civil War and has since suffered
+from a tendency toward tuberculosis but was living at 71 years, has the
+formula 150/70.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died of
+tuberculosis at 30 years, and one of pneumonia at 77 years. His father,
+who was a farmer and “never sick,” died of pneumonia at 47 years, and had
+the approximate formula 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who
+died at 48 years of “abscess on the back” after years of ailing, was of
+slender build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus, probably on account of the tubercular
+tendency, the Father’s build is slender like his mother.
+
+The Mother, who had 11 children, had a tendency toward tuberculosis
+in youth, but in middle life suffered from “obesity, rheumatism, and
+varicose veins,” was genial and a ready and humorous talker; at 61
+years her formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Her father, who was
+a traveling salesman and seldom ill except for “tobacco heart,” died
+of paralysis at 77 years; his formula, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35).
+Her mother, who had pneumonia in middle life and suffered much from
+“delicate lungs,” died of a pulmonary abscess at 37 years; her formula,
+194/63 inches; build 3.5 (49). Thus the Mother’s build is just like her
+mother’s. Of the 5 children who grew up:
+
+1. Female, a teacher, who has suffered from bronchitis, tuberculosis, and
+rheumatism, at 34 years has the formula 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37);
+adjusted to 50 years, 173/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+2. Male, a mechanical engineer, always well, at 30 years has the formula
+170/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 181/68.5 inches;
+build 2.7 (39).
+
+3. Female, married and always well, at 26 years has the formula 135/64
+inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 151/64 inches; build 2.6
+(36.9).
+
+4. Male, a millwright, who suffers from valvular heart trouble, at 26
+years has the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50
+years, 150/67 inches; build 33.
+
+5. Male, an optometrist, always well, has at 23 years the formula
+150/69.8 inches; build 2.2 (30.6); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70 inches;
+build 2.1 (34).
+
+_Comment._—Thus 3 of the children are intermediate in build between the
+parents and 2 are fleshy. The build of the children inclines slightly
+toward the fleshier side of the house; but variability between indices 40
+and 33 is marked (R: Har-15).
+
+
+HOR-9 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Dutch and English extraction, living in Pennsylvania and New
+York State. The Father, who is a manufacturer, always well, has at 53
+years the formula 218/70.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, who is a
+manufacturer, and suffered in middle age from malaria and measles, is
+living, at 75 years having the formula 215/70 inches; build 3.1 (44).
+His mother, who has 5 children, always well, has at 70 years the formula
+83/S; build, say, 1.7 (24).
+
+The Mother, who has 2 children and who in middle age suffered from
+pneumonia, has at 52 years the formula 124/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
+father, who was a cabinet-maker, always well, till at 41 years he died
+from chronic diarrhea, was a slender man. Her mother, who had 5 children,
+was always well; she died, at 24 years, of child-birth; she was of medium
+build. Two grown children:
+
+1. Female, who in youth suffered from measles (4 times), diphtheria, and
+pneumonia, and has undergone operations for hernia, tubercular glands,
+and appendicitis, has at 23 years the formula 116/66.5 inches; build 1.9
+(26); adjusted to 53 years, 135/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (31).
+
+2. Female, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever and influenza, has at
+20 years the formula 119/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 53 years,
+138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+_Comment._—The children, who are quite young, are of a build intermediate
+between (or less than) that of parents, though a tendency to obesity is
+found in Father and grandfather (R: Hor-9).
+
+
+HOW-8 FAMILY.
+
+A Vermont family of English origin. The Father, an author, was supposed
+to have had active tuberculosis in youth. He is living, at 83 years, with
+the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). All 3 of his sibs died of
+pulmonary tuberculosis. His father, a farmer, died at 79 years, having
+the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 81 years,
+formula, 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). This is a prevailingly slender
+family with tubercular tendency.
+
+The Mother, who has suffered from enlarged tonsils and inflammatory
+rheumatism, has, at 70 years, the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51).
+One of her brothers has a powerful physique. The Mother’s father, a
+legislator, died at 75 years; formula, 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+The Mother’s mother, who died at 70 years of Bright’s disease, had the
+formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). This family is characterized by
+fleshiness. The 5 children are all sons:
+
+1. A writer, at 48, has the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).
+
+2. A farmer, with an organic defect of the heart, has, at 47, the formula
+170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+3. A farmer, with chronic Bright’s disease, has the formula 180/70
+inches; build 2.6 (37), at the age of 44.
+
+4. A teacher, troubled with rheumatism, has, at 41 years, the formula
+185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 190/68 inches; build
+2.9 (41).
+
+5. Twin to (4), a forester, has, at 41 years, the formula 180/68.5
+inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 185/68.5 inches; build 2.8
+(39).
+
+_Comment._—Thus the children are intermediate in build between parents.
+Tuberculosis is absent. Conditions that induced fleshiness on the
+mother’s side are reduced in the offspring of the slender and fleshy
+mating (R: How-8).
+
+
+KRO-3 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Russian and Austrian extraction, living in New York City. The
+Father, who is a tailor, nervous, has, at 45 years, the formula 125/66
+inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a tailor, always well, died
+at 85 years from pneumonia. Formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His
+mother, who had 5 children, always well, died at 56 years from pneumonia.
+Formula, 140/58; build 2.9 (42).
+
+The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 44 years the formula 172/61
+inches; build 3.2 (46). Her father, who was a tailor, is living at 81
+years. Formula, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 6
+children, died at 58 years from pneumonia. Formula, 101/60 inches; build
+2.0 (28).
+
+The only grown child, a male, who in youth suffered from diphtheria,
+scarlet fever, and pneumonia, has at 19 years the formula 203/72 inches;
+build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 45 years, 228/74 inches; build 2.8 (42).
+
+_Comment._—The child is young and the possibilities of build in his case
+can not be foreseen, but he is already stout and may be expected to
+approach his fleshy Mother in build (R: Kro-3).
+
+
+TEA-A FAMILY.
+
+A family from New York State. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula
+225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49).
+
+The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+The 5 children are:
+
+1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46).
+
+2. Male, at 40 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55
+years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (31).
+
+3. Male, at 68 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+4. Female, at 60 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+5. Female, at 62 years, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+_Comment._—There are 2 slender children, 2 medium, and 1 very fleshy,
+suggesting a sire who is heterozygous for build (S:Tea-A).
+
+
+SUMMARY.
+
+Combining the progeny of the 4 matings of the F₁ generation, we get the
+results shown in table 30. The mean of this series is 37.82 ± 0.31;
+the standard deviation is 5.07 ± 0.22. It will be observed that the
+proportions of the totals agree closely with those of mating 1 and give a
+somewhat closer agreement, with the expectation of 8:42:42:8, than mating
+1 does.
+
+The standard deviation of 5.07 ± 0.22 is greater than that of the progeny
+of slender × slender parents (3.17 ± 0.17), but not so great as that of
+very fleshy × fleshy parents of fleshy stock (table 24) which is 5.74
+± 0.39. It is much less than the standard deviation of the F₂ progeny
+(table 31), which is 6.78 ± 0.26. This is in accordance with the usual
+genetical finding, that the F₁ generation is less variable than the F₂
+generation. In this respect, as in so many others, the distribution
+of progeny is exactly that found in experimentally determined
+multiple-factor characters. The heredity of build follows closely the
+Mendelian formulæ.
+
+It is noteworthy that the F₁ generation has an average build that is
+above the mean of the population; the progeny of F × S matings are not
+strictly intermediate, but incline toward fleshiness. This indicates
+again the presence of dominant fleshy factors.
+
+
+TABLE 30. _Matings of a slender parent and one of fleshy stock, together
+with their progeny._
+
+ +---+------------------------------------+--------------------+
+ | | |Grades of offspring.|
+ |No.| Nature of mating. +---+---+---+---+----+
+ | | |VS | S | M | F | VF |
+ +---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+
+ | 1 |One parent S, of S stock; the other | | | | | |
+ | | F, of F stock | | 4 | 18| 35| 7 |
+ | 2 |Other slender × fleshy matings | | 2 | 7| 15| 2 |
+ | 3 |One parent VS; the other VF | | | 1| 1| |
+ | 4 |One parent S; the other VF | | 5 | 17| 14| 4 |
+ | | +---+---+---+---+----+
+ | | Total | | 9 | 43| 65| 13 |
+ | | Proportion | | 7 | 33| 50| 10 |
+ +---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+
+
+If one superimposes in the same drawing the distribution polygons of
+the parental and F₂ generations tables 23, 24, 25 and 30 (fig. 40), the
+modes of the fleshy parents and the F₁ generation stand at fleshy, though
+the mean of the F₁ generation is intermediate between the means of the
+parental stocks.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.—Three superimposed polygons showing distribution,
+in the various classes of build, of the progeny of the following matings:
+
+ Slender × slender (S × S) Table 23
+ Very fleshy × fleshy (F × F) Table 24
+ Fleshy × slender (F × S) Table 27]
+
+
+CLASS IV. MATING OF PROBABLY HETEROZYGOUS PARENTS (THE F₂ GENERATION).
+
+We have next to consider the distribution of build in the progeny of
+parents both of whom are certainly or probably heterozygous and, as such,
+probably carry gametes for slenderness, as well as fleshiness. This is
+the mating in which the geneticist finds evidence for segregation, in
+that the parental types reappear nearly or quite as they went into the
+combination. At any rate, this generation is characterized by a greater
+variability than the F₁ generation. However, this greater variability
+is the less marked the greater the number of factors involved in the
+prevailing dominant trait—in this case fleshiness.
+
+Two classes of matings will be considered—that of parents, whether medium
+or fleshy, who probably carry gametes for slenderness, and that of other
+parents who are both of medium build.
+
+
+Mating 1. BOTH PARENTS EITHER MEDIUM OR FLESHY AND PROBABLY CARRYING
+GAMETES FOR SLENDERNESS AS WELL AS FLESHINESS.
+
+This mating includes certain parents selected, usually on the ground of
+dissimilar grandparents on each side, as those which are probably of the
+F₁ generation. The families used are summarized in table 31, which is
+made up of the appropriate families taken from tables X, XI, and XIII.
+
+The range of variation of the F₂ generation includes both the slender and
+the fleshy types which are found in the grandparents. The distribution
+of the progeny is more in accord with the hypothesis of the 6-zygotic
+factors than that of 4-zygotic factors.
+
+The mean variability as measured by the standard deviation is 6.78
+± 0.26, as contrasted with that of 5.02 ± 0.30 of table 27 (the F₁
+generation). The difference is 1.76, which is more than four times the
+probable difference between the means. Thus, the variability of the F₂
+generation is nearly a third greater than of the F₁ generation. That
+the difference is not greater is, of course, due in large part to the
+presence of multiple factors.
+
+The family histories upon which table 31 depends are given below.
+
+
+BEA-17 FAMILY. (Fig. 41.)
+
+A family reared in the Central States. Father (II 5) a contractor and
+farmer, who died of pneumonia at 70 years, had the formula 170/71; build
+2.4 (34); medium. Three brothers who were killed in the Civil War at 17,
+19, and 21 years respectively had the formulæ 183/72; build 2.5 (35);
+169/69, build 2.5 (36); 174/69, build 2.6 (37); all about medium. A
+sister, who died at 68 years, was 138/65; build 2.3 (33); medium. The
+Father’s father was a preacher; died at 79 years, had build 185/68; 2.8
+(40); fleshy. His wife, who died at 81 years, had build 145/62; 2.7 (38);
+fleshy. This side of the house comprises medium-build children of fleshy
+parents.
+
+The Mother (II 6), of quiet disposition, at 60 years has the build
+145/66; 2.3 (33); medium. A brother, who is a machinist, at 33 has the
+formula 154/69; build 2.3 (33). Another brother, carpenter, at 30 years,
+has the formula 145/70; build 2.1 (30); medium. A sister has the formula
+136/65; build 2.2 (32); medium. The eldest brother, a farmer, at 55 years
+has the formula 160/70; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Mother’s father, a
+farmer, died of cerebral hemorrhage at 81 years; 170/72; build 2.3 (33);
+medium. He had a brother, still living at 80 years, with a build 185/71;
+build 2.6 (37); fleshy. The Mother’s mother, living at 81 years, has the
+formula 140/64; build 2.4 (34); medium. Thus this side of the house is
+prevailingly of medium build. There are 4 children:
+
+III 1 ♂, a farmer, at 35 years, has the formula 140/69; build 2.1 (29);
+slender; adjusted to 50 years, 2.14 (30). III 2 ♂, a teacher, at 30
+years, 180/69; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40).
+III 3 ♂, a farmer, at 31 years, 175/68; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted
+to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 4 ♀, married, at 27 years, 150/63; build 2.7
+(38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.9 (42).
+
+_Comment._—A mating of prevailingly medium stock with a medium parent
+from fleshy ancestors yields one slender and 3 fleshy children (R:
+Bea-17).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+BEA-17 family.]
+
+
+TABLE 31.—_Matings of two heterozygous parents of either medium or fleshy
+build, together with the progeny, the F₂ generation._
+
+ +-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+----------------+
+ | | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
+ | |FF|FM|F | Father’s| MF | MM |M |Mother’s+--+--+--+----+--+
+ | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M | F |VF|
+ +-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
+ |Group X, | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | M × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Bea 17 |40|37|34|4 range |32[7]| 34 |33|4 range | | 1| |3[8]| |
+ | | | | | betw. 33| | | | 30 to | | | | | |
+ | | | | | and 37. | | | | 33. | | | | | |
+ |Cas 4 |39|29|34| |43 | 27 |34| | | | 3| 3 | |
+ |Smi |S |F |35|7M 1F |M |M[9]|33|1S 1M | | | | 1 | |
+ |War 3 |33|S |33| |41 | 26 |31| | | 3| 7| | |
+ |Whi 22 |41|27|32| |31 | 44 |36| | | | 2| | |
+ | +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
+ | Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|12| 7 | |
+ | | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+
+ |Group XI, | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | F × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Cri 1 |37|26|34| |45 | 34 |39| | | | 2| | |
+ |Hor 5 |M |F |31| |M | F |42| | | | 6| 2 | |
+ |McF 2 |28| |39| |35 | 27 |32| | | 1| 2| 1 | |
+ |Mil 23 |30|37|38| |40 | 26 |33| | | | 1| 1 | |
+ |Ofi 1 |S |VF|33|6F 1VF | | |42|2M 3F | | 2| | | 1|
+ | | | | | | | | | 2VF | | | | | |
+ |Pot 4 |35|28|33| |29 | 43 |39| | | | 1| 2 | |
+ |Sta 7 |35|29|34| |37 | 44 |43| | | 1| 2| 3 | |
+ |Tra 4 |39|23|39| |37 | 30 |32| | | | 2| 3 | |
+ | +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
+ | Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|16|12 | 1|
+ | | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+
+ |Group XIII,| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | F × F: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Ber | | |50|2S | | |39|1S 1VF | | | 2| 2 | 3|
+ |Hod A | | |43|1M 2F 1V | | 37 |38| | | 2| 1| 3 | 4|
+ | | | | | F | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Mor |S |F |VF| |F | F |39|All F1 | 1| 1| | 2 | 2|
+ | +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
+ | Total | | | | | | | | | 1| 3| 3| 7 |9 |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | Grand | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | total | | | | | | | | | 1|11|31|26 |10|
+ +-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
+
+ A, 36.58 ± 0.51.
+ S. D., 6.78 ± 0.26.
+
+[7] MFB has an index of 37.
+
+[8] All of grade 38.
+
+[9] Her father fleshy, mother slender.
+
+
+CAS-4 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English stock, living in New York State. The Father, a farmer
+and lumberman, had at 60 years the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+His father, also a farmer and lumberman, who died of old age at 71 years,
+had at 38 years the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother,
+who suffered in middle age from consumption, died at 34 years with the
+formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+The Mother, who died at 57 years from catarrh of the stomach, had at 40
+years the formula 130/62 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her father, an iron
+worker, who died at 75 years from fatty degeneration of heart, had the
+formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother, who died at 77 years,
+had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). The children:
+
+1. Female, who suffered in middle life from rheumatism, had at 40 years
+the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 146/63
+inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+2. Female, had at 38 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30);
+adjusted to 50 years 128/63 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+3. Male, had at 35 years the formula 180/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42);
+adjusted to 50 years, 186/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (43).
+
+4. Female, who suffered in youth from stomach trouble, had at 32 years
+the formula 135/66 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years; 147/66
+inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+5. Male, who suffered in youth from stomach and bladder trouble, had at
+29 years the formula 190/70.5 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50
+years, 202/70.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).
+
+6. Male, had at 27 years the formula 155/70.5 inches; build 2.2 (31);
+adjusted to 50 years, 169/70.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+_Comment._—The 6 children vary greatly in index of build. The index
+varies from 30 to 42, despite the similar build of the parents. But the
+grandparents vary from 27 to 43. This case suggests the uniformity of F₁
+and variability of F₂ (R: Cas-4).
+
+
+SMI FAMILY.
+
+The Father, of Scandinavian name and living in New York City, at 50 years
+has a stature of 171 cm. (67 inches); weight 70 kg. (154 pounds); build
+2.4 (34.5); medium. His father is said to have been slender, his mother
+fleshy; his sibs intermediate; one fleshy after 48 years. The Mother, at
+41 years, has a stature 162 cm. (64 inches); weight 61 kg. (136 pounds);
+build 2.3 (33); medium; relative chest-girth 76/162, or 47 per cent. She
+has a slender brother and one who is of more medium build. Their parents
+were of medium build; their mother’s father was fleshy (build 2.7 or 39);
+their mother’s mother was “slender.”
+
+There is only one child of above mating. She was a full-term baby, who
+weighed 3.8 kg. (8.5 pounds), somewhat above the average. She was always
+plump as a child and, until 11 years of age, always well. Then she had
+“disease of the tonsils” and of the kidneys (infection), grew thin
+(weighing only 40 kg. [90 pounds]), and developed a chorea. After a year
+she recovered and began to gain steadily in weight, and now at the age of
+13.7 years she is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighs 79 kg. (174 pounds)
+and has a build of 2.7 (39); is fleshy. Relative chest-girth 102/170, or
+60 per cent. Her arms and calves are relatively slender, as they have
+recently been engaged in linear growth. She has monthly headaches. (Plate
+9, fig. 5.)
+
+_Comment._—It seems probable that this girl has received factors for
+fleshiness from each medium parent, which have combined to give her a
+full set of fleshy factors (73:736).
+
+
+WAR-3 FAMILY.
+
+A family descended from English and German stock, living in Pennsylvania
+principally.
+
+The Father, a nurseryman, had malarial fever at 40. He is now living at
+67 years, with a formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a
+nurseryman and horticulturist, died at 89 from a fall. His formula was
+140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). His mother, having had 5 sons, died at 42
+from consumption; she was slender.
+
+The Mother died, at 40, of child-birth. Her formula was 122/62 inches;
+build 2.2 (31). Her father, a miller, had a temporary attack of
+melancholia in middle age. He died at 75 from natural infirmities. His
+formula was 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother, having had 5 sons
+and 8 daughters, died of paralysis at 74. Her formula was 100/62 inches;
+build 1.8 (26). Ten children are:
+
+1. Male, at 43, has the formula 125/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted
+to 55 years, 128/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+2. Male, at 41, has the formula 138/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted
+to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Female, at 39, has the formula 120/63.5 inches; build 2.1 (30);
+adjusted to 55 years, 126.5/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+4. Male, at 36, has the formula 158/72 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted
+to 55 years, 165/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+5. Male, at 33, has the formula 127/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted
+to 55 years, 136/67 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+6. Female, at 31, has the formula 110/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26);
+adjusted to 55 years, 122.5/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+7. Male, at 29, has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted
+to 55 years, 134/64 inches; build 2.3+ (33).
+
+8. Female, at 27, has the formula 110/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28);
+adjusted to 55 years, 126/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+9. Male, at 25 years, has the formula 138/68.5 inches; build 2.0 (29);
+adjusted to 55 years, 152.5/68.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+10. Female, at 23 years, has the formula 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31);
+adjusted to 55 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+_Comment._—Unadjusted, the indices range from 26 to 31; adjusted from
+30 to 36. Using adjusted indices, 4 of the children are slenderer than
+either parent; the parents are doubtless heterozygous in stature (R:
+War-3).
+
+
+WHI-22 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English and German extraction, living partly in New York, but
+mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
+
+The Father, who is a constructor, is living at 56 years, having the
+formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, who was a farmer and
+laborer, suffered in middle age from partial paralysis, had one hand
+amputated at 48 years, one foot at 72 years. He died at 79 years from
+“stricture of the bladder,” having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9
+(41). His mother, who is recorded to have suffered from no illness till
+at 79 years she died from “progressive paralysis,” had the formula 110/64
+inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+The Mother, who is recorded as always well, has at 54 years the formula
+150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her father, who was a farmer, is recorded
+as always well, died at 55 years from paralysis, having the formula
+150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who was always well, died at
+78 years from old age, having the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44).
+Two grown children:
+
+1. Male, who in youth suffered from adenoids, at 25 years has the formula
+145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 159/68 inches; build
+2.4 (34).
+
+2. Female, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches;
+build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 129/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+_Comment._—One of the children has a slighter build than the parents, but
+may grow heavier (R: Whi-22).
+
+
+CRI FAMILY. (Table XI).
+
+A family of English extraction; earlier generations in Pennsylvania, the
+last generation in Kansas. The Father, a lawyer, living at 48 years,
+suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from rheumatism, has the
+formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a farmer, suffered
+in middle age from rheumatism; at 75 years had one leg amputated below
+the knee; died from “arterio-sclerosis ending in gangrene,” having the
+formula at 74 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother, who
+suffered from no illnesses, is living at 76 years, having the formula
+110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+
+The Mother, who is subject to heart trouble and small goiter, is living
+at 43 years, having the formula 145/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her 4
+brothers are of medium height. Her father, a farmer and public official,
+died from paralysis at 57 years, his formula being 190/65 inches; build
+3.2 (45). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from heart trouble and
+goiter, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula 150/66
+inches; build 2.4 (34). The 2 grown children:
+
+2. Female, at 21 years has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31);
+adjusted to 45 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+1. Female, died at 18 years from typhoid fever, having the formula 120/63
+inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 45 years, 139/65 inches; build 2.3
+(33).
+
+_Comment._—Both the children have the build of the slighter parent (R:
+Cri-1).
+
+
+HOR-5 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in the Middle States. The Father,
+who is “superintendent of bridges and buildings on a railroad,” suffered
+in youth from bilious fever. He has, at 70 years, the formula 140/67.5
+inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died from “tuberculosis
+of liver.” His father, who was a lumberman, died at 77 years from
+“consumption of the bowels”; was of medium build. His mother died, at 78
+years, from Bright’s disease; she was corpulent.
+
+The Mother suffered in youth from bilious fever and pleurisy; is living,
+at 58 years. Formula, 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Her father, who was
+a millwright, suffered in middle age from bilious fever and morphine
+poisoning; left eye removed; died at 75 years from “pneumonia (tubercular
+tendency)”; was of medium build. Her mother, who suffered in youth from
+typhoid fever, in middle age from paralysis, died at 68 years from
+paralysis; of fleshy build. Eight grown children:
+
+1. Male, an electrical engineer, has, at 33 years, the formula 155/67
+inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55 years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6
+(37).
+
+2. Female, who in youth suffered from “spinal and nerve trouble,” has
+at 30 years the formula 115/63.8 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55
+years, 128/63.8 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Male, a civil engineer, suffered in youth from typho-malaria. Has
+at 27 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55+
+years, 168/64 inches; build 2.9 (41).
+
+4. Female, who has at 25 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30);
+adjusted to 55+ years, 134/63 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+5. Male, an accountant, who in youth suffered from a “nervous collapse
+due to a severe electrical shock,” has at 23 years the formula 145/69
+inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 162/69 inches; build 2.4
+(34).
+
+6. Female, who in youth suffered from blood-poisoning, erysipelas, and
+anemia, has at 21 years the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28);
+adjusted to 55+ years, 133/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+7. Male, a pattern-maker, who in youth suffered from hemorrhages, has
+at 20 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55+
+years, 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+8. Male, at 18 years has the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30);
+adjusted to 55+ years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+_Comment._—The children’s indices range between the two parental indices
+(R: Hor-5).
+
+
+MCF-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Irish extraction living in Maine. The Father, who was a
+shipwright, died at 40 years as a result of an injury received in battle.
+At 39 years he had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father
+died at 82 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 145/72
+inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+The Mother, who had 5 children, died at 74 years from apoplexy, having
+the formula at 50 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her father, who
+was a farmer, died at 64 years from “fever,” having the formula 160/68
+inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who in middle age was “struck by
+lightning,” died at 86 years from a “general breakdown,” having the
+formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 4 children who grew up:
+
+1. Male, a farmer, who had right arm and three fingers of left hand
+amputated as result of a wound received in war, is living at 69 years,
+having at 50 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+2. Female, who in middle age underwent an operation for gallstones, has
+at 40 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28).
+
+3. Male, a “master mariner,” has at 50 years the formula 170/66 inches;
+build 2.7 (39).
+
+4. Male, an attorney, has at 40 years the formula 160/67 inches; build
+2.5 (36).
+
+_Comment._—Three of the children have indices like that of the medium
+parent; the other is somewhat fleshier (R: McF-2).
+
+
+MIL-23 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in New England and Ohio.
+
+The Father, who is a clergyman, and who suffered in middle age from la
+grippe, is living at 58 years. At 50 years he had the formula 180/68.5
+inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, who was a preacher, died at 72 years.
+At 50 years, formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, who had
+4 children at 30 years, suffered from typhoid fever. At 50 years, her
+formula 165/66.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in middle age from pleurisy,
+capillary bronchitis, and nervous prostration. At 50 years her formula,
+122/60.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her father, who was a bank president,
+suffered in youth from yellow fever (in West Indies), and in middle age
+from rheumatism and Bright’s disease. At 50 years, his formula 180/67.5
+inches; build 2.7 (40). Her mother, who in youth suffered from “lung
+fever,” and in middle age from curvature of the spine and pleurisy,
+died at 50 years from “anemic condition with tuberculosis, induced by
+deformity.” At 40 years her formula 95/60 inches; build 1.9 (26). Two
+children:
+
+1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from nervous troubles and
+diphtheria, has at 33 years the formula 115/60.5 inches; build 2.2 (31);
+adjusted to 50 years, 125/60.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+2. Male, who in youth suffered from throat troubles, diphtheria, scarlet
+fever, tonsillitis, during war had influenza, slightly gassed. He has
+at 27 years the formula 180/72.5 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 50
+years, 195/72.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+_Comment._—Each child resembles a different parent (R: Mil-23).
+
+
+OFI FAMILY, D. (Fig. 35.)
+
+II 14 ♂, a Syrian, at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches), weight
+63 kg. (139 pounds), build 2.3 (33), medium. He had 7 grown sibs,
+as follows: II 1 ♀, short and fleshy; II 3 ♀, fleshy but probably
+heterozygous; married to a slender man she has both fleshy and slender
+children; II 4 ♂, fleshy. II 7 ♂, fleshy. II 10 ♀, inclined to be
+fleshy but probably heterozygous, since she had both fleshy and slender
+children. II 12 ♀, fleshy, but has some slender as well as medium
+children. II 13 ♂, very fleshy. Of the foregoing fraternity the father
+was slender and the mother very fleshy. From the builds of his parents
+and the issue of his sibs we may conclude that II 14 carries factors for
+slenderness.
+
+II 15 ♀, the wife of II 14, at 38 years has a stature of 153 cm. (60
+inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy (and has been
+fleshier); her relative chest-girth is 61 per cent. She has had 7 sibs,
+as follows: II 16 ♂, very fleshy; II 17 ♀, at 50 years, stature 151 cm.
+(59 inches); weighs 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; relative
+chest-girth 63 per cent; II 18 ♀, “plump.” II 20 ♀, very fleshy and has 3
+slender children; II 21 ♀, “plump.” II 22 ♂, of medium build. II 23 ♀, at
+31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build
+3.0 (43); fleshy; relative chest-girth 67 per cent.
+
+The father of the foregoing fraternity was slender and the mother fleshy.
+Hence it seems probable that some or all of the mother’s fraternity carry
+a gene for slenderness.
+
+The children of II 14 and 15 are 4 in number. III 14 ♀, at 16 years has
+stature of 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 44 kg. (97 pounds); build 1.9
+(27); slender; III 15 ♀, 15 years, stature 145 cm. (57 inches); weight 85
+kg. (187 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy; relative chest-girth, 78
+per cent; she began to grow fleshy at 5 years; is a very heavy eater; III
+16 ♀, 9 years, is slender, and III 17 was at 4 years a very fat baby, but
+is now a slender child.
+
+_Comment._—Slenderness and fleshiness occur in the same fraternity; the
+eventual proportions can not yet be stated, since two of the children are
+very young (73:697).
+
+
+POT-4 FAMILY.
+
+A family of British extraction; living chiefly in Illinois.
+
+The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; is
+living at 52 years, having the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+His father, who was a farmer and in middle age subject to heart trouble,
+died at 57 years from heart failure. His formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4
+(35). His mother, who has always been well, is living at 77 years, having
+at 74 years the formula 105/61 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 48
+years, having the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, who
+was a farmer, in middle age suffered from a nervous breakdown; he died at
+71 years of apoplexy, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+Her mother, who died at 67 years from erysipelas, had the formula 200/68
+inches; build 3.0 (43). Three grown children:
+
+1. Male, a chemist, always well, has at 24 years the formula 160/71
+inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 177/71 inches; build 2.5
+(35).
+
+2. Male, farmer, always well, has at 22 years the formula 155/66.5
+inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 168/66.5 inches; build 2.7
+(38).
+
+3. Female, a student at college, always well, has at 18 years the formula
+135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 156/64 inches; build
+2.7 (38).
+
+_Comment._—The children’s builds lie between those of the parents (R:
+Pot-4).
+
+
+STA-7 FAMILY.
+
+A family of German extraction, living in the Central States.
+
+The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in middle age from sciatic
+rheumatism; he is living at 69 years, having the formula 165/70 inches;
+build 2.4 (34). His father, who was a farmer, was always well; he died
+from apoplexy at 87 years, having the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4
+(35). His mother died from heart trouble at 69 years, having the formula
+130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+The Mother has always been well; she is living, at 59 years, having the
+formula 165/62 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her father, who was a carpenter
+and farmer, was always well; he died from “old age, hard work, and
+exposure” at 73 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+Her mother, who was always well, died from apoplexy at 72 years, having
+the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). Six children:
+
+1. Male, who is a real-estate agent, always well, has at 34 years the
+formula 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 174/70
+inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+2. Female, married, has always been well, has at 32 years the formula
+118/M; build, say, 2.1 (30).
+
+3. Female, a school teacher, suffered in youth from appendicitis, has at
+29 years the formula 124/S; build, say, 2.3 (33).
+
+4. Male, a teacher, in youth suffered from typhoid fever; has at 28 years
+the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 175/69
+inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+5. Male (twin of No. 4), a salesman, has at 28 years the formula 160/68
+inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 65 years, 172/68 inches; build 2.6
+(37).
+
+6. Male, a teacher, always well; at 24 years has the formula 162/69
+inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.6
+(37).
+
+_Comment._—The children are fairly uniform in build, mostly falling in
+the medium class (R: Sta-7).
+
+
+TRA-4 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in Canada and the eastern United
+States.
+
+The Father, who was a station-master, died at 86 years from diabetes,
+having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). He was a first cousin
+to his wife. His father, who was a “customs-house officer,” died at 72
+years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build
+2.7 (39). His mother, who had 1 child, was always well, died at 91 years
+from “old age.” Formula, 90/63 inches; build 1.6 (23).
+
+The Mother, who had 6 children, was “never very strong—nervous,”
+suffered in middle age from acromegalia and diabetes mellitus, iritis,
+and cataract. She died at 65 years from acromegalia, having the formula
+140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). One of her sisters died at 26 years from
+epilepsy; one brother died from apoplexy, “very tall and stout.” Her
+father, who was a “clerk in a freight office,” died at 76 years from
+pneumonia, having the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother,
+who had a weak heart, died at 89 years from old age and apoplectic
+strokes; formula, 120/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). Five grown children:
+
+1. Female, has at 47 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.2 (32);
+adjusted to 55 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+2. Male, who is a telegraph operator, suffered in youth from dyspepsia,
+has at 45 years the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55
+years, 192/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+3. Male, a telegraph operator, who in youth suffered from rheumatic
+fever, has at 44 years the formula 210/71 inches; build 3.0 (42).
+
+4. Female, a physician, has at 42 years the formula 135/68 inches; build
+29; adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+5. Male, a draughtsman, always well, has at 39 years the formula 210/73
+inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, formula 216/73 inches;
+build 2.9 (41).
+
+_Comment._—The children are variable (like the grandparents), ranging
+from medium to fleshy (R: Tra-4).
+
+
+BER FAMILY. (Fig. 42.)
+
+I 5, J. B., male, born in Germany, was 175 cm. tall (68.9 inches) and
+weighed 108.8 kg. (240 pounds); build 3.5 (50). He died at 79 years of
+Bright’s disease. He had 2 sisters who were slender. His wife was 152 cm.
