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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78261 ***
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Note: Italicized text is surrounded by underscores:
+_italics_.
+
+
+
+
+ Issued October 28, 1907.
+
+ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
+
+ BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.--CIRCULAR 117.
+
+ A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF OF BUREAU.
+
+ A CITY MILK AND CREAM CONTEST
+
+ AS A PRACTICAL METHOD OF
+ IMPROVING THE MILK SUPPLY.
+
+ BY
+
+ C. B. LANE, B. S.,
+ _Assistant Chief of the Dairy Division_,
+
+ AND
+
+ IVAN C. WELD,
+ _Assistant Dairyman, Dairy Division_.
+
+ [Illustration: (colophon)]
+
+ WASHINGTON:
+
+ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
+
+ 1907.
+
+
+
+
+ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
+
+
+ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
+ BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
+ _Washington, D. C., August 29, 1907_.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled “A
+City Milk and Cream Contest as a Practical Method of Improving the
+Milk Supply,” by C. B. Lane, assistant chief of the Dairy Division,
+and Ivan C. Weld, assistant dairyman in that division, and recommend
+its publication as Circular 117 of this Bureau.
+
+In view of the widespread interest now being taken in the production
+of pure, clean, and wholesome milk, the contest described in this
+paper, which was held at Cleveland, Ohio, is of especial significance
+at this time. The results have been decidedly beneficial, and it is
+believed that similar contests in other cities would be productive of
+much good.
+
+Because of the prevalence and danger of tuberculosis among dairy cows
+and the importance of the tuberculin test as a means of detecting
+and eradicating the disease, some information regarding Cleveland’s
+experience with this test and some suggestions for the eradication of
+tuberculosis have been included in the paper.
+
+The thanks of the Department of Agriculture are extended to Dr. H.
+G. Sherman and Mr. Howard Strong, of the Chamber of Commerce of
+Cleveland, and Dr. C. W. Eddy, chief of the inspection division of
+the public health department, for valuable cooperation and assistance
+which contributed very largely to the success of the milk contest.
+Acknowledgment is also made to the Cleveland press for bringing the
+matter to the attention of the dairymen and the public in general
+through the columns of the papers.
+
+ Respectfully, A. D. MELVIN,
+ _Chief of Bureau_.
+
+ HON. JAMES WILSON,
+ _Secretary of Agriculture_.
+
+
+
+
+ CONTENTS.
+
+
+ Page.
+
+ The first national milk and cream exhibit 5
+
+ State contests 5
+
+ The first city dairy contest 6
+
+ Conditions of entry 7
+
+ Judges 7
+
+ Medals 8
+
+ Letter to dairymen 8
+
+ Scoring the milk and cream 9
+
+ The dairy-farm contest 14
+
+ Principal defects found 16
+
+ Value of the contest to Cleveland 17
+
+ The value of milk contests 18
+
+ Value to the producer 18
+
+ Value to the dealer 19
+
+ Value to the consumer 19
+
+ Application of the Cleveland plan to other cities 19
+
+ Extracts from addresses 20
+
+ Cleveland’s experience with the tuberculin test 23
+
+ Importance of the tuberculin test 25
+
+ Methods for eradicating tuberculosis 26
+
+ Eradication of tuberculosis from the farm 26
+
+ State aid for the eradication of tuberculosis 27
+
+
+
+
+ A CITY MILK AND CREAM CONTEST AS A PRACTICAL
+ METHOD OF IMPROVING THE MILK SUPPLY.
+
+
+
+
+ THE FIRST NATIONAL MILK AND CREAM EXHIBIT.
+
+
+The first milk and cream contest in this country was held in
+connection with the National Dairy Show in Chicago, under the
+direction of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry,
+Department of Agriculture, February 15-24, 1906.
+
+The object of the contest was, first, educational; second, to
+determine the possibilities in the handling and keeping of milk and
+cream produced under sanitary conditions and kept cold; third, to
+test a score card for rating fairly and accurately this class of
+dairy products. Much interest was shown in this contest from the
+beginning, and exhibits were sent from thirteen different States.
+The results were most gratifying, one of the most striking being the
+demonstration of the fact that clean milk, held at a low temperature,
+could be shipped a thousand miles across the country and kept sweet
+for a period of over five weeks.
+
+It was further demonstrated that milk and cream could be scored with
+reasonable accurateness for flavor, chemical qualities, keeping
+qualities, etc., where a certain number of points were given to each.
+
+A full report of this contest is given in Bulletin 87 of the Bureau
+of Animal Industry.
+
+
+
+
+ STATE CONTESTS.
+
+
+Since the national contest was held several States have had similar
+exhibits in connection with the State dairy association meetings.
+Among them may be mentioned New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
+and Massachusetts. These contests have proved of great benefit to
+dairymen, particularly in pointing out defects in the product and in
+the styles of bottles used, and suggesting remedies for the same.
+One of the most common defects in milk, and one which can readily be
+seen, is the foreign matter in the bottom of the bottle, consisting
+usually of particles of manure, hair, bedding, etc. The presence
+of dirt indicates careless and uncleanly methods in production and
+handling. Another common defect is off-flavored milk, which may
+be due to a variety of causes, as (1) to feeding strong-flavored
+foods, such as turnips, garlic, etc.; (2) to feeding certain foods
+to excess, as, for example, silage; (3) to odors of silage or manure
+in the stable; (4) to particles of manure and dirt getting into the
+milk, and (5) to not properly rinsing the bottles after using washing
+powders. Dairymen as a rule have been quick to see these defects
+when pointed out and to appreciate the importance from a business
+standpoint of producing milk as nearly perfect as possible.
+
+
+
+
+ THE FIRST CITY DAIRY CONTEST.
+
+
+In view of the success of the national contest and those of several
+States, it was thought that the plan might be applicable to cities.
+Steps were therefore taken to give it a trial. As the city of
+Cleveland had already adopted the Dairy Division score card for
+rating dairy farms, and as this city was making a special effort
+to improve conditions in the dairies and the quality of its milk
+supply, arrangements were made with the Chamber of Commerce to
+conduct the contest under its auspices. This organization looked
+after the printing of the entry blanks, score cards, and letters to
+dairymen and mailing the same; furnished the hall for the meetings
+and laboratories for the chemical and bacteriological work; offered
+medals for the best milk and cream and the best dairy farms, and also
+furnished one judge. The Dairy Division performed the chemical and
+bacteriological work and supplied two judges. Some 400 producers of
+milk for the Cleveland market were present at an all-day conference,
+when addresses on timely subjects were given by representatives
+from the Department of Agriculture and the Cleveland Chamber of
+Commerce, extracts from which are given elsewhere in this article.
+Many questions were asked by the dairymen present, which resulted in
+valuable discussions.
+
+There were three classes in the contest, as follows:
+
+_Class I. Market milk (raw)._--This comprised all milk not
+“certified” or sold under any guaranty as to its quality. A very
+large percentage of the milk supplied to our cities is of this
+character. It was specified that it must not be pasteurized or
+contain preservatives.
+
+_Class II. Market cream (raw)._--It was specified that this product
+should be sweet, unpasteurized, and free from preservatives.
+
+_Class III. Dairy farms._--All dairymen having exhibits of milk or
+cream in the above classes were permitted to enter the dairy-farm
+contest. These farms were visited by the judges and scored on the
+basis of a score card (see page 14).
+
+
+ CONDITIONS OF ENTRY.
+
+Entry blanks were prepared for both milk and cream, but as they were
+quite similar only the one for milk is presented here:
+
+ [Dairy meeting and milk and cream contest, Cleveland, Ohio, March
+ 16, 1907, under the direction of the Dairy Division, Bureau of
+ Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.]
+
+ OFFICIAL ENTRY BLANK.
+
+ CLASS 1. MARKET MILK (RAW).
+
+ P. O. address: ----, ----. Date: ----, 1907.
+
+ C. B. LANE,
+ _Assistant Chief, Dairy Division_:
+
+ Please enter for me 6 quarts of milk to compete for prizes
+ offered by the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, March 16, 1907, in
+ accordance with the conditions herein prescribed.
+
+ (Signed) ---- ----.
+
+ Rules: (1) Exhibitors are allowed to make only one entry in each
+ class. This must include in Class I 6 quarts of milk in bottles
+ (quarts or pints), placed in a box suitable for shipping. (2)
+ The milk to be the property of the United States Department of
+ Agriculture. (3) Every exhibitor is required to fill out and sign
+ the following certificate:
+
+ I, ---- ----, hereby certify that the milk entered in this
+ competition is a fair sample of the product sold by me, that it
+ is free from preservatives, and that it has not been pasteurized
+ or sterilized.
+
+ (Signed) ---- ----.
+ (Proprietor) ---- ----.
+
+
+ HOW TO COMPETE.
+
+ Milk to compete for prizes must be sent by express or otherwise
+ from station nearest the producer direct to C. B. Lane, assistant
+ chief, Dairy Division, care Cleveland Chamber of Commerce,
+ Cleveland, Ohio. Express charges on exhibits must be paid to
+ destination.
+
+ The package should be plainly addressed on outside; a card should
+ also be tacked on box inside, giving plainly sender’s name and
+ address, so as to avoid mistakes in identifying packages.
+
+ In order that the milk entered by the exhibitors may be of the
+ same age when scored, it is hereby specified that it shall be
+ drawn from the cow March 11, and shipped by express or otherwise
+ as soon thereafter as possible.
+
+ A representative of the Department will be on hand to take charge
+ of the milk on its arrival and will see that it is properly cared
+ for.
+
+ Only these official entry blanks, furnished by the Dairy
+ Division, will be accepted.
