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diff --git a/78261-0.txt b/78261-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b096bf --- /dev/null +++ b/78261-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1869 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78261 *** + + + + +Transcriber’s Note: Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: +_italics_. + + + + + Issued October 28, 1907. + + U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, + + BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.--CIRCULAR 117. + + A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF OF BUREAU. + + A CITY MILK AND CREAM CONTEST + + AS A PRACTICAL METHOD OF + IMPROVING THE MILK SUPPLY. + + BY + + C. B. LANE, B. S., + _Assistant Chief of the Dairy Division_, + + AND + + IVAN C. WELD, + _Assistant Dairyman, Dairy Division_. + + [Illustration: (colophon)] + + WASHINGTON: + + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. + + 1907. + + + + + LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. + + + U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, + BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, + _Washington, D. C., August 29, 1907_. + +SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled “A +City Milk and Cream Contest as a Practical Method of Improving the +Milk Supply,” by C. B. Lane, assistant chief of the Dairy Division, +and Ivan C. Weld, assistant dairyman in that division, and recommend +its publication as Circular 117 of this Bureau. + +In view of the widespread interest now being taken in the production +of pure, clean, and wholesome milk, the contest described in this +paper, which was held at Cleveland, Ohio, is of especial significance +at this time. The results have been decidedly beneficial, and it is +believed that similar contests in other cities would be productive of +much good. + +Because of the prevalence and danger of tuberculosis among dairy cows +and the importance of the tuberculin test as a means of detecting +and eradicating the disease, some information regarding Cleveland’s +experience with this test and some suggestions for the eradication of +tuberculosis have been included in the paper. + +The thanks of the Department of Agriculture are extended to Dr. H. +G. Sherman and Mr. Howard Strong, of the Chamber of Commerce of +Cleveland, and Dr. C. W. Eddy, chief of the inspection division of +the public health department, for valuable cooperation and assistance +which contributed very largely to the success of the milk contest. +Acknowledgment is also made to the Cleveland press for bringing the +matter to the attention of the dairymen and the public in general +through the columns of the papers. + + Respectfully, A. D. MELVIN, + _Chief of Bureau_. + + HON. JAMES WILSON, + _Secretary of Agriculture_. + + + + + CONTENTS. + + + Page. + + The first national milk and cream exhibit 5 + + State contests 5 + + The first city dairy contest 6 + + Conditions of entry 7 + + Judges 7 + + Medals 8 + + Letter to dairymen 8 + + Scoring the milk and cream 9 + + The dairy-farm contest 14 + + Principal defects found 16 + + Value of the contest to Cleveland 17 + + The value of milk contests 18 + + Value to the producer 18 + + Value to the dealer 19 + + Value to the consumer 19 + + Application of the Cleveland plan to other cities 19 + + Extracts from addresses 20 + + Cleveland’s experience with the tuberculin test 23 + + Importance of the tuberculin test 25 + + Methods for eradicating tuberculosis 26 + + Eradication of tuberculosis from the farm 26 + + State aid for the eradication of tuberculosis 27 + + + + + A CITY MILK AND CREAM CONTEST AS A PRACTICAL + METHOD OF IMPROVING THE MILK SUPPLY. + + + + + THE FIRST NATIONAL MILK AND CREAM EXHIBIT. + + +The first milk and cream contest in this country was held in +connection with the National Dairy Show in Chicago, under the +direction of the Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, +Department of Agriculture, February 15-24, 1906. + +The object of the contest was, first, educational; second, to +determine the possibilities in the handling and keeping of milk and +cream produced under sanitary conditions and kept cold; third, to +test a score card for rating fairly and accurately this class of +dairy products. Much interest was shown in this contest from the +beginning, and exhibits were sent from thirteen different States. +The results were most gratifying, one of the most striking being the +demonstration of the fact that clean milk, held at a low temperature, +could be shipped a thousand miles across the country and kept sweet +for a period of over five weeks. + +It was further demonstrated that milk and cream could be scored with +reasonable accurateness for flavor, chemical qualities, keeping +qualities, etc., where a certain number of points were given to each. + +A full report of this contest is given in Bulletin 87 of the Bureau +of Animal Industry. + + + + + STATE CONTESTS. + + +Since the national contest was held several States have had similar +exhibits in connection with the State dairy association meetings. +Among them may be mentioned New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ohio, +and Massachusetts. These contests have proved of great benefit to +dairymen, particularly in pointing out defects in the product and in +the styles of bottles used, and suggesting remedies for the same. +One of the most common defects in milk, and one which can readily be +seen, is the foreign matter in the bottom of the bottle, consisting +usually of particles of manure, hair, bedding, etc. The presence +of dirt indicates careless and uncleanly methods in production and +handling. Another common defect is off-flavored milk, which may +be due to a variety of causes, as (1) to feeding strong-flavored +foods, such as turnips, garlic, etc.; (2) to feeding certain foods +to excess, as, for example, silage; (3) to odors of silage or manure +in the stable; (4) to particles of manure and dirt getting into the +milk, and (5) to not properly rinsing the bottles after using washing +powders. Dairymen as a rule have been quick to see these defects +when pointed out and to appreciate the importance from a business +standpoint of producing milk as nearly perfect as possible. + + + + + THE FIRST CITY DAIRY CONTEST. + + +In view of the success of the national contest and those of several +States, it was thought that the plan might be applicable to cities. +Steps were therefore taken to give it a trial. As the city of +Cleveland had already adopted the Dairy Division score card for +rating dairy farms, and as this city was making a special effort +to improve conditions in the dairies and the quality of its milk +supply, arrangements were made with the Chamber of Commerce to +conduct the contest under its auspices. This organization looked +after the printing of the entry blanks, score cards, and letters to +dairymen and mailing the same; furnished the hall for the meetings +and laboratories for the chemical and bacteriological work; offered +medals for the best milk and cream and the best dairy farms, and also +furnished one judge. The Dairy Division performed the chemical and +bacteriological work and supplied two judges. Some 400 producers of +milk for the Cleveland market were present at an all-day conference, +when addresses on timely subjects were given by representatives +from the Department of Agriculture and the Cleveland Chamber of +Commerce, extracts from which are given elsewhere in this article. +Many questions were asked by the dairymen present, which resulted in +valuable discussions. + +There were three classes in the contest, as follows: + +_Class I. Market milk (raw)._--This comprised all milk not +“certified” or sold under any guaranty as to its quality. A very +large percentage of the milk supplied to our cities is of this +character. It was specified that it must not be pasteurized or +contain preservatives. + +_Class II. Market cream (raw)._--It was specified that this product +should be sweet, unpasteurized, and free from preservatives. + +_Class III. Dairy farms._--All dairymen having exhibits of milk or +cream in the above classes were permitted to enter the dairy-farm +contest. These farms were visited by the judges and scored on the +basis of a score card (see page 14). + + + CONDITIONS OF ENTRY. + +Entry blanks were prepared for both milk and cream, but as they were +quite similar only the one for milk is presented here: + + [Dairy meeting and milk and cream contest, Cleveland, Ohio, March + 16, 1907, under the direction of the Dairy Division, Bureau of + Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.] + + OFFICIAL ENTRY BLANK. + + CLASS 1. MARKET MILK (RAW). + + P. O. address: ----, ----. Date: ----, 1907. + + C. B. LANE, + _Assistant Chief, Dairy Division_: + + Please enter for me 6 quarts of milk to compete for prizes + offered by the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, March 16, 1907, in + accordance with the conditions herein prescribed. + + (Signed) ---- ----. + + Rules: (1) Exhibitors are allowed to make only one entry in each + class. This must include in Class I 6 quarts of milk in bottles + (quarts or pints), placed in a box suitable for shipping. (2) + The milk to be the property of the United States Department of + Agriculture. (3) Every exhibitor is required to fill out and sign + the following certificate: + + I, ---- ----, hereby certify that the milk entered in this + competition is a fair sample of the product sold by me, that it + is free from preservatives, and that it has not been pasteurized + or sterilized. + + (Signed) ---- ----. + (Proprietor) ---- ----. + + + HOW TO COMPETE. + + Milk to compete for prizes must be sent by express or otherwise + from station nearest the producer direct to C. B. Lane, assistant + chief, Dairy Division, care Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, + Cleveland, Ohio. Express charges on exhibits must be paid to + destination. + + The package should be plainly addressed on outside; a card should + also be tacked on box inside, giving plainly sender’s name and + address, so as to avoid mistakes in identifying packages. + + In order that the milk entered by the exhibitors may be of the + same age when scored, it is hereby specified that it shall be + drawn from the cow March 