+(59.8 inches) tall and weighed 63.5 kg. (140 pounds), build 2.7 (39). One
+of her brothers was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 113 kg. (250
+pounds); build 3.4 (48); but another brother was slender, about 2.1 (30).
+This mating may or may not be of heterozygous parents.
+
+There were 7 children who grew up. II 4, male, 176 cm (69 inches) tall
+and weighing at the time of his death (at 50 years from “heart disease”)
+about 215 kg. (475 pounds); build 7.0 (100), an extraordinarily obese
+man. This man was fleshy as a child. The next brother (II 6) remained
+single, dying at 45 years. His stature 170 cm. (67 inches) and weight 77
+kg. (170 pounds); build 2.7 (38). The next brother, II 7, died at 54,
+single. He was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 118 kg. (260 pounds);
+build 3.5 (50); thus very fleshy. The next brother (II 8) was slender as
+a child and began to put on flesh at 19 years. His stature is 175 cm.
+(69 inches). At 25 he weighed 93 kg. (205 pounds); at 33 years, 115 kg.;
+at 35 years, 136 kg.; at 41 years, 163 kg.; at 52, 172 kg. and now at
+57 years over 180 kg. or 400 pounds. This increase of weight occurred
+despite dieting and reducing exercises. He is a very hearty eater. He is
+fat all over the body, especially hips, abdomen, and shoulders. He has
+remained single.
+
+Next in order is II 10, who died at 46 years of rheumatism of the heart.
+She was 175 cm. (69 inches) tall and weighed 73 kg. (160 pounds); build
+2.4 (34) or medium. Last was a pair of twins. II 11, male, 182 cm. (72
+inches) tall and weighs 79 kg. (176 pounds); build 2.4 (34); thus medium.
+The other twin, II 12, is a woman, who at 38 is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall
+and weighs about 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.0 (43). She is thus fleshy.
+
+_Comment._—Thus 5 of the fraternity are fleshy (2 enormously obese) and
+2 are of medium build. Thus we have a proportion of 2 medium to 5 very
+fleshy, approaching a 1:3 ratio; or a ratio may be recognized of 2
+medium, 3 fleshy to very fleshy, and 2 obese; approximately a 1:2:1 ratio
+(73:646).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+BER family.]
+
+
+HOD-A FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction from Illinois. The Father, at 84 years,
+had the formula 230/69 inches; build 3.4 (48). Of his 4 sibs: (1)
+brother, at 60 years had the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41); (2)
+sister, at 65 years, 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) sister, at 68
+years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); (4) sister, at 60 years, 130/60
+inches; build 2.5 (36).
+
+The Mother, at 50 years, 150/63 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, at
+86, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). The 10 children are:
+
+1. Male, at 55 years had the formula 242/69 inches; build 3.6 (51).
+
+2. Male, at 60 years, 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+3. Male, at 21 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55
+years, 199/69 inches; build 3.0 (42).
+
+4. Male, at 49 years, 210/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).
+
+5. Male, at 45 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).
+
+6. Male, at 47 years, 225/69 inches; build 3.3 (47).
+
+7. Male, at 37 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); adjusted to 55
+years, 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43).
+
+8. Female, at 57 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+9. Female, at 53 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+10. Female, at 39 years, had the formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47);
+adjusted to 55 years, 206/65 inches; build 3.4 (49).
+
+_Comment._—This pedigree has a special interest because the original
+data gave the Father’s build as 26 and the Mother’s as 28. This led to
+correspondence which yielded the revised results according to which this
+fraternity is the progeny of parents who grew fleshy in their later
+years, stout instead of slender parents. Of the 10 children, 2 are
+slender, 1 medium, 3 stout, and 4 very stout (S: Hod-A).
+
+
+MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)
+
+III 13 ♂, short, in middle life weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds); very fleshy.
+In later life he has grown slenderer. His mother was fleshy, like
+himself, but his father was slender; consequently he is heterozygous.
+
+III 14 ♀, wife of above, is less than 153 cm. (60 inches) tall and
+weighs about 63 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. At the time of
+her marriage she weighed 43 kg. (96 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender.
+Nevertheless, III 14 apparently contains some non-fleshy genes, as
+indicated by her 6 children:
+
+(1) IV 10 ♀, was stout as a child; when married at 24 years she weighed
+75 kg. (164 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Now, at 41 years, she is 161
+cm. (63.5 inches) tall, and weighs, net, 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.6
+(52); very fleshy. For the past 7 years her weight has been invariable.
+Her net relative chest-girth is 108/161 = 68 per cent. She married a man
+of build 3.7 (53), very fleshy, of relative chest-girth of 69 per cent.
+He is one of a fraternity of 7, of whom 5 are fleshy, 1 medium, and 1
+slender. Their 2 children are (_a_) ♂, who weighed 7.5 kg. (16.5 pounds)
+at birth, instead of the average of about 3 kg., and died at the age of
+2 days, requiring a casket large enough for a year-old child; (_b_) ♀,
+at 13 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 63 kg. (139 pounds);
+build 2.7 (39); fleshy; relative chest-girth 97/152, or 64 per cent. She
+weighed 5.6 kg. at birth, grew slenderer to 5 years, and since then
+stouter. This seems like a pure line for fleshiness.
+
+(2) IV 12 ♂, is of about the build 2.6 (37) or slightly fleshy.
+
+(3) IV 15 ♀, at 47 years is 153 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 75 kg.
+(165 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Like her mother, she was
+slender until 39 years of age.
+
+(4) IV 17 ♀, at 44 years is slightly fleshy.
+
+(5) IV 19 ♀, is tall and “very slender”; by a very slender husband she
+has 3 children, all slender.
+
+(6) IV 20 ♀, at 38 years is slender.
+
+_Comment._—Thus, of the 6 children, 1 is very slender, 1 is slender, 2
+fleshy, and 2 very fleshy—an exceedingly variable progeny. Evidently some
+of the gametes from both parents are responsible for the result (73:690).
+
+
+REMARKS.
+
+The mating of two heterozygous parents produces, in general, an
+exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of
+the presence of genetical factors in build. The result can not, so far as
+I can see, be adequately explained on any other than the genetical basis.
+As an illustration of such variability in full sibs, plate 9, figure 4,
+is striking. Such differences are frequently found in the offspring of
+heterozygous parents.
+
+
+Mating 2. OTHER MEDIUM × MEDIUM MATINGS (Table X).
+
+This mating is important for deciding between the hypotheses (_a_) that
+medium build is the heterozygous condition between slender and fleshy;
+(_b_) that “medium” represents an hereditary type (biotype) as truly as
+slender does; (_c_) that the “medium” group is a combination of cases of
+the heterozygous condition and a distinct biotype.
+
+First, it appears that the mating is the commonest one in our records,
+except medium × fleshy. But this is to be expected, inasmuch as the
+medium grade of build is the commonest grade.
+
+Second, the variability of the progeny is small, 4.05 ± 0.11. The only
+mating that has a less variable progeny is S × S, 2.41 ± 0.17. This
+result, shown in table 12, indicates that the persons of medium build
+are, for the most part, not heterozygous, but belong to a distinct
+biotype. On the other hand, M × M matings from table X, selected mostly
+on account of dissimilar build of parents, give progeny distributed
+nearly in a 1:2:1 ratio, such as is got in the second generation of
+a monohybrid. It seems probable, accordingly, that hypothesis (_c_)
+is correct, but that the cases of medium that belong to a distinct
+biotype are much more numerous than the cases of medium parents who are
+heterozygous.
+
+
+SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.
+
+The matings selected because most obviously adapted to give an F₂ progeny
+produced an offspring about one-third more variable than the F₁ progeny.
+The wide range of variability of the F₂ progeny is more in accordance
+with the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build than that of 4 zygotic
+factors.
+
+The mating of two “medium-build” parents gives a progeny that is not
+very variable in build; not more variable than the progeny of the S ×
+F mating. The result is like that obtained in studies in heredity of
+stature, where the progeny of the M × M was not extremely variable.
+This result, in the case of build, that the medium build is relatively
+invariable, suggests that some persons of medium build really belong to a
+biotype in which fleshy build is due to 4-zygotic factors, and that such
+parents are zygotically of the AAbb type, and produce offspring of whom
+100 per cent are again of that type. Examples would seem to be found in
+the following families with 4 or more children: Bat-2, Bea-7, Kel-4a,
+Old-2, Rig-1, War-3. There is, of course, genetical justification for
+the assumption that the same character may in certain strains be due to
+3 gametic factors, in others to only 2. This is especially well shown in
+susceptibility to tumor-growth of mice.
+
+
+CLASS V. THE “BACK-CROSS.”
+
+The mating of heterozygous individuals with the “pure” recessives of
+the parental stock, as well as with “pure” dominants, is an important
+procedure in genetics, in order to determine the number of factors
+involved in the trait. This mating is of especial importance in detecting
+“crossing over,” but our data are insufficient to permit use for this
+purpose. Though the total of our data is considerable, yet the nature
+of traits due to multiple factors is such that the table has to be
+broken up into a large number of small ones, of which the “constants”
+are subject to large probable errors. It seems best to distinguish two
+kinds of matings: (1) heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender, and (2)
+heterozygous fleshy × fleshy (or very fleshy) of fleshy stock.
+
+
+Mating 1. HETEROZYGOUS MEDIUM OR FLESHY × SLENDER.
+
+The data for this analysis are in table 32, which contains the apparently
+most significant matings from Appendix tables III, IV, and VIII.
+
+The totals of table 32, _b_ + _c_, give the following proportions: 3 VS,
+26 S, 36 M, 20 F, 4 VF.
+
+The matings of 4-factor and 2-factor parents respectively give a
+distribution of two types. Uniting these (on the assumption that they are
+equally numerous), we get proportions as follows: 3 VS, 25 S, 44 M, 25 F,
+3 VF.
+
+This theoretical series is of the same general type as that given by the
+data, and the agreement (considering all of the unknown factors) is
+fairly close. The details of the family histories included in table 32
+are given below.
+
+
+TABLE 32.—_Matings of a heterozygous parent, of either medium or
+fleshy build, and a slender parent, together with the progeny of this
+back-cross._
+
+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | (_a_) FROM TABLE III, VS × M (S). |
+ +-------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------+
+ | | Parentage. | Offspring. |
+ | +----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
+ | Ref. | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s| | | | | |
+ | | FF | FM |F | sibs. |MF |MM |M | sibs. |VS | S | M | F |VF |
+ +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
+ |Ach 2 | 32 | 33 |32| |32 |27 |25| | | 1 | 2 | | |
+ |Bic 1 | 29 | 35 |34| |M |S |25|4t | | 1 | 2 | | |
+ |Gru 1 | M | M |31|1t |M |S |24| | | 1 | 1 | | |
+ |Ise 2 | 26 | 31 |31| |31 |27 |23| | | 2 | 5 | | |
+ |Mil A | 39 | 28 |36|1S 1M 3F|35 |30 |22| | 1 | | 3 | 3 | |
+ |Wit 2 | 26 | M |33| |M |t |22|2t | | 2 | 1 | | |
+ | | | | | | | | | +---+---+---+---+---+
+ | Total | | | | | | | | | 1 | 7 |14 | 3 | |
+ +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
+ | A, 32.34 ± 0.59. S. D., 4.38 ± 0.42. |
+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+ | (_b_) FROM TABLE IV, VS × F (S). |
+ +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
+ |Hol A | | |39| | | |23| | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
+ |Law A | 34 | |43| |35 | |24|1S 1M 2F| | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
+ |Wat 5 | | |37|1F | |S |25|4S | | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
+ +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
+ | (_c_) IN PART FROM TABLE VIII, S × F (S). |
+ +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
+ |Gui 3 | | |27| |34 |30 |39| | | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
+ |Hok 1 | 36 | S |37| |31 |35 |27| | | | 2 | | |
+ |Hot 1 | M | S |30| |S |S |40| | | | 1 | | |
+ |Hul 2 | 34 | 25 |30| |35 |27 |37| | 2 | 4 | 1 | | |
+ |Kie | | |S | | | |F | | | 2 | | 2 | |
+ |Leo (a)| S | S |S |4S |F |S |51|3S 3F | | | | 1 | |
+ |Leo (b)| | |S | | | |51| | | 2 | | 1 | 3 |
+ |Lyn 2 | S | F |37| |S |M |29| | | | 1 | | |
+ |Mer B | 47 | 27 |40| |37 |36 |25| | | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
+ |Mor (a)| | |50| | | |S | | | |10 | 3 | |
+ |Mor (b)| | |S | |F |F |F |2S 2F | | 4 | | | |
+ |Mor (c)| F | M |F |1S 1M 4F| | |S |1S | | 2 | | | |
+ |Pad 1 | 31 | 35 |28| |33 |23 |37| | | | | 1 | |
+ |Rid 1 |F(?)|M(?)|42|3F |S |S |S | | | 2 | | | |
+ |Rom 1 | S | F |38|3t |F |M |28| | | | 6 | 1 | |
+ |Van | | |42|1S 1F | | |S |1M | | 2 | | 3 | |
+ |Wat | S | F |27| |26 |45 |40| | | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
+ | +----+----+--+ +---+---+--+ +---+---+---+---+---+
+ | Total | | | | | | | | | 3 |26 |36 |20 | 4 |
+ +-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
+ | A, 33.67 ± 0.40. S. D., 5.58 ± 0.28. |
+ +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+ACH-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English and probable Scotch stock. The family residence
+is now located in Oregon, in which State the 3 children of the third
+generation were born. The Father, a mechanic, inclined to rheumatism and
+nervousness, has at 50 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+His sibs are all tall (and presumably slender). His father, a farmer,
+died when 78 years old, having at 40 years the formula 150/69 inches;
+build 2.2 (32). His mother, after having borne 6 sons and 5 daughters,
+died of cancer at 70 years. At that time she had the formula 125/62
+inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus, the Father’s fraternity, though their
+parents were of medium build, apparently carries a slender tendency.
+
+The Mother suffers from “rheumatism”; she is “always busy” and is living
+at 51 years, with the formula 93/61 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father,
+a farmer, died at 82 with the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her
+mother, having had 5 sons and 4 daughters, died of “heart trouble” at 42
+years. She had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). Thus this side
+of the house inclines toward slenderness. The 3 children are:
+
+1. Female, a bookkeeper and “nervous,” at 26 has the formula 95/65
+inches; build 1.6 (23); adjusted to 50 years, 112/65 inches; build 1.8
+(27).
+
+2. Female, a bookkeeper, and “energetic” and “nervous,” at 22 has the
+formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 139/67
+inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Female, a bookkeeper and “energetic, impulsive, and agile,” has at 23
+the formula 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 50 years, 129/63
+inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+_Comment._—A medium Father of medium and slender stock marries a
+slender, nervous woman who has a slender mother. One of the children is
+exceptionally slender and two are slender according to the unadjusted
+index. It is very doubtful if the most slender child would ever acquire
+the adjusted index of 27, though children Nos. 2 and 3, energetic and
+agile at 23 and 22 years respectively, with builds 1.9 (28) and 2.0 (27),
+may well acquire a medium build by maturity if they become less active
+(R: Ach-2).
+
+
+BIC-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English and French extraction living mostly in Kentucky
+and Indiana. The Father, a newspaper publisher, suffered in youth from
+typhoid fever. He is living at 52 years, having at 45 years the formula
+175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a justice of the peace, died
+at 39 years from pulmonary tuberculosis contracted during the Civil War.
+At 26 years he had the formula 140/70 inches; build 20 (29). His mother,
+who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from cancer. She is living at
+76 years. At 40 years her formula was 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Thus
+the father is of mixed ancestry; he is probably heterozygous in respect
+to build.
+
+The Mother has been subject to tuberculosis of throat and lungs. She is
+living at 51 years, having at 45 years the formula 102/64 inches; build
+1.7 (24). Four of her sibs died from tuberculosis of throat and lungs.
+Her father, a revenue collector, suffered in youth from rheumatism and in
+middle age from “very bad throat trouble.” He died at 85 years from old
+age. At 45 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 9 children,
+always well, died at 85 years from malignant tumor. At 45 years she was
+slender. This side of the house is very slender, largely on account of
+tuberculosis. The grandfather is of medium build; the grandmother was
+nervously active and slender. The 3 children:
+
+1. Female, a social worker, who in youth suffered from diphtheria,
+tonsillitis, and adenoids, has at 23 years the formula 105/64 inches;
+build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 45 years, 2.1 (29). (R: Bic-1.)
+
+2. Female, a college graduate, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis,
+scarlet fever, and appendicitis and had a tendency to consumption, has
+at 22 years the formula 126/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 45
+years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+3. Female, a student, who has a “nervous temperament,” has at 18 years
+the formula 124/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 45 years, 143/67
+inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+_Comment._—The tuberculous tendency of the Mother’s fraternity and of the
+Father’s father reappears in at least one of the children. None is as
+slender as the Mother, and all approach the medium grade (R: Bic-1).
+
+
+GRU-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English and German extraction living mostly in Pennsylvania
+and New Jersey. The Father, a school-teacher and principal, is living
+at 52 years, having had at 45 years the formula 134/66 inches; build
+2.2 (31). One of his brothers died of “consumption” and was apparently
+slender. His father, a farmer, often mentally depressed, is living at 75
+years, and has a “medium” build. His mother, who had 10 children, and who
+suffered in middle age from rheumatism, is living at 73 years, and is of
+“medium” build. Thus the paternal inheritance is toward medium build; the
+father possibly heterozygous.
+
+The Mother suffered in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism; she has
+at 40 years the formula 106/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). Her father, a
+farmer, of medium build, died at 77 years from pneumonia. Her mother, who
+had 6 children, died at 77 years from arterio-sclerosis; she was slender.
+Thus the maternal build is prevailingly slender, though the grandfather
+is of medium build. The 3 children:
+
+1. Female, a teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 20
+years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 42 years,
+125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+2. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from infantile paralysis, has
+at 18 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 42
+years, 136/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+3. Female, at 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister.
+
+_Comment._—All the children have a heavier build than the slenderer
+parent and approach a medium build (R: Gru-1).
+
+
+ISE-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Swiss and French origin living in Kansas. The Father, who is
+of Swiss parentage, a farmer, is living at 86 years, having the formula
+150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, a farmer, died of consumption,
+having the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had
+8 children, died at 82 years from pneumonia, having the formula 130/65
+inches; build 2.2 (31). This side of the house is of mixed slender-medium
+build.
+
+The Mother, who has had 11 children, is of French-Swiss stock and has
+been a farmer’s wife in Kansas. She has been operated upon for glaucoma,
+is living at 72 years, and has the formula 88/62 inches; build 1.6 (23).
+Her father, a farmer, died from neuralgia of heart, having the formula
+130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 3 children, died at
+46 years, suddenly, perhaps from appendicitis, having the formula 115/65
+inches; build 1.9 (27). The maternal side of the house has thus a build
+ranging from very slender to slender-medium. The 8 children about whom
+information is given are:
+
+1. Male, a college professor, died at 42 years after an operation for
+appendicitis, having the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted
+to 55+ years, 129/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+2. Female, a librarian, who in youth suffered from pneumonia, in middle
+age from a nervous breakdown, has at 47 years the formula 112/60 inches;
+build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Female, a stenographer, who in middle age suffered from fever (in
+Africa), has at 45 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+4. Male, a college professor, always well, has at 41 years the formula
+170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55+ years, 175/70 inches;
+build 2.5 (36).
+
+5. Male, a merchant, has at 39 years the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3
+(33); adjusted to 55+ years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+6. Male, a merchant, who in youth suffered from acute rheumatism and
+leakage of heart, has at 36 years the formula 165/72 inches; build 2.2
+(32); adjusted to 55+ years, 172/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+7. Male, an editor, who in middle age has suffered from pleurisy and
+pneumonia, has at 33 years the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30);
+adjusted to 55+ years, 159/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).
+
+8. Male, a newspaper reporter, of unknown build.
+
+_Comment._—All children, except the first, who was of a nervous, active
+type and died prematurely, are of medium build, mostly slightly fleshier
+than the stockier parent (R: Ise-2).
+
+
+MIL-A FAMILY.
+
+A family probably of old American (English) stock, living in Los Angeles,
+California. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 170/68.5 inches;
+build 2.5 (36). Of his sibs, 1 is slender, 1 medium, and 4 are fleshy.
+His father, at 70 years, had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+His mother, at 70 years, had the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28).
+Thus the Father is of mixed fleshy and slender origin.
+
+The Mother, at 85 years, had the formula 100/67 inches; build 1.6 (22).
+Her father, at 70 years, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her mother, at 70
+years, 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus, the maternal parent is very
+slender with slender to medium grandparents. The 6 children are:
+
+1. Male, at 56 years, has the formula 224/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).
+
+2. Male, at 53 years, 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+3. Female, at 27 years, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55
+years, 148/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+4. Female, at 64 years, 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22).
+
+5. Female, at 50 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+6. Female, at 59 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).
+
+_Comment._—The children vary from slender to fleshy; thus two have a
+heavier build than any ancestor described (S:Mil-A).
+
+
+WIT-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English and Irish extraction; paternal grandparents living
+in the Middle States and California. The Father, a merchant, suffered
+in middle age from pneumonia. He is living at 75 years. At 70 years his
+formula was 155/69 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a farmer, died
+at 86 years from dropsy. At 70 years his formula was 140/73 inches;
+build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had 8 children, died from consumption.
+At 50 years she was of medium build. Thus this side of the house is
+prevailingly of medium build, but the Father’s father was slender,
+consequently the Father is probably heterozygous for build.
+
+The Mother suffered in middle age from insanity and consumption, having
+the formula 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22). Two of her 4 sibs who reached
+maturity died from consumption. Their father, a farmer, died at 74
+years from bladder trouble. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their
+mother, who had 4 children, died from consumption. In this family the
+very slender stature is probably controlled by lung tuberculosis. The 3
+children are:
+
+1. Male, a machinist, who was accidentally killed at 19 years, 145/69
+inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 168/71 inches; build 2.4
+(34).
+
+2. Male, retired, who in youth suffered from dysentery and pneumonia;
+in middle age from indigestion, internal catarrh, tuberculosis,
+appendicitis, and malaria, has at 44 years the formula 140/69.5 inches;
+build 2.0 (29).
+
+3. Female, who was “very healthy” in youth, but in middle age had mental
+“nervous troubles,” has at 40 years the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7
+(24); adjusted to 55 years, 106/64 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+
+_Comment._—The children of this mating are mixed slender to medium; one
+of the children is feeble-minded and is very slender; one who is slender
+has had active tuberculosis and much other illness; the third, who died
+at 19, had an average build. The record is complicated by disease (R:
+Wit-2).
+
+
+HOL-A FAMILY.
+
+A family from Illinois. The Father at 55 years has the formula: 180/68
+inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+The Mother, at 50 years, has the formula: 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23).
+The 9 children are:
+
+(1) Female, at 30 years, has the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43);
+adjusted to 55 years, 194/65 inches; build 3.2 (46).
+
+(2) Male, at 30 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55
+years, 139/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
+
+(3) Male, at 27 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55
+years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+(4) Male, at 25 years, 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55
+years, 184/74 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+(5) Male, at 29 years, 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55
+years, 151/68 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+(6) Male, at 26 years, 125/72 inches; build 1.7 (24).
+
+(7) Female, at 24 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55
+years, 161/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+(8) Female, at 22 years, 110/72 inches; build 1.5 (21); adjusted to 55
+years, 130/72 inches; build 1.8 (25).
+
+(9) Female, at 20 years, has the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24);
+adjusted to 55 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+_Comment._—The children vary greatly from very slender to stout or even,
+adjusted, to very stout. One of them is much stouter than either parent.
+Probably the Father is heterozygous (S:Hol-A).
+
+
+LAW-A FAMILY.
+
+A family from Georgia. The Father, at 30 years, had the formula 200/68
+inches; build 3.0 (43). His brothers were “all stout.” His father, at 30
+years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The fleshy father
+carries factors for at least medium build.
+
+The Mother, at 30 years, had the formula 100/65 inches; build 1.7 (24).
+Her brothers were all of “medium” build. Her sisters are: 1 slender, 1
+medium, and 2 fleshy. Their father, at 30 years, had the formula 170/70
+inches; build 2.4 (35). The 4 children:
+
+1. Male, at 30 years, had the formula 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).
+
+2. Female, at 30 years, 110/61 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+3. Female, at 30 years, 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+
+4. Female, at 30 years, 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).
+
+_Comment._—A fleshy man of medium stock has by a very slender woman of
+mixed stock in respect to build, 4 children—2 slender, 1 medium, and 1
+fleshy (S:Law-A).
+
+
+WAT-5 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts,
+Michigan, England, Utah, and Montana; parents and children living in Utah
+and Montana. The Father, a miner, suffered in middle age from pneumonia
+and died at 64 years from chronic bronchitis. At 60 years his formula was
+190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, a farmer, died at 37 years.
+The Father had a fleshy sister, at least 3 of whose children were fleshy.
+His mother died at 38 years. Apparently, a fleshy strain on the Father’s
+father’s side; Father’s mother’s side unknown.
+
+The Mother, who had 7 children, suffered in youth from scarlet fever and
+lung fever, is living at 60 years, having the formula 107/65.5 inches;
+build 1.8 (25). Her 4 sibs are “thin.” Their father, a lawyer, suffered
+at 23 years from scarlet fever, died from an accident at 42. Two of his
+sibs were “very large” and tall. Her mother, who had 9 children, died
+at 76 years from pneumonia; she was slender and so was her sister. Thus
+the slender Mother has both slender and fleshy close relations. The 5
+children who grew up are:
+
+1. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 37
+years the formula 109/67 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 years,
+119/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+2. Male, a miner, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, tonsillitis,
+and throat trouble, has at 34 years the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6
+(37); adjusted to 55 years, 193/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+3. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has, at 31
+years, the formula 128/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years,
+143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+4. Female, married, who in youth suffered from throat trouble, underwent
+a tonsillectomy and appendectomy, has at 25 years the formula 120/65.5
+inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 138/65.5 inches; build 2.3
+(32).
+
+5. Female, married, has at 21 years, the formula 120/65.5 inches; build
+2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 140/65.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+_Comment._—The adjusted build of the children show 1 slender (unadjusted,
+very slender), 3 medium, and 1 fleshy, suggesting a heterozygous
+parentage. This family has been placed in this category, despite
+absence of information about the Father’s parents, because of the great
+variability of the children (R: Wat-5).
+
+
+GUI-3 FAMILY.
+
+A family of Scandinavian extraction, living mostly in Kansas. The Father,
+a farmer, who suffered in middle age from asthma, has at 74 years the
+formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+The Mother has at 60 years the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her
+father, a farmer, died at 83 years from senile dementia. At 75 years his
+formula was 150/S inches; build, say, 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 6
+children, died at 84 years, “probably senility.” At 75 years her formula
+was 120/M inches; build, say, 2.1 (30). The 8 children:
+
+1. Female, married, suffered in youth and middle age from heart trouble,
+following rheumatism. At 40 years she has the formula 110/62 inches;
+build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 116/62 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from rheumatism, has at 33 years
+the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67
+inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+3. Male, who died at 16 years from operation for rectal tumor.
+
+4. Male, a real-estate dealer, who in youth suffered from asthma, has
+at 33 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+
+years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+5. Female, a nurse, who in youth suffered from anterior poliomyelitis
+(complete recovery), has at 31 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6
+(37); adjusted to 55 years, 162/64 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+6. Male, a farmer, has at 29 years the formula 153/70 inches; build 2.2
+(31); adjusted to 55 years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+7. Female, has at 27 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36);
+adjusted to 55 years, 166/65 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+8. Male, a farmer, has at 24 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3
+(33); adjusted to 55+ years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+_Comment._—One-half of the children may be expected to exceed the mean
+build of the parents, and 2 to equal or exceed the fleshy build of the
+Mother (R: Gui-3).
+
+
+HOK-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of German and English extraction, living in Illinois, Colorado,
+and Iowa. The Father, who is a carpenter, always well, is living at 63
+years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, who
+was a manufacturer, always well, died at 72 years from a fistula. At 72
+years his formula 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother died
+at about 48 years; was of slender build.
+
+The Mother, always well, has at 62 years the formula 105/62 inches;
+build 1.9 (27). Her father, who was a coal-mine owner, died at 46 years
+from exposure during Civil War. At 45 years his formula 140/67 inches;
+build 2.2 (31). Her mother, always well, died at 87 years from old age.
+Formula, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Two grown children:
+
+1. Male, a surveyor, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 34 years
+the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/70
+inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+2. Male, always well, has at 26 years the formula 165/72 inches; build
+2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 181/72 inches; build 2.5 (35).
+
+_Comment._—Both children are of medium build, fairly close to that of the
+fleshier parent (R: Hok-1).
+
+
+HOT-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living mostly in New York State. The
+Father, who is a carpenter, suffered in middle age from pneumonia. He is
+living at 51 years, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His
+father, who was a farmer, died at 69 years from apoplexy; was of medium
+build. His mother, who had 6 children, at 50 years was slender.
+
+The Mother is living at 50 years, having the formula 150/61 inches;
+build 2.8 (40). Her father, who was a grocer, suffered in youth from
+rheumatism; in middle age from typhoid fever. He died at 61 years from
+Bright’s disease. At 61 years he was slender. Her mother, who had 3
+children, was always well. She died at 79 years from cerebral hemorrhage;
+she was said to be slender.
+
+One son, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 140/67
+inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 151/67 inches; build 2.3
+(33).
+
+_Comment._—The son is intermediate in build between the parents (R:
+Hot-1).
+
+
+HUL-2 FAMILY.
+
+A rural New York family of prevailingly English origin. The Father, a
+business man, always well, had, at 50 years, the formula 140/68 inches;
+build 2.1 (30). His father, who died of “rheumatism of the stomach” at
+80 years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who
+died at 82 years of old age, with dropsical tendencies, had the formula
+95/62 inches; build 1.7 (25). This family has a build at or below the
+average.
+
+The Mother, who suffered much from sick headache and “rheumatism,” and in
+later years from diabetes mellitus, had, at 50 years, the formula 150/64
+inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, who suffered from migraine, had the
+formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, always well, died at
+78 years of gradual decay; her formula, at 50 years, 115/65 inches; build
+1.9 (27). The Mother is doubtless heterozygous. There are 7 children:
+
+1. Female, who has had pneumonia and suffers from migraine, has, at 38,
+the formula 100/62.5 inches; build 1.8 (26).
+
+2. Female, a teacher, married, at 37 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+3. Female, married, and died at 35 years of Addison’s disease, 105/65
+inches; build 1.8 (25).
+
+4. Female, who has been operated on for tubercular neck glands, at 34
+years, 115/62 inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+5. Female, who suffered in youth from tachycardia, at 28 years, 100/65.5
+inches; build 1.6 (23).
+
+6. Female, who has suffered from migraine and rheumatism and had an
+attack of pneumonia, at 27 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted
+to 50 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+7. Male, well, at 20 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50
+years, 158/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+_Comment._—On the whole the children are _below_ the average build, like
+the slender parent (R: Hul-2).
+
+
+KIE FAMILY. (Fig. 43.)
+
+II 1 ♂, a slender German. His wife, II 2 ♀, fleshy. Their 4 children of
+whose build something is known: III 1 ♂, fleshy; III 2 ♂, slender, over
+6 feet tall, married to a fleshy woman, has 6 tall, slender daughters.
+III 4 ♀, died of “heart disease”; slender. III 7 ♂, died at 56 of cancer
+of the lungs, weight in health 82 kg. (180 pounds); stature 178 cm. (70
+inches); build 2.6 (37), fleshy. Thus 2 are fleshy and 2 slender.
+
+_Comment._—From the variability of the offspring we infer that the fleshy
+Mother was heterozygous in build (73-670).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the KIE family.]
+
+
+LEO FAMILY, A. (Fig. 23.)
+
+II 7 ♂, slender with 4 slender sibs. Their parents both slender. His
+wife, II 8 ♀, at 36 years, has a stature of 152 cm. (60 inches); weight
+84 kg. (184 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy; relative chest-girth
+112/52, or 74 per cent. She has 3 fleshy and 2 slender sibs. Of their
+parents one was fleshy and one slender. Thus II 8 is heterozygous.
+
+III 4, the only child, at 9 years, has a relative chest-girth of 57 per
+cent; fleshy.
+
+
+LEO FAMILY, B.
+
+I 5 ♂, slender, and I 6 ♀, whose build is about 3.6 (51), or very fleshy,
+have 6 children of whom something is known, as follows: II 8 ♀, build 3.6
+(51), very fleshy; II 11 ♀, fleshy; II 15 ♀, slender; II 16 ♀, slender,
+married to a slender man and has 3 slender children; II 12 ♂, of medium
+stature and 95 kg. (210 pounds) weight; build, say, 3.2 (45); very
+fleshy; II 13 ♀, of tall stature and 91 kg. (200 pounds) weight; build,
+say, 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Thus there are 3 very fleshy, 1 fleshy, and
+2 slender children. The Mother’s heterozygosity is inferred from the
+variability of the progeny in build.