+
+
+ QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY EXHIBITORS.
+
+ 1. Give date and hour when this milk was drawn from the cow: ----.
+
+ 2. Give place, date, and hour at which this milk was delivered to
+ the express company or otherwise shipped: ----.
+
+ 3. Does this milk fairly represent the average product of your
+ herd in quality and cleanliness? ----.
+
+ 4. How was the milk treated from the time it was drawn from the
+ cow until shipped? ----.
+
+ 5. Do you wish to compete for the dairy-farm prize? ----.
+
+ Remarks: ----.
+
+
+ JUDGES.
+
+It was arranged to give the products exhibited, as well as the dairy
+farms in the contest, the most careful examination possible, so that
+the final results would be beyond question; and it may be said that
+the dairymen generally expressed themselves as well pleased with the
+absolute fairness with which the contest was conducted. The judges
+were C. B. Lane, assistant chief of the Dairy Division; Ivan C. Weld,
+assistant dairyman, Dairy Division, and Dr. C. W. Eddy, chief of the
+inspection division, public health department, Cleveland.
+
+
+ MEDALS.
+
+As previously stated, the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce offered
+medals to the dairymen. This feature increased the interest and
+stimulated keen competition. A gold and a silver medal were awarded
+for the two samples of milk scoring highest, and the same for cream.
+Medals were also awarded to the five dairy farms scoring the highest.
+
+
+ LETTER TO DAIRYMEN.
+
+In order to bring the matter before the dairymen the following letter
+was sent to about 2,000 milk producers in Cleveland and vicinity:
+
+ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
+ BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
+ _Washington, D. C., March 5, 1907_.
+
+ DEAR SIR: The Dairy Division of the United States Department of
+ Agriculture is arranging for a dairy meeting and milk and cream
+ contest to be held in the Chamber of Commerce hall, Cleveland,
+ Ohio, March 16, 1907, in cooperation with the municipal
+ sanitation committee of the Chamber of Commerce. The object of
+ the meeting is to discuss with the dairymen problems relating to
+ the production and handling of market milk and cream. A special
+ feature of this meeting will be an exhibit of milk and cream
+ from the dairymen supplying Cleveland. These products will be
+ carefully analyzed by experts from the Department and scored for
+ flavor, composition, acidity, general appearance, etc. There will
+ be three classes in this contest, as follows:
+
+ Class I. Market milk (raw), two prizes (gold and silver medals).
+
+ Class II. Market cream (raw), two prizes (gold and silver medals).
+
+ Class III. Dairy farms, five prizes (gold and silver medals).
+
+ After being scored, all the milk and cream will be placed on
+ exhibition, accompanied by the score. Questions regarding the
+ scoring of the various products will be cheerfully answered.
+ Prizes will be awarded to those scoring highest in each
+ class. The whole object of the meeting and of the exhibits is
+ educational and entirely for the benefit of the dairymen.
+
+ All dairymen supplying milk or cream to the city of Cleveland
+ are invited to exhibit in one or all of the above classes, in
+ accordance with the conditions on the entry blanks inclosed
+ herewith.
+
+ In addition to prizes offered for the milk and cream exhibited,
+ prizes will also be given in Class III to the five dairy farms
+ scoring the highest. Only those dairymen, however, having
+ exhibits of milk or cream will be entitled to have their dairy
+ farms scored and to compete for these prizes. If you desire to
+ compete for the dairy-farm prize, do not fail to answer question
+ 5 relating to this on the entry blank provided for milk and cream.
+
+ If the milk and cream you handle are of high quality it should
+ be of interest and value to you to enter the contest. If your
+ product is not of good quality you ought to know it. The defects,
+ whatever they are, will be pointed out to you by those qualified
+ to make a careful examination.
+
+ Come prepared to ask questions and to get all you can out of this
+ meeting.
+
+ Respectfully, yours,
+
+ ED. H. WEBSTER.
+ _Chief of Dairy Division._
+
+
+ SCORING THE MILK AND CREAM.
+
+The scoring was done on the basis of score cards, similar to those
+used at the National Dairy Show already referred to. The standard
+for perfect milk in the present contest, however, called for a much
+smaller number of bacteria, and the standard for fat was also made
+higher. The judges experienced but little difficulty in scoring the
+various samples; in fact it was demonstrated that milk and cream can
+be graded as accurately as butter or cheese by the use of the score
+card, although the system is comparatively new.
+
+All the milk and cream entered in the contest was produced March 11
+and shipped to a cold-storage house in Cleveland. The scoring was
+done March 14, when the product was three days old.
+
+The score cards used in this contest are presented herewith:
+
+
+ SCORE CARD FOR MARKET MILK.
+
+ Exhibitor: ---- ----.
+ Address: ----, ----.
+
+ NUMERICAL SCORE.
+ -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+--------
+ | | | | Appearance of | Perfect
+ Flavor,| Composition,| Bacteria,| Acidity,| package and | score,
+ 40. | 25. | 20. | 5. | contents, 10. | 100.
+ -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+--------
+ | | | | | Judge’s
+ | | | | | score.
+ -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+--------
+ DESCRIPTIVE SCORE.
+ ----------+----------------+------------+----------+---------------
+ Flavor. | Composition. | Bacteria. | Acidity. | Package and
+ | | | | contents.
+ ----------+----------------+------------+----------+---------------
+ Excellent.|Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect.
+ Good. | | | |
+ Fair. |Fat, ---- |Total, ----.|---- |Foreign matter.
+ Bad. | per cent. | | per cent.|
+ Flat. |Solids not fat, |Liquefiers, | |Metal parts.
+ Bitter. | ---- per cent. | ----. | |
+ Weedy. | | | |Unattractive.
+ Garlic. | | | |
+ Silage. | | | |
+ Manure. | | | |
+ Smothered.| | | |
+ Other | | | |
+ taints. | | | |
+ .... | | | |
+ .... | | | |
+ ----------+----------------+------------+----------+---------------
+ Remarks: ----.
+ Date: ----. ---- ----, _Judge_.
+
+
+ DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING.
+
+
+ FLAVOR.
+
+ If rich, sweet, clean, and pleasant flavor and odor, score
+ perfect (40). Deduct for objectionable flavors and odors
+ according to conditions found.
+
+
+ COMPOSITION.
+
+ If 4 per cent fat or above and 8.5 per cent solids not fat or
+ above, score perfect (25). Deduct 1 point for each one-fourth per
+ cent fat below 4 and 1 point for each one-fourth per cent solids
+ not fat below 8.5.
+
+
+ BACTERIA.
+
+ Less than 10,000 per cubic centimeter (perfect) 20
+ Over 10,000 and less than 25,000 per cubic centimeter 19
+ Over 25,000 and less than 50,000 per cubic centimeter 18
+ Over 50,000 and less than 75,000 per cubic centimeter 17
+ Over 75,000 and less than 100,000 per cubic centimeter 16
+ Deduct 1 point for each 25,000 above 100,000.
+
+ When an unusually large number of liquefying bacteria are
+ present, further deduction should be made according to conditions
+ found.
+
+
+ ACIDITY.
+
+ If 0.2 per cent or below, score perfect (5). Deduct 1 point for
+ each 0.01 per cent above 0.2 per cent. (If Mann’s test is used,
+ discontinue adding indicator on first appearance of a pink color.)
+
+
+ APPEARANCE OF PACKAGE AND CONTENTS.
+
+ If package is clean, free from metal parts, and no foreign
+ matter can be detected in the contents, score perfect (10). Make
+ deductions according to conditions found.
+
+
+ SCORE CARD FOR MARKET CREAM.
+
+ Exhibitor: ---- ----
+ Address: ---- ----.
+
+ NUMERICAL SCORE.
+ -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+--------
+ | | | | Appearance of | Perfect
+ Flavor,| Composition,| Bacteria,| Acidity,| package and | score,
+ 40. | 25. | 20. | 5. | contents, 10. | 100.
+ -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+--------
+ | | | | | Judge’s
+ | | | | | score.
+ -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+--------
+ DESCRIPTIVE SCORE.
+ ----------+----------------+------------+----------+---------------
+ Flavor. | Composition. | Bacteria. | Acidity. | Package and
+ | | | | contents.
+ ----------+----------------+------------+----------+---------------
+ Excellent.|Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect.
+ Good. | | | |
+ Fair. |Fat, ---- |Total, ----.|---- |Foreign matter.
+ Bad. | per cent. | | per cent.|
+ Flat. | |Liquefiers, | |Metal parts.
+ Bitter. | | ----. | |
+ Weedy. | | | |Unattractive.
+ Garlic. | | | |
+ Silage. | | | |Lumpy.
+ Smothered.| | | |
+ Manure. | | | |Frothy.
+ Other | | | |
+ taints. | | | |
+ .... | | | |
+ .... | | | |
+ .... | | | |
+ ----------+----------------+------------+----------+---------------
+ Remarks: ----.
+ Date: ----. ---- ----, _Judge_.
+
+
+ DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING.
+
+
+ FLAVOR.
+
+ If rich, sweet, clean, and pleasant flavor and odor, score
+ perfect (40). Deduct for objectionable flavors and odors
+ according to conditions found.
+
+
+ COMPOSITION.
+
+ If 20 per cent fat or above, score perfect (25). Deduct 1 point
+ for each one-half per cent fat below 20.
+
+
+ BACTERIA.