11, and shipped by express or otherwise + as soon thereafter as possible. + + A representative of the Department will be on hand to take charge + of the milk on its arrival and will see that it is properly cared + for. + + Only these official entry blanks, furnished by the Dairy + Division, will be accepted. + + + QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY EXHIBITORS. + + 1. Give date and hour when this milk was drawn from the cow: ----. + + 2. Give place, date, and hour at which this milk was delivered to + the express company or otherwise shipped: ----. + + 3. Does this milk fairly represent the average product of your + herd in quality and cleanliness? ----. + + 4. How was the milk treated from the time it was drawn from the + cow until shipped? ----. + + 5. Do you wish to compete for the dairy-farm prize? ----. + + Remarks: ----. + + + JUDGES. + +It was arranged to give the products exhibited, as well as the dairy +farms in the contest, the most careful examination possible, so that +the final results would be beyond question; and it may be said that +the dairymen generally expressed themselves as well pleased with the +absolute fairness with which the contest was conducted. The judges +were C. B. Lane, assistant chief of the Dairy Division; Ivan C. Weld, +assistant dairyman, Dairy Division, and Dr. C. W. Eddy, chief of the +inspection division, public health department, Cleveland. + + + MEDALS. + +As previously stated, the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce offered +medals to the dairymen. This feature increased the interest and +stimulated keen competition. A gold and a silver medal were awarded +for the two samples of milk scoring highest, and the same for cream. +Medals were also awarded to the five dairy farms scoring the highest. + + + LETTER TO DAIRYMEN. + +In order to bring the matter before the dairymen the following letter +was sent to about 2,000 milk producers in Cleveland and vicinity: + + U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, + BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, + _Washington, D. C., March 5, 1907_. + + DEAR SIR: The Dairy Division of the United States Department of + Agriculture is arranging for a dairy meeting and milk and cream + contest to be held in the Chamber of Commerce hall, Cleveland, + Ohio, March 16, 1907, in cooperation with the municipal + sanitation committee of the Chamber of Commerce. The object of + the meeting is to discuss with the dairymen problems relating to + the production and handling of market milk and cream. A special + feature of this meeting will be an exhibit of milk and cream + from the dairymen supplying Cleveland. These products will be + carefully analyzed by experts from the Department and scored for + flavor, composition, acidity, general appearance, etc. There will + be three classes in this contest, as follows: + + Class I. Market milk (raw), two prizes (gold and silver medals). + + Class II. Market cream (raw), two prizes (gold and silver medals). + + Class III. Dairy farms, five prizes (gold and silver medals). + + After being scored, all the milk and cream will be placed on + exhibition, accompanied by the score. Questions regarding the + scoring of the various products will be cheerfully answered. + Prizes will be awarded to those scoring highest in each + class. The whole object of the meeting and of the exhibits is + educational and entirely for the benefit of the dairymen. + + All dairymen supplying milk or cream to the city of Cleveland + are invited to exhibit in one or all of the above classes, in + accordance with the conditions on the entry blanks inclosed + herewith. + + In addition to prizes offered for the milk and cream exhibited, + prizes will also be given in Class III to the five dairy farms + scoring the highest. Only those dairymen, however, having + exhibits of milk or cream will be entitled to have their dairy + farms scored and to compete for these prizes. If you desire to + compete for the dairy-farm prize, do not fail to answer question + 5 relating to this on the entry blank provided for milk and cream. + + If the milk and cream you handle are of high quality it should + be of interest and value to you to enter the contest. If your + product is not of good quality you ought to know it. The defects, + whatever they are, will be pointed out to you by those qualified + to make a careful examination. + + Come prepared to ask questions and to get all you can out of this + meeting. + + Respectfully, yours, + + ED. H. WEBSTER. + _Chief of Dairy Division._ + + + SCORING THE MILK AND CREAM. + +The scoring was done on the basis of score cards, similar to those +used at the National Dairy Show already referred to. The standard +for perfect milk in the present contest, however, called for a much +smaller number of bacteria, and the standard for fat was also made +higher. The judges experienced but little difficulty in scoring the +various samples; in fact it was demonstrated that milk and cream can +be graded as accurately as butter or cheese by the use of the score +card, although the system is comparatively new. + +All the milk and cream entered in the contest was produced March 11 +and shipped to a cold-storage house in Cleveland. The scoring was +done March 14, when the product was three days old. + +The score cards used in this contest are presented herewith: + + + SCORE CARD FOR MARKET MILK. + + Exhibitor: ---- ----. + Address: ----, ----. + + NUMERICAL SCORE. + -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+-------- + | | | | Appearance of | Perfect + Flavor,| Composition,| Bacteria,| Acidity,| package and | score, + 40. | 25. | 20. | 5. | contents, 10. | 100. + -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+-------- + | | | | | Judge’s + | | | | | score. + -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+-------- + DESCRIPTIVE SCORE. + ----------+----------------+------------+----------+--------------- + Flavor. | Composition. | Bacteria. | Acidity. | Package and + | | | | contents. + ----------+----------------+------------+----------+--------------- + Excellent.|Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect. + Good. | | | | + Fair. |Fat, ---- |Total, ----.|---- |Foreign matter. + Bad. | per cent. | | per cent.| + Flat. |Solids not fat, |Liquefiers, | |Metal parts. + Bitter. | ---- per cent. | ----. | | + Weedy. | | | |Unattractive. + Garlic. | | | | + Silage. | | | | + Manure. | | | | + Smothered.| | | | + Other | | | | + taints. | | | | + .... | | | | + .... | | | | + ----------+----------------+------------+----------+--------------- + Remarks: ----. + Date: ----. ---- ----, _Judge_. + + + DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING. + + + FLAVOR. + + If rich, sweet, clean, and pleasant flavor and odor, score + perfect (40). Deduct for objectionable flavors and odors + according to conditions found. + + + COMPOSITION. + + If 4 per cent fat or above and 8.5 per cent solids not fat or + above, score perfect (25). Deduct 1 point for each one-fourth per + cent fat below 4 and 1 point for each one-fourth per cent solids + not fat below 8.5. + + + BACTERIA. + + Less than 10,000 per cubic centimeter (perfect) 20 + Over 10,000 and less than 25,000 per cubic centimeter 19 + Over 25,000 and less than 50,000 per cubic centimeter 18 + Over 50,000 and less than 75,000 per cubic centimeter 17 + Over 75,000 and less than 100,000 per cubic centimeter 16 + Deduct 1 point for each 25,000 above 100,000. + + When an unusually large number of liquefying bacteria are + present, further deduction should be made according to conditions + found. + + + ACIDITY. + + If 0.2 per cent or below, score perfect (5). Deduct 1 point for + each 0.01 per cent above 0.2 per cent. (If Mann’s test is used, + discontinue adding indicator on first appearance of a pink color.) + + + APPEARANCE OF PACKAGE AND CONTENTS. + + If package is clean, free from metal parts, and no foreign + matter can be detected in the contents, score perfect (10). Make + deductions according to conditions found. + + + SCORE CARD FOR MARKET CREAM. + + Exhibitor: ---- ---- + Address: ---- ----. + + NUMERICAL SCORE. + -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+-------- + | | | | Appearance of | Perfect + Flavor,| Composition,| Bacteria,| Acidity,| package and | score, + 40. | 25. | 20. | 5. | contents, 10. | 100. + -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+-------- + | | | | | Judge’s + | | | | | score. + -------+-------------+----------+---------+---------------+-------- + DESCRIPTIVE SCORE. + ----------+----------------+------------+----------+--------------- + Flavor. | Composition. | Bacteria. | Acidity. | Package and + | | | | contents. + ----------+----------------+------------+----------+--------------- + Excellent.|Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect. |Perfect. + Good. | | | | + Fair. |Fat, ---- |Total, ----.|---- |Foreign matter. + Bad. | per cent. | | per cent.| + Flat. | |Liquefiers, | |Metal parts. + Bitter. | | ----. | | + Weedy. | | | |Unattractive. + Garlic. | | | | + Silage. | | | |Lumpy. + Smothered.| | | | + Manure. | | | |Frothy. + Other | | | | + taints. | | | | + .... | | | | + .... | | | | + .... | | | | + ----------+----------------+------------+----------+--------------- + Remarks: ----. + Date: ----. ---- ----, _Judge_. + + + DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING. + + + FLAVOR. + + If rich, sweet, clean, and pleasant flavor and odor, score + perfect (40). Deduct for objectionable flavors and odors + according to conditions found. + + + COMPOSITION. + + If 20 per cent fat or above, score perfect (25). Deduct 1 point + for each one-half per cent fat below 20. + + + BACTERIA. + + Less than 10,000 per cubic centimeter (perfect) 20 + Over 10,000 and less than 25,000 per cubic centimeter 19 + Over 25,000 and less than 50,000 per cubic centimeter 18 + Over 50,000 and less than 75,000 per cubic centimeter 17 + Over 75,000 and less than 100,000 per cubic centimeter 16 + Deduct 1 point for each 25,000 above 100,000. - + + When an unusually large number of liquefying bacteria are + present, further deduction should be made according to conditions + found. + + + ACIDITY. + + If 0.2 per cent or below, score perfect (5). Deduct 1 point + for each 0.01 per cent above 0.2. (If Mann’s test is used, + discontinue, adding indicator on first appearance of a pink + color.) + + + APPEARANCE OF PACKAGE AND CONTENTS. + + If package is clean, free from metal parts, and no foreign matter + can be detected in the contents, and physical condition of + product is good, score perfect (10). Make deductions according to + conditions. + +The composition, condition, and numerical scores of the entries of +market milk and cream are given in the following tables: + + + _Table showing composition and condition of market milk and cream._ + + ------+-----+------+-------+-------+---------------+------------------- + Sample| Fat.