+
+II 14 ♂, fleshy, and II 15 ♀, slender, have 2 sons, both slender (73:676).
+
+
+LYN-2 FAMILY.
+
+A family of prevailingly English stock, living in Illinois and Nebraska.
+The Father, who was a farmer and school-teacher, died at 65 years from
+cancer of stomach. Formula, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father,
+who was a farmer, died at 76 years from pneumonia; he was slender. His
+mother, who had 10 children, is living and is corpulent. Thus the Father
+is heterozygous.
+
+The Mother, who has 1 child, has at 49 years the formula 120/64 inches;
+build 2.1 (29). Her father, who is a carpenter, always well, is at 70
+years slender. Her mother, who had 4 children, died at 36 years from
+pneumonia; she was of medium build. One child, female, a kindergarten
+teacher, has at 19 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 2.0 (28);
+adjusted to 55+ years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+_Comment._—The child is now like the slender parent and will probably
+increase somewhat in build (R: Lyn-2).
+
+
+MER-B FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction from Rochester, New York. The Father, at
+21 years, had the formula 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). His father had
+the formula 250/73 inches; build 3.3 (47). His mother had the formula
+130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+The Mother, at 21 years, had the formula 96/61 inches; build 1.8 (25).
+Her father had the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother had
+the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Five children:
+
+1. Male, at 21 years, had the formula 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38).
+
+2. Male, at 21 years, 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+3. Female, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+4. Female, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+5. Female, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).
+
+_Comment._—All 5 children are intermediate between the parents; 1 is
+fleshy, 1 slender (S:Mer-B).
+
+
+MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)
+
+(_a_) II 1 ♂, stature 181 cm. (71 inches); weight 13 kg. (200 pounds);
+build 3.5 (50); very fleshy. Married II 2, a slender woman. They had 7
+sons, 2 fleshy, 5 medium, and 6 daughters, 1 fleshy and 5 medium. Thus 3
+fleshy and 10 of medium build. To save space only 5 are represented in
+figure 24.
+
+(_b_) IV 16 ♂, slender, married IV 17 ♀, fleshy, who has 2 fleshy and 2
+slender sibs; and both parents fleshy. They have 4 living children, all
+slender.
+
+(_c_) IV 5 ♂, fleshy with 4 fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender sibs and a
+fleshy and medium parent; married IV 6, slender, with a slender sister.
+They had 2 sons, both slender (73:690).
+
+
+PAD-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction, living in the middle West. The Father, a
+horticulturist, subject in middle life to catarrh, is living at 55 years,
+having had at 50 years the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28). His
+father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from measles and bronchitis, and
+in middle age from liver trouble, died at 59 years from complication of
+stomach and liver diseases. At 55 years his formula 145/68 inches; build
+2.2 (31). His mother is living at 80 years, having the formula 160/68
+inches; build 2.4 (35).
+
+The Mother, at 49 years, had the formula 145/63 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+Her father, a merchant and farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever
+and congestion of the brain. He died at 86 years from old age, having had
+at 70 years the formula 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother died at
+83 years of old age, having the formula 95/64 inches; build 1.6 (23). The
+only grown child is a male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles
+and catarrh, has at 21 years the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35);
+adjusted to 50 years, 171/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+_Comment._—The only grown child is like his stouter parent in build (R:
+Pad-1).
+
+
+ROM-1 FAMILY.
+
+A family of prevailing English stock, living in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
+and Kansas. The Father, who is a lawyer, has at 72 years the formula
+170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). Three of his brothers died at 26 years, 41
+years, and 22 years respectively, from tuberculosis; all were of medium
+height. Their father, who was a “farmer and blacksmith,” died at 76 years
+from Bright’s disease; was slender. Their mother, who had 5 children,
+died at 55 years from “tuberculosis of the liver”; was corpulent. The
+Father is doubtless heterozygous in build.
+
+The Mother has at 67 years the formula 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28).
+One of her sisters, who was tall, died from “quick consumption”; another
+from diabetes; another from dropsy. Two of her brothers, tall, died from
+hardening of the arteries, another from “leakage of the heart,” and
+another from dropsy. Their father, who was a miller, died at 76 years—“a
+complication of diseases (asthma).” He was corpulent. Their mother, who
+had 10 children, died at 72 years from pneumonia; was of medium build.
+The 7 children are:
+
+1. Female, married, who in middle age suffered from rheumatism, has at 44
+years the formula 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years,
+158/64 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 41
+years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years,
+155/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+3. Male, a farmer, has at 38 years the formula 155/68 inches; build 2.4
+(34); adjusted to 55 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.5 (35).
+
+4. Male, who died at 18 years from diphtheria, having the formula 145/72
+inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 171/72 inches; build 2.3
+(33).
+
+5. Female, married, has at 31 years the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9
+(27); adjusted to 55 years, 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+6. Male, a farmer, has at 28 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2
+(32); adjusted to 55 years, 174/71 inches; build 2.4 (35).
+
+7. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, scarlet
+fever, and other “children’s” diseases, has at 22 years the formula
+118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 136/64 inches; build
+2.3 (33).
+
+_Comment._—All except one on the adjusted weights equal or exceed the
+mid-parent index. One of the 7 children is as fleshy as the fleshier
+parent (R: Rom-1).
+
+
+RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.)
+
+III 9 ♂, at 59 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 73 kg. (160
+pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy; “as fat as butter when a child.” He
+has 3 fleshy sibs and his parents are dissimilar in build; hence he is
+heterozygous; married to III 10 ♀, slender, of two slender parents.
+
+Of their 2 children, IV 3 ♀, at 30 years is slender; IV 4 ♂, at 16 years,
+slender (73:727).
+
+
+VAN FAMILY. (Fig. 44.)
+
+I 3 ♂, died at 51 years of heart disease, stature 170 cm. (67 inches);
+weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.0 (42); fleshy. He was one of a
+fraternity of 8 of whom something is known of the following: I 1 ♂,
+slender; I 2 ♂, stature 183 (72 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds);
+build 2.7 (38.5); fleshy; slender as a child. I 3, married I 4, who died
+at 32, was tall, slender, angular. A brother is of medium build.
+
+They have 5 children: II 1 ♂, died at 53 years of indigestion; stature
+189 cm. (74 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.6 (37); fleshy.
+II 2 ♀, always slender. II 3 ♀, slender. II 4 ♂, at 54, stature 175 cm.
+(69 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy. Relative
+chest-girth 108 ÷ 175, or 62 per cent. He first began to increase in
+build at 22 years and at 30 years had his present build; loses weight
+after vigorous exercise. He married a woman (II 5) who, like himself, was
+slender in youth, but began to grow fleshy at 39, and now has a build
+of 2.9 (41). She has 2 slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy sibs, and
+her parents were both very fleshy. The foregoing couple (II 4, 5) have
+2 children who grew up. III 1 ♀ at 28 years, keeps slender by constant
+dieting. III 2 ♂ (one of twins) at 25 years, very slender, nervous, and
+irritable. The children have not yet reached the age when their mother
+became fleshy.
+
+Finally, II 7 ♀, at 50 years, is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall and weighs 88
+kg. (195 pounds); build 3.1 (43); fleshy. She was slender up to 27 years
+of age. She is married to a somewhat fleshy man and their daughter at 27
+is of medium build, but beginning to grow fleshy.
+
+_Comment._—The mating of a man of build 3.0, of a fraternity that is
+variable in build, and a woman of slender build yields grown children
+with following builds: 2.6, “slender,” “slender,” 2.9 (slender in youth),
+and 3.1 (slender in youth). Three of the five become fleshy, but probably
+only late in life—the heterozygous reaction (73:745).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+VAN family.]
+
+
+WAT FAMILY.
+
+A family of English extraction living in Wyoming. The Father, who has
+tuberculosis, has the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). His father
+was slender and of average height. His mother was fleshy and of average
+height.
+
+The Mother had at 50 the formula 165/64 inches; build 2.8 (40), but
+averaged usually from 120 to 128 pounds. She had stomach trouble. Her
+father, an invalid and sufferer from tuberculosis, rheumatism, neuralgia,
+heart trouble, and dropsy, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8
+(26). His weight varied from 102 to 120 pounds; very slender. Her mother,
+who had a goiter of which she was cured, and quinsy, had the formula
+140/56 inches; build 3.1 (45). The mother’s father’s father had the
+formula 180/73.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). His weight varied from 180 to
+200 pounds. He was muscular, not fat. The Mother’s father’s mother was
+always thin and had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). She had
+liver trouble and cancer of the face. The Mother’s mother’s father had
+cancer of the face and underwent an operation for it. His formula was
+125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30). The Mother’s mother’s mother had at 70
+years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). She grew heavier in
+middle age. The children are:
+
+1. Male, liable to tuberculosis, has at 24 years the formula 134/67.5
+inches; build 2.1 (30).
+
+2. Male, has weak lungs; has at 22 years the formula 170/67.5 inches;
+build 2.6 (37).
+
+3. Male, has at 18 years the formula 126/68 inches; build 1.9 (27).
+
+_Comment._—The children show the usual variability that arises from this
+type of mating (D:Wat.).
+
+
+Mating 2. FLESHY × HETEROZYGOUS FLESHY PARENTS.
+
+This includes matings between a heterozygous parent of fleshy build and a
+very fleshy (or fleshy) parent of fleshy stock; a back-cross to the more
+nearly dominant type.
+
+The matings of this type are as shown in table 33.
+
+
+TABLE 33.—_Matings between a probably homozygous fleshy and a
+heterozygous fleshy parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross._
+
+ +--------+---------------------------------------+---------------------+
+ | | Parentage. | Offspring. |
+ | +--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+
+ | Ref. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | |FF|FM| F | Father’s|MF|MM| M | Mother’s|VS| S | M | F | VF |
+ | | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+ +--------+--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ |Hud |28|46| 45| |38|35| 40| | | | 1 | 1 | 2 |
+ |Jon 11c |29|49| 39|1VF 3F 5M|37|42| 39|2F 4M | | | 1 | 8 | 1 |
+ |Pal |F |M | 43|1S 3F 1VF| | | 40| | | | 2 | | 1 |
+ |Rec (a) |S | | 40|2F | | |100|2F 1S | | | 1 | 2 | 3 |
+ |Rec (b) |F |S |40F| |F |VF| 57|2VF 2F 1M| | | | | 1 |
+ |Rid | |F | 56| |S | |49±|4F 2M | | 1 | | 3 | 3 |
+ |Smi |VF| | VF| |M | | 48|1F | | 1 | | 3 | 3 |
+ |The 1 |30|31| F |1F 4S |33|33| 34|2S 1M | | | 3 | 4 | 3 |
+ |Wen |46|M | 46| |M |M | 37|2F | | | 6 | | 2 |
+ | +--+--+---+ +--+--+---+ +--+---+----+----+----+
+ | Total | | 2 | 14 | 21 | 19 |
+ |Proportions | |3.6|25.0|37.5|33.9|
+ +--------+--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+
+
+ A = 40.48 ± 0.57.
+ S. D. 6.36 ± 0.41.
+
+These 9 matings yielded 56 children, with the following percentage
+distribution: 4 S, 25 M, 37 F, 34 VF. The 6-zygotic-factor mating 5 × 3
+(both possibilities) gives a percentage distribution of 3 S, 25 M, 43 F,
+28 VF, which approximates that found.
+
+Attention is called to the distribution of offspring in the Pal, Rid,
+Smi, and Wen families. In these families the children are of two extreme
+types; intermediates are absent. The result may be due merely to small
+numbers, but it suggests the presence of two sorts of gametes in the
+heterozygous parent and hence a tendency to segregation in the offspring.
+
+
+HUD FAMILY. (Fig. 45.)
+
+The Father’s (II 7) build is 3.2 (45); very fleshy; his father’s (I 1)
+was 2.0 (28) and his mother’s 3.2 (46). Thus the Father is heterozygous.
+The Mother’s (II 8) build is 2.8 (40). Her father’s build was 2.7 (38),
+fleshy; and her mother’s 2.5 (35); medium fleshy. The Mother’s 7 sibs
+have builds ranging between 2.5 (35) and 3.2 (46); principally fleshy to
+very fleshy. So this may be regarded as a back-cross of a heterozygous
+parent with a fleshy one of fleshy stock. Of the 4 children, 1 is
+medium-fleshy (III 11) with a build of 2.5 (36), 1 is fleshy (III 10)
+2.7 (38), and two very fleshy; build 3.2 (45); thus the build of the
+offspring is varied, but prevailing very fleshy.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the HUD family.]
+
+
+JON-11C FAMILY. (Fig. 46.)
+
+A family of Welsh extraction living chiefly in New York State and Ohio.
+The Father (II 10), a farmer, suffered in middle age from “rupture,” and
+died at 88 years from “old age,” having the formula 150/62 inches; build
+2.7 (39). Of his 9 sibs:
+
+1. Brother, died at 70 years from “dissipation,” having the formula
+175/68.5 inches; build 2.6 (36).
+
+2. Brother, who died at 53 years from “inflammation of kidneys and
+dyspepsia,” had the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (31).
+
+3. Sister, who died at 68 years from Bright’s disease, 140/57 inches;
+build 3.0 (43).
+
+4. Sister, who died at 74 years from “flux,” 150/58 inches; build 3.1
+(44).
+
+5. Sister, who died at 75 years from Bright’s disease, 120/59 inches;
+build 2.4 (34).
+
+6. Sister, who died at 60 years from Bright’s disease, 118/59.5 inches;
+build 2.3 (33).
+
+7. Sister, who died at 73 years, 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
+
+8. Brother, who died from typhoid fever at 44 years, 175/68 inches; build
+2.7 (38).
+
+9. Brother, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from “hernia”; died of
+heart trouble at 65 years, having the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0
+(29). Their mother died at 77 years from pneumonia, having the formula
+160/57 inches; build 3.5 (49).
+
+The Mother suffered from “nervousness” before marriage, then not troubled
+with it again till menopause. She died of “heart trouble, dropsy,
+paralysis, and nervousness” at 80 years, having the formula 150/62
+inches; build 2.7 (39). Of her 8 sibs:
+
+1. Brother, who died from “congestive chill,” was 67 inches in height.
+
+2. Brother, who died at 56 years from “old age,” 180/71 inches; build 2.5
+(36).
+
+3. Brother, who died at 81 years from “poor circulation” and stomach
+trouble, had the formula 170/71 inches; build 2.4 (34).
+
+4. Brother, who died from pneumonia at 45 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6
+(37).
+
+5. Brother, who died from “kidney trouble” at 40 years, 170/70 inches;
+build 2.4 (35).
+
+6. Brother, who died at 57 years from “abscess on liver,” 160/69 inches;
+build 2.4 (34).
+
+7. Sister, who died at 25 years from “child-birth.”
+
+8. Sister, who died at 72 years from “overdose of medicine,” 165/67
+inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+Their father, a farmer and cabinet-maker all his life, died at 83 years
+from paralysis, having the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their
+mother, who in middle age suffered from dropsy and palsy, died at 83
+years from “old age.” Her formula was 160/62 inches; build 2.9 (42).
+
+The 10 children:
+
+1. Male, a farmer, recorded as always well, has at 66 years the formula
+165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+2. Female, who in youth suffered from “ague, flux, erysipelas, cholera
+morbus,” has at 65 years the formula 130/59 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+3. Female, who in youth suffered from asthma, has at 63 years the formula
+150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+4. Male, a lawyer, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, and middle
+age from “acquired neurasthenia,” has at 59 years the formula 190/70
+inches; build 2.7 (39).
+
+5. Female, a school-teacher, who died at 20 years from typhoid fever, had
+the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 139/61
+inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+6. Female, who suffered in youth from scarlet fever and in middle age
+from typhoid and kidney trouble, has always been “nervous,” has at 55
+years the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40).
+
+7. Male, a farmer and “shopman,” who in youth suffered from Bright’s
+disease, has at 53 years the formula 170/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
+
+8. Female, who at 17 years had fever, lost her mind, has not been well
+since—“gradual mental deterioration.” At 51 years she has the formula
+170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44).
+
+9. Female, who in youth suffered from “thrush,” and in middle life from
+malarial fever and gradual mental deterioration, has at 51 years the
+formula 116/57.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).
+
+10. Female, who at 48 years has the formula 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42).
+
+_Comment._—This is an extraordinarily valuable pedigree furnished by a
+member of the family who has taken great pains with the record. Both
+parents are of middle-fleshy build (39). The Father’s fraternity shows
+sibs: 5 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This is associated with
+semi-dwarfishness, one of the sisters being only 57 inches in stature and
+one of the brothers only 63 inches. _One of their parents is slender;
+one obese._ The Mother’s fraternity comprises 4 persons of medium
+build and 3 stout. Their _parents are both fleshy_. The “children” are
+remarkably uniform. Since they all, except one, reached the parental age,
+no “adjustment” is necessary; they can be compared directly. One is of
+medium build, 8 are stout like their parents (including the adjusted age
+of the girl who died at 20), and 1 is just over the line of being very
+stout (44), like her paternal aunt and a little less than her Father’s
+mother. Here the obesity has skipped a generation in the direct line,
+possibly because the Father was phenotypically reduced in build, perhaps
+because of his advanced age (88). This circumstance offers, however,
+no theoretical difficulty. The uniformity of the progeny favors the
+hypothesis that in this family there are only two independent factors for
+fleshy build (R: Jon-11_c_).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the JON-11C family.]
+
+
+PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)
+
+A family living in a small town in good circumstances. III 9 ♂, a farmer,
+who at 67 years is 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighs around 90 kg. or 200
+pounds; build 3.0 (43); fleshy; net relative chest-girth 120/173, or 71
+per cent. This near-obese man was slender as a boy and began to grow
+fleshy at 30 years of age. There are 5 others in his fraternity: (1)
+III 7 ♂, a physician, at 71 years is 178 cm. (70 inches) tall, weighs
+over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy; relative chest-girth
+119/178, or 67 per cent. He is doubtless heterozygous for build, since,
+by a slender wife, he has 2 fleshy and 2 slender children. (2) III 8 ♀,
+married, at 69 years has stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 75 kg. (155
+pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy; relative chest-girth 107/157, or 68 per
+cent. By a man of medium build she has 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 3 slender
+children.[10] (3) III 11 ♂, at 65 years has a stature of 175 cm. (69
+inches); weight 61 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.0 (28); slender. (4) III 5
+♂, at 62 years, stature 178 cm. (70 inches); weight 95 kg. (210 pounds);
+build 3.0 (43); fleshy. His relative chest-girth 117/178, or 66 per cent.
+As a boy he was of medium build; at about 30 years, like III 7, he began
+to grow fleshy, and is now dieting for diabetes (?). By a fleshy wife,
+whose sibs vary in build, he has 2 fleshy children and 1 of medium build.
+(5) III 12, at 59 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight
+of 102 kg. (224 pounds); build 3.6 (52); very fleshy. By a husband of
+medium build she has 1 slender and 1 medium child.[10]
+
+[10] Not shown in figure 25.
+
+The father (II 5) of this fraternity, who died at 87 years of cancer of
+the face, was fleshy. He had 5 brothers, all of whom lived to be over 80
+years of age and who all, save 1, weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds). The
+mother (II 6) of the man’s fraternity died at 64 of pneumonia; she was of
+medium build, and her 4 sibs were of medium build. Thus all her children
+were probably somewhat heterozygous, including III 9, the father of 3.
+
+III 10, the wife of III 9, is 178 cm. tall and weighs over 90 kg.; build
+2.8 (40+); fleshy.
+
+Of the 3 children: (1) IV 7 ♂ at 44 is of medium build. By a slender wife
+he had a daughter who at 22 years has a build 2.4 (34); medium build. (2)
+IV 10 ♀, at 42 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weight of
+over 115 kg. (250+ pounds); build 4.3 (61+); obese. She married a slender
+man, and 1 of their 9 children, at 19 years, weighs over 90 kg. (200
+pounds). (3) IV 11 ♂ is a medium weight; he married a slender woman and
+has 4 children who are of medium build.
+
+_Comment._—A fleshy Father, who is heterozygous for build, and his fleshy
+wife (of unknown gametic composition) have 1 obese child and 2 children
+of medium build (73:704).
+
+
+REC FAMILY, A. (Fig. 47.)
+
+II 5 ♂ died at 84 years of “heart disease.” His stature was 188 cm. (74
+inches) and weight 100 kg. (220 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. He had
+a fleshy brother and sister. Their father was a slender man, but nothing
+is known about their mother. II 5 married II 6, who died at 58 years of
+bronchial pneumonia. Her formula, 360/60 inches; build of 7.0 (100); very
+obese. She has 1 very fleshy and 1 fleshy sister and a slender brother.
+
+This fleshy pair had 6 offspring, as follows: (1) III 2 ♀ (plate 9,
+fig. 2), build 4.0 (57), relative chest-girth, 90 per cent. She is the
+obese mother (by a fleshy, 2.8 (40), consort) of a slightly less obese
+daughter, of build 3.7 (53) (plate 9, fig. 3). (2) III 3 ♂, 170 cm. (67
+inches) tall, and weighing 91 kg. (200 pounds); build 3.1 (45); very
+fleshy. He is now at a State institution and weighs some 20 or 30 pounds
+less. (3) III 4 ♂, build about 2.4 (34); medium. (4) III 5 ♂, very
+fleshy. (5) III 6 ♂, about 183 cm. (72 inches) tall, weighs over 90 kg.
+(200 pounds); has very large shoulders and abdomen; build, say, 2.8 (40).
+(6) III 8 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight
+of 71 kg. (157 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. Her relative chest-girth
+is 52 per cent. She married a man of build 3.4 (48) and has 3 sons—2
+slender and 1 fleshy.
+
+_Comment._—The parents II 5 and II 6 were probably heterozygous, so that
+they produced 1 in 6 of medium build. Also, their children are mostly
+heterozygous. Of 8 grandchildren, 2 are slender, 2 are stout (73:714).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+REC family.]
+
+
+REC FAMILY, B. (Fig. 47.)
+
+III 1 ♂, fleshy, with a fleshy father and slender mother, married to
+III 2 ♀ (plate 9, fig. 2), who at 53 years has a stature of 150 cm.
+(59 inches) and weight of much over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0
+(57); obese. Her relative chest-girth is 135/150, or 90 per cent;
+extraordinarily obese. At 16, when married, she weighed 110 pounds; build
+2.2 (32); medium. 4 of her 4 sibs and both parents are exceedingly obese
+(her mother weighs 163 kg. [360 pounds] and has a build of 7.0 [100]).
+
+The foregoing pair had 5 children, 4 of whom died young. The other, IV
+2 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 104
+kg. (229 pounds); build 3.7 (53); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth
+is 130/168, or 77 per cent. She had at her marriage, when 23 years old
+(to a slender man), a build of 2.3 (33), medium grade. After marriage
+she increased rapidly in weight, menstruation became scant, she lost the
+sex-instinct, and is barren (plate 7, fig. 3).
+
+_Comment._—A tendency to extreme obesity runs in four generations. This
+is apparently of the adiposo-genitalis type, with sterility in the latest
+generation. Obvious dominant factors are at work here (73:714).
+
+
+RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.)
+
+II 2 ♂ died at 54 years; short and weighed 110 kg. (240 pounds); build,
+say, 3.9 (56); very fleshy. A brother who died at 52 of apoplexy was
+fleshy, married a fleshy woman, and had a fleshy son. The mother of this
+fraternity was fleshy; about her consort’s build nothing is known, but he
+had a fleshy sister (I 1).
+
+II 3 ♀, wife of II 2, died of senility at 89; she weighed over 90 kg.
+(200 pounds). She had 7 sibs: (1) II 4 ♀ died of epilepsy, was of medium
+weight, married, and had 5 children, 4 of medium weight and 1 fleshy. (2)
+II 5 ♀ of unknown build. II 6 ♀ of medium weight, her children slender.
+II 7 ♂ weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build, say, 2.9 (41), or fleshy.
+II 8 ♂ weighed over 90 kg.; fleshy. II 9 ♂ also fleshy, like his two
+brothers. II 10 unknown. Thus of this fraternity of 6 known persons, 4
+are fleshy, 2 medium. Their father was slender; their mother “short and
+plump.”
+
+There are 7 offspring from this mating between II 2 and 3: (1) III 1
+♀, at 66 years, is bedridden from a broken hip; tall, weight 77 kg.
+(170 pounds); chest-girth 108 cm. (42 inches); build, say, 2.8 (40);
+fleshy; she was fleshy as a child of 10 years. (2) III 2 ♂, died at 60 of
+paralysis, was always slender. (3) III 3 ♂, at 62 years, is tall (say, 71
+inches) and weighs 97.5 kg. (235 pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy.
+(4) III 4 ♀, at 56 years has the formula 91 kg. (200 pounds); 161 cm.
+(63.5 inches); build 3.4 (49); very fleshy; relative chest-girth 74 per
+cent. She was fleshy from the age of 16 years. (5) III 5 ♀, at 51 years,
+is very fleshy; was a slender child. (6) III 6 ♀ is fleshy. (7) III 8 ♀,
+at 35 years weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds), but now at 50 she is a helpless
+invalid and has grown slender; she was somewhat slender as a girl. Thus
+the offspring are 3 very fleshy, 2 fleshy, 1 always slender, and 1
+formerly fleshy but reduced by illness (73:727).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the RID family.]
+
+
+SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)
+
+I 1 ♂ died at 72 years of acute indigestion; said to have been very
+fleshy, like his father. His wife, I 2 ♀, died at 68 years of paralysis.
+She was less than 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 82 kg. (180
+pounds); build 3.4 (48); very fleshy. She had 3 sibs, of whom it is known
+that 1 was fleshy; the other 2 unknown. Her father was of medium build
+and had 3 children by an earlier marriage, and of these 2 were slender
+and 1 fleshy. There were 7 children from I 1 and 2. (1) II 1, a man
+who died at 69 of pneumonia and diabetes and whose stature is 173 cm.
+(68 inches) and weight about 95 kg. (210 pounds); build 3.2 (45). (2)
+II 3 ♀ at 75 years is 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 82 kg. (180
+pounds); build 3.4 (48). By a stout consort she has 2 stout and 4 slender
+children. (3) II 9 ♀, married, at 74 years is 163 cm. (64 inches) tall
+and weighs 49 kg. (107 pounds); build 1.8 (26); slender. By a slender
+husband she had one slender daughter, build 1.9 (27), a slender son, and
+2 other children who died young. (4) II 5 ♀, fleshy. (5) II 6 ♀, fleshy.
+(6) II 7 ♀ said to be 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and to weigh 82 kg. (180
+pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy. (7) II 4 ♂, at 55 years, fleshy.
+By a medium wife he had a son who at 26 years weighs 77 kg. (170 pounds)
+and was fleshy as a growing boy. Of the 7 children, 1 is slender, 3 are
+fleshy, and 3 very fleshy (73:736).
+
+
+THR-1 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)
+
+A family of English and French stock living in the middle western States.
+The Father (II 8), whose occupation has been very shifting, who suffered
+from “weak lungs” at 35 years, and who died at 81 years, had in middle
+life the formula 140/72 inches; build 1.9 (27). But in answer to special
+inquiry it appears that he “took on flesh” in later years. He has to
+be recorded as fleshy. Of his 3 sisters, two are slender (both with
+cardiac hypertrophy), and 1 is of fleshy build. The fat sister had 2
+daughters who weighed over 225 pounds each. His 2 brothers are slender.
+His father (I 1), a blacksmith, died at 90 years, having the formula
+150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, always well, died at 68 years,
+having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); medium. This side of
+the house carries both fleshy and slender strains, some of the slender
+individuals being so, probably, through disease. Apparently the Father is
+heterozygous for fleshiness, perhaps one reason why he became fleshy late
+in life.
+
+The Mother (II 9) suffered from arthritis deformans and died at 79
+years. Her formula was 135/63 inches; build 2.4 (34). Two of her sibs
+are slender and one of medium build. Her father (I 3), who suffered
+from arthritis deformans, was confined to his chair from rheumatism the
+last 15 years, and died at 72 years, having the formula 160/70 inches,
+build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who died at 50 years, had the formula 140/65
+inches; build 2.3 (33). She had a sister (I 5) who weighed about 250
+pounds, “an enormous woman.” This side of the house is of prevailingly
+medium build but with a tendency to obesity in one line. The children are
+10 in number:
+
+1. Male (III 3), a clerk, has at 66 years the formula 150/69 inches;
+build 2.2 (32).
+
+2. Male (III 4), a physician, who has always had a rheumatic tendency
+and is liable to sciatic neuritis, at 25 years had the formula 180/68.75
+inches; build 2.7 (38). He is the Father of Thr-2 family, page 79.
+
+3. Male (III 6), a preacher, has at 69 years the formula 170/68 inches;
+build 2.6 (37). He has a daughter with a build of about 3.2 (45).
+
+4. Male (III 7), a physician, who in middle life suffered from
+inflammatory rheumatism, has at 59 years the formula 170/68 inches; build
+2.6 (37).
+
+5. Female (III 8), who died at 34 years from appendicitis, has the
+formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). She was “a big overgrown woman in
+her teens.”
+
+6. Female (III 9), married, who has a rheumatic tendency, has at 55 years
+the formula 190/64 inches; build 3.3 (46).
+
+7. Female (III 11), married, who has 9 children, suffered in middle age
+from rheumatism. At 53 years her formula was 225/67 inches; build 3.3
+(46).
+
+8. Male, a merchant, well, has at 51 years the formula 155/67 inches;
+build 2.4 (35).
+
+9. Male, a merchant, well, has at 49 years the formula 165/68.5 inches;
+build 2.5 (35).
+
+10. Male (III 14), a doctor and dentist, has at 47 years formula 180/68
+inches; build 2.7 (39). One of his daughters has a build of about 3.2
+(45).
+
+Child No. 2, a physician, writes: “Many of my relatives, both on Father’s
+and Mother’s side, were afflicted with so-called muscular rheumatism
+(cousins, uncles, and aunts), pains in the limbs and muscles (not in
+the joints); especially those of robust and fleshy build, who possessed
+extraordinary good appetites and digestion, who liked good things to eat
+and much of it; the women being good cooks and the men generally marrying
+good cooks, they always had plenty to eat (rich food) and to spare. None
+of them are users of alcohol, simply being extra-hearty eaters” (R:
+Thr-1).
+
+
+WEN FAMILY. (Fig. 49.)
+
+IV 10 is the Father; his formula is 260/74 inches; build 3.2 (46);
+very fleshy. His father (III 10) had the formula 245/73 inches; build
+3.2 (46); very fleshy. This father had a brother of just his build
+(who eventually died of tuberculosis) and a brother of formula 250/74,
+build 3.0 (43); fleshy. The Father’s father’s father (II 5) had the
+formula 200/70, build 2.9 (41); fleshy; one of his brothers was fleshy
+(38), and one very fleshy, build 3.2 (45). The latter had a very fleshy
+son. The Father’s father’s father’s father had a build of 2.9 (41) and
+a brother of the same build. These brothers of Gen. I were products
+of a first-cousin marriage. The Father’s father’s mother was a woman
+whose formula was 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43); fleshy. Hence the
+Father’s father and his brother, both of build 3.2 (46), got the fleshy
+tendency from both sides of the house. The Father’s mother was a second
+cousin of the Father’s father and her line also contained many fleshy
+representatives, but she herself was of medium build. Thus the Father
+belongs to a fleshy strain, but he probably carries some non-fleshy
+gametes.
+
+IV 11 is the Mother; her formula is 160/65.5 inches; build 2.6 (37);
+fleshy; she has 2 sibs, both fleshy; her parents are of medium build;
+they have some slender grandchildren.
+
+There are 8 children, V 3 to 12, whose sex and indices of build are as
+follows: ♂ 3.6 (51), ♀ 3.1 (44), 2 ♂ ♂ 2.5 (35), 3 ♀ ♀ 2.3 (32), ♀ 2.2
+(31). Thus 2 are very fleshy and 6 are of medium build. The interval
+between the two groups is a wide one, indicating a clear genetic
+difference between them. The very fleshy brother, who weighs 265 pounds,
+was able to reduce about 60 pounds to be accepted for army service, but
+since being discharged from the army he has rebounded to his former
+weight. (A:032-25.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
+the WEN family. (Gen I 1 should be square ruled, indicating fleshiness).]
+
+
+SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.
+
+In a simple monohybrid with complete dominance the back-cross upon the
+recessive gives 50 per cent of the heterozygous dominant and 50 per cent
+of the recessive allelomorph. In a monohybrid with imperfect dominance
+the back-cross upon the recessive gives 50 per cent of the intermediate
+and 50 per cent of the recessive. Where 2 or 3 multiple factors are
+present and the heterozygote is nearly intermediate but shows a slight
+tendency toward imperfect dominance, we may expect an approximation to
+a symmetrical distribution of grades about the intermediate condition,
+with a skewness toward the recessive condition. That is what is got
+in both parts of table 32. This result supports the conclusion that
+there is segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous parent, so
+that the progeny tend prevailingly to fall again into the slender and
+medium-fleshy grandparental types. The results of table 33 similarly
+support the conclusion of segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous
+fleshy parent.
+
+
+
+
+C. GENERAL DISCUSSION.