+
+ Less than 10,000 per cubic centimeter (perfect) 20
+ Over 10,000 and less than 25,000 per cubic centimeter 19
+ Over 25,000 and less than 50,000 per cubic centimeter 18
+ Over 50,000 and less than 75,000 per cubic centimeter 17
+ Over 75,000 and less than 100,000 per cubic centimeter 16
+ Deduct 1 point for each 25,000 above 100,000. -
+
+ When an unusually large number of liquefying bacteria are
+ present, further deduction should be made according to conditions
+ found.
+
+
+ ACIDITY.
+
+ If 0.2 per cent or below, score perfect (5). Deduct 1 point
+ for each 0.01 per cent above 0.2. (If Mann’s test is used,
+ discontinue, adding indicator on first appearance of a pink
+ color.)
+
+
+ APPEARANCE OF PACKAGE AND CONTENTS.
+
+ If package is clean, free from metal parts, and no foreign matter
+ can be detected in the contents, and physical condition of
+ product is good, score perfect (10). Make deductions according to
+ conditions.
+
+The composition, condition, and numerical scores of the entries of
+market milk and cream are given in the following tables:
+
+
+ _Table showing composition and condition of market milk and cream._
+
+ ------+-----+------+-------+-------+---------------+-------------------
+ Sample| Fat.|Solids| Acid-| Total | Appearance of | Remarks.
+ No. | | not | ity. |bacteria| package. |
+ | | fat. | | per | |
+ | | | | cubic | |
+ | | | |centime-| |
+ | | | | ter. | |
+ ------+-----+------+------+--------+---------------+-------------------
+ 1 | 4.1 | 9.82 |0.235 | 3,100 |Slight sediment|
+ 2 | 4.0 | 8.67 | .198 | 1,600 | do |
+ 3 | 3.5 | 8.70 | .194 | 16,300 |Clean |
+ 4 | 3.4 | 8.55 | .198 | 5,500 | do |
+ 5 | 3.7 | 8.61 | .200 | 15,200 | do |
+ 6 | 4.5 | 9.02 | .192 | 5,100 |Slight sediment|
+ 7 | 3.9 | 8.78 | .180 | 1,600 | do |
+ 8 | 3.6 | 8.59 | .174 | 35,800 | do |
+ 9 | 3.3 | 8.53 | .187 | 4,730 | do |
+ 10 | 3.7 | 8.74 | .174 | 11,300 | do |
+ 11 | 3.9 | 8.78 | .183 | 4,900 | do |
+ 12 | 3.8 | 8.76 | .189 | 12,500 | do |
+ 13 | 4.5 | 8.90 | .180 | 33,000 |Clean |
+ 14 | 3.2 | 8.37 | .194 | 38,600 | do |
+ 15 | 3.4 | 8.55 | .196 | 5,200 |Slight sediment|Bottle not full.
+ 16 | 4.0 | 8.80 | .196 | 6,000 | do |
+ 1 | 3.2 | 8.64 | .200 | 3,100 | do |
+ 18 | 3.5 | 8.80 | .189 | 17,500 | do |
+ 19 | 3.4 | 8.78 | .200 | 17,200 |Clean |
+ 20 | 3.5 | 8.45 | .180 | 5,400 |Slight sediment|
+ 21[a] |33.6 | ... | .162 | 29,200 | do |
+ 22 | 4.4 | 9.25 | .216 | 26,500 | do |
+ 23[a] |25.0 | ... | .180 | 21,000 | do |
+ 24 | 3.9 | 8.90 | .198 | 8,700 | do |
+ 25 | 3.7 | 8.86 | .198 | 20,700 |Clean |
+ 26 | 3.1 | 8.25 | .189 |166,000 | do |
+ 27 | 4.3 | 8.86 | .182 | 1,000 | do |Soapy flavor.
+ 28 | 3.8 | 9.13 | .183 | 9,500 | do |
+ 29 | 4.4 | 8.88 | .185 | 86,000 | do |
+ 30[a] |37.2 | ... | .162 | 20,700 |Slight sediment|Silver medal
+ | | | | | | (cream).
+ 31 | 3.7 | 8.74 | .207 | 18,000 |Clean |
+ 32 | 3.9 | 9.78 | .200 | 10,400 | do |
+ 33 | 4.4 | 9.00 | .200 | 8,500 | do |
+ 34 | 4.1 | 8.82 | .192 | 31,300 |Slight sediment|
+ 35 | 3.6 | 8.92 | .234 | 26,300 | do |
+ 36 | 3.6 | 8.59 | .200 | 1,000 | do |Soapy flavor.
+ 37 | 4.1 | 8.94 | .216 | 23,900 | do |Manure flavor.
+ 38 | 3.4 | 8.98 | .200 | 2,100 | do |
+ 39 | 3.5 | 8.45 | .198 | 7,500 | do |Metal and rubber
+ | | | | | | parts to package.
+ 40 | 4.0 | 8.80 | .191 | 6,300 |Slight sediment|
+ 41 | 4.0 | 9.00 | .198 | 6,700 | do |
+ 42 | 3.3 | 9.03 | .219 | 3,100 |Clean |
+ 43 | 4.1 | 9.19 | .219 | 5,500 | do |
+ 44 | 3.6 | 8.72 | .184 | 18,300 |Slight sediment|
+ 45 | 4.1 | 9.82 | .200 | 5,700 | Clean |Gold medal (milk).
+ 46 | 3.5 | 9.70 | .192 | 1,000 | do |
+ 47 | 4.0 | 9.00 | .198 | 10,500 |Slight sediment|
+ 48 | 3.7 | 8.74 | .208 | 5,200 | do |
+ 49[a] |18.0 | ... | .216 |402,500 | do |
+ 50 | 3.5 | 9.90 | .210 | 5,800 | do |
+ 51[a] |24.0 | ... | .182 | 1,100 | do |Gold medal (cream).
+ 52 | 3.9 | 8.40 | .198 | 32,000 | do |
+ 53 | 4.2 | 8.84 | .200 | 5,600 | do |Silver medal
+ | | | | | | (milk).
+ 54[a] |31.6 | ... | .180 |392,000 |Clean |Soapy flavor.
+ 55 | 3.9 | 8.90 | .207 | 5,600 |Slight sediment|
+ 56 | 8.1 | 7.03 | .207 | 27,000 | do |
+ 57 | 3.9 | 8.53 | .200 | 6,700 | do |
+ 58 | 3.9 | 8.73 | .200 | 1,500 | do |
+ 59 | 2.5 | 8.25 | .185 | 1,200 |Sediment |Metal and rubber
+ | | | | | | parts to package.
+ ------+-----+------+------+--------+---------------+-------------------
+
+ [a] Cream.
+
+
+ _Table showing numerical scores of the milk and cream._
+
+ ------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------
+ Sample| Flavor |Composition| Bacteria|Appearance| Acidity| Total
+ No. | (perfect | (perfect | (perfect| (perfect |(perfect| score
+ | 40 | 25 | 20 | 10 | 5 | (perfect
+ | points). | points). | points).| points). |points).| 100
+ | | | | | | points).
+ ------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------
+ 1 | 34.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 90.0
+ 2 | 34.5 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 94.0
+ 3 | 35.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 92.0
+ 4 | 34.0 | 22 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 91.0
+ 5 | 33.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0
+ 6 | 32.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 91.5
+ 7 | 33.5 | 24 | 20 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 91.5
+ 8 | 33.0 | 23 | 18 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 88.5
+ 9 | 29.0 | 22 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 85.5
+ 10 | 34.0 | 23 | 19 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 90.5
+ 11 | 34.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 92.5
+ 12 | 32.0 | 24 | 19 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 89.0
+ 13 | 32.0 | 25 | 18 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0
+ 14 | 35.0 | 21 | 18 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 89.0
+ 15 | 35.5 | 22 | 20 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 91.5
+ 16 | 35.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 94.5
+ 17 | 36.5 | 22 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.0
+ 18 | 32.0 | 23 | 19 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 88.0
+ 19 | 34.0 | 22 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0
+ 20 | 32.0 | 22 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 88.5
+ 21[a] | 37.0 | 25 | 18 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 94.5
+ 22 | 32.5 | 25 | 18 | 9.5 | 3.5 | 88.5
+ 23[a] | 36.5 | 25 | 19 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 95.0
+ 24 | 32.75 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 91.25
+ 25 | 33.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0
+ 26 | 30.0 | 20 | 13 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 78.0
+ 27 | 28.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 88.0
+ 28 | 31.5 | 24 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.5
+ 29 | 34.0 | 25 | 16 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 90.0
+ 30[a] | 37.5 | 25 | 19 | 9.0 | 5.0 | [b]95.5
+ 31 | 37.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 4.5 | 93.5
+ 32 | 34.5 | 24 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 92.5
+ 33 | 35.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 95.0
+ 34 | 36.25 | 25 | 18 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 93.25
+ 35 | 36.0 | 23 | 18 | 9.5 | 2.0 | 88.5
+ 36 | 31.0 | 23 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 88.5
+ 37 | 31.0 | 25 | 19 | 9.5 | 3.5 | 88.0
+ 38 | 34.5 | 22 | 20 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 90.5
+ 39 | 35.0 | 22 | 20 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 87.0
+ 40 | 33.75 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.25
+ 41 | 34.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.5
+ 42 | 35.5 | 22 | 20 | 10.0 | 3.5 | 91.0
+ 43 | 35.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 3.5 | 93.5
+ 44 | 28.0 | 23 | 19 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 84.5
+ 45 | 37.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | [c]97.0
+ 46 | 36.0 | 23 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 94.0
+ 47 | 32.5 | 25 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 91.5
+ 48 | 34.5 | 23 | 20 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 91.0
+ 49[a] | 35.0 | 21 | 4 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 73.5
+ 50 | 35.0 | 23 | 20 | 9.5 | 4.5 | 92.0
+ 51[a] | 36.5 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | [d]96.0
+ 52 | 36.5 | 24 | 18 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.0
+ 53 | 36.5 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | [e]96.0
+ 54[a] | 32.0 | 25 | 5 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 77.0
+ 55 | 34.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 4.5 | 92.0
+ 56 | 32.0 | 25 | 8 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 78.5
+ 57 | 33.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 91.5
+ 58 | 34.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 92.5
+ 59 | 27.0 | 19 | 20 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 76.5
+ ------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+---------
+
+[a] Cream.