|Solids| Acid-| Total | Appearance of | Remarks. + No. | | not | ity. |bacteria| package. | + | | fat. | | per | | + | | | | cubic | | + | | | |centime-| | + | | | | ter. | | + ------+-----+------+------+--------+---------------+------------------- + 1 | 4.1 | 9.82 |0.235 | 3,100 |Slight sediment| + 2 | 4.0 | 8.67 | .198 | 1,600 | do | + 3 | 3.5 | 8.70 | .194 | 16,300 |Clean | + 4 | 3.4 | 8.55 | .198 | 5,500 | do | + 5 | 3.7 | 8.61 | .200 | 15,200 | do | + 6 | 4.5 | 9.02 | .192 | 5,100 |Slight sediment| + 7 | 3.9 | 8.78 | .180 | 1,600 | do | + 8 | 3.6 | 8.59 | .174 | 35,800 | do | + 9 | 3.3 | 8.53 | .187 | 4,730 | do | + 10 | 3.7 | 8.74 | .174 | 11,300 | do | + 11 | 3.9 | 8.78 | .183 | 4,900 | do | + 12 | 3.8 | 8.76 | .189 | 12,500 | do | + 13 | 4.5 | 8.90 | .180 | 33,000 |Clean | + 14 | 3.2 | 8.37 | .194 | 38,600 | do | + 15 | 3.4 | 8.55 | .196 | 5,200 |Slight sediment|Bottle not full. + 16 | 4.0 | 8.80 | .196 | 6,000 | do | + 1 | 3.2 | 8.64 | .200 | 3,100 | do | + 18 | 3.5 | 8.80 | .189 | 17,500 | do | + 19 | 3.4 | 8.78 | .200 | 17,200 |Clean | + 20 | 3.5 | 8.45 | .180 | 5,400 |Slight sediment| + 21[a] |33.6 | ... | .162 | 29,200 | do | + 22 | 4.4 | 9.25 | .216 | 26,500 | do | + 23[a] |25.0 | ... | .180 | 21,000 | do | + 24 | 3.9 | 8.90 | .198 | 8,700 | do | + 25 | 3.7 | 8.86 | .198 | 20,700 |Clean | + 26 | 3.1 | 8.25 | .189 |166,000 | do | + 27 | 4.3 | 8.86 | .182 | 1,000 | do |Soapy flavor. + 28 | 3.8 | 9.13 | .183 | 9,500 | do | + 29 | 4.4 | 8.88 | .185 | 86,000 | do | + 30[a] |37.2 | ... | .162 | 20,700 |Slight sediment|Silver medal + | | | | | | (cream). + 31 | 3.7 | 8.74 | .207 | 18,000 |Clean | + 32 | 3.9 | 9.78 | .200 | 10,400 | do | + 33 | 4.4 | 9.00 | .200 | 8,500 | do | + 34 | 4.1 | 8.82 | .192 | 31,300 |Slight sediment| + 35 | 3.6 | 8.92 | .234 | 26,300 | do | + 36 | 3.6 | 8.59 | .200 | 1,000 | do |Soapy flavor. + 37 | 4.1 | 8.94 | .216 | 23,900 | do |Manure flavor. + 38 | 3.4 | 8.98 | .200 | 2,100 | do | + 39 | 3.5 | 8.45 | .198 | 7,500 | do |Metal and rubber + | | | | | | parts to package. + 40 | 4.0 | 8.80 | .191 | 6,300 |Slight sediment| + 41 | 4.0 | 9.00 | .198 | 6,700 | do | + 42 | 3.3 | 9.03 | .219 | 3,100 |Clean | + 43 | 4.1 | 9.19 | .219 | 5,500 | do | + 44 | 3.6 | 8.72 | .184 | 18,300 |Slight sediment| + 45 | 4.1 | 9.82 | .200 | 5,700 | Clean |Gold medal (milk). + 46 | 3.5 | 9.70 | .192 | 1,000 | do | + 47 | 4.0 | 9.00 | .198 | 10,500 |Slight sediment| + 48 | 3.7 | 8.74 | .208 | 5,200 | do | + 49[a] |18.0 | ... | .216 |402,500 | do | + 50 | 3.5 | 9.90 | .210 | 5,800 | do | + 51[a] |24.0 | ... | .182 | 1,100 | do |Gold medal (cream). + 52 | 3.9 | 8.40 | .198 | 32,000 | do | + 53 | 4.2 | 8.84 | .200 | 5,600 | do |Silver medal + | | | | | | (milk). + 54[a] |31.6 | ... | .180 |392,000 |Clean |Soapy flavor. + 55 | 3.9 | 8.90 | .207 | 5,600 |Slight sediment| + 56 | 8.1 | 7.03 | .207 | 27,000 | do | + 57 | 3.9 | 8.53 | .200 | 6,700 | do | + 58 | 3.9 | 8.73 | .200 | 1,500 | do | + 59 | 2.5 | 8.25 | .185 | 1,200 |Sediment |Metal and rubber + | | | | | | parts to package. + ------+-----+------+------+--------+---------------+------------------- + + [a] Cream. + + + _Table showing numerical scores of the milk and cream._ + + ------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+--------- + Sample| Flavor |Composition| Bacteria|Appearance| Acidity| Total + No. | (perfect | (perfect | (perfect| (perfect |(perfect| score + | 40 | 25 | 20 | 10 | 5 | (perfect + | points). | points). | points).| points). |points).| 100 + | | | | | | points). + ------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+--------- + 1 | 34.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 1.5 | 90.0 + 2 | 34.5 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 94.0 + 3 | 35.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 92.0 + 4 | 34.0 | 22 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 91.0 + 5 | 33.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0 + 6 | 32.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 91.5 + 7 | 33.5 | 24 | 20 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 91.5 + 8 | 33.0 | 23 | 18 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 88.5 + 9 | 29.0 | 22 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 85.5 + 10 | 34.0 | 23 | 19 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 90.5 + 11 | 34.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 92.5 + 12 | 32.0 | 24 | 19 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 89.0 + 13 | 32.0 | 25 | 18 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0 + 14 | 35.0 | 21 | 18 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 89.0 + 15 | 35.5 | 22 | 20 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 91.5 + 16 | 35.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 94.5 + 17 | 36.5 | 22 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.0 + 18 | 32.0 | 23 | 19 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 88.0 + 19 | 34.0 | 22 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0 + 20 | 32.0 | 22 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 88.5 + 21[a] | 37.0 | 25 | 18 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 94.5 + 22 | 32.5 | 25 | 18 | 9.5 | 3.5 | 88.5 + 23[a] | 36.5 | 25 | 19 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 95.0 + 24 | 32.75 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 91.25 + 25 | 33.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.0 + 26 | 30.0 | 20 | 13 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 78.0 + 27 | 28.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 88.0 + 28 | 31.5 | 24 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 90.5 + 29 | 34.0 | 25 | 16 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 90.0 + 30[a] | 37.5 | 25 | 19 | 9.0 | 5.0 | [b]95.5 + 31 | 37.0 | 23 | 19 | 10.0 | 4.5 | 93.5 + 32 | 34.5 | 24 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 92.5 + 33 | 35.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 95.0 + 34 | 36.25 | 25 | 18 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 93.25 + 35 | 36.0 | 23 | 18 | 9.5 | 2.0 | 88.5 + 36 | 31.0 | 23 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 88.5 + 37 | 31.0 | 25 | 19 | 9.5 | 3.5 | 88.0 + 38 | 34.5 | 22 | 20 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 90.5 + 39 | 35.0 | 22 | 20 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 87.0 + 40 | 33.75 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.25 + 41 | 34.0 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.5 + 42 | 35.5 | 22 | 20 | 10.0 | 3.5 | 91.0 + 43 | 35.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 3.5 | 93.5 + 44 | 28.0 | 23 | 19 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 84.5 + 45 | 37.0 | 25 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | [c]97.0 + 46 | 36.0 | 23 | 20 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 94.0 + 47 | 32.5 | 25 | 19 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 91.5 + 48 | 34.5 | 23 | 20 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 91.0 + 49[a] | 35.0 | 21 | 4 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 73.5 + 50 | 35.0 | 23 | 20 | 9.5 | 4.5 | 92.0 + 51[a] | 36.5 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | [d]96.0 + 52 | 36.5 | 24 | 18 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 93.0 + 53 | 36.5 | 25 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | [e]96.0 + 54[a] | 32.0 | 25 | 5 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 77.0 + 55 | 34.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 4.5 | 92.0 + 56 | 32.0 | 25 | 8 | 9.0 | 4.5 | 78.5 + 57 | 33.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 91.5 + 58 | 34.0 | 24 | 20 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 92.5 + 59 | 27.0 | 19 | 20 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 76.5 + ------+----------+-----------+---------+----------+--------+--------- + +[a] Cream. + +[b] Silver medal (cream). + +[c] Gold medal (milk). + +[d] Gold medal (cream). + +[e] Silver medal (milk). + + +The flavor of the samples of both milk and cream was generally good. +A few were soapy, owing to bottles not being properly rinsed, and one +or two suggested a flavor of the cow stable. The lowest score for +“flavor of milk” was 28 points, the highest 37; the lowest score for +“flavor of cream” was 30 points, the highest 37.5. + +The percentage of fat in the milk was close to 4 in the majority of +instances; the lowest was 2.5 and the highest 8.1. Both of these +samples, however, may safely be regarded as abnormal. The percentage +of fat in the cream samples varied from 18 to 37.2. The lowest +percentage of “solids not fat” was 7.03, and the highest 9.9. + +With but few exceptions the milk and cream exhibited did not exceed +the required standard for acidity, which was two-tenths of 1 per +cent. The lowest percentage of acidity was 0.162, the highest 0.235. + +The number of bacteria per cubic centimeter found in the milk samples +varied from 1,000, which was the lowest number, to 166,000, which +was the highest. Seventeen out of the 59 samples examined contained +over 20,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and more than half of all +the samples exhibited contained less than 10,000, or a number small +enough to meet the requirements for certified milk as established by +the milk commissions. The lowest number of bacteria found in cream +was 1,100 per cubic centimeter, the highest 402,000. + +The appearance of the packages of milk and cream was generally good. +Only two had rubber or metal parts. Many of the samples contained +more or less foreign matter. About one-third showed no sediment +whatever in the bottom of the bottles. + +Of the 59 samples of milk and cream competing in this contest 6 +scored 95 or over, 35 between 90 and 95, 12 between 85 and 90, +and 6 less than 85. The large number scoring 90 or above is very +noticeable, and indicates that the majority of the dairymen were +successful in their efforts to produce high-class milk. + + + THE DAIRY-FARM CONTEST. + +This was an entirely new feature in connection with milk contests +and proved to be of great interest and practical value. Twenty-five +dairymen entered their farms in this contest, and the farms were +visited by the judges and scored on the basis of the score card shown +below. While this part of the work required considerable time and +some expense, it is believed that it resulted in much good along the +line of improving the conditions affecting the city milk supply. Full +details of this feature of the work are given in the table. + + + [United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal + Industry, Dairy Division.] + + SANITARY INSPECTION OF DAIRIES. + + Owner or lessee of farm: ---- ----. + Town: ----. State: ----. + Total No. of cows: ----. No. milking: ----. + Quarts of milk produced daily: ---- + Is product sold at wholesale or retail? ----. + If shipped to dealer, give name and address: ----. + Permit No.: ----. Date of inspection: ----, 1907. + + --------------------------------+-----------------+------------------ + | Score. | + +--------+--------+ Remarks. + |Perfect.