+
+
+HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT IN BUILD.
+
+That a tendency to slenderness or fleshiness of build “runs in families”
+and characterizes different races is a matter of common observation. But
+this fact is far from satisfying the clinician that heredity plays any
+part in this result. Thus, von Noorden, who occupies a leading position
+among Teutonic investigators of metabolism in general and obesity in
+particular, denies the importance of an hereditary anomaly of metabolism
+in different families and races. Rejecting “anomaly of metabolism” or
+“peculiarity of protoplasmic metabolism,” he stresses “inheritance” of
+habits of life that favor obesity, the quantity and quality of food,
+and the ideals of bodily activity. For example, the Eskimo are fat
+because they eat blubber and huddle in narrow spaces, undergoing little
+movement throughout the long, dark winters. It is true that von Noorden
+speaks somewhat guardedly; he recognizes exceptions; suggests a possible
+hereditary hypofunction of the thyroid. But clearly constitutional
+peculiarities are, for him, exceptional as causes of overweight, and here
+is where he fails to recognize sufficiently the fact that usually only
+particular individuals of a fraternity are fleshy; the others may be
+slender.
+
+But besides anomalies of protoplasm and family traditions of feeding,
+there are obviously other possibilities. It is well known that different
+varieties of cattle differ greatly in their capacity for fattening.
+Armsby and Fries (1911) have inquired into the influence of type upon
+the fattening of cattle. They used a pure-bred Aberdeen-Angus steer and
+a “scrub,” part Jersey, steer for comparison. As is well known, the
+former belongs to the easily fattening beef type; the Jersey to the
+difficultly fattening milk type. During over 2½ years, beginning at under
+1 year of age, these steers were under nearly continuous observations.
+They were fed on ordinary growing rations, the same for each steer. The
+digestibility of the total ration was determined at intervals; four tests
+were made of each animal in the respiration calorimeter to determine the
+percentage availability of the energy of the feeds consumed by each. The
+results were as follows: Analysis of feces and urine failed to show any
+difference in percentage digestibility of the food by the two animals,
+and calorimeter tests failed to show any difference in the proportion
+of the food-energy which was being metabolized. But the two animals did
+not metabolize in the same way. Thus, in the scrub, a larger proportion
+of the gain made was of protein than in the case of the beef steer; and,
+conversely, the gain of the beef steer was more largely fat than in the
+case of the scrub. Reduced to common weight, the energy requirement for
+maintenance of the scrub steer was nearly 19 per cent greater than for
+the beef steer. Since the beef steer would eat more than the scrub and
+tended to store fat rather than protein, the greater tendency of the beef
+steer to fatten received a biochemical explanation. The results seem to
+show a difference between the two varieties in the working over of the
+assimilated materials.
+
+Indeed, it is easily appreciated that steers of the beef and dairy types
+of cattle should metabolize differently when we consider the marked
+difference in the milk production of the cows of these two types. The
+cow of the highest dairy type is capable of manufacturing 20 kilograms
+of milk containing 1.2 kilograms of butter fat in one day, or 6 per cent
+(Bailey, Encl. Am. Agric., III, 365). The cow of the meat type, of larger
+size, produces up to 30 kilograms of milk, and this contains, perhaps,
+1.3 kilograms of butter fat per day, or only 4.3 per cent (Sinclair,
+1904, p. 740-42). There is here, obviously, a difference in the metabolic
+processes in the cows and this is reflected in the steers also.[11] There
+is an internal biochemical difference as well as a difference in the
+feeding instinct. The latter is not merely a matter of family tradition,
+of the family economics or mores; it is a physiological phenomenon as
+much as internal metabolism.
+
+[11] I am indebted to Mrs. C. D. Walcott for calling my attention to this
+point.
+
+Indeed, even von Noorden (1907, III, p. 700) seems to be forced to this
+conclusion by cases of failure to reduce weight at a diet far below that
+which appears to be essential to maintenance. Thus a man of 39 years, who
+exercised freely in the open air, had a weight of 102 kg. For 3 months
+his diet never exceeded 1,720 calories (estimated at 1,000 calories short
+of normal requirements) and at the end of this period he weighed 101 kg.
+
+That a relation between ingested food and activity is not the entire
+explanation of obesity is recognized by medical men of experience.
+Heckel (1920, p. 371), referring to recurrent obesity, remarks on its
+frequency and says: To constitute an obesity there must be organic
+and hereditary tendencies: “Ne devient pas obèse qui veut.” “Aussi la
+guérison accidentelle ou thérapeutique d’une obésité n’indique-t-elle pas
+la disparition définitive des tendances personelles ou congénitale.”
+
+Gulick (1922) has lately undertaken experiments to throw light on the
+question why some persons fatten easily and some with difficulty. He
+had noted that he himself belongs to a non-fattening strain and that
+his inclination toward a very copious diet of predominantly starchy
+nature did not lead him to put on weight, even though his round of
+activity was moderate. So he undertook biochemical, nutritional studies
+on himself. His observation covered nearly 21 months. During part of
+this time his caloric intake was low, 1,875 to 2,780; during another
+part high, 3,400 to 4,100. He found that he fattened somewhat during
+the period of heaviest feeding. There was, however, always an excess of
+intake over predictable need, and this excess increased absolutely and
+probably even relatively as the intake increased. The fecal nitrogen was
+2½ to 3½ times greater during over-feeding than under-feeding. The basal
+metabolism during maximum feeding was normal. Gulick concludes that a
+person belonging to the difficultly fattening type shows a wasteful rate
+of oxidation, whether under or over fed, but especially at the latter
+time. “It seems clear,” concludes Gulick, “that throughout the entire
+experimental series there was some factor at work which caused fuel food
+to be burned more freely than in the average individual. This factor was
+not an over-active thyroid, as attested by the entirely normal basal
+metabolism.” Gulick concludes that it was “some factor in the chemistry
+of nutrition” which caused extravagance. This he thinks may very possibly
+be comparable to the “secondary effect” of protein enrichment, which,
+according to Rubner, can raise the specific dynamic action of the food
+without raising the basal rate. It is also possible, he says, that the
+spare type may be accounted for by any factor that produces a high “cost
+of digestion,” just as the obese may be supposed to suffer from an
+abnormally low “cost of digestion” (von Noorden).
+
+Whatever the fundamental cause may be, the fact remains that in certain
+families there is a widespread inclination to the production of slender
+individuals, while in other fraternities certain proportions (though
+usually not all) of any fraternity are fleshy or even obese. Perhaps,
+as in the case of the Jersey as contrasted with the beef steer, the
+two kinds of individuals do not metabolize their food in the same way;
+some are spare and muscular, others lay on fat. In any case we can not
+disregard the constitutional factors in build.
+
+Looking at the matter broadly, we can see that no other theory than that
+constitutional differences as well as nutritional differences determine
+build is sufficient to meet all the facts. In other species of animals we
+have precisely the same kind of differences between hereditary strains of
+slender and stout build that we have among humans. Thus, among dogs, the
+slender greyhound or Dachshund and the robust “Chow”; among horses the
+Thoroughbred and the stocky Percheron; among swine the “razor-back” and
+the Berkshire; among poultry the slender Leghorn and the stocky Cochin.
+Slender and stocky as racial traits appear quite as white and black do
+and they doubtless have similarly a genetic basis.
+
+A careful study of the families described in this paper must convince
+anyone, it seems to me, of the importance of the genetic factors. The
+Fun. family is of a wholly different type from the Thr-1 family. Even
+if the latter eat more, it is because of a constitutional urge like the
+constitutional urge that leads the Aberdeen-Angus steer to eat more
+than the Jersey steer. Very probably the Fun. family metabolizes in a
+different way from the Thr-1 family, building more protein and less fat.
+
+In other cases it is not the whole fraternity that is fleshy or slender.
+This is well illustrated by the Wen. family, where 2 of 8 of the main
+fraternity are very fleshy and all the others of medium build. We have
+here to do not merely with a family habit of eating, but a differential
+constitution that provides one-quarter of the children with a large
+appetite that leads them to eat heavily and manufacture fat and provides
+three-quarters of them with a small appetite that leads them to eat
+lightly and to manufacture protein instead of fat. Constitutional
+differences in the appetite and method of metabolism are the essential
+factors; and these are the things that are inherited. Only on such
+an hypothesis can we account for the clear evidence presented of
+constitutional factors in build—not always one only, but sometimes three
+or more acting together to produce the end result of obesity.
+
+A scientific man, interested in nutrition, who has a build of 3.6 (51)
+himself and one of whose sisters has a build of 3.1 (44), whereas his 4
+other sibs have builds of 2.5 to 2.1 (35 to 30), writes that his brother
+(of medium build, but about 75 inches tall) consumes daily about 2,700
+calories; he himself and his fleshy sister about 2,500, and the others
+of his fraternity, who are of medium build, 2,000 to 1,800. He is a
+professional man, who does a good deal of office or laboratory work. He
+drinks about 3 to 4 quarts of water per day. His son, who is nearly 11
+years of age, weighs just over 120 pounds, is 63 inches tall, and fairly
+fleshy. Though he is active, “never still a minute,” yet he has to be
+urged to eat, willingly misses a meal, and uniformly declines a second
+helping; “he eats much less than his 6-year-old cousins, who are actually
+under size for their age; he has never been a heavy eater from the time
+he was weaned.” This boy, the son of a very fleshy man, seems to afford
+an example of the easily fattening type in whom the slight excess of
+calories produces a striking result in build.
+
+
+ENDOCRINE GLANDS AS LINKS BETWEEN CHROMOSOMES AND SOMATIC QUALITIES.
+
+When it is concluded that there are constitutional, genetic factors for
+build, the validity of this conclusion is not weakened by the known rôle
+of endocrine glands on metabolism and build. Thus the experiments of
+recent years have emphasized the importance of the rôle that the thyroid
+gland plays in growth and development. As Uhlenhuth (1922, p. 182) says:
+“The ontogenetic development of the individual is controlled by the
+thyroid hormone.” Since in cretins the thyroid functions imperfectly or
+not at all, the differences between the development of a normal child and
+that of a cretin are supposed to indicate the scope of the control by the
+thyroid hormone. In the cretin, growth is slowed up almost to cessation.
+In the long bones the centers of ossification develop slowly. “The
+epiphyses may be absent many years after they are due to appear and their
+union with the shafts of the long bones indefinitely delayed. Periosteal
+as well as endochondral bone formation may be greatly reduced and
+delayed. The cranial bones are thin, poorly ossified, and osteoporotic:
+mottling is sometimes evident ontogenologically.”... Incomplete closure
+of the fontanelles is very common (Janney, 1922, pp. 391, 392). The
+genito-urinary system is undeveloped; the external genitalia remain
+infantile. The brain shows defective convolutions and all parts of the
+central nervous system show deficient development. Owing to the fact
+that the long bones of the leg develop imperfectly, while the chest may
+continue to enlarge, the build of the cretin is usually large for his
+age. Thus, in general, the specific metabolic changes are retarded. When
+the thyroid functions imperfectly after maturity the victim puts on fat.
+The fat is usually distributed nearly uniformly under all parts of the
+skin. One of Janney’s cases weighed 212 pounds at 12 years. Some degree
+of hypothyroidism is doubtless responsible for many of the “very fleshy”
+persons referred to in the preceding pages. The frequent recurrence of
+obesity in a family is in accordance with the tendency for hypothyroidism
+to recur in different members of a family; a tendency shown remarkably in
+Barrett’s (1919) family.
+
+The hypophysis, especially its anterior lobe, is believed to exercise an
+important control over differential metabolism and the resulting form.
+The results of hyperfunctioning of the gland are very different from
+those of hyperfunctioning of the thyroid. An extraordinary enlargement
+of certain parts of the skeleton, especially of the base of the skull,
+the hands, the feet, and the ribs, occurs. There is, indeed, in growing
+persons a tendency to the production of giants. In the underfunctioning
+of the hypophysis before puberty an extraordinary obesity is apt to
+appear, known as dystrophic adiposo-genitalis; because, the more
+the fat increases in amount the more the external genitalia appear
+under-developed—infantile. The obesity frequently affects the region
+of the pelvis only or chiefly, though the thighs also may be involved.
+Disfunctioning of the pituitary in later years is believed, likewise,
+to induce obesity. Of this disfunctioning there are, doubtless, all
+degrees corresponding to the variety of grades of obesity. Thus a second
+factor of obesity must be recognized; and this also “runs in families”—is
+hereditary.
+
+The other endocrine factors in obesity are less precisely known. It is
+believed that the interstitial cells of the gonads secrete hormones that
+regulate, especially inhibit, the production of fat. This is inferred by
+the frequent tendency of women after the menopause to grow fat and of
+eunuchs (of one type, at any rate) to become fleshy. Also, the secretions
+of the islands of Langerhans of the pancreas are known to influence
+carbohydrate metabolism, so that when they do not function properly sugar
+is eliminated unchanged in the urine, and “diabetes,” usually accompanied
+by fleshiness in its early stages, ensues. Of course, it can not be
+stated that pancreatic insufficiency is responsible for the prediabetic
+obesity; but the relation of the two phenomena is undeniably close.
+
+Thus there come clearly to view two links in the chain of causes
+connecting chromosomal factors (such as are present in “Mendelian”
+heredity), on the one hand, and build, on the other. First, two or
+more of the endocrine glands play a great rôle in metabolism and when
+disturbed usually result in an abnormal build; and, secondly, just the
+condition of endocrine disfunctioning is an hereditary one and seems to
+depend on the condition of the enzymes or catalyzers that must be in the
+chromosomes.
+
+That other constitutional conditions than those of the larger endocrine
+glands may play an important rôle in metabolism can not be denied;
+probably the quality of the protoplasm of every active cell influences
+the bodily metabolism; but the endocrine glands proper seem, as it were,
+to be told off for this specific purpose, and thus peculiarities in their
+functioning lead to striking results.
+
+
+EVIDENCE OF SEGREGATION IN THE HEREDITY OF BUILD.
+
+The best single criterion of Mendelism in any hereditary distribution is
+segregation. If there is sufficient evidence of segregation in our study
+of build, then we are justified in concluding that build is inherited
+in “Mendelian fashion.” There have been several occasions to refer to
+evidence of segregation in this work; some of this evidence may be
+brought together here and other added.
+
+1. The difference in variability of the progeny of different matings. The
+offspring of slender parents are least variable, of fleshy parents most.
+This is evidence that the fleshy parents carry gametes for slenderness
+and thus that condition reappears in the offspring; but slender parents
+rarely carry gametes for fleshiness (p. 56).
+
+2. As a corollary of the above, regression takes place in the progeny
+of fleshy parents to a markedly greater degree than in the progeny of
+slender parents (p. 39).
+
+3. The progeny of heterozygous parents are significantly more variable
+than the progeny of parents belonging respectively to slender and to
+fleshy stock. This is evidence that the heterozygous parents carry a
+greater variety of gametes than those of “purer stock.”
+
+4. In different matings of the same type the variability of the progeny
+differs; apparently, because some parents belong to a special biotype and
+others simulate the biotype merely through heterozygosity. Thus, if the M
+× M mating be considered (table X), one finds some families characterized
+by slight variability of the offspring. The indices of build (English) in
+such families are given in table 34.
+
+
+TABLE 34.—_Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings, in which the
+parents belong to the M biotype._
+
+ +------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+
+ |Reference. |Indices of build of children. |Mid |Total |
+ | | |range.|range.|
+ +------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+
+ |Bat 2 |32, 33, 33, 35 | 33.5 | 3 |
+ |Bea 7 |31, 32, 32, 34 | 32.5 | 3 |
+ |Dic 4 |29, 31, 32, 33 | 32 | 4 |
+ |Kel 4a |31, 32, M, M, M, 34 | 32.5 | 3 |
+ |Old 2 |33, 33, 33, 35 | 34 | 2 |
+ |Rig 1 |30, 32, 32, 34 | 32 | 4 |
+ |War 3 |30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 36 | 33 | 6 |
+ +------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+
+
+The slight fluctuation in build of progeny of table 34 is obvious. The
+modal index of the progeny is close to 33. On the other hand, there are
+matings of this type which show a much greater variability. These are
+listed in table 35.
+
+
+TABLE 35.—_Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings in which the
+parents are probably heterozygous._
+
+ +------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+
+ |Reference. |Indices of build of children. |Mid |Total |
+ | | |range.|range.|
+ +------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+
+ |Cas 4 |32, 34, 34, 37, 41, 43 | 37.5 | 11 |
+ |Coo 5 |31, 33, 35, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 41| 36 | 10 |
+ |Eat A |33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 38, 38, 42 | 37.5 | 9 |
+ |Fis 2 |33, 35, 37, 37, 37, 39, 40 | 36.5 | 7 |
+ |Ill 1 |33, 34, 35, 35, 37, 37, 38, 39 | 36 | 6 |
+ |Mar 22 |31, 32, 33, 36, 36, 40 | 35.5 | 9 |
+ |Mer 8 |33, 36, 37, 40, 41 | 37 | 8 |
+ |Nes 1 |32, 33, 33, 37, 41, 51 | 41.5 | 19 |
+ |Tet A |30, 30, 36, 41, 43, 49, 49 | 39.5 | 1 |
+ |Rup 1 |30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 36, 38, 40 | 35 | 10 |
+ |Smi 33 |31, 31, 32, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37 | 34 | 6 |
+ |Sto 13 |33, 34, 36, 38, 38, 38 | 35.5 | 5 |
+ |A 01:29 |29, 39, 41 | 35 | 12 |
+ +------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+
+
+These series of progeny fluctuate in build around 36. It seems probable
+that the variable progeny are the offspring of heterozygous parents, but
+this can rarely be proved, since the build of the grandparents is not
+often available in the present series.
+
+That there are really at least two kinds of matings of the M × M type is
+shown more conclusively by figure 50, in which two modes, at 33 and 36,
+respectively, are clearly seen. The conclusion seems to be justified that
+the mode at 33 is that of progeny derived from the M biotype and the mode
+at 36 is that of the progeny of heterozygous M parents. The existence of
+these two modes in figure 50 is thus evidence of segregation.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × M
+matings (from Appendix table X) for males, females, and sexes combined.
+Abscissæ: index of build, English system. Ordinates: absolute frequencies
+for males and females and their half sum for the sexes combined.]
+
+Additional evidence is found in other matings, likewise. Thus the M ×
+F mating shows two modes, at 33 and at 36 (fig. 51). There is also one
+other, possibly significant, mode, namely, at 38, in the fleshy group.
+Since F parents are sometimes homozygous, mating with M would tend to
+produce medium-fleshy progeny (i. e., 36). The F parents are, however,
+frequently heterozygous, containing both slender, medium, fleshy, and
+even very fleshy gametes; and, accordingly, we should expect somatic
+segregations at about the points 30, 33, 36, and 38 as centers, just
+where we find them.
+
+Again, the S × M mating yields (fig. 52) modes at 32 and 35 respectively,
+a shade lower than those of the M × M or M × F matings; but the male
+offspring (taken alone) gives modes at 33 and 35. Where the mode is at
+33 it is probable that an S and an M gamete have met; and this condition
+is relatively common just because M gametes are common. The mode at 35
+may arise from an F gamete carried in a heterozygous M uniting with an S
+gamete. The S gamete carried in heterozygous M may be responsible for a
+probable mode which is hidden in the form of a hump at 28 in figure 52.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × F
+matings (from Appendix table XI), sexes separate and combined. See also
+legend of fig. 50.]
+
+Attention is called to the probable influence of these modes on the two
+modes shown in figure 7, at 33 and 35 respectively. These two modes are
+strong evidence for a segregation in the factors for build. Thus the
+very irregularity of the polygon of figure 7 is evidence of the presence
+of segregating factors for build. Moreover, these two modes appear at
+every age from birth to maturity, as is clearly shown in figure 53.
+This bimodality is easily accounted for on genetical grounds, but is
+inexplicable upon the bare nutritional hypothesis of build.
+
+
+ON THE NUMBER OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN FLESHY BUILD.
+
+It is by no means an easy matter to determine the number of independent
+factors which are active in the case of a trait that is due to multiple
+factors. This matter is still less easy if there is only very imperfect
+dominance approaching intermediacy of the trait in the progeny of the
+F₁ mating. Yet that is the situation that has to be met in the study of
+heredity of build.
+
+An attempt has been made in this paper to test the relative probability
+that there are only two, on the one hand, or three or more independent
+factors, on the other, involved. We have seen, in each of the various
+matings, that the result is, on the whole, more closely in accord with
+the 3-factor hypothesis than that of 2 factors. But this is not to insist
+that never more than 3 independent factors are involved in build, or
+never less than 3.
+
+An attempt was made to apply Dr. Sewall Wright’s formula (Castle, 1922,
+p. 22). Using the data of tables 12, 27, and 31, the value for _n_ (the
+number of factors) was calculated by the formula
+
+ _N_ = _D_² / 8(σ₂²-σ₁²)
+
+where _D_ is the difference between the means of parental pure races, σ₁
+is the standard deviation of F₁ and σ₂ is standard deviation of F₂.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.—Polygon of distribution of frequencies of build
+of offspring of S × M matings (from Appendix table VII), sexes separate
+and combined. See also legend to fig. 50.]
+
+Substitution for the letters of their values given _n_ = (39.20-28.50)²
+÷8[(6.78)²-(5.02)²] = 0.69. We can only conclude that, owing to small
+numbers, this formula is not applicable here.
+
+Returning, then, to our conclusion that the assumption of at least
+3 gametic factors for some, probably most, cases of build accords
+best with the results of the various matings, we may inquire what
+is the nature of these factors. It seems probable that two of them
+may correspond to dystrophies of the pituitary and thyroid glands
+respectively and the other or others to other regulatory mechanisms
+of metabolism in the organism. It may well be that one of our factors
+is the same as that which causes hypothyroidism; another as that which
+causes hypopituitarism, and the third that which inhibits the normal
+development of the genitalia, such as we see functioning in dystrophia
+adiposo-genitalis. This is, indeed, speculation. However, the speculation
+is an attempt to give a concrete form to the ideas of multiple factors in
+build.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 53.—Solid figure (model) giving distribution of
+relative chest-girth for various ages from birth to 20 years, reading
+from left to right. The mean index of build at each age is centered on
+the curve of development of relative chest-girth. The relative chest
+girth is indicated in percentages passing from the bottom to the top of
+the figure. The solid figure is illuminated from the upper part of the
+page.]
+
+If we assume three independent factors for build, it does not follow that
+these are present in all families. Just as it has been demonstrated that
+in different strains of mice there are in some cases 3, in others only 2
+factors for susceptibility to cancer, so, apparently, it is with build.
+In certain families the distribution of build in the progeny is best
+accounted for on the hypothesis that, in such families, there are only
+two gametic factors for build. In other families there appears to be only
+one gametic factor for build.
+
+It has been repeatedly pointed out that in many cases where multiple
+factors are invoked to explain the genetical results, the results can
+be equally well explained on the theory of blended inheritance. The
+advantage of the factorial theory is that it brings under one type
+of heredity even these most difficult cases of apparently blending
+inheritance. More than that, however, the theory of multiple factors
+explains a number of phenomena that the theory of blending inheritance
+does not, such as the greater variability of the F₂ as contrasted with
+the F₁ generation, and the skewness in distribution of progeny in the
+back-cross. Thus an F × S mating should produce a “medium” progeny with
+symmetrical distribution of deviating types on the theory of blending
+inheritance; actually it produces not only mediums, but an excess of
+fleshy over slender, which is readily accounted for on the hypothesis
+that fleshiness is partially dominant over slenderness. In this and
+other ways, especially in focussing attention on gametes, the doctrine
+of multiple factors is essential to an adequate interpretation of the
+results of mating between persons of dissimilar build.
+
+
+
+
+D. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.
+
+
+1. Two types of variation in build are to be distinguished: (1) the
+change in average build that accompanies ontogeny and (2) variations in
+adult build.
+
+2. The popular idea of build is best expressed as the ratio of transverse
+chest diameter to stature, or (since the chest diameter is rarely
+known) chest-girth to stature. When only weight and stature are known,
+the closest approximation to the chest÷stature ratio is given by the
+weight÷(stature)² ratio, and this is taken as the standard index of build.
+
+3. The correlation between the standard index of build and the relative
+chest-girth is, for males, about 0.45.
+
+4. The index of build of adult males is slightly greater than of females,
+because of the relatively greater chest-girth of males. The average index
+of build for males is 2.52 (35.8) and for females 2.43 (34.5).
+
+5. There are marked racial differences in build; but they are not so
+great as the differences in ontogenetic stages.
+
+6. There are geographical differences in build; the heavy build of
+northern peoples may be due to a physiological reaction or, in part, to a
+selective survival of the fleshier individuals or strains.
+
+7. The ontogenetic curve of build, expressed by relative chest-girth, is
+expressed by figure 1 and (for infancy) figure 2. It shows that at birth
+chest-girth is about two-thirds of stature and diminishes in the male to
+the age of 12 years; thereafter, on the average, it rises to complete
+maturity.
+
+8. Build declines temporarily during the first month of life, owing to
+the physiological difficulties attending adjustment to new conditions.
+It declines temporarily, again, at about 8 months, probably due to the
+cutting of the incisor teeth.
+
+9. The heavy build of the infant corresponds to that of the short-legged
+anthropoids. The long-legged, slender-build stage of the boy of 12 years
+persists in the Nilotic negroes and many low-grade feeble-minded.
+
+10. In adult life the changes in build vary with families. In those
+characterized by slender build there is typically little change. In those
+characterized by fleshy build there is typically progressive increase
+in weight to 50 years. In some families weight fluctuates greatly at
+different periods of adult life. In general, though with numerous
+exceptions, a fleshy adult build is foreshadowed in plump build in
+childhood.
+
+11. Mass studies on adult build give a polygon of distribution which is
+skew, the mode being toward the slenderer end of the polygon. There is
+evidence of more than one mode, and hence that there are two or more
+types of build. For purposes of description five classes of build are
+recognized—very slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy.
+
+12. The diseases associated with very slender and slender build are:
+tuberculosis, pneumonia, “nervousness,” melancholia. The diseases
+associated with very fleshy or fleshy build are: diabetes, nephritis and
+dropsy, apoplexy, and arterio-sclerosis and paralysis accompanying it;
+also numerous diseases of the alimentary tract.
+
+13. Fleshy parents have, on the average, in our data, larger families
+than slender parents.
+
+14. Regression toward mediocrity is less striking in the offspring of
+slender than of fleshy parents, suggesting that fleshy parents carry not
+only genes for fleshiness but also for slenderness, while slender parents
+more rarely carry genes for fleshiness.
+
+15. The offspring of two fleshy parents are twice as variable as those of
+slender parents.
+
+16. The hypothesis is indicated that genetically build is controlled
+by multiple factors, with fleshiness tending slightly to dominate over
+slenderness.
+
+17. There is a marked tendency for persons of similar build (or with
+potentialities for such) to intermarry. Dissimilar builds are selected
+against.
+
+18. Two slender parents of slender stock have rarely any progeny whose
+index of build exceeds 2.2, or just above the upper limit of the slender
+group. In general, the progeny of slender parents are relatively slightly
+variable.
+
+19. The slender parents are apparently of two kinds: those carrying
+only one kind of factor for fleshy build and the other two such gametic
+factors. The progeny of the former are very slightly variable; those of
+the latter more variable.
+
+20. By comparing coefficients of variability instead of indices, and
+by making allowance for the greater range of the fleshy class than the
+slender class, it still appears that the progeny of fleshy parents are
+relatively and per unit range more variable than the progeny of slender
+parents. Absolutely the offspring of the fleshy parents are, as stated,
+twice as variable as of slender parents.
+
+21. The matings of slender parents and fleshy parents of fleshy stock
+yield a variable progeny, such as is typically found in the F₁ generation
+when multiple factors are concerned. The variability is between that of
+the progeny of slender matings and that of the progeny of fleshy matings.
+
+22. The F₁ generation has not a mode of build that is intermediate
+between that of the parental stocks, but one that is about the same as of
+the fleshy matings. This is evidence of partial dominance of fleshiness.
+
+23. The mating of two heterozygous (F₁) parents produces, in general, an
+exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of
+the presence of genetical factors in build.
+
+24. Many, if not most, parents of medium build belong to biotypes with 1
+or 2 independent factors for build. Consequently the progeny of medium ×
+medium matings is often strikingly invariable.
+
+25. The “back-cross” of a heterozygous parent with a slender parent, on
+the one hand, or with a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, on the other,
+gives a variable progeny, whose mode is shifted toward fleshiness; but
+which shows a tendency to fall again into the slender (or fleshy) and
+medium-fleshy grandparental types.
+
+26. Variations in build are not to be accounted for merely by variations
+in intake and out-go of calories, but also by the endogenous factors that
+determine the “economy of nutrition” or the cost in energy of adding
+an additional kilogram of weight to the body. The factors involved in
+producing differences in these respects are hereditary factors.
+
+27. The hereditary factors probably work through the intermediacy of
+special organs that influence metabolism, notably the endocrine glands.
+The latter thus intermediate between the chromosomal constitution, on the
+one hand, and control of metabolic processes, on the other.
+
+28. The number of factors involved in very fleshy build is, in some cases
+at least, three independent ones. But the number is probably not the same
+in all biotypes. Probably in some there is only one, in others four or
+more.
+
+29. The factors probably influence the functioning of the thyroid,
+pituitary, and perhaps other glands.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+I-XV. Tables of matings and progeny based on the original family
+histories.
+
+XVI. Indices of build, weight ÷ (stature)², for weights from 100 to 225
+pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg.; statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140 to 198
+cm.
+
+XVII. Equivalent values of index of build by four different systems of
+ratios between weight and stature, English system.
+
+XVIII. To transmute the English system of index of build to the metric
+system.
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+In top line of tables: F, father; M, mother; FF, father’s father; FM,
+father’s mother, etc.
+
+In body of tables: ca, cancer; E, epilepsy; F, fleshy; hf, heart failure;
+I, insane; M-D, mania-depressive insanity; M, medium build; S, slender;
+su, suicide; t, tuberculosis; V, very (slender, etc.); yg, young; † or d,
+died; * refers to special families not included in the construction of
+figure 7, or tables 11 and 12.
+
+
+TABLE I.—_Very slender × very slender matings and their progeny._
+
+This mating is not represented in our data. This table is nevertheless
+indicated and numbered in order to secure the proper ordinal position of
+the following tables.
+
+
+TABLE II.—_Slender × very slender matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Cod 1 |26 |26 |
+ |*Fun |29 |28 |
+ |Jos 1 |39 |32 |
+ |*Leo |VS S S |27 S |
+ |Nob 1[12] |25 |26 23 |
+ |*Pal[13] | |43 VS[13] |
+ |Sch 37 |31 27 |30 29 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Cod 1 |29 |35 |33 | |25 |30 |30 | |
+ |*Fun |27 |27 |29 |26 27 29 |25 |32 |27 |27 31 31 |
+ |Jos 1 |24 | | | |27 | | | |
+ |*Leo |VS | | | |S | | |2 S |
+ |Nob 1[12] |26 |M |M | |24 |M |M | |
+ |*Pal[13] |S |M |F |S F |VS |M |M | |
+ |Sch 37 |29 |29 |33±| |25 |27±|29t| |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding families with *) 26.13
+ Number of matings: 4 + 3* = 7
+ Total number of progeny: 11 + 9* = 20
+
+ VS S M F
+ Classification of progeny 4 12 2 2
+ Proportional frequency per mille 200 600 100 100
+
+[12] Four adolescents are all below standard weight but 1, who is 5
+pounds above.
+
+[13] An invalid.
+
+
+TABLE III.—_Very slender × medium matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Ach 2 | |27 33 31 |
+ |Bic 1[14] | |29 33 32 |
+ |Gay 3 |32 |36 |
+ |Gru 1[15] | |30 33 |
+ |Hil 8[16] |34 |31 |
+ |Ise 2 |28 36 34 33 32|31 30 |
+ |Mil A |43 37 |33 22 31 42 |
+ |Wit 2[17] |33 29t |26 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Ach 2 |32 |32 |33 | |25 |32 |27 | |
+ |Bic 1[14] |34 |29 |35 | |25 |M |VS |t, t, t, t |
+ |Gay 3 |35 | |t |I |24 |M |S | |
+ |Gru 1[15] |31 |M |M |t |24 |M |S | |
+ |Hil 8[16] |34 | |33 | |23 |28 | | |
+ |Ise 2 |31 |26 |31 | |23 |31 |27 | |
+ |Mil A |36 |39 |28 |S M F F F F |22 |35 |30 | |
+ |Wit 2[17] |33 |26 |M | |22 |M |t |t, t |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents, 28.38
+ Total number of matings, 8
+ Total number of progeny, 28
+
+ VS S M F
+ Classification of progeny 1 7 17 3
+ Proportional frequency per mille 36 250 607 107
+
+[14] F died, 39 years, pulmonary tuberculosis. M liable to tuberculosis
+of throat and lungs.
+
+[15] Female, 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister
+(33?).
+
+[16] F died, 39 years, tuberculosis.
+
+[17] FM died, tuberculosis. M insane and tuberculous in middle life:
+died, 51 years.