+
+[b] Silver medal (cream).
+
+[c] Gold medal (milk).
+
+[d] Gold medal (cream).
+
+[e] Silver medal (milk).
+
+
+The flavor of the samples of both milk and cream was generally good.
+A few were soapy, owing to bottles not being properly rinsed, and one
+or two suggested a flavor of the cow stable. The lowest score for
+“flavor of milk” was 28 points, the highest 37; the lowest score for
+“flavor of cream” was 30 points, the highest 37.5.
+
+The percentage of fat in the milk was close to 4 in the majority of
+instances; the lowest was 2.5 and the highest 8.1. Both of these
+samples, however, may safely be regarded as abnormal. The percentage
+of fat in the cream samples varied from 18 to 37.2. The lowest
+percentage of “solids not fat” was 7.03, and the highest 9.9.
+
+With but few exceptions the milk and cream exhibited did not exceed
+the required standard for acidity, which was two-tenths of 1 per
+cent. The lowest percentage of acidity was 0.162, the highest 0.235.
+
+The number of bacteria per cubic centimeter found in the milk samples
+varied from 1,000, which was the lowest number, to 166,000, which
+was the highest. Seventeen out of the 59 samples examined contained
+over 20,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and more than half of all
+the samples exhibited contained less than 10,000, or a number small
+enough to meet the requirements for certified milk as established by
+the milk commissions. The lowest number of bacteria found in cream
+was 1,100 per cubic centimeter, the highest 402,000.
+
+The appearance of the packages of milk and cream was generally good.
+Only two had rubber or metal parts. Many of the samples contained
+more or less foreign matter. About one-third showed no sediment
+whatever in the bottom of the bottles.
+
+Of the 59 samples of milk and cream competing in this contest 6
+scored 95 or over, 35 between 90 and 95, 12 between 85 and 90,
+and 6 less than 85. The large number scoring 90 or above is very
+noticeable, and indicates that the majority of the dairymen were
+successful in their efforts to produce high-class milk.
+
+
+ THE DAIRY-FARM CONTEST.
+
+This was an entirely new feature in connection with milk contests
+and proved to be of great interest and practical value. Twenty-five
+dairymen entered their farms in this contest, and the farms were
+visited by the judges and scored on the basis of the score card shown
+below. While this part of the work required considerable time and
+some expense, it is believed that it resulted in much good along the
+line of improving the conditions affecting the city milk supply. Full
+details of this feature of the work are given in the table.
+
+
+ [United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal
+ Industry, Dairy Division.]
+
+ SANITARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES.
+
+ Owner or lessee of farm: ---- ----.
+ Town: ----. State: ----.
+ Total No. of cows: ----. No. milking: ----.
+ Quarts of milk produced daily: ----
+ Is product sold at wholesale or retail? ----.
+ If shipped to dealer, give name and address: ----.
+ Permit No.: ----. Date of inspection: ----, 1907.
+
+ --------------------------------+-----------------+------------------
+ | Score. |
+ +--------+--------+ Remarks.
+ |Perfect.|Allowed.|
+ --------------------------------+--------+--------+------------------
+ COWS. | | |
+ Condition | 2 | |
+ Health | 8 | |
+ Cleanliness | 5 | |
+ Water supply | 5 | |
+ +--------+ |
+ | 20 | |
+ STABLES. | | |
+ Construction | 5 | |
+ Cleanliness | 5 | |
+ Light | 5 | |
+ Ventilation | 4 | |
+ Cubic space per cow | 3 | |
+ Removal of manure | 2 | |
+ Stable yard | 1 | |
+ +--------+ |
+ | 25 | |
+ MILK HOUSE. | | |
+ Construction | 2 | |
+ Equipment | 3 | |
+ Cleanliness | 5 | |
+ Care and cleanliness of utensils| 5 | |
+ Water supply (Temp. ---- °F.) | 5 | |
+ +--------+ |
+ | 20 | |
+ MILKERS AND MILKING. | | |
+ Health of attendants | 5 | |
+ Cleanliness of milking | 10 | |
+ +--------+ |
+ | 15 | |
+ HANDLING THE MILK. | | |
+ Prompt and efficient cooling | 10 | |
+ Storing at a low temperature | 5 | |
+ Protection during transportation| 5 | |
+ Temperature of milk ---- °F. | | |
+ +--------+ |
+ | 20 | |
+ +--------+--------+
+ Total score | 100 | |
+ --------------------------------+--------+--------+------------------
+
+ Sanitary conditions are:
+ Excellent: ----. Good: ----. Fair: ----. Poor: ----.
+ Suggestions by inspector: ----.
+ (Signed) ---- ----, _Inspector_.
+
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING.
+
+
+ COWS.
+
+ Perfect
+ score.
+
+ _Condition and healthfulness._--Deduct 2 points if in poor
+ flesh, and 8 points if not tuberculin-tested 10
+ _Cleanliness._--Clean, 5; good, 4; fair, 2; bad, 0 5
+ _Water supply._--If clean and unpolluted, 5; fair, 3;
+ otherwise, 0 5
+
+
+ STABLES.
+
+ _Construction._--For cement floor or other material equally
+ as good (_a_)[A] in good condition allow 2 points; fair, 1;
+ poor, 0; wood floor (_b_) or other material in good condition,
+ 1; fair, ½; poor, 0; good tie (_c_), 1; good manger (_d_),
+ 1; box stall (_e_), 1 5
+ _Cleanliness._--If thoroughly clean, including floor (_a_),
+ windows (_b_), and ceilings (_c_), 5; good, 4; medium, 3;
+ fair, 2; poor, 1; bad, 0 5
+ _Light._--Four square feet of glass per cow, 5; 1 point off for
+ each 20 per cent less than 4 square feet 5
+ _Ventilation._--Good ventilating system, 4; fair, 3; poor, 2;
+ bad, 0 4
+ _Cubic space per cow._--If 500 cubic feet or over per cow, 3;
+ less than 500 and over 400, 2; less than 400 and over 300, 1;
+ less than 300, 0 3
+ _Removal of manure._--Hauled to field daily, 2; removed at
+ least 30 feet from stable, 1; otherwise, 0 2
+ _Stable yard._--In good condition (_a_), ½; well drained
+ (_b_), ½; otherwise, 0 1
+
+
+ MILK HOUSE.
+
+ _Construction._--Tight, sound floor, and not connected with
+ any other building (_a_), well lighted (_b_), well ventilated
+ (_c_), 2; (_d_) if connected with another building under good
+ conditions, 1; otherwise, 0; (_e_) if no milk house, 0 2
+ _Equipment._--Hot water for cleaning utensils (_a_), 1; cooler
+ (_b_), 1; proper pails (_c_) and strainers (_d_) used for no
+ other purposes, 1 3
+ _Cleanliness._--Interior clean, 5; good condition, 4; medium,
+ 3; fair, 2; poor, 1; bad, 0 5
+ _Care and cleanliness of utensils._--Clean (_a_), 3; kept in
+ milk house or suitable outside rack (_b_), 2; otherwise, 0 5
+ _Water supply._--If pure and clean running water, 5; pure and
+ clean still water, 3; otherwise, 0 5
+
+
+ MILKING.
+
+ _Attendants._--Healthy 5
+ _Cleanliness of milking._--Clean milking suits, milking with
+ clean dry hands, and attention to cleanliness of udder and
+ teats while milking, 10; no special suits, but otherwise clean
+ (_a_), 7; deduct 4 points for unclean teats (_b_) and udder
+ (_c_) and 3 points for unclean hands (_d_) 10
+
+
+ HANDLING THE MILK.
+
+ _Prompt and efficient cooling._--If prompt (_a_), 5; efficient
+ (_b_), if 50° F. or under, 5; over 50° and not over 55°, 4;
+ over 55° and not over 60°, 3; over 60°, 0; if neither prompt
+ nor efficient, 0 10
+ _Storing at low temperature._--If 50° F. or under, 5; over 50°
+ and not over 55°, 4; over 55° and not over 60°, 3; over 60°, 0 5
+ _Protection during transportation to market._--If thoroughly
+ protected (iced), 5; good protection, 4; partly protected, 2;
+ otherwise, 0 5
+ ---
+ 100
+
+ [Note: The letters _a_, _b_, _c_, etc., should be entered on score
+ card to show condition of dairy, and when so entered should
+ always indicate a deficiency.]
+
+
+ SCORE.
+
+ If total score is 90 or above and each division 85% perfect or
+ over, the dairy is EXCELLENT (entitled to registry).
+
+ If total score is 80 or above and each division 75% perfect or
+ over, the dairy is GOOD.
+
+ If total score is 70 or above and each division 65% perfect or
+ over, the dairy is FAIR.
+
+ If total score is below 70 and any division is below 65% perfect,
+ the dairy is POOR.
+
+
+ _Detailed scores of the twenty-five dairy farms entered in the
+ dairy-farm contest._
+
+ ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
+ | Cows |Stables | Milk |Milking |Handling| Total
+ |(perfect|(perfect| house |(perfect|of milk | score
+ Farm No. | 20 | 25 |(perfect| 15 |(perfect|(perfect
+ |points).|points).| 20 |points).| 20 | 100
+ | | |points).| |points).|points).
+ ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
+ 1 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 41.0
+ 2 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 42.0
+ 3 | 4.0 | 14.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 46.0
+ 4 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 12.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 48.0
+ 5 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 51.0
+ 6 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 53.0
+ 7 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 57.0
+ 8 | 18.0 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 58.5
+ 9 | 15.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 60.0
+ 10 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 61.0
+ 11 | 12.0 | 18.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 62.0
+ 12 | 10.0 | 21.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 64.0
+ 13 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 17.5 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 64.5
+ 14 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 65.0
+ 15 | 12.0 | 16.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 65.0
+ 16 | 12.0 | 22.0 | 12.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 66.0
+ 17 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 67.5
+ 18 | 12.0 | 23.0 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 69.0
+ 19 | 12.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 71.0
+ 20 | 7.0 | 19.5 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 74.5
+ 21 | 14.0 | 20.5 | 16.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 80.5
+ 22 | 12.0 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 82.0
+ 23 | 11.5 | 21.0 | 19.0 | 12.0 | 20.0 | 83.5
+ 24 | 12.0 | 23.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 85.0
+ 25 | 19.5 | 21.0 | 17.0 | 12.0 | 17.0 | 86.5
+ ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
+ Average | 11.6 | 15.4 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 14.5 | 64.1
+ Average per | | | | | |
+ cent perfect| 58.0 | 61.6 | 59.0 | 72.0 | 72.5 | 64.1
+ ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------
+
+
+ PRINCIPAL DEFECTS FOUND.
+
+The greatest defects on the dairy farms were found to be the lack
+of cleanliness of the cows and the nonapplication of the tuberculin
+test. This test had been applied to only five of the twenty-five
+herds, and as it counted 8 points in the score the low average for
+the cows is thus explained. The cows in fifteen of the herds were
+more or less dirty. The water supply was generally good. The average
+rating for the cows was 11.6 points out of a possible 20.
+
+The next greatest defect was found in the construction, equipment,
+and cleanliness of the milk houses. Many farms had no milk houses or
+special rooms for handling the milk, some were lacking in the proper
+equipment--particularly coolers and facilities for heating water.
+The water supply and utensils for the milk house were generally
+good. Seven out of the twenty-five received a perfect score for
+cleanliness. The average score for all of the milk houses was 11.8
+points out of a possible 20.
+
+The third lowest rating was given to the stables, which scored 15.4
+points out of a possible 25. The greatest defect here was the lack
+of cleanliness, although the light and ventilation were frequently
+deficient. The construction as a rule received a good rating, and
+the cubic space per cow was generally satisfactory.
+
+The cleanliness observed in milking was generally good, and the
+method of handling the milk satisfactory. These two branches of the
+dairy work rated 72 and 72.5 per cent, respectively.
+
+
+ VALUE OF THE CONTEST TO CLEVELAND.
+
+The following letter points out very clearly some of the results
+which followed the contest in Cleveland:
+
+ CLEVELAND, _June 4, 1907_.
+
+ Prof. C. B. LANE,
+ _Assistant Chief, Dairy Division, Washington, D. C._
+
+ DEAR SIR: Certain very definite beneficial results may be traced
+ to the milk exhibit and contest held in Cleveland on March 16,
+ 1907. It was of special value from an educational standpoint.
+ Few of the dairymen supplying milk to Cleveland previous to
+ the contest had any appreciation of the significance of the
+ inspection required by the city and submitted to it largely from
+ necessity. The various addresses and discussions demonstrated the
+ method and the value of the inspection. The dairymen present came
+ to understand the importance and significance of improved methods
+ of handling milk, and many of the recommendations made have since
+ been adopted. The dairymen also felt pleased at the attention
+ and interest of the Government officials in Cleveland’s milk
+ producers.
+
+ With the inauguration of the inspection by the Cleveland Board
+ of Health considerable opposition developed among the dairymen,
+ and in some cases open enmity. With a thorough understanding of
+ the object of the inspection this opposition has ceased and the
+ inspection is now sought and welcomed. Cordial relations now
+ exist between the dairymen and the inspection department. The
+ holding of the contest and exhibit definitely contributed to
+ this kindly feeling. Friendly rivalry has been developed among
+ the dairymen. The visit of the inspector is looked forward to;
+ his suggestions are usually promptly complied with, and his
+ subsequent visits result in a higher score for the dairymen
+ generally. The general attitude of the dairymen toward an
+ inspection system is well illustrated by a letter recently sent
+ by several representative dairymen to the board of health:
+
+ We milk producers, who ship milk to the city of Cleveland,
+ desiring to make and ship milk of good quality and to observe
+ the sanitary regulations as prescribed by your honorable body,
+ respectfully ask that each and every person shipping milk to
+ the city of Cleveland be required to take out a permit to be
+ issued by your honorable body, revocable at your pleasure.
+
+ That said permits shall be classified as 1 or 2. That dairies
+ which score 50 points or above be classified as No. 1, and all
+ dairies which score below 50 points be classified as No. 2.
+ That all milk dealers, shippers, and peddlers who sell milk in
+ the city of Cleveland be required to apprise their customers
+ by placard or otherwise at all times of the class of milk that
+ they are offering for sale, and in case of failure so to do,
+ or in case of said milk dealer, shipper, or peddler offering
+ for sale milk shipped into the city of Cleveland without a
+ permit, said milk dealer, shipper, or peddler’s license shall
+ be forfeited.
+
+ AUSTIN HERRICK.
+ W. A. MILLS.
+ H. F. BICKER.
+ S. H. MIZER.
+ O. H. BENNETT.
+ E. BOWEN.
+ H. E. POST.
+ G. W. ADAMS.
+ W. H. CHAMBERS.
+ A. F. DRESHER.
+ C. E. RILEY.
+
+ The exhibit also had a beneficial effect upon retailers. This
+ class has come to realize the value of sanitary milk production.
+ Before making the season’s contract they inquire into the rating
+ of the dairies in question, discriminating against those having
+ a low rating, and frequently paying a premium for milk from a
+ high-scoring dairy. There is at present an almost universal
+ demand for a repetition of the contest annually, and the interest
+ and participation in the contest next year would be many fold
+ that of this contest.
+
+ (Signed.)
+
+ H. G. SHERMAN, M. D.,
+ _Chairman Committee on Municipal Sanitation_.
+
+ C. W. EDDY, M. D.,
+ _Chief of Inspection Division, Public Health Department_.
+
+
+
+
+ THE VALUE OF MILK CONTESTS.
+
+
+ VALUE TO THE PRODUCER.
+
+Milk contests are of value to the producer in that they point out to
+him very clearly the exact condition of his product. This includes,
+first, the flavor of the milk. Clean milk from a clean cow has but
+little flavor or odor. If it is fairly well supplied with fat, pure
+milk may be described as having a rich, sweet, clean, pleasant flavor
+and odor, and free from foreign taints. Too frequently, however,
+the ordinary market milk delivered in our cities tastes of the cow
+stable, or the feed, and has too much acidity from the presence of
+millions of bacteria. In addition to flavor, milk is tested for
+chemical qualities, including fat and total solids. It is also
+carefully tested for bacteria. If produced under clean conditions
+and promptly cooled, these should not exceed 100,000 to the cubic
+centimeter. Where extreme care is used, as in the production of
+certified milk, the number may be kept below 1,000. Other points
+considered are the acidity of the milk, the appearance of the package
+(including metal parts, etc.), and foreign matter. Too often dirt of
+various kinds is found in the bottom of the bottle, indicating not
+only dirty conditions during milking, but poor handling, especially
+as regards straining.
+
+Defects of the product having thus been pointed out, the dairyman
+will know what is lacking in his product and what he needs to do
+in order to make it perfect. If the dairyman enters the dairy-farm
+contest his place is carefully scored and given a definite rating.
+Ideal conditions are pointed out and he is shown what needs to be
+done and how it can be done without great expense.
+
+But the question naturally arises: If the dairyman produces a perfect
+product, can he secure any more money for it? Up to the present time
+there has been but little incentive to the production of high-class
+milk, with possibly the exception of certified milk. Clean and dirty
+milk have sold for the same price and in direct competition with each
+other. This is not right. With other commodities the grade determines
+the price. It should be so with milk.
+
+There are indications, however, that the dairyman who produces clean
+milk will in the future receive a premium for his product, and
+the careful inspection of the dairy farm and the milk produced is
+going to help bring this about. Already an advanced price is being
+offered by the milk dealers in Cleveland for milk from high-scoring
+dairies. This certainly is encouraging to the dairyman who is trying
+to produce a clean product. Every farm should be inspected, and
+such inspection should be welcomed by every intelligent dairyman. A
+score such as was given in this contest, stating certain conditions
+found in the dairies to be satisfactory, will have a tendency to
+increase the sales and inspire confidence. It will be for the
+dairyman’s interest in the future to produce clean milk, and he
+should be rewarded for his efforts. Producers should hold together
+in this matter. Public sentiment is with the movement for a better
+milk supply, and the prices of feedstuffs and labor being high,
+the producers have every reason to demand a fair price for a good
+product. But they should see to it that their product is clean and
+that it deserves the price demanded. It is not for the producer’s
+interests to allow the consumer to get the idea that this most
+valuable food product, milk, is produced and handled under dirty
+conditions.
+
+
+ VALUE TO THE DEALER.