|Allowed.| + --------------------------------+--------+--------+------------------ + COWS. | | | + Condition | 2 | | + Health | 8 | | + Cleanliness | 5 | | + Water supply | 5 | | + +--------+ | + | 20 | | + STABLES. | | | + Construction | 5 | | + Cleanliness | 5 | | + Light | 5 | | + Ventilation | 4 | | + Cubic space per cow | 3 | | + Removal of manure | 2 | | + Stable yard | 1 | | + +--------+ | + | 25 | | + MILK HOUSE. | | | + Construction | 2 | | + Equipment | 3 | | + Cleanliness | 5 | | + Care and cleanliness of utensils| 5 | | + Water supply (Temp. ---- °F.) | 5 | | + +--------+ | + | 20 | | + MILKERS AND MILKING. | | | + Health of attendants | 5 | | + Cleanliness of milking | 10 | | + +--------+ | + | 15 | | + HANDLING THE MILK. | | | + Prompt and efficient cooling | 10 | | + Storing at a low temperature | 5 | | + Protection during transportation| 5 | | + Temperature of milk ---- °F. | | | + +--------+ | + | 20 | | + +--------+--------+ + Total score | 100 | | + --------------------------------+--------+--------+------------------ + + Sanitary conditions are: + Excellent: ----. Good: ----. Fair: ----. Poor: ----. + Suggestions by inspector: ----. + (Signed) ---- ----, _Inspector_. + + +DIRECTIONS FOR SCORING. + + + COWS. + + Perfect + score. + + _Condition and healthfulness._--Deduct 2 points if in poor + flesh, and 8 points if not tuberculin-tested 10 + _Cleanliness._--Clean, 5; good, 4; fair, 2; bad, 0 5 + _Water supply._--If clean and unpolluted, 5; fair, 3; + otherwise, 0 5 + + + STABLES. + + _Construction._--For cement floor or other material equally + as good (_a_)[A] in good condition allow 2 points; fair, 1; + poor, 0; wood floor (_b_) or other material in good condition, + 1; fair, ½; poor, 0; good tie (_c_), 1; good manger (_d_), + 1; box stall (_e_), 1 5 + _Cleanliness._--If thoroughly clean, including floor (_a_), + windows (_b_), and ceilings (_c_), 5; good, 4; medium, 3; + fair, 2; poor, 1; bad, 0 5 + _Light._--Four square feet of glass per cow, 5; 1 point off for + each 20 per cent less than 4 square feet 5 + _Ventilation._--Good ventilating system, 4; fair, 3; poor, 2; + bad, 0 4 + _Cubic space per cow._--If 500 cubic feet or over per cow, 3; + less than 500 and over 400, 2; less than 400 and over 300, 1; + less than 300, 0 3 + _Removal of manure._--Hauled to field daily, 2; removed at + least 30 feet from stable, 1; otherwise, 0 2 + _Stable yard._--In good condition (_a_), ½; well drained + (_b_), ½; otherwise, 0 1 + + + MILK HOUSE. + + _Construction._--Tight, sound floor, and not connected with + any other building (_a_), well lighted (_b_), well ventilated + (_c_), 2; (_d_) if connected with another building under good + conditions, 1; otherwise, 0; (_e_) if no milk house, 0 2 + _Equipment._--Hot water for cleaning utensils (_a_), 1; cooler + (_b_), 1; proper pails (_c_) and strainers (_d_) used for no + other purposes, 1 3 + _Cleanliness._--Interior clean, 5; good condition, 4; medium, + 3; fair, 2; poor, 1; bad, 0 5 + _Care and cleanliness of utensils._--Clean (_a_), 3; kept in + milk house or suitable outside rack (_b_), 2; otherwise, 0 5 + _Water supply._--If pure and clean running water, 5; pure and + clean still water, 3; otherwise, 0 5 + + + MILKING. + + _Attendants._--Healthy 5 + _Cleanliness of milking._--Clean milking suits, milking with + clean dry hands, and attention to cleanliness of udder and + teats while milking, 10; no special suits, but otherwise clean + (_a_), 7; deduct 4 points for unclean teats (_b_) and udder + (_c_) and 3 points for unclean hands (_d_) 10 + + + HANDLING THE MILK. + + _Prompt and efficient cooling._--If prompt (_a_), 5; efficient + (_b_), if 50° F. or under, 5; over 50° and not over 55°, 4; + over 55° and not over 60°, 3; over 60°, 0; if neither prompt + nor efficient, 0 10 + _Storing at low temperature._--If 50° F. or under, 5; over 50° + and not over 55°, 4; over 55° and not over 60°, 3; over 60°, 0 5 + _Protection during transportation to market._--If thoroughly + protected (iced), 5; good protection, 4; partly protected, 2; + otherwise, 0 5 + --- + 100 + + [Note: The letters _a_, _b_, _c_, etc., should be entered on score + card to show condition of dairy, and when so entered should + always indicate a deficiency.] + + + SCORE. + + If total score is 90 or above and each division 85% perfect or + over, the dairy is EXCELLENT (entitled to registry). + + If total score is 80 or above and each division 75% perfect or + over, the dairy is GOOD. + + If total score is 70 or above and each division 65% perfect or + over, the dairy is FAIR. + + If total score is below 70 and any division is below 65% perfect, + the dairy is POOR. + + + _Detailed scores of the twenty-five dairy farms entered in the + dairy-farm contest._ + + ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- + | Cows |Stables | Milk |Milking |Handling| Total + |(perfect|(perfect| house |(perfect|of milk | score + Farm No. | 20 | 25 |(perfect| 15 |(perfect|(perfect + |points).|points).| 20 |points).| 20 | 100 + | | |points).| |points).|points). + ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- + 1 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 2.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 41.0 + 2 | 11.0 | 14.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 42.0 + 3 | 4.0 | 14.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 46.0 + 4 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 12.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 48.0 + 5 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 51.0 + 6 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 53.0 + 7 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 57.0 + 8 | 18.0 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 58.5 + 9 | 15.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 60.0 + 10 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 61.0 + 11 | 12.0 | 18.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 62.0 + 12 | 10.0 | 21.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 64.0 + 13 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 17.5 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 64.5 + 14 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 65.0 + 15 | 12.0 | 16.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 65.0 + 16 | 12.0 | 22.0 | 12.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 66.0 + 17 | 19.5 | 16.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 15.0 | 67.5 + 18 | 12.0 | 23.0 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 69.0 + 19 | 12.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 71.0 + 20 | 7.0 | 19.5 | 18.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 74.5 + 21 | 14.0 | 20.5 | 16.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 80.5 + 22 | 12.0 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 82.0 + 23 | 11.5 | 21.0 | 19.0 | 12.0 | 20.0 | 83.5 + 24 | 12.0 | 23.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 20.0 | 85.0 + 25 | 19.5 | 21.0 | 17.0 | 12.0 | 17.0 | 86.5 + ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- + Average | 11.6 | 15.4 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 14.5 | 64.1 + Average per | | | | | | + cent perfect| 58.0 | 61.6 | 59.0 | 72.0 | 72.5 | 64.1 + ------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- + + + PRINCIPAL DEFECTS FOUND. + +The greatest defects on the dairy farms were found to be the lack +of cleanliness of the cows and the nonapplication of the tuberculin +test. This test had been applied to only five of the twenty-five +herds, and as it counted 8 points in the score the low average for +the cows is thus explained. The cows in fifteen of the herds were +more or less dirty. The water supply was generally good. The average +rating for the cows was 11.6 points out of a possible 20. + +The next greatest defect was found in the construction, equipment, +and cleanliness of the milk houses. Many farms had no milk houses or +special rooms for handling the milk, some were lacking in the proper +equipment--particularly coolers and facilities for heating water. +The water supply and utensils for the milk house were generally +good. Seven out of the twenty-five received a perfect score for +cleanliness. The average score for all of the milk houses was 11.8 +points out of a possible 20. + +The third lowest rating was given to the stables, which scored 15.4 +points out of a possible 25. The greatest defect here was the lack +of cleanliness, although the light and ventilation were frequently +deficient. The construction as a rule received a good rating, and +the cubic space per cow was generally satisfactory. + +The cleanliness observed in milking was generally good, and the +method of handling the milk satisfactory. These two branches of the +dairy work rated 72 and 72.5 per cent, respectively. + + + VALUE OF THE CONTEST TO CLEVELAND. + +The following letter points out very clearly some of the results +which followed the contest in Cleveland: + + CLEVELAND, _June 