+
+
+TABLE IV.—_Very slender × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Hol A |32 40 34 33 27|46 34 25 29 |
+ |Kut 1[18] | |35 |
+ |Law A |41 |30 28 35 |
+ |Olm A |43 51 41 32 37|40 |
+ |Wat 5[19] |38 |27 33 32 33 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Hol A |39 | | | |23 | | | |
+ |Kut 1[18] |43 |M |S | |24 |S |M | |
+ |Law A |43 |34 | | |24 |35 | |F M S M F |
+ |Olm A |38 |38 |34 |F |24 |34 |28 |M F |
+ |Wat 5[19] |37 | | | |25 | |S |4 S |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents, 32.00
+ Number of matings, 5
+ Total number of progeny, 25
+
+ VS S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 1 5 10 7 2
+ Proportional frequency per mille 40 200 400 280 80
+
+[18] Tendency to tuberculosis on maternal side.
+
+[19] FF had one sister who had at least three F children. Apparently
+there is an F strain on Father’s side. MF had two sibs who were large and
+tall. MM had both S and F close relatives; one sister was S.
+
+
+TABLE V.—_Very slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+There is only one example of this mating described at page 97.
+
+
+TABLE VI.—_Slender × slender matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Ada 4 |28 27 | |
+ |Bec 9 |30 |31 |
+ |Fel 1[20] |27 | |
+ |Hay 4[21] |29 |27 |
+ |Hay 12[22] |32 27 |M S |
+ |Hen 12 |32 28± |22 26± |
+ |Ker 5 |25 31 | |
+ |Law 4 |28 |25 |
+ |Law 7 | |32 |
+ |Lou 2 | |25 26 |
+ |McA 2 |28 29 |27 |
+ |McC 11 |33 |30 |
+ |Ran 4 |27 |27 25 |
+ |Sch 8 |30 32 | |
+ |Sco 5 |32 30 30 | |
+ |Shi 5 | |32 |
+ |*Smi |S |28 |
+ |Ste 9 |29 30 |29 S |
+ |Wil 23 |27 33 28 27 |29 |
+ |You 9[23] | |27 |
+ |A: 01-44 |29 | |
+ |A: 01-19 | |28 |
+ |A: 01-60 | |26 |
+ |A: 01-63 |27 | |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Ada 4 |30 |33 |27 | |28 |37 |28 | |
+ |Bec 9 |28 |29 |29 | |29 |33 |31 |†su, 2† |
+ | | | | | | |†t | | Brights, |
+ | | | | | | | | | 1 M-D. |
+ |Fel 1[20] |29 |28 |30 | |29 |42 |32 | |
+ |Hay 4[21] |29 |F |†t | |29 |S†t|38 | |
+ |Hay 12[22] |27 |29 |M |S S S M M M |26 |MT |22 |S S S C C C |
+ |Hen 12 |29 |M |M | |28 |M |M | |
+ |Ker 5 |29 |M |30 | |29 |M |27 | |
+ |Law 4 |27 |M |F | |26 |36 |30 | |
+ |Law 7 |30 |M |M | |28 |M |S | |
+ |Lou 2 |29 | |†t | |27 | | | |
+ |McA 2 |28 |26 |M |†t |28 |33 |M | |
+ |McC 11 |30 |33 |M | |30 |M |M | |
+ |Ran 4 |29 | | | |30 |†t |†t |†t |
+ |Sch 8 |30 |35 |29 | |29 |39 |M | |
+ |Sco 5 |29 |37 |24 | |29 |36 |24 | |
+ |Shi 5 |29 |29 |36 | |27 |M |27 | |
+ |*Smi |S | | | |27 |F |F |All F |
+ |Ste 9 |28 |M |S | |28 |S |31 | |
+ |Wil 23 |30 |M |M |†t |29 |M |S |†t |
+ |You 9[23] |29 |36 |34 | |28 |37 |23 | |
+ |A: 01-44 |30 | | | |27 | | | |
+ |A: 01-19 |26 | | | |29 | | | |
+ |A: 01-60 |29 | | | |27 | | | |
+ |A: 01-63 |28 | | | |28 | | | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 27.87
+ Number of matings, 23 + 1* = 24
+ Total number of progeny, 47 + 2* + 2 non-quantitative = 51
+
+ VS S M
+ Classification of progeny 5 35 11
+ Proportional frequency per mille 98 686 215
+
+[20] FFF, build 36; FFM, build 27; FMF, build 28.
+
+[21] 3 adolescent children are S.
+
+[22] M’s sib (F) has one F and one M child.
+
+[23] F’s weight may have been reduced by bronchial trouble.
+
+
+TABLE VII.—_Slender × medium matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Alv A |36 32 30 |40 28 |
+ |Alt |43 38 33 |42 32 |
+ |Atw 2 |33 |28 |
+ |Bal 3 |32 |32 33 |
+ |Bak 8[24] |34 33 | |
+ |Bes 1[25] |33 35 35 |31 |
+ |Bla 11 |40 33 35 35 |39 |
+ |Blo 3 |35 |30 |
+ |Bou 3 |37 34 |35 |
+ |Bou 4 |32 32 |34 |
+ |Blu 2 |31 | |
+ |Bra 4 |33 | |
+ |Bri 2 |35 33 33 31 |28 30 30 30 33|
+ |Bro 36 |41 32 |30 |
+ |Bru A |31 |33 32 31 29 28|
+ |Bru 2 |31 |38 32 34 28 |
+ |Cha 6 | |29 26 28 |
+ |Cla 1 |31 37 34 |36 29 |
+ |Cob 1 |33 |27 33 31 31 |
+ |Col 19 |40 |33 |
+ |Clo 2 |31 32 |30 |
+ |Com 2 |35 32 | |
+ |Cos 2[26] | |31 |
+ |Cra 6 |31 | |
+ |Cru 2[27] | |36 |
+ |Dew 1 |41 35 35 |31 |
+ |Dic A[28] |42* 32 31 |29 29 |
+ |Dic 3[29] |45 34 |26 34 27 33 |
+ |Dic 6 |30 35 |30 |
+ |Dow 7 | |30 32 |
+ |Dra 4[30] | |28 |
+ |Dun A |44 38 |31 |
+ |Eps 2 |31 | |
+ |Fan 1 |33 |31 |
+ |Fin 1 |43 38 37 | |
+ |Fin 8 |36 34 30 |33 32 |
+ |Fol 3 | |31 |
+ |For 9 |36 38 | |
+ |Fra 9 |39 |44 43 42 |
+ |Goo 6 | |28 28 |
+ |Gra 3 |33 | |
+ |Hal B[31] |32 |31 |
+ |Har 35[32] |36 |29 |
+ |Haw 5[33] |40 31 32 |33 31 38 |
+ |Hei 4 |38 | |
+ |Hod 3 |37 30 35 37 |36 34 34 28 35|
+ |Hor 7 | |32 |
+ |Hea 3 |30 37 |31 33 |
+ |Hef 1 |37 |31 |
+ |Hos 3 |35 |35 |
+ |Hox 2 |S M M M M |43 |
+ |Hut 3 |33 33 34 | |
+ |Jic 1 |33 32 | |
+ |Joh 18 | |32 |
+ |Jon 15 |35 38 | |
+ |Kaa A | |49 35 |
+ |Kau 5 |36 37 | |
+ |Kel A |50 |41 32 |
+ |Leo 1[34] |34 35 |37 28 |
+ |Leo 9 |32 39 32 35 |34 |
+ |Lip 3 |35 35 34 |36 35 39 36 |
+ |Lit 4 |37 33 |31 |
+ |Loo 1 |35 |32 |
+ |Man 1[35] |29 |29 |
+ |Mar 8 |34 39 | |
+ |May 3 | |30 |
+ |McC A |51 35 |26 32 |
+ |McM 2[36] |36 35 M |M |
+ |Mil 29 |41 |32 35 |
+ |Mit 2 | |34 40 |
+ |Mon 3 |34 | |
+ |Moo 4 |30 33 32 | |
+ |Oha 1 |37 |37 |
+ |Oli 2 | |33 31 |
+ |One 1 | |31 |
+ |Osb 6 |34 41 35 |30 45 36 |
+ |Par 3 |31 |37 |
+ |Per 6 |38 39 36 |35 |
+ |Per 8 |{38 31 32 34 }|31 32 32 |
+ | |{ 33 33 33 }| |
+ |Rei 4 |29 30 31 | |
+ |Rid A |36 47 33 48 |31 |
+ |Rim 1 |36 |32 34 |
+ |Ran 1 |29 32 31 |31 |
+ |Row 6 |34 |31 33 32 |
+ |Rug 1 |40 | |
+ |Rus 5 |36 | |
+ |Ste 29 |31 26 |31 |
+ |Thr 1[37] |{32 38 35* 37}|45 46 40 |
+ | |{ 35 39‡ 35 }| |
+ |Val 1 |32 31 | |
+ |Van 16 |39 33 34 | |
+ |Wal 5 |34 | |
+ |Wel 3 |32 33 |29 35 35 |
+ |Wes 5 | |29 |
+ |Wey 2 |34 31 |32 |
+ |Whi 15 |36 37 34 36 |33 |
+ |Woo 14 |36 32 |34 |
+ |Wil 34 |32 |36 29 |
+ |Wri 1 |36 |32 |
+ |A: 01-16 | |35 |
+ |A: 01-50 |33 |31 |
+ |A: 01-9 |30 | |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Alv A |29 |34 | |38 29 |31 |31 |50 |39 39 41 |
+ |Alt |36 |M |M | |30 |F |F | |
+ |Atw 2 |26 |27 |33 | |35 |30 |M |1F 3S |
+ |Bal 3 |29 |32 |33 | |36 |38 |24 | |
+ |Bak 8[24] |27 | | | |32 | | | |
+ | |[24] | | | | | | |
+ |Bes 1[25] |30 |32 |27 | |36 |31 |31 |3 F |
+ |Bla 11 |33 |31 |34 |3†t 2F 1S |30 |43 |30 |S S S M M F |
+ |Blo 3 |32 |S |M | |28 |M |M | |
+ |Bou 3 |35 |32 |M | |29 |M |32 | |
+ |Bou 4 |30 |32 |S | |31 |32 |31 | |
+ |Blu 2 |30 |S |F | |34 |38 |F |34 27 33 |
+ |Bra 4 |35 |41 |M | |28 |M |M | |
+ |Bri 2 |32 |32 |31 | |26 |32 |30 | |
+ |Bro 36 |35 |39 |38 | |27 |36 |50 | |
+ |Bru A |34 |S |M |31 |26 |S |S |30 |
+ |Bru 2 |30 |M | | |33 |S |M | |
+ |Cha 6 |30 |29 |33 | |33 |34 |32 | |
+ |Cla 1 |30 | | | |31 |34 |32 | |
+ |Cob 1 |31 |33 |29 | |28 |35 |31 | |
+ |Col 19 |35 |M |S | |29 |M |M | |
+ |Clo 2 |32 |M |S | |29 | | | |
+ |Com 2 |30 |29 |29 | |32 |M |M | |
+ |Cos 2[26] |34 |M |S | |26 |S |F | |
+ |Cra 6 |33 |29 |28 | |28 |29 |49 | |
+ |Cru 2[27] |34 |36 |28 | |28 |32 |32 | |
+ |Dew 1 |33 | | | |29 |34 |32 | |
+ |Dic A[28] |35 | | | |28 |33 |45 |{28 28 31 29 }|
+ | | | | | | | | |{31 30 28 29 }|
+ |Dic 3[29] |35 |36 |S | |29 |35 |33 | |
+ |Dic 6 |35 | | |VF |27 |31 |38 |VF |
+ |Dow 7 |28 |31 |29 | |34 |34 |28 | |
+ |Dra 4[30] |33 |34 |32 | |28 |S |S | |
+ |Dun A |35 |35 |34 |38 |26 |33 |33 |27 29 |
+ |Eps 2 |33 |37 |31 | |28 |35 |38 | |
+ |Fan 1 |33 |35 |49 | |28 |M |30 | |
+ |Fin 1 |30 |34 |31 | |36 |38 |33 | |
+ |Fin 8 |32 |36 |32 | |26 |31 |34 | |
+ |Fol 3 |30 | | | |36 | | | |
+ |For 9 |28 |30 | | |32 | | | |
+ |Fra 9 |34 | | | |30 | | | |
+ |Goo 6 |31 |32 |32 | |29 | | | |
+ |Gra 3 |31 |35 |33 | |26 |37 |35 | |
+ |Hal B[31] |31 |39 |47 |50 47 40 38 36|29 | | |34 29 29* 27* |
+ |Har 35[32] |27 |M |24 | |35 |27 |34 | |
+ |Haw 5[33] |30 |31 |27 | |34 |40 |30 | |
+ |Hei 4 |34 |39 |M | |28 | |39 | |
+ |Hod 3 |34 |35 |23 | |30 |36 |30 | |
+ |Hor 7 |30 |M |33 |1t |33 |36 |36 | |
+ |Hea 3 |34 |34 | |3†t. 1†ca |30 |31 |26 | |
+ |Hef 1 |34 | | | |29 | | | |
+ |Hos 3 |30 |42 |F | |32 |37 |37 | |
+ |Hox 2 |31 |M |M | |28 |S |F | |
+ |Hut 3 |30 |36 |36 | |31 | |34 | |
+ |Jic 1 |34 |35 |36 | |30 |M |S | |
+ |Joh 18 |30 |M |S | |32 |M |S | |
+ |Jon 15 |34 |43 |M | |29 |36 |M | |
+ |Kaa A |35 |35 |28 |34 |28 |34 |29 |M M M S F VF |
+ |Kau 5 |34 |34 |44 | |29 |31 |42 | |
+ |Kel A |30 | | |40 |33 | | | |
+ |Leo 1[34] |35 |T |35 | |28 |M |S | |
+ | |[34] | | | | | | |
+ |Leo 9 |32 |M |S | |30 |M |S | |
+ |Lip 3 |35 | | | |30 | | | |
+ |Lit 4 |27 |31 |26 | |35 |37 |33 | |
+ |Loo 1 |34 |M |M | |30 |M |M | |
+ |Man 1[35] |28 | |F |M F |31 |M |S | |
+ | |[35] | | | | | | |
+ |Mar 8 |27 |41 |S | |34 |34 |33 | |
+ |May 3 |31 |32 |28 | |29 |30 |49 | |
+ |McC A |28 | |M |M |32 |F |F |M M M M M |
+ |McM 2[36] |31 | | | |27 |28 |29 | |
+ |Mil 29 |31 |F |S | |29 |M |S | |
+ |Mit 2 |32 |34 |M | |28 |35 |M | |
+ |Mon 3 |34 |M |M | |27 |S |M | |
+ |Moo 4 |31 |30 |35 | |26 |30 |37 | |
+ |Oha 1 |33 |33 |31 | |28 |33 | | |
+ |Oli 2 |32 |M |40 | |29 |M |S | |
+ |One 1 |30 |T | | |31 |S |39 | |
+ |Osb 6 |34 |31 |29 | |28 |34 |34 | |
+ |Par 3 |35 |M |M | |28 |M |S | |
+ |Per 6 |29 | | | |34 | | | |
+ |Per 8 |36 |S |32 | |30 |39 | | |
+ |Rei 4 |36 |31 |38 | |27 |34 |28 | |
+ |Rid A |29 | | | |32 |41 | |46 45 30 |
+ |Rim 1 |35 |35 |32 | |28 |S |M | |
+ |Ran 1 |34 |35 |36 | |26 |S |29 | |
+ |Row 6 |36 |32 |41 | |28 |34 |28 | |
+ |Rug 1 |35 |36 |33 | |30 | | | |
+ |Rus 5 |32 |35 |40 | |30 |32 |44 | |
+ |Ste 29 |37 |33 |28 | |24 |24 |34 | |
+ |Thr 1[37] |27 |30 |31 |S S S S F |34 |33 | |S S M |
+ |Val 1 |29 |M |M | |32 | | | |
+ |Van 16 |30 |M |S | |33 |35 |38 | |
+ |Wal 5 |35 |33 |35 | |28 |S |S | |
+ |Wel 3 |29 |M |S | |34 |M |S | |
+ |Wes 5 |33 |35 |29 | |26 |30 |31 | |
+ |Wey 2 |31 |S |M | |26 |M |S | |
+ |Whi 15 |34 | | | |30 |35 |32 | |
+ |Woo 14 |27 |M |37 | |32 | |40 | |
+ |Wil 34 |34 |44 |32 | |29 |31 |28 | |
+ |Wri 1 |30 |S |M | |34 |M |F | |
+ |A: 01-16 |31 | | | |30 | | | |
+ |A: 01-50 |29 | | | |31 | | | |
+ |A: 01-9 |31 | | | |30 | | | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents, 30.90
+ Number of matings, 101
+ Total progeny, 306 + 7 non-quantitative = 313
+
+ S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 49 200 53 11
+ Proportional frequency per mille 157 639 169 35
+
+[24] In middle life; build 35 to 27.
+
+[25] 2 adolescent children; build 29 and 36.
+
+[26] Medium father carries S gametes; 2 adolescent S children.
+
+[27] 3 adolescent children who are slender.
+
+[28] MF’s sibs: 4d. 96 years; 5 others at over 65 years; men weighed
+160 to 175 pounds, women 125 to 145 pounds. Height respectively 69 to
+71 inches; 65 to 66 inches. MM’s family all became VF after 36 years; *
+gained build 51 at 58 years.
+
+[29] MM reduced in build by old age.
+
+[30] Also 1 adolescent male child, slender.
+
+[31] * and * are twins.
+
+[32] MF had 3 sibs died of tuberculosis; FF had 3 sisters died of
+tuberculosis.
+
+[33] 3 children died young.
+
+[34] 2 sibs and a nephew died of tuberculosis.
+
+[35] Sib died of tuberculosis.
+
+[36] MF and MM were second cousins.
+
+[37] Many F relatives who had muscular rheumatism: * has a daughter,
+build 45; ‡ has a daughter build 45.
+
+
+TABLE VIII.—_Slender × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Ale 2 |39 34 |31 |
+ |Bro 30 |33 37 45 | |
+ |Bro 16 |34 |42 38 |
+ |Bus 3 | |28 38 |
+ |Cla 32 |33 |37 |
+ |Coh 4 |36 |33 |
+ |Coo 6 |37 37 |36 |
+ |Cor 3 |33 30 |33 |
+ |Cul 1 | |31 |
+ |Den 6 |35 |29 33 |
+ |Dex 1 |33 36 33 |33 38 |
+ |Dob 2 |31 33 36 32 |39 |
+ |Doo 3 |33 |29 31 |
+ |Dud 1 |35 |33 |
+ |Eds 2 |31 34 |32 32 39 |
+ |Elk 1 | |33 30 34 33 |
+ |Emm A |42 | |
+ |Fin 1 |43 39 38 | |
+ |Fit 2 |37 | |
+ |Gri 1 |34 36 |30 |
+ |Gui 3 |37 33 33 34 |30 40 39 |
+ |Har 3B |38 34 32 | |
+ |Has 2 | |33 30 30 |
+ |Hok 1 |34 35 | |
+ |Hot 1 |34 | |
+ |Hul 2 |34 |{26 27 25 30 }|
+ | | |{ 23 29 }|
+ |Kra 4[38] |29 32 | |
+ |Kra 5 |31 31 | |
+ |Lon A |38 |35 M S VS |
+ |Lyn 2 | |33 |
+ |Mer B |38 33 |34 31 29 |
+ |Met A |40 41 37 |41 35 |
+ |Mil 7 |38 38 | |
+ |Mor 28 |34 |26 |
+ |McC B |{43 38 34 33 }|38 42 39 |
+ | |{ 29 32 }| |
+ |McC 16 |38 37 |43 |
+ |McC 18 |25 |33 44 |
+ |*Ofi |VF M |{42 36 F VF F}|
+ | | |{ 43 }|
+ |Pad 1 |37 | |
+ |Ric 5 |33 |34 31 |
+ |Rom 1 |35 33 34 35 |39 31 33 |
+ |She 12 |38 34 32 32 |42 37 |
+ |*Smi[39] |41 M 35 30 |47 31 S 48 |
+ |Spe A |37 35 35 | |
+ |Tat A |39 40 |38 36 |
+ |Van 3 |28 |26 37 |
+ |*Van |37 41 | S S 43 |
+ |Wal 4 |39 35 | |
+ |Wat[40] |30 37 31 | |
+ |Wil 35 |34 32 |31 |
+ |Wil 42 | |31 29 |
+ |Woo 7 |42 |34 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Ale 2 |27 |33 |28 | |38 |36 |42 |F 2†t |
+ |Bro 30 |30 |31 |27 | |37 |35 |40 | |
+ |Bro 16 |41 | |32 | |29 | |31 | |
+ |Bus 3 |30 |M | S | |39 |M |M | |
+ |Cla 32 |29 |29 | | |38 |31 |42 | |
+ |Coh 4 |30 | | | |40 | | | |
+ |Coo 6 |39 |38 |38 | |28 |33 |29 | |
+ |Cor 3 |41 |34 |49 |S F F 1†t |28 |39 |28 |M S |
+ |Cul 1 |39 |39 |37 | |28 |38 |42 | |
+ |Den 6 |39 |33t|35 | |27 |40 |33 | |
+ | | | |ca | | | | | |
+ |Dex 1 |42 |34 |31 | |30 |30 |36 | |
+ | |ca | | | | | | | |
+ |Dob 2 |26 |30 | S | |42 |F |F | |
+ |Doo 3 |28 |M | S | |40 |M |M | |
+ |Dud 1 |43 |48 |61 |10 F-VF, 1S(t)|28 |31 |28t|{ 3 of 12 }|
+ | | | | | | | | |{ F or VF }|
+ |Eds 2 |38 |37 |35 |I F |27 |35 |25 |{ 6 above }|
+ | | | | | | | | |{normal build}|
+ |Elk 1 |41 |36 |44 |t |27 |30 |32 | |
+ |Emm A |40 | | |36 34 |28 | | |39 31 27 32 31|
+ |Fin 1 |30 |34 |31 | |37 |38 |33 | |
+ |Fit 2 |43 |46 | | |30 |M |M | |
+ |Gri 1 |37 |31 |52 | |28 | |30 | |
+ |Gui 3 |27 | | | |39 |34 |30 | |
+ |Har 3B |30 | | | |43 | | | |
+ |Has 2 |29 |33 |38 | |38 |35 |37 | |
+ |Hok 1 |37 |36 | S | |27 |31 |35 | |
+ |Hot 1 |30 |M | S | |40 |S |S | |
+ |Hul 2 |30 |34 |26 | |37 |35 |27 | |
+ |Kra 4[38] |27 |37 |39 | |43 |40 |41 | |
+ |Kra 5 |27 |37 |39 | |38 |40 |41 | |
+ |Lon A |38 |32 | |39 34 30 |30 | |30 |39 |
+ |Lyn 2 |37 |S |F | |29 |S |M | |
+ |Mer B |40 |47 |27 | |25 |37 |36 | |
+ |Met A |39 |M |M |37 35 35 46 35|30 |33±|28 |35 32 31 30 28|
+ |Mil 7 |39 |M |M | |29 |43 |31 | |
+ |Mor 28 |39 | | | |29 |39 |34 | |
+ |McC B |30 | | |37 |37 | | | |
+ |McC 16 |30 |34 |S | |39 |39 |S |1†hf, 1†t |
+ |McC 18 |38 | |35 | |30 |36 | | |
+ |*Ofi |S | | |F F F M |F | | |7 F |
+ |Pad 1 |28 |31 |35 | |37 |33 |23 | |
+ |Ric 5 |30 |36 |38 | |40 |33 |31t| |
+ |Rom 1 |38 |S |F |3t |28 |C |M | |
+ |She 12 |38 |34 |46 | |28 |34 |28 | |
+ |*Smi[39] |43 | | | |30 | | | |
+ |Spe A |40 | | |40 40 31 31 |27 | | |35 22 43 |
+ |Tat A |28 | | |55 35 30 31 29|41 | | |39 |
+ |Van 3 |29 |29 |29 | |37 |33 |39 | |
+ |*Van |42 | | |S 39 |S | | | |
+ |Wal 4 |41 |38 |34 | |27 |31 |28 | |
+ |Wat[40] |27 |S |F | |40 |26 |45 | |
+ |Wil 35 |38 | | | |28 |32 |M | |
+ |Wil 42 |37 |36 |35 | |30 |30 |32 | |
+ |Woo 7 |38 | | | |30 |S |M | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 33.85.
+ Number of matings, 49 + 3* = 52.
+ Total No. of progeny, 155 + 21* + 3 non-quantitative = 179.
+
+ VS S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 4 26 85 57 7
+ Proportional freq. per mille 23 145 475 318 39
+
+[38] Kra 4, by first wife; Kra 5, by second wife.
+
+[39] All this family were slender till about 20 years, then became
+fleshy. The slender persons are still young.
+
+[40] MMMM build 36; MMM 30; MFM 27; MFF 33.
+
+
+TABLE IX.—_Slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Arn 5[41] |32 |38 |
+ |Ban 2[42] |39 39 | |
+ |Ben 8 |40 |32 |
+ |Bon A |44 | |
+ |*Bun |44 33 |25.5 32 |
+ |Cle 5 |30 39 35 |33 |
+ |*Coo | |48 34 |
+ |Fen 1 |38 33 30 32 |29 |
+ |Har 15[43] |39 33 34 |40(t) 37 |
+ |Hor 9 | |31(t) 36 |
+ |How 8[44] |35 38 37 39‡ | |
+ | |41‡ | |
+ |Kro 3 |42 | |
+ |*Leo |45 |51 S S 46 F |
+ |Tea A |46 31 28 |31 32 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Arn 5[41] |44 |31 |48 | |26 |33 |25 | |
+ |Ban 2[42] |49 |42 |31 |t t |26 |M |F |5 F |
+ |Ben 8 |28 |38 |26 | |45 |39 |32 | |
+ |Bon A |51 |40 | |40 |26 |35 | |29 27 28 28 |
+ |*Bun |57 | | | |26 | | | |
+ |Cle 5 |30 |34 |34 |F |54 |27 |32 |3 F |
+ |*Coo |29 | | |F F S S |49 | |49 |48 40 |
+ |Fen 1 |44 | | | |27 | | | |
+ |Har 15[43] |30 |41 |28 |t |49 |35 |49 | |
+ |Hor 9 |44 |44 |24 | |29 |S |M | |
+ |How 8[44] |30 |37 |27 |t t t |51 |40 |46 | |
+ |Kro 3 |29 |34 |42 | |46 |38 |28 | |
+ |*Leo |S | | | |51 |S |51 |45 46 |
+ |Tea A |49 | | | |27 | | | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 37.91.
+ Number of matings, 11 + 3* = 14.
+ Total number of progeny 34 + 12 = 46.
+
+ S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 7 17 15 7
+ Proportional freq. per mille 152 370 326 152
+
+[41] M died, 46 years, tuberculosis; M’s sib died of hardening of lungs;
+MF tuberculosis; MM tuberculosis, but recovered.
+
+[42] M underwent senile degeneration after menopause.
+
+[43] MM had “delicate lungs.”
+
+[44] ‡ Twins.
+
+
+TABLE X.—_Medium × medium matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Abe 1 |34 |33 29 34 |
+ |All A |37 29 |39 |
+ |Aus 3 |35 |33 |
+ |Bac 1 | |36 |
+ |Bar 10 |32 32 30 | |
+ |Bat 2 |33 32 35 |33 |
+ |Bea 7 |34 32 |32 31 |
+ |Bec 6 |32 | |
+ |Bet 3 | |36 36 |
+ |Bis 5 |35 | |
+ |Bow 3 |33 |32 32 |
+ |Bra 10 |40 |38 39 36 |
+ |Bro 18 |32 36 34 | |
+ |Cas 4 |43 41 34 |37 32 34 |
+ |Chr 2 |32 36 |32 |
+ |Cla 29 | |36 |
+ |Coo 5 |{38 35 36 31 }|37 41 36 38 |
+ | |{ 36 37 33 }| |
+ |Dex 2 |33 |33 |
+ |Dic 4 |32 31 33 |29 |
+ |Dra 1 | |36 31 |
+ |Eat A |{34 36 35 36 }|42 33 |
+ | |{ 38 38 }| |
+ |Fie 2 |33 |35 |
+ |Fis 2[45] |35 |{37 37 40 33 }|
+ | | |{ 39 37 }|
+ |Fra 3A |35 35 | |
+ |Fri 3 |31 |35 |
+ |Gil 15 |42 39 |39 |
+ |God 2 |30 |27 31 31 31 30|
+ |Gol 4 | |32 30 |
+ |Gor 7 |34 | |
+ |Hal 16[46] |39 |37 |
+ |Haw 6 |35 32 35 29 30|29 29 27 33 |
+ |Haw 7 |36 |30 |
+ |Hen 6 |35 36 |42 35 |
+ |Hod 1 |38 |39 |
+ |Hop 5 |35 35 27 |31 |
+ |Hut 4 |33 |39 |
+ |Ill 1 |39 35 34 33 |35 38 37 37 |
+ |Joh 1[47] |36 |39 |
+ |Jon 20 |37 | |
+ |Jor 1 |36 41 |38 32 |
+ |Kel 4a |34 32 S |M (t) M M 31 |
+ |Kim 1 |29 35 35 | |
+ |Lan 8 |30 |25 |
+ |Lau 2 |36 | |
+ |Lev 2 |34 30 |36 39 |
+ |Lex A |47 36 36 |37 |
+ |Llo 4 |34 | |
+ |Loe A |46 38 38 36 |56 |
+ |Mar 22 |33 36 32 31 |40 36 |
+ |Mas 3 | |34 34 |
+ |Mat 13 |37 |36 35 37 |
+ |Mer 8 | |41 36 40 37 33|
+ |Mou 2 |29 |34 |
+ |Mur A |35 30 | |
+ |McC 12 | |33 |
+ |McP A[48] |{36 32 34 33 }|32 36 |
+ | |{35 35 39 37 }| |
+ |Nes 1 |32 41 33 33 |51 37 |
+ |Nor 6 |33 |41 |
+ |Obr 1 |38 |35 |
+ |Old 2 |33 |33 35 33 |
+ |Osb 4 |34 32 |25 30 31 |
+ |Pag 2 |36 |35 |
+ |Pai 2 |28(t) 41 33 |31 |
+ |Pat 5 |33 38 |31 31 |
+ |Pan 3 |35 32 |34 |
+ |Pot 5 |36 40 35 |36 |
+ |Pro 1 |37 39 | |
+ |Ras 1 |36 33 33 |36 39 |
+ |Ric 9 |32 |30 |
+ |Ric 11 |40 |37 |
+ |Rig 1 |34 32 |30 32 |
+ |Riz 11 | |30 29 34 28 |
+ |Rue 1 |35 34 33 27 | |
+ |Rup 1 |{31 40 38 36 }|30 33 |
+ | |{ 31 30 }| |
+ |Sam 3[49] |30 30 | |
+ |Sch 11 |35 38 36 |36 |
+ |Sco 3 | |33 |
+ |She 6 |37 34 40 |45 |
+ |Sle 3 | |33 35 34 |
+ |Smi 33 |36 36 36 37 |31 32 31 36 |
+ |*Smi | |39 |
+ |Sto 13 |33± |38 38 36 38 34|
+ |Sut 3 |31 30 | |
+ |Tag A |43 |31 34 |
+ |Tet A[50] |49* 43 36 30 |41 49 30 |
+ |Tor 1 |35 39 |36 34 |
+ |Van 13 |40 35 | |
+ |Vib A |39 31 | |
+ |War 3 |{30 31 32 30 }|32 30 32 36 |
+ | |{ 33 33 }| |
+ |Whi 17 |33 31 | |
+ |Whi 22 |34 |31 |
+ |You 2 |34 |37 |
+ |A: 01-26 | |29 41 39 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Abe 1 |32 |M |M | |34 |M |S | |
+ |All A |35 |32 |32 | |32 | |30 | |
+ |Aus 3 |32 |32 |31 |39 |31 |34 |28 |t |
+ |Bac 1 |32 |S |M | |36 |M |M | |
+ |Bar 10 |31 |35 |M | |33 | | | |
+ |Bat 2 |31 |M |S | |32 |29 |31t| |
+ |Bea 7 |32 |31 |28 | |34 |36 |31 | |
+ |Bec 6 |31 |39 |39 | |34 |35 |36 | |
+ |Bet 3 |34 |31 |24 | |35 |38 |43 | |
+ |Bis 5 |32 |39 |28 | |31 |38 |36 | |
+ |Bow 3 |32 |M |M | |33 |M |M | |
+ |Bra 10 |35±|35±|35±| |34 |35 |32 | |
+ |Bro 18 |33 |31t|36 | |33 |M |(t)| |
+ |Cas 4 |34 |39 |29t| |34 |43 |27 | |
+ |Chr 2 |32 |33 |32 | |33±|37 |34 | |
+ |Cla 29 |33 | | | |33 | | | |
+ |Coo 5 |32 |(t)|37 | |36 |34 |37 | |
+ |Dex 2 |34 |35 |30 | |36 |33 |31 |t, t |
+ |Dic 4 |31 |M |F | |32 |32 |29 | |
+ |Dra 1 |32 |35 |29 | |34 |34t|32 | |
+ |Eat A |35 | | |33 35 42 30 |32 |36 |33 |36 39 41 33 |
+ |Fie 2 |36 |35 |36 | |32 |37 |32 | |
+ |Fis 2[45] |36 |M |M | |32 |M | | |
+ |Fra 3A |33 |S |S | |35 |M |39±| |
+ |Fri 3 |32 |M |S | |35 |38 |35 | |
+ |Gil 15 |35 |31±|33±| |33t|39 |39 | |
+ |God 2 |34 |34 |28t| |31 |M |M | |
+ |Gol 4 |31 |31 |29 | |32 |41 |30 | |
+ |Gor 7 |35 |M |S | |32 |M |M | |
+ |Hal 16[46] |33 |F |S | |34 |M |S | |
+ |Haw 6 |33 |S |S | |31 |31 |29 | |
+ |Haw 7 |33 |31 |34 | |31 |42 |39 | |
+ |Hen 6 |32 |M |M | |31 |M |S | |
+ |Hod 1 |33 |31 |24 | |31 |30 |29 | |
+ |Hop 5 |35 |41 |31 | |35 |31 |32 | |
+ |Hut 4 |32 |30±|F | |32 |M |M | |
+ |Ill 1 |34 |32 |33 | |33 |32 |31 | |
+ |Joh 1[47] |35 |M |F | |33 |M |S | |
+ | | |[47] | | | | | |
+ |Jon 20 |36 |36 |40 | |31 |32 |31 | |
+ |Jor 1 |35 | | | |36 | | | |
+ |Kel 4a |36 |34 |S | |31 |34 |F | |
+ |Kim 1 |35 | | | |31 | | | |
+ |Lan 8 |37 |40 |40 | |35 |34 |25 | |
+ |Lau 2 |35 |S | | |31 |M |M | |
+ |Lev 2 |34 |34 |35 | |32 |37±|51±| |
+ |Lex A |33 | |37 | |32 |30 |33 |34 35 36 |
+ |Llo 4 |32 |M |S | |33 | | | |
+ |Loe A |36 | | |27 |35 | | | |
+ |Mar 22 |33 |M |M | |32 |S |S | |
+ |Mas 3 |35 |M |M | |32 |M |M | |
+ |Mat 13 |34 |36 |38 | |35 |35 |48 | |
+ |Mer 8 |35 |Mt |S |E |34 |S |M | |
+ |Mou 2 |31 |S |M |4†t |36 |30t|50 |4†t |
+ |Mur A |32 |38 |31 |37 37 |31 |33 |33 |40 32 31 28 |
+ |McC 12 |33 |M |S | |32 |S |F | |
+ |McP A[48] |36 |M |F |{41 36 34 40 }|31 |38 |47 |36 33 29 40 |
+ | | | | |{40 31 33[48]}| | | | |
+ | | | | |{ 37 }| | | | |
+ |Nes 1 |32 | | | |34 | | | |
+ |Nor 6 |33 |M |M | |36 |M |S | |
+ |Obr 1 |35 | | | |36 | | | |
+ |Old 2 |33 |34 |34 | |33 | | | |
+ |Osb 4 |36 | | | |31 |M |S | |
+ |Pag 2 |34 |33 |30 | |36 |29 |29 | |
+ |Pai 2 |34 |F |M |41 |32 |M |F | |
+ |Pat 5 |32 |M |S | |33 |M |S | |
+ |Pan 3 |34 |S |S | |36 |Mt |M | |
+ |Pot 5 |34 | | | |34 | |28 | |
+ |Pro 1 |33 |34 |40 | |32 |40 |33 |F F(t) 39 |
+ |Ras 1 |34 | | | |31 | | | |
+ |Ric 9 |32 |30±|32 | |34 |S |40 | |
+ |Ric 11 |33 |33 |31 | |32 |38 |33 | |
+ |Rig 1 |33 |34±|M | |36 |M |M | |
+ |Riz 11 |31 |32 |36 | |33 |S |M | |
+ |Rue 1 |31 | | | |36 | | | |
+ |Rup 1 |32 | | | |32 | |32 | |
+ |Sam 3[49] |33 |37 |35 | |31 | |44 | |
+ |Sch 11 |31 |37 |33 | |32 |35 |41 | |
+ |Sco 3 |36 |42 |39 | |31 |M |M | |
+ |She 6 |34 |32 | | |31 |36 |S | |
+ |Sle 3 |32 |33 |33 | |31 |33 | | |
+ |Smi 33 |34 |34 |S | |31 |35 |M | |
+ |*Smi |35 |S |F | |33 |39 |S |S M |
+ |Sto 13 | |33 | | |35 |S |F | |
+ |Sut 3 |31 | | | |36 |M |M | |
+ |Tag A |36 |36 |36 |47 36 36 |31 |34 |37 |{34 32 40 38 }|
+ | | | | | | | | |{ 31 37 }|
+ |Tet A[50] |34 | | |65 |34 |38 |31 | |
+ |Tor 1 |33 |32 |34 |{7 avg. build}|34 |32 |27 |Avg. or under |
+ | | | | |{ or above. }| | | | |
+ |Van 13 |32 |35t|31 | |35t|37 |28 | |
+ |Vib A |33 |41 |33 |33 33 40 |31 |30 | |30 |
+ |War 3 |33 |33 |St | |32 |41 |26 | |
+ |Whi 17 |33 |35 |32 | |33 |35 |40 |t |
+ |Whi 22 |32 |41 |27 | |36 |31 |44 | |
+ |You 2 |34 |38 |34 | |36 |39 |31 | |
+ |A: 01-26 |33 | | | |35 | | | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 33.23.