+
+Milk contests are of value to the dealer in assisting him to
+determine where the good dairies are, hence making it easier for him
+to find a supply of milk to meet the demands made upon him for a good
+product. With a supply of good milk to handle, there is less trouble
+with sour milk and less complaint from consumers.
+
+
+ VALUE TO THE CONSUMER.
+
+The principal value of these contests to the consumer is in pointing
+out the defects in milk and showing him what good milk really is.
+Clean milk certainly ought to command a premium over dirty milk. With
+the average consumer, however, milk is looked upon as a necessity
+to be bought as cheaply as possible. If he is asked to pay a higher
+price, he immediately characterizes it as robbery. He gives little
+thought to the fact that the price of grain has been increasing
+during the past ten years and that wages for farm labor are not only
+higher but the labor is difficult to obtain. The consumer should know
+that it costs more to produce clean milk and that it means extra
+labor and extra care, and the dairyman can not be expected to produce
+it without a reasonable profit.
+
+
+
+
+ APPLICATION OF THE CLEVELAND PLAN TO OTHER CITIES.
+
+The results obtained in the contest described in the preceding
+pages indicate that a similar meeting and exhibit would be of value
+in improving the milk supply of any city. It is simply a means of
+reaching the producer, the dealer, and the consumer, and educating
+them along the line of clean milk. That the plan worked successfully
+in Cleveland there is no question, and it is believed that there are
+scores of other cities where similar results might be obtained. Such
+a contest should have the direct support of the board of health or
+some organization directly interested in improving the milk supply.
+
+
+
+
+ EXTRACTS FROM ADDRESSES.
+
+One of the objects of the contest was to discuss matters of interest
+to dairymen and give them an opportunity to ask questions. The
+following are some of the salient points brought out at the meeting:
+
+ Dr. H. G. SHERMAN, chairman municipal sanitation committee,
+ chamber of commerce: The sanitary code prepared by the committee
+ provides that no milk from tuberculous cattle is to be sold
+ within the city limits, but it was not intended that these
+ regulations should be put into operation at once, as some
+ apparently feared. We believe--and we think that you agree with
+ us--that these regulations should be enforced gradually and
+ reasonably, with due regard to the interests of the dairymen and
+ with arrangements for the proper reimbursement of the dairymen.
+
+ It is no longer a matter of theory, but it has been clearly
+ proven that a good milk supply is of the greatest importance
+ to the health of city dwellers. A large proportion of disease
+ comes through improper food, and milk is one of the important
+ elements of our food. Especially is this true of infants and
+ young children, those least able to resist disease. With these it
+ may constitute almost the only article of food. Epidemics costing
+ thousands of lives have been traced to tainted or unclean milk.
+ Deaths from typhoid fever, diphtheria, and scarlet fever are
+ often caused by infection carried in the milk. In large cities
+ nearly one-half of the children born die before they are 4 years
+ old, but where all the milk has been carefully inspected this
+ rate has been greatly diminished. You may say that you run the
+ same risk with your children that we do with ours and that you
+ have never discovered any danger; but this is not quite true.
+ In the first place, the milk which you get is fresher than it
+ is when is comes to us, and with you the disease germs which do
+ the harm have not had time to multiply. In the second place,
+ disease spreads much faster in a crowded city than in the country
+ with its scattered population. In the third place, the power of
+ resisting disease in the city is much less than it is in the
+ country. Your children, who play all day in the fresh air and
+ sunshine, who roll on the green grass, and who sleep in the cool
+ night breeze are much more likely to shake off any threatened
+ sickness than the babies in the slum districts, for instance, who
+ must play in the gutter or on the hot pavement in the daytime and
+ sleep in stifling and perhaps crowded rooms at night. The death
+ rate among little children is half as high again in the city as
+ it is in the country, and sickness is in even greater proportion.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Dr. C. W. EDDY, chief of inspection division, public health
+ department: When the Cleveland health department first undertook
+ a definite system of sanitary inspection of the dairies shipping
+ milk to the city the first question that presented itself was a
+ form of report to be used by the inspector. It was first proposed
+ to have a list of questions to be asked by the inspector, the
+ answers to be his report on the dairy inspected. This was
+ tried and found unsatisfactory, as it did not give an adequate
+ description of conditions nor the exact relations of the good
+ features to the indifferent or positively bad. While in this
+ quandary I received a communication from the Dairy Division
+ of the United States Department of Agriculture, in which was
+ described the score card used by the inspectors of that division.
+ It appealed to us at once as a solution of the difficulty, and we
+ proceeded to give it a thorough trial. After a brief use of the
+ card we decided to adopt it in our work.
+
+ The card first used has been modified somewhat to make it more
+ applicable to local conditions, but the principle remains the
+ same. The most important feature of the score card is its
+ absolute fairness, it being impossible for the inspector who
+ follows the printed instructions to display any partiality. It
+ further calls the attention of the inspector to many details
+ which he might otherwise overlook, which, from our standpoint at
+ least, are very important. After a dairy is scored and the score
+ card sent in we can tell exactly what conditions exist upon the
+ farm--where it is well equipped and where it is deficient. It
+ should be borne in mind that we inspect the dairies and use the
+ card to bring out the bearing of the production of milk upon the
+ public health. Therefore some features looked upon in this light
+ are of more significance than others and are consequently given a
+ greater weight, as, for instance, cleanliness of milking counts
+ 10 points, while cleanliness of stable yard counts but 3 points.
+ It is difficult for many dairymen to comprehend this, and they
+ are prone to look upon an expensive herd of cattle or barns of
+ more importance than the sanitary features of milk production.
+
+ The average score of dairies inspected is too low, being below
+ 50. We hope and expect in time and as we score the dairies more
+ frequently to raise the standard. This is, of course, a matter
+ of education, but with intelligence and patience on both sides
+ we shall certainly succeed, and those of you who profit by the
+ points here discussed will be the first to reap a material
+ benefit in the form of an increased demand for milk produced
+ under sanitary conditions.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Dr. R. G. PERKINS, city bacteriologist: Since the establishment
+ of the laboratory the chief part of the work on milk has been of
+ the ordinary routine type. Samples of suspicious milk have been
+ studied, and a long series of counts were made on samples taken
+ from the receiving stations and from wagons in the endeavor to
+ find a suitable standard for the city. As a result of this work
+ the standard was set at 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter.
+ Even in the summer months it is the exception rather than the
+ rule that this limit is passed, and it seems that a lower one
+ might be quite practicable. The most interesting work done in
+ the department was an endeavor to find the relative proportion
+ of bacteria in milk obtained from the cans, as served to
+ customers by the so-called “dip method,” and that obtained from
+ bottles carried in the same wagons. An ordinance had been passed
+ compelling the delivery in bottles, and these tests were made
+ shortly before it went into effect. Samples were taken from
+ dealers trading in various parts of the city, to cover all the
+ conditions, and were taken every day for a week in each series.
+ The conditions, such as weather, etc., were carefully noted and
+ the following conclusions were reached:
+
+ In the average of the 40 samples the “dip” milk was found to
+ contain 37 per cent more bacteria than the bottle milk.
+
+ In 77.5 per cent of the samples the “dip” milk contained more
+ bacteria than that in the bottle. Sixteen samples were over 50
+ per cent higher, and 8 of these were over 300 per cent higher
+ than the corresponding bottled samples.
+
+ In 22 samples the bottled milk had most bacteria, only 3 of these
+ being more than 50 per cent over the “dip” samples.
+
+ Dry weather, especially with a stiff breeze, usually resulted in
+ an increase of several hundred per cent in the bacterial content
+ of the “dip” milk over the corresponding bottles.
+
+ The results of these examinations were considered adequate
+ to justify the ordinance requiring the delivery in bottles
+ exclusively, although in the case of a milkman who is dirty it is
+ quite possible that the use of bottles may increase the amount of
+ bacteria. This, however, is a matter which should be controlled
+ by adequate inspection of the dairies and the bottling plants.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ Prof. WILLIAM PATE, Jr., city chemist: Our work consists
+ wholly of the determination of quality as required by law and
+ examination for the presence of chemical preservatives, colors,
+ cream thickeners, or other adulterants. We collect and test 40
+ samples of milk a day, taken from the milkmen upon the streets
+ and from the stations as it is delivered to the milkmen. The Ohio
+ law and our municipal requirements are that the milk must contain
+ 3 per cent of fats and 12 per cent of solids for the entire year.
+ Formerly the requirement was 2.8 per cent fats and 11.5 per cent
+ solids during the grass months of May and June, but it seems that
+ 3 and 12 per cent are low enough even for these months, and we
+ conclude that any herd which produces milk below these limits
+ is not a well-balanced herd, at least before our law. It is
+ very true that some herds are producing milk below 3 and 12 per
+ cent, but the producer having such a herd should balance it with
+ animals giving lesser quantity but richer quality so as to bring
+ his average for the entire herd up to the legal requirement.
+
+ For the year just passed we had for average results of 6,045
+ samples of milk taken: Lactometer, 312; fats, 3.71 per cent;
+ solids, 12.51 per cent. And for the year 1905, 5,890 samples:
+ Lactometer, 312; fats, 3.81 per cent; solids, 12.65 per cent.