4, 1907_. + + Prof. C. B. LANE, + _Assistant Chief, Dairy Division, Washington, D. C._ + + DEAR SIR: Certain very definite beneficial results may be traced + to the milk exhibit and contest held in Cleveland on March 16, + 1907. It was of special value from an educational standpoint. + Few of the dairymen supplying milk to Cleveland previous to + the contest had any appreciation of the significance of the + inspection required by the city and submitted to it largely from + necessity. The various addresses and discussions demonstrated the + method and the value of the inspection. The dairymen present came + to understand the importance and significance of improved methods + of handling milk, and many of the recommendations made have since + been adopted. The dairymen also felt pleased at the attention + and interest of the Government officials in Cleveland’s milk + producers. + + With the inauguration of the inspection by the Cleveland Board + of Health considerable opposition developed among the dairymen, + and in some cases open enmity. With a thorough understanding of + the object of the inspection this opposition has ceased and the + inspection is now sought and welcomed. Cordial relations now + exist between the dairymen and the inspection department. The + holding of the contest and exhibit definitely contributed to + this kindly feeling. Friendly rivalry has been developed among + the dairymen. The visit of the inspector is looked forward to; + his suggestions are usually promptly complied with, and his + subsequent visits result in a higher score for the dairymen + generally. The general attitude of the dairymen toward an + inspection system is well illustrated by a letter recently sent + by several representative dairymen to the board of health: + + We milk producers, who ship milk to the city of Cleveland, + desiring to make and ship milk of good quality and to observe + the sanitary regulations as prescribed by your honorable body, + respectfully ask that each and every person shipping milk to + the city of Cleveland be required to take out a permit to be + issued by your honorable body, revocable at your pleasure. + + That said permits shall be classified as 1 or 2. That dairies + which score 50 points or above be classified as No. 1, and all + dairies which score below 50 points be classified as No. 2. + That all milk dealers, shippers, and peddlers who sell milk in + the city of Cleveland be required to apprise their customers + by placard or otherwise at all times of the class of milk that + they are offering for sale, and in case of failure so to do, + or in case of said milk dealer, shipper, or peddler offering + for sale milk shipped into the city of Cleveland without a + permit, said milk dealer, shipper, or peddler’s license shall + be forfeited. + + AUSTIN HERRICK. + W. A. MILLS. + H. F. BICKER. + S. H. MIZER. + O. H. BENNETT. + E. BOWEN. + H. E. POST. + G. W. ADAMS. + W. H. CHAMBERS. + A. F. DRESHER. + C. E. RILEY. + + The exhibit also had a beneficial effect upon retailers. This + class has come to realize the value of sanitary milk production. + Before making the season’s contract they inquire into the rating + of the dairies in question, discriminating against those having + a low rating, and frequently paying a premium for milk from a + high-scoring dairy. There is at present an almost universal + demand for a repetition of the contest annually, and the interest + and participation in the contest next year would be many fold + that of this contest. + + (Signed.) + + H. G. SHERMAN, M. D., + _Chairman Committee on Municipal Sanitation_. + + C. W. EDDY, M. D., + _Chief of Inspection Division, Public Health Department_. + + + + + THE VALUE OF MILK CONTESTS. + + + VALUE TO THE PRODUCER. + +Milk contests are of value to the producer in that they point out to +him very clearly the exact condition of his product. This includes, +first, the flavor of the milk. Clean milk from a clean cow has but +little flavor or odor. If it is fairly well supplied with fat, pure +milk may be described as having a rich, sweet, clean, pleasant flavor +and odor, and free from foreign taints. Too frequently, however, +the ordinary market milk delivered in our cities tastes of the cow +stable, or the feed, and has too much acidity from the presence of +millions of bacteria. In addition to flavor, milk is tested for +chemical qualities, including fat and total solids. It is also +carefully tested for bacteria. If produced under clean conditions +and promptly cooled, these should not exceed 100,000 to the cubic +centimeter. Where extreme care is used, as in the production of +certified milk, the number may be kept below 1,000. Other points +considered are the acidity of the milk, the appearance of the package +(including metal parts, etc.), and foreign matter. Too often dirt of +various kinds is found in the bottom of the bottle, indicating not +only dirty conditions during milking, but poor handling, especially +as regards straining. + +Defects of the product having thus been pointed out, the dairyman +will know what is lacking in his product and what he needs to do +in order to make it perfect. If the dairyman enters the dairy-farm +contest his place is carefully scored and given a definite rating. +Ideal conditions are pointed out and he is shown what needs to be +done and how it can be done without great expense. + +But the question naturally arises: If the dairyman produces a perfect +product, can he secure any more money for it? Up to the present time +there has been but little incentive to the production of high-class +milk, with possibly the exception of certified milk. Clean and dirty +milk have sold for the same price and in direct competition with each +other. This is not right. With other commodities the grade determines +the price. It should be so with milk. + +There are indications, however, that the dairyman who produces clean +milk will in the future receive a premium for his product, and +the careful inspection of the dairy farm and the milk produced is +going to help bring this about. Already an advanced price is being +offered by the milk dealers in Cleveland for milk from high-scoring +dairies. This certainly is encouraging to the dairyman who is trying +to produce a clean product. Every farm should be inspected, and +such inspection should be welcomed by every intelligent dairyman. A +score such as was given in this contest, stating certain conditions +found in the dairies to be satisfactory, will have a tendency to +increase the sales and inspire confidence. It will be for the +dairyman’s interest in the future to produce clean milk, and he +should be rewarded for his efforts. Producers should hold together +in this matter. Public sentiment is with the movement for a better +milk supply, and the prices of feedstuffs and labor being high, +the producers have every reason to demand a fair price for a good +product. But they should see to it that their product is clean and +that it deserves the price demanded. It is not for the producer’s +interests to allow the consumer to get the idea that this most +valuable food product, milk, is produced and handled under dirty +conditions. + + + VALUE TO THE DEALER. + +Milk contests are of value to the dealer in assisting him to +determine where the good dairies are, hence making it easier for him +to find a supply of milk to meet the demands made upon him for a good +product. With a supply of good milk to handle, there is less trouble +with sour milk and less complaint from consumers. + + + VALUE TO THE CONSUMER. + +The principal value of these contests to the consumer is in pointing +out the defects in milk and showing him what good milk really is. +Clean milk certainly ought to command a premium over dirty milk. With +the average consumer, however, milk is looked upon as a necessity +to be bought as cheaply as possible. If he is asked to pay a higher +price, he immediately characterizes it as robbery. He gives little +thought to the fact that the price of grain has been increasing +during the past ten years and that wages for farm labor are not only +higher but the labor is difficult to obtain. The consumer should know +that it costs more to produce clean milk and that it means extra +labor and extra care, and the dairyman can not be expected to produce +it without a reasonable profit. + + + + + APPLICATION OF THE CLEVELAND PLAN TO OTHER CITIES. + +The results obtained in the contest described in the preceding +pages indicate that a similar meeting and exhibit would be of value +in improving the milk supply of any city. It is simply a means of +reaching the producer, the dealer, and the consumer, and educating +them along the line of clean milk. That the plan worked successfully +in Cleveland there is no question, and it is believed that there are +scores of other cities where similar results might be obtained. Such +a contest should have the direct support of the board of health or +some organization directly interested in improving the milk supply. + + + + + EXTRACTS FROM ADDRESSES. + +One of the objects of the contest was to discuss matters of interest +to dairymen and give them an opportunity to ask questions. The +following are some of the salient points brought out at the meeting: + + Dr. H. G. SHERMAN, chairman municipal sanitation committee, + chamber of commerce: The sanitary code prepared by the committee + provides that no milk from tuberculous cattle is to be sold + within the city limits, but it was not intended that these + regulations should be put into operation at once, as some + apparently feared. We believe--and we think that you agree with + us--that these regulations should be enforced gradually and + reasonably, with due regard to the interests of the dairymen and + with arrangements for the proper reimbursement of the dairymen. + + It is no longer a matter of theory, but it has been clearly + proven that a good milk supply is of the greatest importance + to the health of city dwellers. A large proportion of disease + comes through improper food, and milk is one of the important + elements of our food. Especially is this true of infants and + young children, those least able to resist disease. With these it + may constitute almost the only article of food. Epidemics costing + thousands of lives have been traced to