+ Number of matings, 92 + 1* = 93.
+ Total No. of progeny, 327 + 1* + 4 non-quantitative = 332.
+
+ VS S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 2 40 201 82 7
+ Proportional frequency per mille 6 121 605 247 21
+
+[45] MM and MF were first cousins.
+
+[46] FF and FM were first cousins.
+
+[47] Weak lungs.
+
+[48] Spinal trouble.
+
+[49] M and F were first cousins.
+
+[50] * has undersized wife and 2 children; male, build 49; female, build
+46.
+
+
+TABLE XI.—_Medium × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Ade 1 |39 |31 |
+ |Ale 2 |32 37 36 36 36|28 31 33 |
+ |Bal 5 | |40 |
+ |Bar 24 |29 |33 |
+ |Beh 2 |33 | |
+ |Ben 11 | |36 |
+ |Bit 3[51] |38 38 |33 |
+ |Blo 1 |36 35 35 41 | |
+ |Bot 1 |35 |35 37 |
+ |Bro 23 |36 33 33 30 |35 |
+ |Bro 34 |39 |38 |
+ |Cam B |47 45 45 |38 38 30 |
+ |Cam 5 |38 |34 36 40 |
+ |Car 17 |32 38 35 |35 (t) 29 |
+ |Cas 9 | |30 |
+ |Cha 7 |36 35 | |
+ |Cha 12 |33 |30 33 |
+ |Che 7 |30 32 | |
+ |Cle 2 |33 |36 38 32 33 |
+ |Col 14 | |36 35 |
+ |Con 11[52] | |34 49 |
+ |Cra 11 |36 |39 |
+ |Cra 14 |44 |32 36 |
+ |Cri 1 | |34 33 |
+ |Cur 5 |30 30 |35 |
+ |Dan A |53 |36 46 47 |
+ |Dav 6 |38 32 32 32 |32 |
+ |Dea 1 |36 34 |42 35 |
+ |Dem 1 |30 |36 |
+ |Dra 9 |36 34 |33 |
+ |Ebe 1 |38 |37 |
+ |Edm 2 |37 34 | |
+ |Eil A |33 33 | |
+ |Eng 3 |38 36 |33 |
+ |Eva 7 |34 33 32 | |
+ |Flo 2 |33 35 33 |33 36 |
+ |Fou 1 | |33 36 |
+ |Fri 5 |40 |34 37 |
+ |Fri 9 |35 | |
+ |Glu 1 |36 |47 |
+ |Goo 4 |33 33 32 33 | |
+ |Gra 4 |33 34 | |
+ |Hal 12 | |35 29 |
+ |Hal 17 |31 |34 |
+ |Hal 22 |33 | |
+ |Hed 6 |40 38 33 |44 37 37 |
+ |Hen 3 |32 32 31 34 | |
+ |Hen 11 | |34 34 |
+ |Hor 5 |37 34 41 32 33|31 34 33 |
+ |Jac 3 |38 39 36 | |
+ |Jon 12 |33 35 33 |37 30 31 |
+ |Jen 9 |34 |39 |
+ |Kel 6 |34 31 | |
+ |Ken 2 | |36 |
+ |Kin 10 | |36 36 34 |
+ |Kle A |58 41 | |
+ |Kuh 2 |41 | |
+ |Lan 11 | |33 37 |
+ |Lar A |43 37 | |
+ |Lov 2 |31 29 | |
+ |Lut 1 |33 32 34 36 |33 31 31 |
+ |Met 1 |40 |36 |
+ |Mer 4 |37 | |
+ |Mey 5 |36 |34 36 |
+ |Mil 11 |34 32 34 |40 32 |
+ |Mil 23 |37 |34 |
+ |Mor A |42 |42 41 43 29 |
+ |Mor 16 |37 | |
+ |Moy 1 |35 |35 |
+ |Mye A |42 36 54 |33 33 35 |
+ |Mye 1 |32 34 |32 35 32 33 |
+ |McF 2 |32 39 36 |28 |
+ |McM 7 | |26 32 |
+ |New 10 |32 41 | |
+ |Nix 2 |35 38 |32 33 |
+ |Nol B |41 38 |38 28 |
+ |*Ofi | |27 57 |
+ |Ole 1 |34 31 | |
+ |Pap 1 |32 34 | |
+ |Pec 6 | |44 |
+ |Phi A |37 53 47 35 | |
+ |Pot 4 |35 38 |38 |
+ |Pri 6[53] |36 |32 |
+ |Pro 2 | |36 |
+ |Pug 2 |34 42 | |
+ |Rei 8 |32 | |
+ |Rob 12 |40 38 |39 |
+ |Roe 3 |35 |29 37 |
+ |Rog A |{42 39 34 33 }|30 |
+ | |{ 32 32 }| |
+ |Ryl 1 |35 34 |35 35 32 |
+ |Sar 2[54] |32 | |
+ |Sau A |43 30 41 31 | |
+ |Sch 12 |37 | |
+ |Sey 1 |33 |30 30 |
+ |Sid 1 |32 |31 31 |
+ |Smi 20 |33 |40 |
+ |Spi 5 |41 | |
+ |Spi 7 |35 33 |S S 28 50 |
+ |Sta 7[55] |37§ 37§ 37 |36 30 33 |
+ |Str 7 |36 35 |36 |
+ |Tho 22 | |36 |
+ |Thr 3 |30 |32 |
+ |Tra 4[56] |38 42 41 |33 32 |
+ |Van 10 |38 |36 |
+ |Van 12 | |39 36 32 |
+ |Voo 1 }|38 40 37 34 |30 35 32 |
+ |Voo A }| | |
+ |Wak 1 |37 |29 32 33 |
+ |Wan 2 |34 M 35 M | |
+ |Wil 10 |40 |39 |
+ |Wil 22[57] |36 36 41 35 32|34 |
+ |Win 7 |38 35 |38 40 34 |
+ |Woo 8 |33 |40 |
+ |Wri 3 |34 32 |31 |
+ |You A |35 | |
+ |Zec 1 |32 | |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Ade 1 |32t|S |S | |39 |33 |47 | |
+ |Ale 2 |32 | | | |39 | | | |
+ |Bal 5 |40 |40 |39 |M |36 |38 |42 |2 F |
+ |Bar 24 |38 |34 |35 | |35 | | | |
+ |Beh 2 |38 |41±|St |†t |33 |35±|35 | |
+ |Ben 11 |36 |35 |34 | |43 |31 |41 | |
+ |Bit 3[51] |41 |30 |34 | |36 |S |S | |
+ |Blo 1 |33 | |29 | |41 |†t |Mt |2 †t |
+ |Bot 1 |33 |M |F | |38 |M |M | |
+ |Bro 23 |39 |M |M | |31 |S | | |
+ |Bro 34 |35 |31 |38 | |38 |43 |38 | |
+ |Cam B |40 | | | |36 | | | |
+ |Cam 5 |43 | | | |32 |F |M | |
+ |Car 17 |34 | | | |42 |39 |M | |
+ |Cas 9 |37 |38 |32 | |32 |39 |33 | |
+ |Cha 7 |31 |33 |32 |†t |38 |24 |42 | |
+ |Cha 12 |31 |40 |33 | |37 |37 |26 | |
+ |Che 7 |37 |37 |40 | |36 | | | |
+ |Cle 2 |42 |M |F | |33 |M |F | |
+ |Col 14 |31 | | | |37 |34 |34 | |
+ |Con 11[52] |36 |F |M | |42 |M |M | |
+ |Cra 11 |42 |23 |24 |t |34 |38 |31 |1 t |
+ |Cra 14 |38t|S |M |†t |36 |38 |36 | |
+ |Cri 1 |34 |37 |26 | |39 |45 |34 | |
+ |Cur 5 |41 |28 |33 | |34 | |40 | |
+ |Dan A |34 | | | |41 | | | |
+ |Dav 6 |32 |39 |28 | |37 |37 |40 |3†† |
+ |Dea 1 |31 |M |S | |43 |40 |30 | |
+ |Dem 1 |41 | |F | |34 | | | |
+ |Dra 9 |34 |26 |34 | |37 |29 |42 | |
+ |Ebe 1 |39 | | |†t |31 |†t | | |
+ |Edm 2 |41 |39 |37 | |34 |30 |26 | |
+ |Eil A |41 |38 |33 |{37 41 38 34 }|35 |31 |31 |34 34 32 |
+ | | | | |{ 34 35 33 }| | | | |
+ |Eng 3 |31 |M |F | |42 |F |M | |
+ |Eva 7 |32 |32 |37 | |38 |38 |32 | |
+ |Flo 2 |31 | | | |38 | | | |
+ |Fou 1 |40 |35 |30 | |35 |33 |32 | |
+ |Fri 5 |39 | | | |34 | | | |
+ |Fri 9 |38 |36 |39 | |34 |M |M | |
+ |Glu 1 |34 |M |S |F VF |43 |M |M |F |
+ |Goo 4 |38 |ca |40 | |32 |38t|29 | |
+ | | |34 | | | | | | |
+ |Gra 4 |43 |29 |47 | |32 |35 |42 | |
+ |Hal 12 |42 | | | |31 | |22 | |
+ |Hal 17 |42 |32 |37 | |31 |32 |S | |
+ |Hal 22 |32t|M |M |2†t |39 |32 |32 | |
+ |Hed 6 |39±|M |F | |33±| | | |
+ |Hen 3 |40 | | | |33 |38 |36 | |
+ |Hen 11 |35 |33 |43 | |41 |S |31 | |
+ |Hor 5 |31 |Mt |F |†tb |42 |Mt |F | |
+ |Jac 3 |35 |M |35 | |37 |39 |40 | |
+ |Jon 12 |33 | | | |39 | | | |
+ |Jen 9 |40 | | | |33 | |38 | |
+ |Kel 6 |38 |40 |38 | |34 |M |M | |
+ |Ken 2 |34 |34 |31 | |43 |38 |41 | |
+ |Kin 10 |37 |M |F | |34 |S |M | |
+ |Kle A |40 | | | |33 | | | |
+ |Kuh 2 |40 |45 |36 | |33 |35 |31 | |
+ |Lan 11 |37 |M |M | |33 |M |F | |
+ |Lar A |34 | | |39 32 |37 |29 |30 |39 48 |
+ |Lov 2 |32 |34 |36 | |38 |43 |42 | |
+ |Lut 1 |34 |31 |M | |40 | | | |
+ |Met 1 |34 | | | |39 | | | |
+ |Mer 4 |38 |40 |S | |34 |39 |44 |†t |
+ |Mey 5 |38 |M |S |4 weak |32 |M |S | |
+ |Mil 11 |32 | | | |43 | | | |
+ |Mil 23 |38 |30 |37 | |33 |40 |26 | |
+ |Mor A |34 |43 |34 |50 44 39 39 39|38 |32 |31 |32 30 32 |
+ |Mor 16 |36 |M |M | |37 |31 |50 |†t |
+ |Moy 1 |42 |M |S | |34 |S |M | |
+ |Mye A |43 |37 |37 |{46 42 37 36 }|34 |35 |30 |{34 34 37 40 }|
+ | | | | |{ 31 27 }| | | |{ 32 30 }|
+ |Mye 1 |43 |42 |35 | |32 |36 |33 | |
+ |McF 2 |39 |28 | | |32 |35 |27 | |
+ |McM 7 |39 | |F | |36 |M |S | |
+ |New 10 |34 |S |M | |37 |S |S | |
+ |Nix 2 |40 |S |F |3†t |32 |M |M |4†t |
+ |Nol B |34 | | |27 |37 | | |31 34 |
+ |*Ofi |33 |S |VF |6F VF |42 |S |F |{VF 36 M VF M}|
+ | | | | | | | | |{ M 43 }|
+ |Ole 1 |35 |S |M | |37 |M |M | |
+ |Pap 1 |38 | |36 | |31 |32 |37 | |
+ |Pec 6 |31 |37 |27 | |42 |39 |25 | |
+ |Phi A |33 |32 |34 |46 38 30 38 |39 |42 |44 |54 51 |
+ |Pot 4 |33 |35 |28 | |39 |29 |43 | |
+ |Pri 6[53] |37 |35 |28 | |33t|30 |30 | |
+ |Pro 2 |43 |M |F | |33 |M |M | |
+ |Pug 2 |34 |37 |34 | |38 |36 |30 | |
+ |Rei 8 |31 |32 |38 | |40 |40 |41 | |
+ |Rob 12 |34 |32 |28 | |39 |46 |34 | |
+ |Roe 3 |33 |28 |46 | |40 |34 |31 | |
+ |Rog A |33 |36 |28 |30 29 |38 |34 |34 |{36 37 38 39 }|
+ | | | | | | | | |{ 36 30 }|
+ |Ryl 1 |36 | | | |39 | | | |
+ |Sar 2[54] |34 |M |S |†t |43 |32 |53 |2†t |
+ |Sau A |41 | | |36 43 |34 |41 | |{54 30 39 31 }|
+ | | | | | | | | |{ 32 32 }|
+ |Sch 12 |34 |31 | | |40 |30 |35 | |
+ |Sey 1 |37 |S |F | |33 |41 |M | |
+ |Sid 1 |36 | | |36 36 36 32 34|38 |33 |M | |
+ |Smi 20 |37 | | | |33 | | | |
+ |Spi 5 |39 |37 |29t| |32 |34 |37 | |
+ |Spi 7 |34 |31 |39 | |37 |M |M |2 F |
+ |Sta 7[55] |34 |35 |29 | |43 |37 |44 | |
+ |Str 7 |40 |34 |28 | |32 |38 |34 | |
+ |Tho 22 |37 |34 |23 | |32 |35 |32 | |
+ |Thr 3 |38 |36 |28 | |31 |M |31 | |
+ |Tra 4[56] |39 |39 |23 | |32 |37 |30 |VF |
+ |Van 10 |34 |32 |25 | |38 |35 |42 | |
+ |Van 12 |42 |33 |38 | |36 | | | |
+ |Voo 1 }|31 | | | |43 |32 |44 | |
+ |Voo A }| | | | | | | | |
+ |Wak 1 |33 |S |M | |40 |S |M | |
+ |Wan 2 |37 | |F | |35 | |F |All nervous |
+ |Wil 10 |41 | | | |34 | | | |
+ |Wil 22[57] |32 |M |M | |39 |M |M | |
+ |Win 7 |41 |S |M | |35 |S |M | |
+ |Woo 8 |32 |38 |38 | |38 |40 |47 | |
+ |Wri 3 |39 |M |M | |34 |M |M | |
+ |You A |43 | | |34 |36 | |37 |40 36 33 37 40|
+ |Zec 1 |41 |M |S | |34 |36 |33 | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 36.45.
+ Number of matings, 114 + 1* = 115.
+ Total number of progeny, 340 + 2* + 4 non-quantitative = 346.
+
+ S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 31 210 88 17
+ Proportional frequency per mille 90 606 255 49
+
+[51] MF and MM were first cousins.
+
+[52] F and M were first cousins.
+
+[53] FF and FM were first cousins.
+
+[54] F and M were first cousins.
+
+[55] § and § were twins.
+
+[56] F and M were first cousins.
+
+[57] MF and MM were first cousins.
+
+
+TABLE XII.—_Medium × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Ada 7 |40 | |
+ |Arm 5 |31 32 |34 |
+ |Arm 6 |35 39 39 40 33|38 |
+ |Bau 1 |30 |30 |
+ |Bei 1 |32 35 |29 32 |
+ |Ber A |{79 105 45 50}|41 39 |
+ | |{ 39 }| |
+ |Bow A |42 35 39 |32 45 31 |
+ |Cam 7 |38 25 27 | |
+ |Can 2 | |33t 33 39 43 |
+ |Dre 3 |35 40 | |
+ |Dun 1 |37 |37 43 34 38 |
+ |Fog A |39 40 |49 35 34 |
+ |Gif 2 |37 35 |34 |
+ |Hay 9 |39 |32 |
+ |Hoa A |33 44 |25 29 |
+ |Hor 6 |34 38 |34 |
+ |Ing 3 |39 |32 31 |
+ |Mer A |45 35 33 33 29|34 45 30 |
+ |McG 5 | |35 |
+ |Oat 1 |35 |31 |
+ |Ole 2 |37 |33 |
+ |Ran 5 |45 39 |34 46 34 |
+ |Ran 7 |34 37 |31 36 37 37 |
+ |Ric 25 |39 | |
+ |Sch A |46 40 46 |52 50 48 |
+ |Sch 26 | |33 36 |
+ |Sev 1 |31 36 32 34 | |
+ |War 16 |35 38 |32 32 |
+ |Wey A |45 43 37 |35 37 41 |
+ |Win 6 |34 |35 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Ada 7 |48 |M |S | |32 |M |M | |
+ |Arm 5 |49 |42 |44 | |31 |35 |32 | |
+ |Arm 6 |36 |35 |M | |48 |M |M | |
+ |Bau 1 |33 | | | |53 |32 |40 | |
+ |Bei 1 |45 |S |M | |35 |F |36 | |
+ |Ber A |52 | | | |34 | | |46 46 |
+ |Bow A |32 |41 |26 |{32 32 32 34 }|45 |41 |26 |{33 39 39 39 }|
+ | | | | |{33 33 40 33 }| | | |{32 32 40 27 }|
+ | | | | |{ 43 }| | | | |
+ |Cam 7 |51 |42 |45 | |31t|36 |47 | |
+ |Can 2 |35 |S |S | |50 |M |S | |
+ |Dre 3 |36 | | | |44 | | | |
+ |Dun 1 |57 |41 |38 | |32t|35 |37 |2†t |
+ |Fog A |47 | |42 |46 38 |31 |39 | |46 37 53 |
+ |Gif 2 |35 |S |M | |49 |M |M | |
+ |Hay 9 |36 | | | |45 |35 |28 | |
+ |Hoa A |36 | | |25 |45 | | | |
+ |Hor 6 |44 |S |25 | |34 |29t|M | |
+ |Ing 3 |45 |32 |53 | |31 |35t|37 | |
+ |Mer A |45 | | |37 48 46 |36 | | | |
+ |McG 5 |51 |M |F | |31 |M |M | |
+ |Oat 1 |35 |31 |30 | |44 |35 |29t| |
+ |Ole 2 |45 |M |F | |34 |M |F | |
+ |Ran 5 |46 |F |S | |32 |Ft |S | |
+ |Ran 7 |33 |36 |M | |46 |M |43 | |
+ |Ric 25 |34 |39 |31 | |46 |33 |42 | |
+ |Sch A |33 | |33 | |54 |55 | | |
+ |Sch 26 |53 |M |S | |36 |M |M | |
+ |Sev 1 |46 |37 |39 | |34 |33 |33 | |
+ |War 16 |32 |M |S | |44 |F |S | |
+ |Wey A |45 |38 |30 |{32 33 30 30 }|35 |33 | |32 30 37 |
+ | | | | |{ 32 44 37 }| | | | |
+ |Win 6 |47 |M |42 | |35 |35 |S | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents, 40.68.
+ Number of matings, 30.
+ Total number of progeny, 112.
+
+ VS S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 2 7 50 36 17
+ Proportional frequency per mille 18 63 446 321 152
+
+
+TABLE XIII.—_Fleshy × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Ben 9 |37 35 36 |31 35 34 34 |
+ |Beh A |{43 37 32 31 }|30 |
+ | |{ 29 47 }| |
+ |Bur 14 | 34 |34 |
+ |Bur 21 |31 36 |37 32 34 41 29|
+ |But 2 |40 |36 |
+ |Cat 1 |33 38 34 |42 40 |
+ |Cla 12 |38 |43 35 35 |
+ |Dar 7 |38 |47 26 44 |
+ |Dol 3 |33 36 36 |32 34 |
+ |Elm A |42 32 |35 34 36 36 29|
+ |Fea 2 |32 33 30 |30 |
+ |For A |39 39 32 |52 49 28 29 |
+ |Hor 1 |35 35 | |
+ |Hod A |{51 29 42 47 }|31 28 49 |
+ | |{ 42 47 43 }| |
+ |Jam A |45 34 34 |43 41 |
+ |Jen 7 |39 |42 38 36 |
+ |Jon 11c[58]|37 39 37 |{37 40 37 40 }|
+ | | |{ 44[58] }|
+ | | |{ 35[58] 42 }|
+ |Lan A |51 |29 |
+ |Lic 2 |39 | |
+ |Lin 8 |36 36 |38 36 |
+ |Mar 20 |36 | |
+ |McW 2 |39 41 38 38 |44 |
+ |Nel 5 |37 38 35 35 35|36 35 36 42 34|
+ |*Pal[59] |M M |61+ |
+ |Pie 1 |40 40 |43 40 |
+ |Pit 1 | |37 29 37 30 29|
+ |Rat 1 |45 40 |37 40 |
+ |Sle 2 |37 |42 |
+ |Smi 40 | |36 33 35 35 |
+ |Syr 1 |35 |37 |
+ |Tel 1 |47 36 36 | |
+ |Thr 1a |43 38 38 |42 42 40 |
+ |Thr 2 |53 30 38 |44 44 44 |
+ |Wil 15[60] |39 53 42§ 35§ |35 34 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Ben 9 |37 |33 |32 | |39 |39 |29 | |
+ |Beh A |40 |43 |39 | 40 39 45 |40 |37 |30 |VF VF 40 27 35|
+ |Bur 14 |39 |37 |M | |39 | |38 | |
+ |Bur 21 |37 |30 |40 | |37 |35 |M | |
+ |But 2 |42 |36 |39 | |41 |33 |39 | |
+ |Cat 1 |38 |32 |38 | |38 |40 |40 | 1†t |
+ |Cla 12 |37 |36 |31 | |37 |38 |31 | |
+ |Dar 7 |37 |42 | | |42 |37 |42 | 2 t |
+ |Dol 3 |40 |36 |38 | |40 |37 |41 | |
+ |Elm A |37 | |40 | |40 |32 |30 | |
+ |Fea 2 |43 |33 |34 | |37 |36 |36 | |
+ |For A |36 |33 |29 |{29 29 27 28 }|39 |30 |35 |{32 31 32 30 }|
+ | | | | |{ 27 28 27 }| | | |{ 54 25 30 }|
+ |Hor 1 |37 |M |S | |43 |47 |S | |
+ |Hod A |42 | | | 41 49 41 36 |38 | |37 | |
+ |Jam A |39 | | | |38 | | | |
+ |Jen 7 |43 |M |S | |38 |M |M | |
+ |Jon 11c[58]|39 |29 |49 |{36 31 43 44 }| | | | |
+ | | | | |{34 33 33 38 }|39 |37 |42 |{36 34 37 35 }|
+ | | | | |{ 39 }| | | |{ 34 37 }|
+ |Lan A |37 |37 |37 | 29 36 37 |40 |43 |37 | 35 |
+ |Lic 2 |40 |M |M | |40 |30 |41 | |
+ |Lin 8 |38 |M | | |43 |S |M | |
+ |Mar 20 |40 |36 |26 | |39 |33 |36 | |
+ |McW 2 |40 |36 |24 | |37 |33 |37 | |
+ |Nel 5 |39 |34 |31 | |42 |34 |34 | |
+ |*Pal[59] |43 |F |M |41 40 28 43 52|40+| | | |
+ | | |[59][59] | | | | |
+ |Pie 1 |39 |F |M | |43 |M |F | |
+ |Pit 1 |43 |S |F |F S |39 |150|S |†t |
+ |Rat 1 |38 |M |M | |39 |M |M | |
+ |Sle 2 |39 |36 |40 | |37 |37 |43 | |
+ |Smi 40 |37 |36 |37 | |43 |36 |37 | |
+ |Syr 1 |37 |F |M | |39 |M |M | |
+ |Tel 1 |39 |M |M | |38 |M |M | |
+ |Thr 1a |38 |39 |M |5 brothers M |40 | | | |
+ |Thr 2 |39 |27 |34 |{39 37 46 50 }|39 |38 |38 | |
+ | | | | |{35 50 35 35 }| | | | |
+ |Wil 15[60] |42 |40 |27 | |37 |M |31 | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 39.21.
+ Number of matings, 33 + 1* = 34.
+ Total number of progeny, 156 + 3* = 159.
+
+ S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 15 62 61 21
+ Proportional frequency per mille 94 390 384 132
+
+[58] Feeble-minded.
+
+[59] FF’s sibs fleshy; FM’s sibs are M.
+
+[60] § and § are twins.
+
+
+TABLE XIV.—_Fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |*Ber[61] |{100 38 50 }|34 43 |
+ | |{ 84[61] 34 }| |
+ |Bol 1[62] |39 | |
+ |Bro 10 |40 |39 35 32 |
+ |Cen 2 |33 39 |33 |
+ |Cla 16 |36 33 | |
+ |Cla 25 |39 |34 |
+ |Dan B |32 32 |51 31 |
+ |Ebe 2 | |37 36 |
+ |Ekb 1 |41 46 48 43 | |
+ |Elm B | |46 |
+ |*Faz[63] |VF[63] |51 47 |
+ |Flo 3 |39 42 39 42 40|37 36 |
+ |Gil A |53 39 |47 |
+ |Gou A |40 35 |48 32 |
+ |Gre 7[64] |42 37 38 | |
+ |Gug 1 |43 33 33 34 | |
+ |Hal 8 |36 35 33 | |
+ |Lou 4 | |41 38 34 38 36|
+ |*Lyn |{F M 31 35 39}|34 |
+ | |{ 46 }| |
+ |McL A |43 35 46 32 |{45 30 42 38 }|
+ | | |{45 30 31 31 }|
+ |*Mor |37 |S 52 46 F VS |
+ |Moo 11 | |47 35 |
+ |Nic 5 |38 |53 |
+ |Oel A |42 35 33 |38 |
+ |Pan 2 |39 35 44 |27 |
+ |Per A | |44 |
+ |Pon 1 |38 |42 33 |
+ |*Rec | |53 |
+ |*Rec |53 34 VF 40 |57 38 |
+ |Rei 7 |31 34 |30 |
+ |*Rid[65] |S 47 |40 49 VF F S |
+ |Saw A |48 |43 |
+ |Sch B | |45 |
+ |Ste 18 |34 43 |36 35 |
+ |Voi 1[66] | |31 |
+ |*Wen[67] |51 35 35 |44 32 32 32 31|
+ |*Whe |F 36 46 |48 |
+ |Yan 2,3 |40 42 42 40 44|42 33 38 |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |*Ber[61] |50 | | |S S |39 | | |48 30 |
+ |Bol 1[62] |40 | |28 | |45 | | | |
+ |Bro 10 |40 |31 |38 | |50 |36 |40 | |
+ |Cen 2 |41 |M |M | |47 |M |M | |
+ |Cla 16 |39 |36 |27 |27 36 |45 |36 |45 |42 |
+ |Cla 25 |38 |45 | | |39 |30 | | |
+ |Dan B |40 |M |M |S S S S |51 |M |S |S S S S F |
+ |Ebe 2 |41 |M |M | |48 |S |M |t |
+ |Ekb 1 |50 |36 |50 |51 52 45 |38 | | | |
+ |Elm B |38 | | | |44 |39 |29 | |
+ |*Faz[63] |39 |F | |F F F F |57 |F‡ |F |57 |
+ |Flo 3 |38 |42 |42 | |49 |37 |35 | |
+ |Gil A |38 |34 |28 | |46 | | | |
+ |Gou A |37 | | | |54 |37 |50 |F F |
+ |Gre 7[64] |38 |F |M | |44 |M |M | |
+ |Gug 1 |44 | | | |38 | |29 | |
+ |Hal 8 |38 |41 |35 | |40 |37 |26 | |
+ |Lou 4 |37 |32 |32 | |48 |46 |29 | |
+ |*Lyn |38 | | |F |50 | | |F |
+ |McL A |38 |39 |36 |{36 37 39 37 }|44 |34 |45 |{35 34 35 37 }|
+ | | | | |{38 40 45 44 }| | | |{38 37 40 43 }|
+ | | | | | | | | |{ 45 }|
+ |*Mor |VF |S |F | |39 |F |F |All F |
+ |Moo 11 |40 |29 |69 | |47 |35 |36 | |
+ |Nic 5 |41 |F |F | |45 |38 |40 | |
+ |Oel A |38 | | | |44 | | |3F S |
+ |Pan 2 |46 |46 |35 | |39 |33 |31 | |
+ |Per A |51 | |34 |43 42 41 |43 |35 |30 |37 37 32 34 34|
+ |Pon 1 |45 | | | |37 |M |S(t)| |
+ |*Rec |F | | | |57 |40 |100|53 34 40 38 VF|
+ |*Rec |40 |S | |F F |100| | |F F S |
+ |Rei 7 |44 |72 |M | |37 |72 |M | |
+ |*Rid[65] |56 |S |F |F |F | | |M M F F 41 |
+ | | |[65] | | | | | |
+ |Saw A |40 |39 | |51 |39 | | | |
+ |Sch B |42 | | | |52 |32 |38 |30 42 32 39 35|
+ |Ste 18 |43 |37 |29 |42 |50 |39 |27 |t |
+ |Voi 1[66] |54 |M |F | |38 |S |F |†(t) |
+ |*Wen[67] |46 |6 |M | |37 |M |M |F F |
+ | | |[67] | | | | | |
+ |*Whe |40 |44 |49 | |52 | | |54 42 F S |
+ |Yan 2,3 |52 | | | |40 | | | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 42.49.