+
+ As the average result of the year will show, we have very good
+ milk in Cleveland from the standpoint of quality as required by
+ our law, although it is only fair to say to the producers that
+ the milk as it comes into the city is better than it is when
+ delivered to the consumer. I cite a few instances:
+
+
+ _Table showing composition of milk as received by milkmen and as
+ delivered to consumers._
+
+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+
+ | As received by | As delivered to |
+ | milkman. | consumer. |
+ +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
+ | Fats. | Solids. | Fats. | Solids. |
+ +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
+ |_Per cent._|_Per cent._|_Per cent._|_Per cent._|
+ | 3.9 | 12.69 | 3.3 | 12.02 |
+ | 4.1 | 12.77 | 3.4 | 12.17 |
+ | 4.2 | 13.05 | 3.2 | 11.59 |
+ | 3.8 | 12.62 | 2.7 | 10.55 |
+ | 3.8 | 12.77 | 3.1 | 11.18 |
+ | 4.0 | 13.21 | 3.2 | 12.20 |
+ +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
+
+ The examination for the presence of preservatives consists in
+ carrying along a test for formaldehyde with all samples taken. We
+ are particularly free from this preservative in Cleveland, but
+ six samples having been found treated with formaldehyde in 1905
+ and four in 1906. The offenders were immediately prosecuted, but
+ in addition to prosecution the board of health uses an effective
+ weapon in the revocation of licenses. The present policy is to
+ revoke the license of any man who is found to have on sale an
+ adulterated milk. Tests for the presence of sodium carbonate,
+ borax, colors, etc., are carried on from time to time as is found
+ necessary. In the past two years we found one sample containing
+ carbonate and one to which annatto had been added as an enriching
+ color.
+
+ * * * * *
+
+ D. C. HALE, milk producer: In the past milk delivered to the
+ Cleveland trade has been looked upon simply as milk, with no
+ thought of the conditions under which it was produced. Whether
+ it came from sanitary or insanitary stables it was all sold as
+ one grade and for the same price. But now, since the question has
+ been agitated and brought to the attention of the consumer, we
+ producers look for more definite rules and regulations governing
+ the city milk traffic whereby the dairyman may be rightfully
+ compensated for his painstaking labor.
+
+ There is no reason why milk produced in a well-kept dairy of
+ healthy cows where sanitary methods are practiced should not
+ bring more money than that produced by the careless dairyman. It
+ has long been a puzzling problem to many of us why it was that
+ other farm products could be placed in the city market strictly
+ on their merits, while milk, which enters into more foodstuffs
+ than any other product, has to be sold simply as milk and usually
+ for one common price regardless of what has entered into the
+ production of that product. We who profess to have produced
+ sanitary milk in the past have an opportunity at this time to
+ take an advance step in the way of adopting more rigid sanitary
+ rules that may be recommended for the good of the consumer and
+ that may prove practical and, we hope, beneficial to the producer
+ in returning him a more remunerative price for his extra care and
+ attention.
+
+ I believe that it is injurious to the general health of a cow
+ to be turned out of a warm stable and allowed to remain out and
+ get chilled, as is the practice with many dairymen. If cows must
+ be turned out of the stable in winter to get water, they should
+ be put in the stable just as soon as they return from water.
+ Keeping the cows comfortable will save hay and grain, increase
+ the milk production, and keep the herd in better health. The
+ kind of feedstuff to be used is a matter of choice, economy, and
+ convenience. If there is one domestic animal more than another
+ that is deserving of sunshine in her home during the winter
+ months it is the cow, not only for her enjoyment, but for her
+ health.
+
+ Milk should be handled in such a way, after it leaves the milk
+ room, as to lower the temperature rather than raise it. It should
+ not be exposed to the hot sun. We should urge the importance of
+ transportation companies doing their part toward taking care of
+ the temperature of the milk after it has been delivered to them
+ and until they have delivered it to the city milk dealer.
+
+
+
+
+ CLEVELAND’S EXPERIENCE WITH THE TUBERCULIN TEST.
+
+Cleveland was one of the first cities to incorporate in its
+ordinances a requirement that no milk should be sold in the city
+except from dairies holding certificates that their cows are free
+from tuberculosis as shown by the tuberculin test. The experience
+of this city is therefore of interest and value in connection with
+the subject of a wholesome milk supply for cities. Following are the
+sections of the Cleveland ordinance relating to the tuberculin test:
+
+
+ PART ONE, TITLE V.
+
+ SEC. 4. On and after the ---- day of ----, 1906, no milk will be
+ allowed to be sold or offered for sale or brought into the city
+ from any cow or cows unless the owner of said cow or cows holds a
+ certificate of this board’s veterinarian, or other veterinarian
+ acceptable to this board, that said cow or cows are free from
+ tuberculosis as shown by the tuberculin test.
+
+ SEC. 5. Any person selling or offering for sale any milk from
+ uninspected cows as above shall be subject to having his license
+ revoked.
+
+The city did not attempt at the outset to require all dairymen to
+conform to this section, and it is not the intention to do so until
+the State laws on the subject are more efficient and provide prompt
+compensation for cattle destroyed. At present the tuberculin test
+is required only of dairies where tuberculosis is known to exist
+as determined by physical examination or by tracing cattle killed
+at abattoirs. If the owner does not consent to the test and to the
+slaughter of the reacting cattle, his milk is excluded from sale in
+the city, and in addition the State board of live stock commissioners
+is notified, which commissioners have the authority to enforce the
+test or to quarantine the suspected herd. If the owner consents, the
+test is made free of charge. After the test the reacting cattle are
+appraised by two disinterested persons, one selected by the board of
+health, the other by the owner. The average between the two values
+is taken as the true value, and the appraisal and report of the test
+is submitted to the State board of live stock commissioners. If this
+board approves the finding, an order is issued authorizing the health
+department to destroy the reacting cattle, which is done and promptly
+reported back to the State authorities. The approved appraisal is
+then submitted to the governor, approved by him, and submitted to
+the proper committee of the legislature, which finally instructs
+the State auditor to draw a warrant for the claim. The law allows
+from one-half to three-fifths of the appraised value, but so far all
+claims have been paid in full.
+
+The attitude of the dairymen toward the test was somewhat hostile
+at first, which was natural, as it was a great surprise to them
+to find that tuberculosis existed to such an extent among their
+herds. Several instances were met, however, even at the first, of
+exceedingly public-spirited dairymen who did all in their power to
+assist the board of health, even where the losses were very severe.
+The hostile feeling manifest at first has since given way to a
+fair-minded conception of the situation, and the only objection to
+the general application of the test is the long delay in the payment
+of the claims. This is a very great hardship on a dairyman who is in
+debt and dependent upon his cattle for the support of his family,
+especially as in Ohio the legislature meets only every alternate year.
+
+The following are the statistics of the work of the board of health
+for the eighteen months beginning with January, 1906:
+
+ Number of herds tested 20
+ Number of cattle tested 280
+ Number of reactions 89
+ Percentage of reactions 32
+
+Tested by other veterinarians under direct supervision of the board
+of health:
+
+ Number of herds tested 13
+ Number of cattle tested 201
+ Number of reactions 29
+ Percentage of reactions 15
+
+It is understood that within the same period about three times as
+many cows have been tested by private veterinarians, the reacting
+cattle being secretly sold and shipped to other States.
+
+The greatest good accomplished has been in the dissemination of
+knowledge concerning bovine tuberculosis among not only the dairymen,
+but the people generally. The health office receives almost daily
+inquiries as to where milk from tuberculin-tested cows can be had
+for domestic purposes, and almost as many inquiries as to where
+tuberculin-tested cows can be purchased. Nearly one-half of the
+herds tested have been tested as the result of requests of owners
+who desired to know for themselves what condition their herds were
+in. This has been specially true in the last six months. It is
+expected that more cattle will be tested in the next year than in the
+preceding eighteen months, and if State laws can be passed that will
+be satisfactory and efficient and provide a fair compensation there
+will probably be more herds to test than the present force can handle.
+
+The efforts of the Cleveland board of health to eradicate
+tuberculosis from dairy herds and to secure a safe milk supply for
+the city deserve commendation, and other cities may well profit by
+this experience and adopt similar measures to safeguard the health of
+the public.
+
+
+
+
+ IMPORTANCE OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST.
+
+The public has become aroused and general interest is being
+manifested especially in measures for reducing the mortality from
+tuberculosis in human beings. This is shown by the formation of
+societies throughout the country for furthering these measures and by
+the general campaign of education which is now under way. It has been
+shown beyond question that human tuberculosis and animal tuberculosis
+are communicable between persons and animals, and that a considerable
+proportion of the cases of human tuberculosis are caused by infection
+from animal sources. The eradication of tuberculosis from dairy cows
+is therefore very desirable as a protection to human health.
+
+The tuberculin test is recognized by sanitarians as an agency of the
+greatest value for detecting tuberculosis in dairy herds and for
+controlling and eradicating the disease. Without its assistance but a
+small percentage of the cases could be detected in the live animals.
+It is remarkably accurate, the records of thousands of cases in
+which the animals have afterwards been slaughtered showing a correct
+diagnosis in 97 per cent.
+
+Unfortunately, in the early attempts to control tuberculosis in some
+States, measures were adopted which were so radical that they aroused
+the antagonism of the dairymen and cattle owners generally, and
+little was accomplished in the way of either benefiting the cattle
+owners or removing the dangers of the disease to the public. It is
+time that those interested in the dairy and live-stock industries
+of the country should give their support to all measures tending to
+check this widespread disease and to prevent the serious losses which
+it causes. It is to their interest to do so purely as a business
+proposition, regardless of any benefit to the public health.
+
+A practice which is largely instrumental in the spread of
+tuberculosis is the sale of animals known to be diseased without
+transmitting this knowledge to the buyer. This is done not only in
+private sales, but at public auctions as well. This practice should
+be stopped. Where the tuberculin test is used under the direction
+of a board of health, the animals as a rule are properly marked
+(usually by placing metal disks in the ears), showing whether they
+are tuberculous or healthy. This plan is to be commended, as it
+renders difficult the deception of a purchaser.