tainted or unclean milk. + Deaths from typhoid fever, diphtheria, and scarlet fever are + often caused by infection carried in the milk. In large cities + nearly one-half of the children born die before they are 4 years + old, but where all the milk has been carefully inspected this + rate has been greatly diminished. You may say that you run the + same risk with your children that we do with ours and that you + have never discovered any danger; but this is not quite true. + In the first place, the milk which you get is fresher than it + is when is comes to us, and with you the disease germs which do + the harm have not had time to multiply. In the second place, + disease spreads much faster in a crowded city than in the country + with its scattered population. In the third place, the power of + resisting disease in the city is much less than it is in the + country. Your children, who play all day in the fresh air and + sunshine, who roll on the green grass, and who sleep in the cool + night breeze are much more likely to shake off any threatened + sickness than the babies in the slum districts, for instance, who + must play in the gutter or on the hot pavement in the daytime and + sleep in stifling and perhaps crowded rooms at night. The death + rate among little children is half as high again in the city as + it is in the country, and sickness is in even greater proportion. + + * * * * * + + Dr. C. W. EDDY, chief of inspection division, public health + department: When the Cleveland health department first undertook + a definite system of sanitary inspection of the dairies shipping + milk to the city the first question that presented itself was a + form of report to be used by the inspector. It was first proposed + to have a list of questions to be asked by the inspector, the + answers to be his report on the dairy inspected. This was + tried and found unsatisfactory, as it did not give an adequate + description of conditions nor the exact relations of the good + features to the indifferent or positively bad. While in this + quandary I received a communication from the Dairy Division + of the United States Department of Agriculture, in which was + described the score card used by the inspectors of that division. + It appealed to us at once as a solution of the difficulty, and we + proceeded to give it a thorough trial. After a brief use of the + card we decided to adopt it in our work. + + The card first used has been modified somewhat to make it more + applicable to local conditions, but the principle remains the + same. The most important feature of the score card is its + absolute fairness, it being impossible for the inspector who + follows the printed instructions to display any partiality. It + further calls the attention of the inspector to many details + which he might otherwise overlook, which, from our standpoint at + least, are very important. After a dairy is scored and the score + card sent in we can tell exactly what conditions exist upon the + farm--where it is well equipped and where it is deficient. It + should be borne in mind that we inspect the dairies and use the + card to bring out the bearing of the production of milk upon the + public health. Therefore some features looked upon in this light + are of more significance than others and are consequently given a + greater weight, as, for instance, cleanliness of milking counts + 10 points, while cleanliness of stable yard counts but 3 points. + It is difficult for many dairymen to comprehend this, and they + are prone to look upon an expensive herd of cattle or barns of + more importance than the sanitary features of milk production. + + The average score of dairies inspected is too low, being below + 50. We hope and expect in time and as we score the dairies more + frequently to raise the standard. This is, of course, a matter + of education, but with intelligence and patience on both sides + we shall certainly succeed, and those of you who profit by the + points here discussed will be the first to reap a material + benefit in the form of an increased demand for milk produced + under sanitary conditions. + + * * * * * + + Dr. R. G. PERKINS, city bacteriologist: Since the establishment + of the laboratory the chief part of the work on milk has been of + the ordinary routine type. Samples of suspicious milk have been + studied, and a long series of counts were made on samples taken + from the receiving stations and from wagons in the endeavor to + find a suitable standard for the city. As a result of this work + the standard was set at 500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. + Even in the summer months it is the exception rather than the + rule that this limit is passed, and it seems that a lower one + might be quite practicable. The most interesting work done in + the department was an endeavor to find the relative proportion + of bacteria in milk obtained from the cans, as served to + customers by the so-called “dip method,” and that obtained from + bottles carried in the same wagons. An ordinance had been passed + compelling the delivery in bottles, and these tests were made + shortly before it went into effect. Samples were taken from + dealers trading in various parts of the city, to cover all the + conditions, and were taken every day for a week in each series. + The conditions, such as weather, etc., were carefully noted and + the following conclusions were reached: + + In the average of the 40 samples the “dip” milk was found to + contain 37 per cent more bacteria than the bottle milk. + + In 77.5 per cent of the samples the “dip” milk contained more + bacteria than that in the bottle. Sixteen samples were over 50 + per cent higher, and 8 of these were over 300 per cent higher + than the corresponding bottled samples. + + In 22 samples the bottled milk had most bacteria, only 3 of these + being more than 50 per cent over the “dip” samples. + + Dry weather, especially with a stiff breeze, usually resulted in + an increase of several hundred per cent in the bacterial content + of the “dip” milk over the corresponding bottles. + + The results of these examinations were considered adequate + to justify the ordinance requiring the delivery in bottles + exclusively, although in the case of a milkman who is dirty it is + quite possible that the use of bottles may increase the amount of + bacteria. This, however, is a matter which should be controlled + by adequate inspection of the dairies and the bottling plants. + + * * * * * + + Prof. WILLIAM PATE, Jr., city chemist: Our work consists + wholly of the determination of quality as required by law and + examination for the presence of chemical preservatives, colors, + cream thickeners, or other adulterants. We collect and test 40 + samples of milk a day, taken from the milkmen upon the streets + and from the stations as it is delivered to the milkmen. The Ohio + law and our municipal requirements are that the milk must contain + 3 per cent of fats and 12 per cent of solids for the entire year. + Formerly the requirement was 2.8 per cent fats and 11.5 per cent + solids during the grass months of May and June, but it seems that + 3 and 12 per cent are low enough even for these months, and we + conclude that any herd which produces milk below these limits + is not a well-balanced herd, at least before our law. It is + very true that some herds are producing milk below 3 and 12 per + cent, but the producer having such a herd should balance it with + animals giving lesser quantity but richer quality so as to bring + his average for the entire herd up to the legal requirement. + + For the year just passed we had for average results of 6,045 + samples of milk taken: Lactometer, 312; fats, 3.71 per cent; + solids, 12.51 per cent. And for the year 1905, 5,890 samples: + Lactometer, 312; fats, 3.81 per cent; solids, 12.65 per cent. + + As the average result of the year will show, we have very good + milk in Cleveland from the standpoint of quality as required by + our law, although it is only fair to say to the producers that + the milk as it comes into the city is better than it is when + delivered to the consumer. I cite a few instances: + + + _Table showing composition of milk as received by milkmen and as + delivered to consumers._ + + +-----------------------+-----------------------+ + | As received by | As delivered to | + | milkman. | consumer. | + +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ + | Fats. | Solids. | Fats. | Solids. | + +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ + |_Per cent._|_Per cent._|_Per cent._|_Per cent._| + | 3.9 | 12.69 | 3.3 | 12.02 | + | 4.1 | 12.77 | 3.4 | 12.17 | + | 4.2 | 13.05 | 3.2 | 11.59 | + | 3.8 | 12.62 | 2.7 | 10.55 | + | 3.8 | 12.77 | 3.1 | 11.18 | + | 4.0 | 13.21 | 3.2 | 12.20 | + +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ + + The examination for the presence of preservatives consists in + carrying along a test for formaldehyde with all samples taken. We + are particularly free from this preservative in Cleveland, but + six samples having been found treated with formaldehyde in 1905 + and four in 1906. The offenders were immediately prosecuted, but + in addition to prosecution the board of health uses an effective + weapon in the revocation of licenses. The present policy is to + revoke the license of any man who is found to have on sale an + adulterated milk. Tests for the presence of sodium carbonate, + borax, colors, etc., are carried on from time to time as is found + necessary. In the past two years we found one sample containing + carbonate and one to which annatto had been added as an enriching + color. + + * * * * * + + D. C. HALE, milk producer: In the past milk delivered to the + Cleveland trade has been looked upon simply as milk, with no + thought of the conditions under which it was produced. Whether + it came from sanitary or insanitary stables it was all sold as + one grade and for the same price. But now, since the question has + been agitated and brought to the attention of the consumer, we + producers look for more definite rules and regulations governing + the city milk traffic whereby the dairyman may be rightfully + compensated for his painstaking labor. + + There is no reason why milk produced in a well-kept dairy of + healthy cows where sanitary methods are practiced should