+ Total number of matings, 29 + 9* = 38.
+ Total number of progeny, 100 + 46* = 146.
+
+ VS S M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 1 7 52 51 35
+ Proportional frequency per mille 7 48 356 349 240
+
+[61] Slender as a child.
+
+[62] All show history of change (increase) of weight.
+
+[63] VF till 17 years; now thin; †MF sibs F F F.
+
+[64] Five children died in infancy.
+
+[65] Had a fleshy sister.
+
+[66] Mother has 4 small nervous sisters.
+
+[67] Had a brother 46, sister 43.
+
+
+TABLE XV.—_Very fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny (using
+adjusted indices)._
+
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ | File | Male | Female |
+ | ref. | children. | children. |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+ |Bow B |50 37 45 |47 40 42 |
+ |Bow 2 |32 32 44 |31 34 |
+ |Bry A |47 32 33 |39 |
+ |Cat 3 |36 39 47 34 35|36 |
+ |Dal A |45 40 50 46 |34 32 |
+ |Dud A |51 31 | |
+ |Smi 36 |35 | |
+ +-----------+--------------+--------------+
+
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ | File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
+ | ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+ |Bow B |45 |45 |38 | |48 |36 |23 |35 35 35 38 50|
+ |Bow 2 |45 |34 |57 |47 44 52 49 52|48 |41 |32 |t 32 36 38 |
+ |Bry A |45 | |43 |46 38 49 |46 |31 | | |
+ |Cat 3 |44 |39 |35 | |51 |42 |49 | |
+ |Dal A |49 |48 | |{34 31 30 47 }|53 |64 | | |
+ | | | | |{ 35 38 29 }| | | | |
+ |Dud A |49 | | |33 |51 | | | |
+ |Smi 36 |46 |36t|34t| |44 |46 |40 | |
+ +-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
+
+ Average build of parents, 47.45.
+ Number of matings, 7.
+ Total number of progeny, 30.
+
+ M F VF
+ Classification of progeny 14 6 10
+ Proportional frequency per mille 467 200 333
+
+
+TABLE XVI.—_Indices of build, weight ÷ stature², for weights from 100 to
+225 pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg. and statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140
+to 198 cm. Decimals omitted._
+
+[Reduction from English to metric system effected by the factor 0.70308.]
+
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |Weight |Pounds | 100| 105| 110| 115| 120| 125| 130| 135| 140| 145|
+ | |Decigr.|4536|4763|4990|5216|5443|5670|5897|6124|6350|6577|
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |55 in. | 3025 |3306|3471|3636|3802|3967|4132|4298|4463|4628|4793|
+ |1397 mm.| 1952 |2324|2440|2557|2673|2789|2905|3021|3138|3254|3370|
+ |56 in. | 3136 |3189|3348|3507|3667|3827|3986|4145|4305|4464|4624|
+ |1422 mm.| 2023 |2242|2354|2466|2578|2690|2802|2915|3027|3139|3251|
+ |57 in. | 3249 |3078|3232|3386|3540|3693|3847|4001|4155|4309|4463|
+ |1448 mm.| 2096 |2164|2272|2380|2489|2597|2705|2813|2921|3030|3138|
+ |58 in. | 3364 |2973|3121|3270|3419|3567|3716|3864|4013|4162|4310|
+ |1473 mm.| 2170 |2090|2195|2299|2404|2508|2613|2717|2821|2926|3031|
+ |59 in. | 3481 |2873|3016|3160|3304|3447|3591|3735|3878|4022|4165|
+ |1499 mm.| 2246 |2020|2121|2222|2323|2424|2525|2626|2727|2828|2929|
+ |60 in. | 3600 |2778|2917|3056|3194|3333|3472|3611|3750|3888|4028|
+ |1524 mm.| 2323 |1953|2051|2148|2246|2343|2441|2539|2637|2734|2832|
+ |61 in. | 3721 |2687|2822|2956|3091|3225|3359|3494|3628|3762|3897|
+ |1549 mm.| 2401 |1890|1984|2078|2173|2267|2362|2456|2551|2645|2740|
+ |62 in. | 3844 |2601|2732|2862|2992|3122|3252|3382|3512|3642|3772|
+ |1575 mm.| 2480 |1829|1920|2012|2103|2195|2286|2378|2469|2561|2652|
+ |63 in. | 3969 |2520|2646|2771|2897|3023|3149|3275|3401|3527|3653|
+ |1600 mm.| 2561 |1771|1860|1949|2037|2126|2214|2303|2391|2480|2569|
+ |64 in. | 4096 |2441|2563|2686|2808|2930|3052|3174|3296|3418|3540|
+ |1626 mm.| 2643 |1716|1802|1888|1974|2060|2146|2231|2317|2403|2489|
+ |65 in. | 4225 |2367|2485|2604|2722|2840|2959|3077|3195|3314|3432|
+ |1651 mm.| 2726 |1664|1747|1831|1914|1997|2080|2163|2247|2330|2413|
+ |66 in. | 4356 |2296|2410|2525|2640|2755|2870|2984|3099|3214|3329|
+ |1676 mm.| 2810 |1614|1695|1775|1856|1937|2018|2098|2179|2260|2340|
+ |67 in. | 4489 |2228|2339|2450|2562|2673|2785|2896|3007|3119|3230|
+ |1702 mm.| 2896 |1566|1645|1723|1801|1879|1958|2036|2114|2193|2271|
+ |68 in. | 4624 |2163|2271|2379|2487|2595|2703|2811|2920|3028|3136|
+ |1727 mm.| 2983 |1521|1597|1673|1749|1825|1901|1977|2053|2129|2205|
+ |69 in. | 4761 |2100|2205|2310|2415|2520|2625|2731|2836|2941|3046|
+ |1753 mm.| 3072 |1477|1551|1624|1698|1772|1845|1920|1994|2067|2141|
+ |70 in. | 4900 |2041|2143|2245|2347|2449|2551|2653|2755|2857|2959|
+ |1778 mm.| 3161 |1435|1507|1578|1650|1722|1793|1865|1937|2009|2081|
+ |71 in. | 5041 |1984|2083|2182|2281|2380|2480|2579|2678|2777|2876|
+ |1803 mm.| 3252 |1395|1464|1534|1604|1674|1743|1813|1883|1953|2022|
+ |72 in. | 5184 |1929|2025|2122|2218|2315|2411|2508|2604|2701|2797|
+ |1829 mm.| 3345 |1356|1424|1492|1560|1627|1695|1763|1831|1899|1967|
+ |73 in. | 5329 |1877|1970|2064|2158|2252|2346|2439|2533|2627|2721|
+ |1854 mm.| 3438 |1319|1385|1451|1517|1583|1649|1715|1781|1847|1913|
+ |74 in. | 5476 |1826|1917|2029|2100|2191|2283|2374|2465|2557|2648|
+ |1880 mm.| 3533 |1284|1348|1412|1477|1541|1605|1669|1733|1797|1862|
+ |75 in. | 5625 |1778|1867|1956|2044|2133|2222|2311|2400|2489|2578|
+ |1905 mm.| 3629 |1250|1312|1375|1437|1500|1562|1625|1687|1750|1812|
+ |76 in. | 5776 |1731|1818|1904|1991|2078|2164|2251|2337|2424|2510|
+ |1930 mm.| 3726 |1217|1278|1339|1400|1461|1522|1582|1643|1704|1765|
+ |77 in. | 5929 |1687|1771|1855|1940|2024|2108|2193|2277|2361|2446|
+ |1956 mm.| 3825 |1186|1245|1304|1364|1423|1482|1541|1601|1660|1719|
+ |78 in. | 6084 |1644|1726|1808|1890|1972|2055|2137|2219|2301|2383|
+ |1981 mm.| 3925 |1156|1213|1271|1329|1387|1445|1502|1560|1618|1676|
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |Weight |Pounds | 150| 155| 160| 165| 170| 175| 180| 185| 190| 195|
+ | |Decigr.|6804|7031|7258|7484|7711|7938|8165|8392|8618|8815|
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |55 in. | 3025 |4959|5124|5289|5455|5620|5785|5950|6116|6281|6446|
+ |1397 mm.| 1952 |3486|3603|3719|3835|3951|4067|4184|4300|4416|4532|
+ |56 in. | 3136 |4783|4943|5102|5261|5421|5580|5740|5899|6059|6218|
+ |1422 mm.| 2023 |3363|3475|3587|3699|3811|3923|4036|4148|4260|4372|
+ |57 in. | 3249 |4617|4771|4925|5078|5232|5386|5540|5694|5848|6002|
+ |1448 mm.| 2096 |3246|3354|3462|3571|3679|3787|3895|4002|4112|4220|
+ |58 in. | 3364 |4459|4608|4756|4905|5054|5202|5351|5499|5648|5797|
+ |1473 mm.| 2170 |3135|3240|3344|3449|3553|3658|3762|3867|3971|4076|
+ |59 in. | 3481 |4309|4453|4596|4740|4884|5027|5171|5315|5458|5602|
+ |1499 mm.| 2246 |3030|3131|3232|3333|3434|3535|3636|3737|3838|3939|
+ |60 in. | 3600 |4167|4306|4444|4583|4722|4861|5000|5139|5278|5417|
+ |1524 mm.| 2323 |2930|3027|3125|3222|3320|3418|3515|3613|3711|3808|
+ |61 in. | 3721 |4031|4166|4300|4434|4569|4703|4847|4972|5106|5241|
+ |1549 mm.| 2401 |2834|2929|3023|3118|3212|3307|3401|3496|3590|3684|
+ |62 in. | 3844 |3902|4032|4162|4292|4422|4553|4683|4813|4943|5073|
+ |1575 mm.| 2480 |2744|2835|2926|3018|3109|3201|3292|3384|3475|3567|
+ |63 in. | 3969 |3779|3905|4031|4157|4283|4409|4535|4661|4787|4913|
+ |1600 mm.| 2561 |2657|2746|2834|2923|3011|3100|3189|3277|3366|3454|
+ |64 in. | 4096 |3662|3784|3906|4028|4150|4272|4395|4517|4639|4716|
+ |1626 mm.| 2643 |2575|2661|2746|2832|2918|3004|3090|3175|3261|3347|
+ |65 in. | 4225 |3550|3669|3787|3905|4024|4142|4260|4379|4497|4615|
+ |1651 mm.| 2726 |2496|2579|2662|2745|2829|2912|2995|3079|3162|3245|
+ |66 in. | 4356 |3443|3558|3673|3788|3903|4018|4132|4247|4362|4477|
+ |1676 mm.| 2810 |2421|2502|2583|2663|2744|2825|2905|2986|3067|3147|
+ |67 in. | 4489 |3342|3453|3564|3676|3787|3898|4010|4121|4233|4344|
+ |1702 mm.| 2896 |2349|2428|2506|2584|2663|2741|2819|2898|2976|3054|
+ |68 in. | 4624 |3244|3352|3460|3568|3676|3785|3893|4000|4109|4217|
+ |1727 mm.| 2983 |2281|2357|2433|2509|2585|2661|2738|2814|2890|2966|
+ |69 in. | 4761 |3151|3256|3361|3466|3571|3676|3781|3886|3991|4096|
+ |1753 mm.| 3072 |2215|2289|2363|2436|2510|2584|2658|2732|2806|2880|
+ |70 in. | 4900 |3061|3163|3265|3367|3469|3571|3673|3776|3878|3980|
+ |1778 mm.| 3161 |2152|2224|2296|2368|2439|2511|2583|2654|2726|2798|
+ |71 in. | 5041 |2976|3075|3174|3273|3372|3472|3571|3670|3769|3868|
+ |1803 mm.| 3252 |2092|2162|2232|2301|2371|2441|2511|2580|2650|2720|
+ |72 in. | 5184 |2894|2990|3086|3183|3279|3376|3472|3569|3665|3762|
+ |1829 mm.| 3345 |2034|2102|2170|2238|2306|2373|2441|2509|2577|2645|
+ |73 in. | 5329 |2815|2909|3002|3096|3190|3284|3378|3472|3565|3659|
+ |1854 mm.| 3438 |1979|2045|2111|2177|2243|2309|2375|2441|2507|2573|
+ |74 in. | 5476 |2739|2831|2922|3013|3104|3196|3287|3378|3470|3561|
+ |1880 mm.| 3533 |1926|1990|2054|2118|2183|2247|2311|2375|2439|2504|
+ |75 in. | 5625 |2667|2756|2844|2933|3022|3111|3200|3289|3378|3467|
+ |1905 mm.| 3629 |1875|1937|2000|2062|2125|2187|2250|2312|2375|2437|
+ |76 in. | 5776 |2597|2684|2770|2857|2943|3030|3116|3203|3289|3376|
+ |1930 mm.| 3726 |1826|1887|1928|2008|2069|2130|2191|2252|2313|2373|
+ |77 in. | 5929 |2530|2614|2697|2783|2867|2952|3036|3120|3205|3289|
+ |1956 mm.| 3825 |1779|1838|1897|1957|2016|2075|2134|2194|2253|2312|
+ |78 in. | 6084 |2465|2548|2630|2712|2794|2876|2959|3041|3123|3205|
+ |1981 mm.| 3925 |1733|1791|1849|1907|1965|2022|2080|2138|2196|2253|
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+
+ |Weight |Pounds | 200| 205| 210| 215| 220| 225|1 pound | 5 lbs.|
+ | |Decigr.|9072|9299|9526|9752|9979|10206| 45.4 | 227 |
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ centg. | centg.|
+ |Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | |
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+
+ |55 in. | 3025 |6612|6777|6942|7107|7273| 7438| 33.055| 165.27|
+ |1397 mm.| 1952 |4648|4765|4881|4997|5113| 5230|2324.0 |1162.09|
+ |56 in. | 3136 |6378|6537|6696|6856|7015| 7175| 31.888| 159.47|
+ |1422 mm.| 2023 |4481|4596|4708|4820|4932| 5044|2242.0 |1121.0 |
+ |57 in. | 3249 |6155|6310|6464|6617|6771| 6925| 30.779| 153.84|
+ |1448 mm.| 2096 |4328|4436|4544|4653|4761| 4869|2164.0 |1082.0 |
+ |58 in. | 3364 |5945|6094|6240|6391|6543| 6688| 29.737| 148.64|
+ |1473 mm.| 2170 |4180|4285|4389|4494|4598| 4703|2090.0 |1045.0 |
+ |59 in. | 3481 |5745|5589|6033|6176|6320| 6464| 28.727| 143.64|
+ |1499 mm.| 2246 |4040|4141|4242|4343|4444| 4545|2020.0 |1010.0 |
+ |60 in. | 3600 |5556|5694|5833|5972|6111| 6250| 27.778| 138.89|
+ |1524 mm.| 2323 |3906|4004|4101|4199|4297| 4394|1953.0 |9765.0 |
+ |61 in. | 3721 |5375|5509|5344|5778|5912| 6947| 26.874| 134.37|
+ |1549 mm.| 2401 |3779|3874|3968|4062|4157| 4251|1890.0 |9448.0 |
+ |62 in. | 3844 |5203|5333|5463|5593|5723| 5853| 26.015| 130.08|
+ |1575 mm.| 2480 |3658|3750|3841|3932|4024| 4115|1829.0 |9145.0 |
+ |63 in. | 3969 |5039|5165|5291|5417|5543| 5669| 25.195| 125.98|
+ |1600 mm.| 2561 |3543|3631|3720|3809|3897| 3986|1771.0 |8857.0 |
+ |64 in. | 4096 |4883|5005|5127|5249|5371| 5493| 23.414| 122.07|
+ |1626 mm.| 2643 |3433|3519|3605|3690|3776| 3862|1716.0 |8582.0 |
+ |65 in. | 4225 |4734|4852|4970|5089|5207| 5325| 23.669| 118.35|
+ |1651 mm.| 2726 |3328|3411|3495|3578|3661| 3744|1664.0 |8320.0 |
+ |66 in. | 4356 |4591|4706|4821|4936|5051| 5165| 22.957| 114.79|
+ |1676 mm.| 2810 |3228|3309|3390|3470|3551| 3632|1614.0 |8070.0 |
+ |67 in. | 4489 |4455|4567|4678|4789|4901| 5012| 22.277| 111.39|
+ |1702 mm.| 2896 |3132|3211|3289|3367|3446| 3524|1566.0 |7831.0 |
+ |68 in. | 4624 |4325|4433|4542|4650|4758| 4866| 21.626| 108.13|
+ |1727 mm.| 2983 |3042|3118|3194|3270|3346| 3422|1521.0 |7603.0 |
+ |69 in. | 4761 |4201|4306|4411|4516|4621| 4726| 21.004| 105.02|
+ |1753 mm.| 3072 |2954|3027|3101|3175|3249| 3323|1477.0 |7384.0 |
+ |70 in. | 4900 |4082|4184|4286|4388|4490| 4592| 20.408| 102.04|
+ |1778 mm.| 3161 |2870|2941|3013|3085|3157| 3228|1435.0 |7174.0 |
+ |71 in. | 5041 |3967|4067|4166|4265|4364| 4463| 19.837| 99.19|
+ |1803 mm.| 3252 |2789|2859|2929|2999|3068| 3138|1395.0 |6974.0 |
+ |72 in. | 5184 |3858|3954|4051|4147|4244| 4340| 19.290| 96.46|
+ |1829 mm.| 3345 |2713|2780|2848|2916|2984| 3052|1356.0 |6781.0 |
+ |73 in. | 5329 |3753|3847|3941|4035|4128| 4222| 18.765| 93.83|
+ |1854 mm.| 3438 |2639|2704|2771|2837|2903| 2969|1319.0 |6597.0 |
+ |74 in. | 5476 |3652|3744|3835|3926|4018| 4109| 18.262| 91.31|
+ |1880 mm.| 3533 |2568|2632|2696|2760|2825| 2889|1283.9 |6424.0 |
+ |75 in. | 5625 |3556|3644|3733|3822|3911| 4000| 17.778| 88.89|
+ |1905 mm.| 3629 |2500|2562|2625|2687|2750| 2812|1250.0 |6250.0 |
+ |76 in. | 5776 |3463|3549|3636|3722|3809| 3895| 17.313| 86.57|
+ |1930 mm.| 3726 |2435|2495|2556|2617|2678| 2739|1217.0 |6086.0 |
+ |77 in. | 5929 |3373|3458|3542|3626|3711| 3795| 16.866| 84.33|
+ |1956 mm.| 3825 |2372|2431|2490|2550|2609| 2668|1186.0 |5929.0 |
+ |78 in. | 6084 |3287|3369|3452|3534|3616| 3698| 16.437| 82.19|
+ |1981 mm.| 3925 |2311|2369|2427|2485|2542| 2600|1155.0 |5778.0 |
+ +--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+
+
+
+TABLE XVII.—_Equivalent values of index of build by four different
+systems of ratios between weight and stature, English system, viz, weight
+÷ stature; weight ÷ stature²; weight ÷ stature²⸳⁵; weight ÷ stature³._
+
+Decimals omitted.
+
+ +-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |Power| | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | of |Stature.| 100| 105| 110| 115| 120| 125| 130| 135| 140| 145| 150|
+ |stature. | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ +-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+ |55 | 55|1819|1909|2000|2091|2182|2273|2364|2455|2545|2636|2727|
+ |55² | 3025|3306|3471|3636|3802|3967|4132|4298|4463|4628|4793|4959|
+ |55²⸳⁵| 22434|4458|4680|4903|5126|5349|5572|5795|6018|6240|6463|6686|
+ |55³ | 166375|6011|6311|6612|6912|7213|7513|7814|8114|8415|8715|9016|
+ |56 | 56|1786|1875|1964|2054|2143|2232|2321|2411|2500|2589|2679|
+ |56² | 3136|3189|3348|3507|3667|3827|3986|4145|4305|4464|4624|4783|
+ |56²⸳⁵| 23468|4261|4474|4687|4900|5113|5327|5540|5753|5966|6179|6392|
+ |56³ | 175616|5694|5979|6264|6548|6833|7118|7403|7687|7972|8257|8541|
+ |57 | 57|1754|1842|1930|2018|2105|2193|2281|2368|2456|2544|2632|
+ |57² | 3249|3078|3232|3386|3540|3693|3847|4001|4155|4309|4463|4617|
+ |57²⸳⁵| 24529|4077|4281|4485|4688|4892|5096|5300|5504|5708|5911|6115|
+ |57³ | 185193|5400|5670|5940|6210|6480|6750|7020|7290|7560|7830|8100|
+ |58 | 58|1724|1810|1897|1983|2069|2155|2241|2328|2414|2500|2586|
+ |58² | 3364|2973|3121|3270|3419|3567|3716|3864|4013|4162|4310|4459|
+ |58²⸳⁵| 25619|3903|4099|4293|4489|4684|4879|5074|5269|5465|5660|5855|
+ |58³ | 195112|5125|5382|5638|5894|6150|6407|6663|6919|7175|7432|7688|
+ |59 | 59|1695|1780|1864|1949|2034|2119|2203|2288|2373|2458|2542|
+ |59² | 3481|2873|3016|3160|3304|3447|3591|3735|3878|4022|4165|4309|
+ |59²⸳⁵| 26738|3740|3927|4114|4301|4488|4675|4862|5049|5236|5423|5610|
+ |59³ | 205379|4869|5113|5356|5599|5843|6086|6330|6573|6817|7060|7304|
+ |60 | 60|1667|1750|1833|1917|2000|2083|2167|2250|2333|2417|2500|
+ |60² | 3600|2778|2917|3056|3194|3333|3472|3611|3750|3888|4028|4167|
+ |60²⸳⁵| 27885|3586|3765|3945|4124|4303|4483|4662|4841|5021|5200|5379|
+ |60³ | 216000|4630|4861|5093|5324|5556|5787|6019|6250|6482|6730|6944|
+ |61 | 61|1639|1721|1803|1885|1967|2049|2131|2213|2295|2377|2459|
+ |61² | 3721|2687|2822|2956|3091|3225|3359|3494|3628|3762|3897|4031|
+ |61²⸳⁵| 29062|3441|3613|3785|3957|4129|4301|4473|4645|4817|4989|5161|
+ |61³ | 226981|4406|4626|4846|5067|5287|5507|5727|5948|6168|6388|6609|
+ |62 | 62|1613|1694|1774|1855|1935|2016|2097|2177|2258|2339|2419|
+ |62² | 3844|2601|2732|2862|2992|3122|3252|3382|3512|3642|3772|3902|
+ |62²⸳⁵| 30268|3304|3469|3634|3799|3965|4130|4295|4460|4625|4791|4956|
+ |62³ | 238828|4196|4406|4616|4825|5035|5245|5455|5665|5874|6084|6294|
+ |63 | 63|1587|1667|1746|1825|1905|1984|2063|2143|2222|2302|2381|
+ |63² | 3969|2520|2646|2771|2897|3023|3149|3275|3401|3527|3653|3779|
+ |63²⸳⁵| 31503|3174|3333|3492|3651|3809|3968|4123|4285|4444|4603|4762|
+ |63³ | 250047|3999|4199|4399|4599|4799|4999|5199|5399|5599|5799|5999|
+ |64 | 64|1563|1641|1719|1797|1875|1953|2031|2109|2188|2266|2344|
+ |64² | 4096|2441|2563|2686|2808|2930|3052|3174|3296|3418|3540|3662|
+ |64²⸳⁵| 32768|3052|3204|3357|3510|3662|3815|3967|4120|4273|4425|4578|
+ |64³ | 262144|3815|4005|4196|4387|4578|4768|4959|5150|5341|5531|5722|
+ |65 | 65|1538|1615|1692|1769|1846|1923|2000|2077|2154|2231|2308|
+ |65² | 4225|2367|2485|2604|2722|2840|2959|3077|3195|3314|3432|3550|
+ |65²⸳⁵| 34063|2936|3083|3229|3376|3523|3670|3817|3963|4110|4257|4404|
+ |65³ | 274625|3641|3823|4006|4188|4370|4552|4734|4916|5098|5280|5462|
+ |66 | 66|1515|1591|1667|1742|1818|1894|1970|2045|2121|2197|2273|
+ |66² | 4356|2296|2410|2525|2640|2755|2870|2984|3099|3214|3329|3443|
+ |66²⸳⁵| 35388|2826|2967|3108|3250|3391|3532|3674|3815|3956|4097|4239|
+ |66³ | 287496|3478|3652|3826|4000|4174|4348|4522|4696|4870|5044|5218|
+ |67 | 67|1493|1567|1642|1716|1791|1866|1940|2015|2090|2164|2239|
+ |67² | 4489|2228|2339|2450|2562|2673|2785|2896|3007|3119|3230|3342|
+ |67²⸳⁵| 36744|2722|2858|2994|3130|3266|3402|3538|3674|3810|3946|4082|
+ |67³ | 300763|3325|3491|3657|3824|3990|4156|4322|4489|4655|4821|4987|
+ |68 | 68|1471|1544|1618|1691|1765|1838|1912|1985|2059|2132|2206|
+ |68² | 4624|2163|2271|2379|2487|2595|2703|2811|2920|3028|3136|3244|
+ |68²⸳⁵| 38130|2623|2754|2885|3016|3147|3278|3409|3541|3672|3803|3934|
+ |68³ | 314432|3180|3339|3498|3657|3816|3975|4134|4294|4453|4612|4771|
+ |69 | 69|1449|1522|1594|1667|1739|1812|1884|1957|2029|2101|2174|
+ |69² | 4761|2100|2205|2310|2415|2520|2625|2731|2836|2941|3046|3151|
+ |69²⸳⁵| 39095|2558|2686|2814|2842|3069|3197|3325|3454|3581|3709|3837|
+ |69³ | 328509|3044|3196|3349|3501|3653|3805|3957|4110|4262|4414|4566|
+ |70 | 70|1429|1500|1571|1643|1714|1786|1857|1929|2000|2071|2143|
+ |70² | 4900|2041|2143|2245|2347|2449|2551|2653|2755|2857|2959|3061|
+ |70²⸳⁵| 40996|2439|2561|2683|2805|2927|3049|3171|3293|3415|3537|3659|
+ |70³ | 343000|2916|3061|3207|3353|3499|3644|3790|3936|4082|4227|4373|
+ |71 | 71|1408|1479|1549|1620|1690|1761|1831|1901|1972|2042|2113|
+ |71² | 5041|1984|2083|2182|2281|2380|2480|2579|2678|2777|2876|2976|
+ |71²⸳⁵| 42476|2354|2472|2590|2707|2825|2943|3061|3178|3296|3414|3531|
+ |71³ | 357911|2794|2934|3074|3213|3353|3493|3632|3790|3936|4051|4191|
+ |72 | 72|1389|1458|1528|1597|1667|1736|1806|1875|1944|2014|2083|
+ |72² | 5184|1929|2025|2122|2218|2315|2411|2508|2604|2701|2797|2894|
+ |72²⸳⁵| 43988|2273|2387|2501|2614|2728|2842|2955|3069|3183|3296|3410|
+ |72³ | 373248|2679|2813|2947|3081|3215|3349|3483|3617|3751|3885|4019|
+ |73 | 73|1370|1438|1507|1575|1644|1712|1781|1849|1918|1986|2055|
+ |73² | 5329|1877|1970|2064|2158|2252|2346|2439|2533|2629|2721|2815|
+ |73²⸳⁵| 45531|2196|2306|2416|2526|2636|2745|2855|2965|3075|3185|3295|
+ |73³ | 389017|2571|2699|2829|2956|3085|3213|3342|3470|3599|3727|3856|
+ |74 | 74|1351|1419|1486|1554|1622|1689|1757|1824|1892|1959|2027|
+ |74² | 5476|1826|1917|2029|2100|2191|2283|2374|2465|2557|2648|2739|
+ |74²⸳⁵| 47106|2123|2229|2335|2441|2547|2654|2760|2866|2972|3078|3184|
+ |74³ | 405224|2468|2591|2715|2838|2961|3085|3208|3332|3455|3578|3702|
+ |75 | 75|1333|1400|1467|1533|1600|1667|1733|1800|1867|1933|2000|
+ |75² | 5625|1778|1867|1956|2044|2133|2222|2311|2400|2489|2578|2667|
+ |75²⸳⁵| 48714|2053|2155|2258|2361|2463|2566|2669|2771|2874|2977|3079|
+ |75³ | 421875|2373|2491|2610|2729|2847|2966|3085|3203|3322|3441|3559|
+ |76 | 76|1316|1382|1447|1513|1579|1645|1712|1776|1842|1908|1974|
+ |76² | 5776|1731|1818|1904|1991|2078|2164|2251|2337|2424|2510|2597|
+ |76²⸳⁵| 50355|1986|2085|2185|2284|2383|2482|2582|2681|2780|2880|2979|
+ |76³ | 438976|2278|2392|2506|2620|2734|2848|2961|3075|3189|3303|3417|
+ |77 | 77|1299|1364|1429|1494|1558|1623|1688|1753|1818|1883|1948|
+ |77² | 5929|1687|1771|1855|1940|2024|2108|2193|2277|2361|2446|2536|
+ |77²⸳⁵| 52027|1922|2018|2114|2210|2307|2403|2499|2595|2691|2787|2883|
+ |77³ | 456533|2190|2300|2410|2519|2629|2738|2848|2957|3067|3176|3286|
+ |78 | 78|1282|1346|1410|1474|1538|1603|1667|1731|1795|1859|1923|
+ |78² | 6084|1644|1726|1808|1890|1972|2055|2137|2219|2301|2383|2465|
+ |78²⸳⁵| 53732|1861|1954|2047|2140|2233|2326|2419|2513|2606|2699|2792|
+ |78³ | 474522|2107|2213|2318|2424|2529|2634|2740|2845|2950|3056|3161|
+ +-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+
+ +-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ |Power| | | | | | | | | | |
+ | of |Stature.| 155| 160| 165| 170 | 175 | 180 | 185 | 190 | 195 |
+ |stature. | | | | | | | | | |
+ +-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+ |55 | 55|2818|2909|3000| 3091| 3182| 3273| 3364| 3455| 3545|
+ |55² | 3025|5124|5289|5455| 5620| 5785| 5950| 6116| 6281| 6446|
+ |55²⸳⁵| 22434|6909|7132|7355| 7578| 7801| 8024| 8246| 8469| 8692|
+ |55³ | 166375|9316|9617|9917|10218|10518|10819|11195|11420|11720|
+ |56 | 56|2768|2857|2946| 3036| 3125| 3214| 3304| 3393| 3482|
+ |56² | 3136|4943|5102|5261| 5421| 5580| 5740| 5899| 6059| 6218|
+ |56²⸳⁵| 23468|6605|6818|7031| 7244| 7457| 7670| 7883| 8096| 8309|
+ |56³ | 175616|8826|9111|9396| 9680| 9965|10250|10534|10819|11104|
+ |57 | 57|2719|2807|2895| 2982| 3070| 3158| 3246| 3333| 3421|
+ |57² | 3249|4771|4925|5078| 5232| 5386| 5540| 5694| 5848| 6002|
+ |57²⸳⁵| 24529|6319|6523|6727| 6931| 7134| 7338| 7542| 7746| 7950|
+ |57³ | 185193|8370|8640|8910| 9180| 9450| 9720| 9990|10260|10530|
+ |58 | 58|2672|2759|2845| 2931| 3017| 3103| 3190| 3276| 3362|
+ |58² | 3364|4608|4756|4905| 5054| 5202| 5351| 5499| 5648| 5797|
+ |58²⸳⁵| 25619|6050|6245|6440| 6636| 6831| 7026| 7221| 7416| 7611|
+ |58³ | 195112|7944|8200|8457| 8713| 8969| 9226| 9482| 9738| 9994|
+ |59 | 59|2627|2712|2797| 2881| 2966| 3051| 3136| 3220| 3305|
+ |59² | 3481|4453|4596|4740| 4884| 5027| 5171| 5315| 5458| 5602|
+ |59²⸳⁵| 26738|5797|5984|6171| 6358| 6545| 6732| 6919| 7106| 7293|
+ |59³ | 205379|7547|7791|8034| 8277| 8521| 8764| 9008| 9251| 9495|
+ |60 | 60|2583|2667|2750| 2833| 2917| 3000| 3083| 3167| 3250|
+ |60² | 3600|4306|4444|4583| 4722| 4861| 5000| 5139| 5278| 5417|
+ |60²⸳⁵| 27885|5559|5738|5917| 6096| 6276| 6455| 6634| 6814| 6993|
+ |60³ | 216000|7176|7407|7639| 7871| 8102| 8333| 8565| 8796| 9028|
+ |61 | 61|2541|2623|2705| 2787| 2869| 2951| 3033| 3115| 3197|
+ |61² | 3721|4166|4300|4434| 4569| 4703| 4837| 4972| 5106| 5241|
+ |61²⸳⁵| 29062|5333|5506|5678| 5850| 6022| 6194| 6366| 6538| 6710|
+ |61³ | 226981|6829|7049|7269| 7490| 7710| 7930| 8151| 8371| 8591|
+ |62 | 62|2500|2581|2661| 2742| 2823| 2903| 2984| 3065| 3145|
+ |62² | 3844|4032|4162|4292| 4422| 4553| 4683| 4813| 4943| 5073|
+ |62²⸳⁵| 30268|5121|5286|5451| 5617| 5782| 5947| 6112| 6277| 6443|