+
+While some States have laws prohibiting the importation of cattle
+without the certificate of a veterinarian showing that they have
+passed the test, other States have no such laws, and the transfer
+of animals from one State to another goes on without molestation.
+This shows the necessity of the Federal Government taking some
+action in the near future to prevent the interstate shipment of
+diseased animals. The work of the Government might also be extended
+still further in a cooperative way, so that, when the disease is
+discovered, the information will be communicated both to the owners
+of the animals and to the proper State authorities.
+
+The Bureau of Animal Industry furnishes tuberculin free of charge to
+public officials for making tests under certain conditions.
+
+
+
+
+ METHODS FOR ERADICATING TUBERCULOSIS.
+
+This subject has been discussed at some length by Dr. D. E. Salmon
+in Bulletin 38 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Because of its
+important bearing on the improvement of the milk supply, the
+following extract from that publication is appended:
+
+
+ ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS FROM THE FARM.
+
+ If there is any reason to suspect the existence of tuberculosis
+ in a herd, an effort should be made at once to determine
+ definitely whether it is present and which animals are affected
+ by it.
+
+ The general condition of the animal should furnish some
+ indication. If any of the animals are not doing well, are losing
+ flesh, and fail to yield the amount of milk which is to be
+ reasonably expected, a careful examination should be made of
+ them to determine whether their temperature is normal, whether
+ there are signs of enlargement of the external lymphatic glands,
+ and whether abnormal sounds can be detected in the lungs. The
+ examination of the carcasses of any animals which may have died
+ or are slaughtered is a valuable indication as to the existence
+ of the disease in the herd.
+
+ The most reliable means of determining this question is, however,
+ the tuberculin test. While this may occasionally fail to reveal
+ tuberculosis in an individual animal, it may be relied upon with
+ certainty to reveal the existence of the disease in a herd. If
+ this test indicates that some of the animals are tuberculous,
+ measures should be at once adopted to eradicate the disease from
+ the herd, or at least to prevent its further spread. In case
+ there are only one or two animals affected, and these are not
+ especially valuable, the best plan is to slaughter them at once
+ and thoroughly disinfect the stable in which they have been kept.
+ If a large proportion of a herd is affected, and the animals
+ are not especially valuable, the best and cheapest plan would
+ be to separate the reacting animals from the healthy ones, and
+ to have the former slaughtered under inspection as soon as they
+ can be put in proper condition. It is probable that the flesh of
+ most of these animals would be found fit for food, and the loss,
+ therefore, would not be very great. In case the herd has been
+ long affected and many of the animals are in an advanced stage of
+ the disease, they are unfit for milk production, and the sooner
+ they are slaughtered the less will be the loss.
+
+ If the herd contains animals which are valuable for breeding
+ purposes, the Bang system of management or some modification of
+ it may be profitably adopted.
+
+
+ STATE AID FOR THE ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS.
+
+ In the eradication of a disease so widely disseminated, and one
+ which causes such serious losses to the animal industry of the
+ country, there should be assistance offered by the State in order
+ to relieve the burdens which fall upon the owners of live stock.
+ A considerable number of States have shown a disposition to come
+ to the assistance of farmers whose stock is affected, but the
+ assistance has sometimes been coupled with conditions which made
+ it unwelcome. In some States compulsory testing and the slaughter
+ of reacting animals have been required, but this has not been a
+ popular measure. It is essential that a plan should be devised
+ which will meet with the approval of the stock owners and which
+ will aid them without being too burdensome in its conditions.
+ There are certain measures which have been adopted by individual
+ States which have accomplished satisfactory results but which
+ would be far more successful if adjoining States would adopt
+ the same or similar regulations. Among the reasonable measures
+ which a State may adopt for the repression of tuberculosis the
+ following may be mentioned:
+
+ 1. Cattle which are brought into a State for breeding or dairy
+ purposes may be tested with tuberculin, and those which react
+ may be refused admission to the State. In connection with this
+ measure it should be provided that cattle which have been tested
+ by the authorities of another State or of the Federal Government
+ and found free from disease should be allowed admission without
+ being retested. The testing of animals coming into a State is
+ essential in any effort to control this disease and is one of
+ the first measures which should be enforced in any effort to
+ eradicate it.
+
+ 2. There should be an inspection of all slaughtered animals
+ coming from breeding or dairy herds within the State in order
+ to discover in what herds the disease exists. Animals from the
+ greater part of the milk-producing herds are being continually
+ sold for slaughter as their usefulness in the dairy is over,
+ and an examination of the carcasses of these cows would serve
+ to locate the existence of the disease in many herds where its
+ presence is unsuspected. Unfortunately, few of the animals killed
+ in the small slaughterhouses are inspected, and in those cases
+ where there is an inspection and tuberculosis is discovered it
+ is seldom that the herds from which they came are traced and the
+ owners informed of the discovery of this disease. In any effort
+ to suppress tuberculosis it is almost essential that information
+ of this kind should be obtained and an attempt made to persuade
+ the owner to adopt proper measures for getting rid of the
+ contagion.
+
+ 3. Measures should be adopted for testing herds with tuberculin
+ without expense to the owners. In the beginning of the work,
+ at least, this should not be compulsory, but it should be made
+ to the interest of the owner of a tuberculous herd to have it
+ tested under the auspices of the State. Apparently, it would
+ also be wise and a great aid to stockmen for the State to test
+ herds with tuberculin and certify to the healthfulness of animals
+ from all those herds where no reactions occur. At present it is
+ a difficult matter in most States for the breeder or dairyman
+ to purchase cattle for his herd with any assurance that they
+ are healthy. He may have them tested, but there is always a
+ possibility that they have been treated with tuberculin a short
+ time before and that for this reason they have not reacted.
+ The loss which has fallen upon the breeders of the country
+ through the introduction of tuberculosis in their herds has been
+ tremendous, and it appears that it would be only a proper aid
+ and encouragement to agricultural interests to assist breeders
+ in obtaining animals free from disease. Not only would this
+ encourage farmers to enter into breeding operations and increase
+ the value of the industry within the State, but the certification
+ of breeding animals would help to build up a market in other
+ States for breeding animals.
+
+ 4. In order to encourage the owners of cattle to eradicate
+ tuberculosis, States should allow a reasonable compensation
+ for the animals which it is necessary to slaughter on account
+ of being affected with this disease. It is certainly a matter
+ of great importance to any State to have its herds free from
+ tuberculosis and its animals and animal products above suspicion.
+ With the recent demonstration of the communicability of animal
+ tuberculosis to man, a demonstration which has been made by so
+ many investigators and on such competent authority that the
+ fact can no longer be questioned, there is a disposition on
+ the part of sanitary authorities to scrutinize more carefully
+ those animal products which are liable to be infected. It is,
+ therefore, becoming every day more important for every State
+ to repress tuberculosis within its borders and in that manner
+ to maintain the reputation of its animal products. Where it
+ is not deemed advisable to provide for slaughtering of all
+ reacting animals with sufficient compensation from the State
+ to make this measure satisfactory to the stockmen, the State
+ may provide for the supervision of herds handled according to
+ the Bang method or some modification of it. For the protection
+ of its own citizens who consume dairy products, if not for the
+ protection of its customers in other States, every State should
+ make some arrangement which would lead to the removal of cows
+ with tuberculous udders and those suffering from generalized
+ tuberculosis from herds which supply milk, cream, and butter for
+ human food. This much is essential for the public health, but
+ it would be wise to go further and provide for the slaughter of
+ all cows which show evidence on physical examination of being
+ affected with tuberculosis.
+
+ 5. In cases where cattle owners are to have their tuberculous
+ animals slaughtered in an effort to free their herds from
+ disease the State should further assist them by disinfecting
+ or at least supervising the disinfection of the contaminated
+ stables. It is a somewhat difficult matter for persons not
+ acquainted with the practical operations of disinfection to carry
+ out this measure successfully, even after they have been given
+ explicit instructions. It is impossible to impress sufficiently
+ the importance of thoroughness upon persons who are lacking in
+ experience in this line of work. As a consequence the majority of
+ the premises disinfected by stockmen without the assistance of
+ experts are imperfectly disinfected, and the disease breaks out
+ again among the animals which are subsequently introduced. This
+ is discouraging to the owner and serves to fix the impression
+ that it is impossible to eradicate tuberculosis. This impression
+ is already widespread, but it is essentially wrong, though it
+ can only be removed by object lessons in the eradication of
+ the disease under State supervision. There is no reason why
+ tuberculosis should not be eradicated as pleuro-pneumonia was
+ eradicated. The contagion is more widespread and the expense
+ would be greater, but there are no inherent difficulties to
+ prevent the success of such an undertaking.
+
+ 6. When a herd has been freed from tuberculosis by the slaughter
+ of all reacting animals, and the premises have been properly
+ disinfected, the State should give further aid to the stock
+ owner by testing without expense the animals which he desires to
+ purchase for renewing his herd. This measure is essential to the
+ success of any plan for lessening the prevalence of this disease
+ or eradicating it. The expense of testing such animals is almost
+ too great to be borne by the individual, and, moreover, private
+ tests are often unsatisfactory and unreliable.
+
+
+
+
+ Transcriber’s Notes
+
+
+Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
+silently corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences
+within the text and consultation of external sources. Some hyphens
+in words have been silently added when a predominant preference was
+found in the original book. Except for those changes noted below, all
+misspellings and inconsistent spellings have been retained.
+
+On the table on page 13, footnote b was changed to footnote d, and
+footnote c was changed to footnote e.
+
+New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the
+public domain.
+
+Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78261 ***
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