not + bring more money than that produced by the careless dairyman. It + has long been a puzzling problem to many of us why it was that + other farm products could be placed in the city market strictly + on their merits, while milk, which enters into more foodstuffs + than any other product, has to be sold simply as milk and usually + for one common price regardless of what has entered into the + production of that product. We who profess to have produced + sanitary milk in the past have an opportunity at this time to + take an advance step in the way of adopting more rigid sanitary + rules that may be recommended for the good of the consumer and + that may prove practical and, we hope, beneficial to the producer + in returning him a more remunerative price for his extra care and + attention. + + I believe that it is injurious to the general health of a cow + to be turned out of a warm stable and allowed to remain out and + get chilled, as is the practice with many dairymen. If cows must + be turned out of the stable in winter to get water, they should + be put in the stable just as soon as they return from water. + Keeping the cows comfortable will save hay and grain, increase + the milk production, and keep the herd in better health. The + kind of feedstuff to be used is a matter of choice, economy, and + convenience. If there is one domestic animal more than another + that is deserving of sunshine in her home during the winter + months it is the cow, not only for her enjoyment, but for her + health. + + Milk should be handled in such a way, after it leaves the milk + room, as to lower the temperature rather than raise it. It should + not be exposed to the hot sun. We should urge the importance of + transportation companies doing their part toward taking care of + the temperature of the milk after it has been delivered to them + and until they have delivered it to the city milk dealer. + + + + + CLEVELAND’S EXPERIENCE WITH THE TUBERCULIN TEST. + +Cleveland was one of the first cities to incorporate in its +ordinances a requirement that no milk should be sold in the city +except from dairies holding certificates that their cows are free +from tuberculosis as shown by the tuberculin test. The experience +of this city is therefore of interest and value in connection with +the subject of a wholesome milk supply for cities. Following are the +sections of the Cleveland ordinance relating to the tuberculin test: + + + PART ONE, TITLE V. + + SEC. 4. On and after the ---- day of ----, 1906, no milk will be + allowed to be sold or offered for sale or brought into the city + from any cow or cows unless the owner of said cow or cows holds a + certificate of this board’s veterinarian, or other veterinarian + acceptable to this board, that said cow or cows are free from + tuberculosis as shown by the tuberculin test. + + SEC. 5. Any person selling or offering for sale any milk from + uninspected cows as above shall be subject to having his license + revoked. + +The city did not attempt at the outset to require all dairymen to +conform to this section, and it is not the intention to do so until +the State laws on the subject are more efficient and provide prompt +compensation for cattle destroyed. At present the tuberculin test +is required only of dairies where tuberculosis is known to exist +as determined by physical examination or by tracing cattle killed +at abattoirs. If the owner does not consent to the test and to the +slaughter of the reacting cattle, his milk is excluded from sale in +the city, and in addition the State board of live stock commissioners +is notified, which commissioners have the authority to enforce the +test or to quarantine the suspected herd. If the owner consents, the +test is made free of charge. After the test the reacting cattle are +appraised by two disinterested persons, one selected by the board of +health, the other by the owner. The average between the two values +is taken as the true value, and the appraisal and report of the test +is submitted to the State board of live stock commissioners. If this +board approves the finding, an order is issued authorizing the health +department to destroy the reacting cattle, which is done and promptly +reported back to the State authorities. The approved appraisal is +then submitted to the governor, approved by him, and submitted to +the proper committee of the legislature, which finally instructs +the State auditor to draw a warrant for the claim. The law allows +from one-half to three-fifths of the appraised value, but so far all +claims have been paid in full. + +The attitude of the dairymen toward the test was somewhat hostile +at first, which was natural, as it was a great surprise to them +to find that tuberculosis existed to such an extent among their +herds. Several instances were met, however, even at the first, of +exceedingly public-spirited dairymen who did all in their power to +assist the board of health, even where the losses were very severe. +The hostile feeling manifest at first has since given way to a +fair-minded conception of the situation, and the only objection to +the general application of the test is the long delay in the payment +of the claims. This is a very great hardship on a dairyman who is in +debt and dependent upon his cattle for the support of his family, +especially as in Ohio the legislature meets only every alternate year. + +The following are the statistics of the work of the board of health +for the eighteen months beginning with January, 1906: + + Number of herds tested 20 + Number of cattle tested 280 + Number of reactions 89 + Percentage of reactions 32 + +Tested by other veterinarians under direct supervision of the board +of health: + + Number of herds tested 13 + Number of cattle tested 201 + Number of reactions 29 + Percentage of reactions 15 + +It is understood that within the same period about three times as +many cows have been tested by private veterinarians, the reacting +cattle being secretly sold and shipped to other States. + +The greatest good accomplished has been in the dissemination of +knowledge concerning bovine tuberculosis among not only the dairymen, +but the people generally. The health office receives almost daily +inquiries as to where milk from tuberculin-tested cows can be had +for domestic purposes, and almost as many inquiries as to where +tuberculin-tested cows can be purchased. Nearly one-half of the +herds tested have been tested as the result of requests of owners +who desired to know for themselves what condition their herds were +in. This has been specially true in the last six months. It is +expected that more cattle will be tested in the next year than in the +preceding eighteen months, and if State laws can be passed that will +be satisfactory and efficient and provide a fair compensation there +will probably be more herds to test than the present force can handle. + +The efforts of the Cleveland board of health to eradicate +tuberculosis from dairy herds and to secure a safe milk supply for +the city deserve commendation, and other cities may well profit by +this experience and adopt similar measures to safeguard the health of +the public. + + + + + IMPORTANCE OF THE TUBERCULIN TEST. + +The public has become aroused and general interest is being +manifested especially in measures for reducing the mortality from +tuberculosis in human beings. This is shown by the formation of +societies throughout the country for furthering these measures and by +the general campaign of education which is now under way. It has been +shown beyond question that human tuberculosis and animal tuberculosis +are communicable between persons and animals, and that a considerable +proportion of the cases of human tuberculosis are caused by infection +from animal sources. The eradication of tuberculosis from dairy cows +is therefore very desirable as a protection to human health. + +The tuberculin test is recognized by sanitarians as an agency of the +greatest value for detecting tuberculosis in dairy herds and for +controlling and eradicating the disease. Without its assistance but a +small percentage of the cases could be detected in the live animals. +It is remarkably accurate, the records of thousands of cases in +which the animals have afterwards been slaughtered showing a correct +diagnosis in 97 per cent. + +Unfortunately, in the early attempts to control tuberculosis in some +States, measures were adopted which were so radical that they aroused +the antagonism of the dairymen and cattle owners generally, and +little was accomplished in the way of either benefiting the cattle +owners or removing the dangers of the disease to the public. It is +time that those interested in the dairy and live-stock industries +of the country should give their support to all measures tending to +check this widespread disease and to prevent the serious losses which +it causes. It is to their interest to do so purely as a business +proposition, regardless of any benefit to the public health. + +A practice which is largely instrumental in the spread of +tuberculosis is the sale of animals known to be diseased without +transmitting this knowledge to the buyer. This is done not only in +private sales, but at public auctions as well. This practice should +be stopped. Where the tuberculin test is used under the direction +of a board of health, the animals as a rule are properly marked +(usually by placing metal disks in the ears), showing whether they +are tuberculous or healthy. This plan is to be commended, as it +renders difficult the deception of a purchaser. + +While some States have laws prohibiting the importation of cattle +without the certificate of a veterinarian showing that they have +passed the test, other States have no such laws, and the transfer +of animals from one State to another goes on without molestation. +This shows the necessity of the Federal Government taking some +action in the near future to prevent the interstate shipment of +diseased animals. The work of the Government might also be extended +still further in a cooperative way, so that, when the disease is +discovered, the information will be communicated both to the owners +of the animals and to the proper State authorities. + +The Bureau of Animal Industry furnishes tuberculin free of charge to +public officials for making