+ |62³ | 238828|6504|6713|6923| 7133| 7343| 7553| 7762| 7972| 8182|
+ |63 | 63|2460|2540|2619| 2698| 2778| 2857| 2937| 3016| 3095|
+ |63² | 3969|3905|4031|4157| 4283| 4409| 4535| 4661| 4787| 4913|
+ |63²⸳⁵| 31503|4920|5079|5238| 5396| 5555| 5714| 5873| 6031| 6190|
+ |63³ | 250047|6199|6399|6599| 6799| 6999| 7199| 7399| 7599| 7799|
+ |64 | 64|2422|2500|2578| 2656| 2734| 2813| 2891| 2969| 3047|
+ |64² | 4096|3784|3906|4028| 4150| 4272| 4395| 4517| 4639| 4761|
+ |64²⸳⁵| 32768|4730|4883|5035| 5188| 5341| 5493| 5646| 5798| 5951|
+ |64³ | 262144|5913|6104|6294| 6485| 6676| 6867| 7057| 7248| 7439|
+ |65 | 65|2385|2462|2538| 2615| 2692| 2769| 2846| 2923| 3000|
+ |65² | 4225|3669|3787|3905| 4024| 4142| 4260| 4379| 4497| 4615|
+ |65²⸳⁵| 34063|4550|4697|4844| 4991| 5138| 5284| 5431| 5578| 5725|
+ |65³ | 274625|5644|5826|6008| 6190| 6372| 6554| 6735| 6919| 7101|
+ |66 | 66|2348|2424|2500| 2576| 2652| 2727| 2803| 2879| 2955|
+ |66² | 4356|3558|3673|3788| 3903| 4017| 4132| 4247| 4362| 4477|
+ |66²⸳⁵| 35388|4380|4521|4663| 4804| 4945| 5086| 5228| 5369| 5510|
+ |66³ | 287496|5391|5565|5739| 5913| 6087| 6261| 6435| 6609| 6783|
+ |67 | 67|2313|2388|2463| 2537| 2612| 2687| 2761| 2836| 2910|
+ |67² | 4489|3453|3564|3676| 3787| 3898| 4010| 4121| 4233| 4344|
+ |67²⸳⁵| 36744|4218|4355|4491| 4623| 4763| 4899| 5035| 5171| 5307|
+ |67³ | 300763|5154|5320|5486| 5652| 5819| 5985| 6151| 6317| 6484|
+ |68 | 68|2279|2353|2426| 2500| 2574| 2647| 2721| 2794| 2868|
+ |68² | 4624|3352|3460|3568| 3676| 3785| 3893| 4000| 4109| 4217|
+ |68²⸳⁵| 38130|4065|4196|4327| 4458| 4590| 4721| 4852| 4983| 5114|
+ |68³ | 314432|4930|5089|5248| 5407| 5566| 5725| 5884| 6043| 6202|
+ |69 | 69|2246|2319|2391| 2464| 2536| 2609| 2681| 2754| 2826|
+ |69² | 4761|3256|3361|3466| 3571| 3676| 3781| 3886| 3991| 4096|
+ |69²⸳⁵| 39095|3965|4093|4221| 4345| 4476| 4604| 4372| 4860| 4988|
+ |69³ | 328509|4618|4871|5023| 5175| 5327| 5479| 5632| 5784| 5936|
+ |70 | 70|2214|2286|2357| 2429| 2500| 2571| 2643| 2714| 2786|
+ |70² | 4900|3163|3265|3367| 3469| 3571| 3673| 3776| 3878| 3980|
+ |70²⸳⁵| 40996|3781|3903|4025| 4145| 4269| 4391| 4513| 4635| 4757|
+ |70³ | 343000|4519|4665|4811| 4956| 5102| 5248| 5394| 5539| 5685|
+ |71 | 71|2183|2254|2324| 2394| 2465| 2535| 2606| 2676| 2746|
+ |71² | 5041|3075|3174|3273| 3372| 3472| 3571| 3670| 3769| 3868|
+ |71²⸳⁵| 42476|3649|3767|3885| 4002| 4120| 4238| 4355| 4473| 4591|
+ |71³ | 357911|4331|4470|4610| 4750| 4889| 5029| 5169| 5309| 5448|
+ |72 | 72|2153|2222|2292| 2361| 2431| 2500| 2569| 2639| 2708|
+ |72² | 5184|2990|3086|3183| 3279| 3376| 3472| 3569| 3665| 3762|
+ |72²⸳⁵| 43988|3524|3637|3751| 3865| 3978| 4092| 4206| 4319| 4433|
+ |72³ | 373248|4153|4287|4421| 4555| 4689| 4823| 4957| 5091| 5224|
+ |73 | 73|2123|2192|2260| 2329| 2397| 2466| 2534| 2603| 2671|
+ |73² | 5329|2909|3002|3096| 3190| 3284| 3378| 3472| 3565| 3659|
+ |73²⸳⁵| 45531|3404|3514|3624| 3734| 3844| 3953| 4063| 4174| 4283|
+ |73³ | 389017|3984|4113|4242| 4370| 4499| 4627| 4756| 4884| 5013|
+ |74 | 74|2095|2162|2230| 2297| 2365| 2432| 2500| 2568| 2635|
+ |74² | 5476|2831|2922|3013| 3104| 3196| 3287| 3378| 3470| 3561|
+ |74²⸳⁵| 47106|3290|3397|3503| 3609| 3715| 3821| 3927| 4033| 4140|
+ |74³ | 405224|3825|3948|4072| 4195| 4319| 4442| 4565| 4689| 4812|
+ |75 | 75|2067|2133|2200| 2267| 2333| 2400| 2467| 2533| 2600|
+ |75² | 5625|2756|2844|2930| 3022| 3111| 3200| 3289| 3378| 3467|
+ |75²⸳⁵| 48714|3182|3285|3387| 3490| 3592| 3695| 3798| 3900| 4003|
+ |75³ | 421875|3678|3796|3915| 4034| 4152| 4271| 4390| 4508| 4627|
+ |76 | 76|2039|2105|2171| 2237| 2303| 2368| 2434| 2500| 2566|
+ |76² | 5776|2684|2770|2857| 2943| 3030| 3116| 3203| 3289| 3376|
+ |76²⸳⁵| 50355|3078|3177|3277| 3376| 3475| 3575| 3674| 3773| 3873|
+ |76³ | 438976|3531|3645|3759| 3873| 3987| 4101| 4214| 4328| 4442|
+ |77 | 77|2013|2078|2143| 2208| 2273| 2338| 2403| 2468| 2532|
+ |77² | 5929|2614|2697|2783| 2867| 2952| 3036| 3120| 3205| 3289|
+ |77²⸳⁵| 52027|2979|3075|3171| 3268| 3364| 3460| 3556| 3652| 3748|
+ |77³ | 456533|3395|3505|3614| 3724| 3833| 3943| 4052| 4162| 4271|
+ |78 | 78|1987|2051|2115| 2179| 2244| 2308| 2372| 2436| 2500|
+ |78² | 6084|2548|2630|2712| 2794| 2876| 2959| 3041| 3123| 3205|
+ |78²⸳⁵| 53732|2885|2978|3071| 3164| 3257| 3350| 3443| 3536| 3629|
+ |78³ | 474522|3266|3372|3477| 3583| 3688| 3793| 3899| 4004| 4109|
+ +-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+ +-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+
+ |Power| | | | | | | | | |
+ | of |Stature.| 200 | 205 | 210 | 215 | 220 | 225 | 1 lb.|5 lbs.|
+ |stature. | | | | | | | | |
+ +-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+
+ |55 | 55| 3636| 3727| 3818| 3909| 4000| 4091|18.18 | 90.91|
+ |55² | 3025| 6612| 6777| 6942| 7107| 7273| 7438|33.055|165.27|
+ |55²⸳⁵| 22434| 8915| 9138| 9361| 9587| 9807|10029|44.575|222.88|
+ |55³ | 166375|12021|12322|12622|12923|13223|13524|60.105|300.53|
+ |56 | 56| 3571| 3661| 3750| 3839| 3929| 4018|17.857| 89.29|
+ |56² | 3136| 6378| 6537| 6696| 6856| 7015| 7175|31.888|165.27|
+ |56²⸳⁵| 23468| 8522| 8735| 8947| 9161| 9375| 9588|42.612|213.06|
+ |56³ | 175616|11389|11673|11958|12243|12527|12812|56.942|284.71|
+ |57 | 57| 3509| 3596| 3684| 3772| 3860| 3947|17.544| 87.72|
+ |57² | 3249| 6155| 6310| 6464| 6617| 6771| 6925|30.779|153.89|
+ |57²⸳⁵| 24529| 8154| 8357| 8561| 8765| 8969| 9173|40.768|203.84|
+ |57³ | 185193|10800|11070|11340|11610|11880|12150|53.998|269.99|
+ |58 | 58| 3448| 3534| 3621| 3707| 3793| 3879|17.241| 86.21|
+ |58² | 3364| 5945| 6014| 6243| 6391| 6543| 6688|29.737|148.64|
+ |58²⸳⁵| 25619| 7807| 8002| 8197| 8392| 8587| 8782|39.033|195.16|
+ |58³ | 195112|10251|10507|10763|11019|11276|11532|51.253|256.26|
+ |59 | 59| 3390| 3475| 3559| 3644| 3729| 3814|16.949| 84.75|
+ |59² | 3481| 5745| 5589| 6033| 6176| 6320| 6464|28.727|143.64|
+ |59²⸳⁵| 26738| 7480| 7667| 7854| 8041| 8228| 8415|37.400|187.00|
+ |59³ | 205379| 9738| 9982|10225|10469|10712|10955|48.691|243.45|
+ |60 | 60| 3333| 3417| 3500| 3583| 3667| 3750|16.667| 83.33|
+ |60² | 3600| 5556| 5694| 5833| 5972| 6111| 6250|27.778|138.89|
+ |60²⸳⁵| 27885| 7172| 7352| 7531| 7710| 7890| 8069|35.861|179.31|
+ |60³ | 216000| 9259| 9491| 9722| 9954|10185|10416|46.296|231.48|
+ |61 | 61| 3279| 3361| 3443| 3525| 3607| 3689|16.393| 81.97|
+ |61² | 3721| 5375| 5509| 5644| 5778| 5912| 6047|26.874|134.37|
+ |61²⸳⁵| 29062| 6882| 7054| 7226| 7398| 7570| 7742|34.409|172.05|
+ |61³ | 226981| 8811| 9032| 9252| 9472| 9692| 9913|44.057|220.28|
+ |62 | 62| 3226| 3306| 3387| 3468| 3548| 3629|16.129| 80.65|
+ |62² | 3844| 5203| 5333| 5463| 5593| 5723| 5853|26.015|130.08|
+ |62²⸳⁵| 30268| 6608| 6773| 6938| 7103| 7269| 7434|33.039|165.19|
+ |62³ | 238828| 8392| 8602| 8811| 9021| 9231| 9441|41.959|209.80|
+ |63 | 63| 3175| 3254| 3333| 3413| 3492| 3571|15.873| 79.37|
+ |63² | 3969| 5039| 5165| 5291| 5417| 5543| 5669|25.195|125.98|
+ |63²⸳⁵| 31503| 6349| 6507| 6666| 6825| 6984| 7142|31.743|158.72|
+ |63³ | 250047| 7999| 8199| 8399| 8598| 8798| 8998|39.993|199.96|
+ |64 | 64| 3125| 3203| 3281| 3359| 3438| 3516|15.625| 78.13|
+ |64² | 4096| 4883| 5005| 5127| 5249| 5371| 5493|24.414|122.07|
+ |64²⸳⁵| 32768| 6104| 6256| 6409| 6561| 6714| 6867|30.518|152.59|
+ |64³ | 262144| 7629| 7820| 8011| 8202| 8392| 8583|38.147|190.74|
+ |65 | 65| 3077| 3154| 3231| 3308| 3385| 3462|15.384| 76.92|
+ |65² | 4225| 4734| 4852| 4970| 5089| 5207| 5325|23.669|118.35|
+ |65²⸳⁵| 34063| 5872| 6018| 6165| 6312| 6459| 6605|29.358|146.79|
+ |65³ | 274625| 7283| 7465| 7647| 7829| 8011| 8193|36.413|182.07|
+ |66 | 66| 3030| 3106| 3182| 3258| 3333| 3409|15.152| 75.76|
+ |66² | 4356| 4591| 4706| 4821| 4936| 5051| 5165|22.957|114.79|
+ |66²⸳⁵| 35388| 5652| 5793| 5934| 6076| 6217| 6358|28.258|141.29|
+ |66³ | 287496| 6957| 7131| 7305| 7478| 7652| 7826|34.783|173.92|
+ |67 | 67| 2985| 3060| 3134| 3209| 3284| 3358|14.925| 74.63|
+ |67² | 4489| 4455| 4567| 4678| 4789| 4901| 5012|22.277|111.39|
+ |67²⸳⁵| 36744| 5443| 5579| 5715| 5851| 5987| 6123|27.215|136.08|
+ |67³ | 300763| 6650| 6816| 6982| 7149| 7315| 7481|33.249|166.24|
+ |68 | 68| 2941| 3015| 3088| 3162| 3235| 3309|14.706| 73.53|
+ |68² | 4624| 4325| 4433| 4542| 4650| 4758| 4866|21.626|108.13|
+ |68²⸳⁵| 38130| 5245| 5376| 5507| 5639| 5770| 5901|26.226|131.29|
+ |68³ | 314432| 6361| 6520| 6679| 6838| 6997| 7156|31.803|159.02|
+ |69 | 69| 2899| 2971| 3043| 3116| 3188| 3261|14.493| 72.46|
+ |69² | 4761| 4201| 4306| 4411| 4516| 4621| 4726|21.004|105.02|
+ |69²⸳⁵| 39095| 5116| 5244| 5372| 5499| 5627| 4744|25.787|127.89|
+ |69³ | 328509| 6088| 6240| 6393| 6545| 6697| 6849|30.441|152.20|
+ |70 | 70| 2857| 2929| 3000| 3071| 3143| 3214|14.286| 71.43|
+ |70² | 4900| 4082| 4184| 4286| 4388| 4490| 4592|20.408|102.04|
+ |70²⸳⁵| 40996| 4879| 5001| 5112| 5244| 5366| 5488|24.392|121.96|
+ |70³ | 343000| 5831| 5977| 6122| 6268| 6414| 6560|29.155|145.77|
+ |71 | 71| 2817| 2887| 2958| 3028| 3099| 3169|14.085| 70.42|
+ |71² | 5041| 3967| 4067| 4166| 4265| 4364| 4463|19.837| 99.19|
+ |71²⸳⁵| 42476| 4709| 4826| 4944| 5062| 5179| 5297|23.543|117.71|
+ |71³ | 357911| 5588| 5728| 5867| 6007| 6147| 6286|27.940|139.70|
+ |72 | 72| 2778| 2847| 2917| 2986| 3056| 3125|13.889| 69.44|
+ |72² | 5184| 3858| 3954| 4051| 4147| 4244| 4340|19.290| 96.46|
+ |72²⸳⁵| 43988| 4547| 4660| 4774| 4889| 5001| 5115|22.734|113.67|
+ |72³ | 373248| 5358| 5492| 5626| 5760| 5894| 6028|26.792|133.96|
+ |73 | 73| 2740| 2808| 2877| 2945| 3014| 3082|13.698| 68.49|
+ |73² | 5329| 3753| 3847| 3941| 4035| 4128| 4222|18.765| 93.83|
+ |73²⸳⁵| 45531| 4393| 4502| 4612| 4722| 4832| 4942|21.963|109.82|
+ |73³ | 389017| 5141| 5270| 5398| 5527| 5655| 5784|25.706|128.53|
+ |74 | 74| 2703| 2770| 2838| 2905| 2973| 3041|13.514| 67.57|
+ |74² | 5476| 3652| 3744| 3835| 3926| 4018| 4109|18.262| 91.31|
+ |74²⸳⁵| 47106| 4246| 4352| 4458| 4564| 4670| 4776|21.229|106.14|
+ |74³ | 405224| 4936| 5059| 5182| 5306| 5429| 5553|24.678|123.39|
+ |75 | 75| 2667| 2733| 2800| 2867| 2933| 3000|13.333| 66.67|
+ |75² | 5625| 3556| 3644| 3733| 3822| 3911| 4000|17.778| 88.89|
+ |75²⸳⁵| 48714| 4106| 4208| 4311| 4414| 4516| 4619|20.528|102.64|
+ |75³ | 421875| 4746| 4864| 4983| 5101| 5220| 5339|23.727|118.64|
+ |76 | 76| 2632| 2697| 2763| 2829| 2895| 2961|13.158| 65.79|
+ |76² | 5776| 3463| 3549| 3636| 3722| 3809| 3895|17.313| 86.57|
+ |76²⸳⁵| 50355| 3972| 4071| 4170| 4270| 4369| 4468|19.860| 99.29|
+ |76³ | 438976| 4556| 4670| 4784| 4898| 5012| 5126|22.780|113.90|
+ |77 | 77| 2597| 2662| 2727| 2792| 2857| 2922|12.987| 64.94|
+ |77² | 5929| 3373| 3458| 3542| 3626| 3711| 3795|16.868| 84.33|
+ |77²⸳⁵| 52027| 3844| 3940| 4036| 4133| 4229| 4325|19.221| 96.10|
+ |77³ | 456533| 4381| 4490| 4600| 4709| 4819| 4929|21.904|109.52|
+ |78 | 78| 2564| 2628| 2692| 2756| 2821| 2885|12.821| 64.10|
+ |78² | 6084| 3287| 3369| 3452| 3534| 3716| 3698|16.437| 82.19|
+ |78²⸳⁵| 53732| 3722| 3815| 3908| 4001| 4094| 4187|18.611| 93.05|
+ |78³ | 474522| 4215| 4320| 4426| 4531| 4636| 4742|21.074|105.37|
+ +-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+
+
+
+TABLE XVIII.—_To transmute the English system of index of build to the
+metric system (10 units English = 0.7 unit metric)._
+
+ +--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+
+ |English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|
+ +--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+
+ | 16 | 1.1 | 30 | 2.1 | 44 | 3.1 | 58 | 4.1 |
+ | 17 | 1.2 | 31 | 2.2 | 45 | 3.2 | 59 | 4.1 |
+ | 18 | 1.3 | 32 | 2.3 | 46 | 3.2 | 60 | 4.2 |
+ | 19 | 1.3 | 33 | 2.3 | 47 | 3.3 | 61 | 4.3 |
+ | 20 | 1.4 | 34 | 2.4 | 48 | 3.4 | 62 | 4.4 |
+ | 21 | 1.5 | 35 | 2.5 | 49 | 3.4 | 63 | 4.4 |
+ | 22 | 1.5 | 36 | 2.5 | 50 | 3.5 | 64 | 4.5 |
+ | 23 | 1.6 | 37 | 2.6 | 51 | 3.6 | 65 | 4.6 |
+ | 24 | 1.7 | 38 | 2.7 | 52 | 3.7 | 66 | 4.6 |
+ | 25 | 1.8 | 39 | 2.7 | 53 | 3.7 | 67 | 4.7 |
+ | 26 | 1.8 | 40 | 2.8 | 54 | 3.8 | 68 | 4.8 |
+ | 27 | 1.9 | 41 | 2.9 | 55 | 3.9 | 69 | 4.9 |
+ | 28 | 2.0 | 42 | 3.0 | 56 | 3.9 | 70 | 4.9 |
+ | 29 | 2.0 | 43 | 3.0 | 57 | 4.0 | | |
+ +--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED.
+
+
+ARMSBY, H. P., and J. A. FRIES. 1911. The influence of type and of age
+upon the utilization of feed by cattle. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau
+of Animal Industry, Bulletin 128, 245 pp., Oct.
+
+BALDWIN, B. T. 1921. The physical growth of children from birth to
+maturity. Univ. Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 1), 411 pp., June.
+
+BARDEEN, C. R. 1920. The height-weight index of build in relation to
+linear and volumetric proportions, etc. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 272.
+
+BARKER, L. F. 1922. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 5 vols.
+
+BECK, H. G. 1922. “Dystrophia adiposo-genitalis” in Barker’s
+Endrocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. I, pp. 860-924.
+
+BARRETT, A. M. 1919. Hereditary occurrence of hypothyroidism with
+dystrophies of the nails and hair. Arch. Neurology and Psychiatry, II,
+pp. 628-637.
+
+BENEDICT, F. G., and F. B. TALBOT. 1915. The physiology of the new-born
+infant. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 233, 126 pp.
+
+——, and F. B. TALBOT. 1920. Metabolism and growth from birth to puberty.
+Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 302, 213 pp.
+
+CASTLE, W. E. 1922. Genetic studies of rabbits and rats. Carnegie Inst.
+Wash. Pub. No. 320, 55 pp., 2 pls.
+
+CHAMBERS, THOMAS KING. 1850. Corpulence, or excess of fat in the human
+body. Also published in Lancet, I, 1850, pp. 523, 557, 581, 651, 687, 747
+(page 652, table showing some inherited cases).
+
+CRUM, F. S. 1915. Anthropometric table: Male and female children from 6
+to 48 months old. Newark: Prudential Ins. Co., 2 pp.
+
+CUSHING, HARVEY. 1912. The pituitary body and its disorders.
+Philadelphia, 348 pp.
+
+DAFFNER, F. 1902. Das Wachstum des Menschen: Anthropologische Studien.
+Leipzig: Englemann, 475 pp.
+
+DAVENPORT, C. B. 1915. The feebly inhibited: Inheritance of temperament.
+Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 236.
+
+——, 1917. Inheritance of stature. Genetics, II, pp. 313-389, July.
+(Eugenics Record Office Bull. No. 18.)
+
+——, and A. G. LOVE. 1921. Army anthropology. Medical Dept. U. S. Army in
+World War, Vol. XV. Statistics, Part I, Gov’t Printing Office, 635 pp.
+
+GODIN, P. 1903. Recherches anthropométric sur la croissance des diverses
+parties du corps. Paris: Maloine, 212 pp.
+
+GROVER, J. I. 1915. Some measurements of normal children, especially of
+the arm and leg. Arch. Pediat., XXXII, pp. 473-486.
+
+GULICK, A. 1922. A study of weight regulation in adult human body during
+over-nutrition. Amer. Journal of Physiology, LX, 371-395.
+
+HECKEL, F. 1920. Grandes et petites obésités; cure radicale. Masson. 537
+pp.
+
+HITCHCOCK, E., H. H. SEELEY, and P. C. PHILLIPS. 1900. The anthropometric
+manual of Amherst College. Amherst, 40 pp.
+
+HOFFMAN, F. L. 1918. Army anthropometry and medical rejection statistics.
+Newark (N. J.): Prudential Press, 114 pp.
+
+HOWARD, ——. 1908. Abnormal development in a girl. Report for Soc.
+Diseases of Children, VIII, pp. 54-56.
+
+JANNEY, N. W. 1922. Hypothyroidism, in Barker’s Endocrinology and
+Metabolism. I, pp. 379-440.
+
+JOHNSON, HARRY. 1906. Liberia. 2 vols. London.
+
+LYON, I. P. 1910. Adiposis and lipomatosis. Arch. of Inter. Med. 6,
+28-120.
+
+MARANON, G., and E. BONILLA. 1920. Histoire clinique et autopsie d’un cas
+d’obésité mortelle. Rev. neurolog. 27, pp. 909-914.
+
+MARTIN, R. 1914. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. xvi + 1181 pp.
+
+MEDICO-ACTUARIAL MORTALITY INVESTIGATIONS. Vol. I. Compiled and published
+by the Association of Life Insurance Medical Doctors and the Actuarial
+Society of America. New York. 1912, 131 pp. (Build of men, p. 38. Build
+of women, p. 67.)
+
+MEEH, K. 1895. Volummessungen des menschlichen Körpers und siener
+einzelnen Theile in den verschiedenen Alterstufen. Ztsch. f. Biol. 31,
+pp. 125-147.
+
+MIES, J. 1889. Über die Masse, den Rauminhalt und die Dichte des
+Menschen. Virchow’s Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., 157, 90 pp.
+
+NICEFORO, A. 1910. Anthropologie der nichtbesitzenden Klassen. Leipzig:
+Maas u. Van Suchtelen, 512 pp.
+
+NOORDEN, CARL VON. 1907. “Obesity” in Noorden’s Metabolism and Practical
+Medicine, edited by W. Hall. Vol. III, pp. 693-715. London: Heinemann.
+
+PRICE, G. E. 1909. Adiposis dolorosa. Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 137, pp.
+705-715.
+
+QUETELET, A. 1870. Anthropométrie ou mesure des différentes facultés de
+l’homme. Bruxelles.
+
+REITZ, E. 1904. Das Wachstum der Berliner Schulkinder während den
+Schuljahre. Arch. f. Anthropol., No. 5.I, pp. 30-42.
+
+ROSE, F. 1907. Obésité familiale. L’Encephale, II, pp. 299-303, 1 pl.
+
+SCHMID-MONNARD, R. 1892. Über den Einfluss des Millitärdienstes der
+Väter auf die körperliche Entwicklung ihrer Nachkommenschaft. Jahrb.
+Kinderheilkunde XXXIII, pp. 327-350.
+
+SINCLAIR, JAMES. 1907. History of Shorthorn Cattle. London: Vinton, 895
+pp.
+
+STRATZ, C. H. 1922. Der Körper des Kindes und seine Pflege. Stuttgart:
+Enke., 366 pp.
+
+TOWN, CLARA H. 1922. Analytic study of a group of five- and six-year-old
+children. Univ. Iowa Studies: Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 4), 87 pp.
+
+UHLENHUTH, E. 1922. Hormone factors in growth and development, in
+Barker’s Endrocrinology and Metabolism I, pp. 181-203.
+
+WEISSENBURG, S. 1911. Das Wachstum des Menschen. Stuttgart: Strecher u.
+Schröder, 220 pp.
+
+WORTHINGTON, L. S. 1875. De l’obésité, étiologie, thérapeutique, et
+hygiène. Paris: Martinet, 188 pp.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 1
+
+FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 2 mo., _below average of very
+slender_ group, weight 53 kg., stature 1,835 mm., chest-girth in repose
+762 mm., relative chest-girth 41.5; build 1.6 (22.5).
+
+FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man 18 yr. 3 mo., of average _very slender_
+build, of Scotch stock, weight 60.2 kg., stature 1,907 mm., chest-girth
+in repose 789 mm., relative chest-girth 41.4; build 1.65 (23.5).
+
+FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 23 yr. 10 mo., of _slender_ build. Weight
+62.7 kg., stature 1,787 mm., chest-girth in repose 847 mm., relative
+chest-girth 47.4; build 1.98 (28).]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 2
+
+FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of an American-born man of 19.6 yr., of _medium_
+build. Weight 67.8 kg., stature 1,715 mm., chest-girth in repose 880 mm.,
+relative chest-girth 51.3; build 2.3 (33).
+
+FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man of 17 yr. 9 mo., of _fleshy_ build.
+Weight 74.3 kg., stature 1,640 mm., chest-girth in repose 920 mm.,
+relative chest-girth 56.1; build 2.7. (39).
+
+FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 5 mo. 15 dy., of _very fleshy_
+build. Weight 90.7 kg., stature 1,617 mm., chest-girth in repose 1,013
+mm., relative chest-girth 62.6; build 3.5 (49.5).]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 3
+
+1. Boys of ages 6 to 7. 2. Boys of 9 to 10. 3. Boys of 15 to 16, of
+Baltimore schools.
+
+Whereas the distance from umbilicus to vertex increases only slightly
+in passing from the youngest to the eldest group, the distance of the
+umbilicus above the floor increases greatly—the increase of stature is
+mainly increase in length of leg. Again, boys of 9 to 10 years have
+shoulders (and chests) very little broader than those of 6 to 7 years;
+but boys of 15 and 16 years (whose relative chest-girth is much above the
+minimum 12 years) have much broader shoulders and chests than those of 9
+to 10 years.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 4
+
+School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.
+
+FIG. 1. 9 yr. 11 mo. 6 dy.
+
+FIG. 2. 10 yr. 6 mo.
+
+FIG. 3. 10 yr. 9 mo.
+
+FIG. 4. 9 yr. 1 mo.
+
+FIG. 5. 11 yr. 2 mo. 26 dy.
+
+FIG. 6. 9 yr. 1 mo. 10 dy.
+
+FIG. 7. 10 yr. 8 mo. 7 dy.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 5
+
+School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.
+
+FIG. 8. 13 yr. 6 mo. 13 dy.
+
+FIG. 9. 13 yr. 8 mo. 6 dy.
+
+FIG. 10. 13 yr. 9 mo. 6 dy.
+
+FIG. 11. 13 yr. 7 mo. 15 dy.
+
+FIG. 12. 11 yr. 9 mo. 23 dy.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 6
+
+School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.
+
+FIG. 13. 16 yr. 3 mo. 22 dy.
+
+FIG. 14. 16 yr. 0 mo. 7 dy.
+
+FIG. 15. 17 yr. 1 mo. 19 dy.
+
+FIG. 16. 17 yr. 9 mo. 16 dy.
+
+FIG. 17. 16 yr. 1 mo. 3 dy.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 7
+
+FIG. 1. Girl 12 months of age, at Sunnyside Day Nursery.
+
+FIG. 2. Boy 13 years old, at a Hebrew home. Compare relative length of
+leg with figure 1.
+
+FIG. 3. Girl 12 years, the age of maximum relative leg-length—rather
+exceptional in disproportion between leg and trunk length. From C. H.
+Stratz, 1922.
+
+FIG. 4. Torso of a mature young man from comparison with that of a
+young woman (Fig. 5). Note the difference in breadth of shoulders and
+transverse diameter of chest. Fig. 4 is a French photograph. Fig. 5 is
+copied from Kossman und Weiss, “Mann und Weib,” I, p. 51.]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 8
+
+FIGS. 1 AND 2. “Miss Allen” at the ages of 4 and 23 years respectively,
+as evidence of persistence of an early juvenile condition of build.
+
+FIGS. 3, 4, 5. Views of a case of obesity of the kind called dystrophia
+adiposo-genitalis typus feminus, age 16 years. This case is characterized
+by obesity, knock-knee, large breasts and mons, and rudimentary genitalia
+(from Ebaugh and Hoskins in Barker: Endocrines and Metabolism I: 881).]
+
+[Illustration: PLATE 9
+
+FIG. 1. Rose O, the individual indicated in fig. 35 at III 15; 15 years
+of age, stature of 145 cm., weight of 85 kg.; build 4.0 (54), relative
+chest-girth 0.78, very fleshy.
+
+FIG. 2. III 2 in Rec. family (p. 139); build 4.2 (57); relative
+chest-girth 0.90.
+
+FIG. 3. Daughter of foregoing; build 3.7 (52).
+
+FIG. 4. G. sisters, of Luray, Va., showing contrast of build in two full
+sisters of a heterozygous mating.
+
+FIG. 5. The girl at the left is the daughter in the Smi. family pedigree
+(p. 110). The other is an unrelated friend. This daughter has the formula
+at 14 years: 79 kg./170 cm.; build 2.7 (3); relative chest-girth, 60,
+fleshy.]
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78107 ***
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-08-26 18:53:59 +0000