tests under certain conditions. + + + + + METHODS FOR ERADICATING TUBERCULOSIS. + +This subject has been discussed at some length by Dr. D. E. Salmon +in Bulletin 38 of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Because of its +important bearing on the improvement of the milk supply, the +following extract from that publication is appended: + + + ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS FROM THE FARM. + + If there is any reason to suspect the existence of tuberculosis + in a herd, an effort should be made at once to determine + definitely whether it is present and which animals are affected + by it. + + The general condition of the animal should furnish some + indication. If any of the animals are not doing well, are losing + flesh, and fail to yield the amount of milk which is to be + reasonably expected, a careful examination should be made of + them to determine whether their temperature is normal, whether + there are signs of enlargement of the external lymphatic glands, + and whether abnormal sounds can be detected in the lungs. The + examination of the carcasses of any animals which may have died + or are slaughtered is a valuable indication as to the existence + of the disease in the herd. + + The most reliable means of determining this question is, however, + the tuberculin test. While this may occasionally fail to reveal + tuberculosis in an individual animal, it may be relied upon with + certainty to reveal the existence of the disease in a herd. If + this test indicates that some of the animals are tuberculous, + measures should be at once adopted to eradicate the disease from + the herd, or at least to prevent its further spread. In case + there are only one or two animals affected, and these are not + especially valuable, the best plan is to slaughter them at once + and thoroughly disinfect the stable in which they have been kept. + If a large proportion of a herd is affected, and the animals + are not especially valuable, the best and cheapest plan would + be to separate the reacting animals from the healthy ones, and + to have the former slaughtered under inspection as soon as they + can be put in proper condition. It is probable that the flesh of + most of these animals would be found fit for food, and the loss, + therefore, would not be very great. In case the herd has been + long affected and many of the animals are in an advanced stage of + the disease, they are unfit for milk production, and the sooner + they are slaughtered the less will be the loss. + + If the herd contains animals which are valuable for breeding + purposes, the Bang system of management or some modification of + it may be profitably adopted. + + + STATE AID FOR THE ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS. + + In the eradication of a disease so widely disseminated, and one + which causes such serious losses to the animal industry of the + country, there should be assistance offered by the State in order + to relieve the burdens which fall upon the owners of live stock. + A considerable number of States have shown a disposition to come + to the assistance of farmers whose stock is affected, but the + assistance has sometimes been coupled with conditions which made + it unwelcome. In some States compulsory testing and the slaughter + of reacting animals have been required, but this has not been a + popular measure. It is essential that a plan should be devised + which will meet with the approval of the stock owners and which + will aid them without being too burdensome in its conditions. + There are certain measures which have been adopted by individual + States which have accomplished satisfactory results but which + would be far more successful if adjoining States would adopt + the same or similar regulations. Among the reasonable measures + which a State may adopt for the repression of tuberculosis the + following may be mentioned: + + 1. Cattle which are brought into a State for breeding or dairy + purposes may be tested with tuberculin, and those which react + may be refused admission to the State. In connection with this + measure it should be provided that cattle which have been tested + by the authorities of another State or of the Federal Government + and found free from disease should be allowed admission without + being retested. The testing of animals coming into a State is + essential in any effort to control this disease and is one of + the first measures which should be enforced in any effort to + eradicate it. + + 2. There should be an inspection of all slaughtered animals + coming from breeding or dairy herds within the State in order + to discover in what herds the disease exists. Animals from the + greater part of the milk-producing herds are being continually + sold for slaughter as their usefulness in the dairy is over, + and an examination of the carcasses of these cows would serve + to locate the existence of the disease in many herds where its + presence is unsuspected. Unfortunately, few of the animals killed + in the small slaughterhouses are inspected, and in those cases + where there is an inspection and tuberculosis is discovered it + is seldom that the herds from which they came are traced and the + owners informed of the discovery of this disease. In any effort + to suppress tuberculosis it is almost essential that information + of this kind should be obtained and an attempt made to persuade + the owner to adopt proper measures for getting rid of the + contagion. + + 3. Measures should be adopted for testing herds with tuberculin + without expense to the owners. In the beginning of the work, + at least, this should not be compulsory, but it should be made + to the interest of the owner of a tuberculous herd to have it + tested under the auspices of the State. Apparently, it would + also be wise and a great aid to stockmen for the State to test + herds with tuberculin and certify to the healthfulness of animals + from all those herds where no reactions occur. At present it is + a difficult matter in most States for the breeder or dairyman + to purchase cattle for his herd with any assurance that they + are healthy. He may have them tested, but there is always a + possibility that they have been treated with tuberculin a short + time before and that for this reason they have not reacted. + The loss which has fallen upon the breeders of the country + through the introduction of tuberculosis in their herds has been + tremendous, and it appears that it would be only a proper aid + and encouragement to agricultural interests to assist breeders + in obtaining animals free from disease. Not only would this + encourage farmers to enter into breeding operations and increase + the value of the industry within the State, but the certification + of breeding animals would help to build up a market in other + States for breeding animals. + + 4. In order to encourage the owners of cattle to eradicate + tuberculosis, States should allow a reasonable compensation + for the animals which it is necessary to slaughter on account + of being affected with this disease. It is certainly a matter + of great importance to any State to have its herds free from + tuberculosis and its animals and animal products above suspicion. + With the recent demonstration of the communicability of animal + tuberculosis to man, a demonstration which has been made by so + many investigators and on such competent authority that the + fact can no longer be questioned, there is a disposition on + the part of sanitary authorities to scrutinize more carefully + those animal products which are liable to be infected. It is, + therefore, becoming every day more important for every State + to repress tuberculosis within its borders and in that manner + to maintain the reputation of its animal products. Where it + is not deemed advisable to provide for slaughtering of all + reacting animals with sufficient compensation from the State + to make this measure satisfactory to the stockmen, the State + may provide for the supervision of herds handled according to + the Bang method or some modification of it. For the protection + of its own citizens who consume dairy products, if not for the + protection of its customers in other States, every State should + make some arrangement which would lead to the removal of cows + with tuberculous udders and those suffering from generalized + tuberculosis from herds which supply milk, cream, and butter for + human food. This much is essential for the public health, but + it would be wise to go further and provide for the slaughter of + all cows which show evidence on physical examination of being + affected with tuberculosis. + + 5. In cases where cattle owners are to have their tuberculous + animals slaughtered in an effort to free their herds from + disease the State should further assist them by disinfecting + or at least supervising the disinfection of the contaminated + stables. It is a somewhat difficult matter for persons not + acquainted with the practical operations of disinfection to carry + out this measure successfully, even after they have been given + explicit instructions. It is impossible to impress sufficiently + the importance of thoroughness upon persons who are lacking in + experience in this line of work. As a consequence the majority of + the premises disinfected by stockmen without the assistance of + experts are imperfectly disinfected, and the disease breaks out + again among the animals which are subsequently introduced. This + is discouraging to the owner and serves to fix the impression + that it is impossible to eradicate tuberculosis. This impression + is already widespread, but it is essentially wrong, though it + can only be removed by object lessons in the eradication of + the disease under State supervision. There is no reason why + tuberculosis should not be eradicated as pleuro-pneumonia was + eradicated. The contagion is more widespread and the expense + would be greater, but there are no inherent difficulties to + prevent the success of such an undertaking. + + 6. When a herd has been freed from tuberculosis by the slaughter + of all reacting animals, and the premises have been properly + disinfected, the State should give further aid to the stock + owner by testing without expense the animals which he desires to + purchase for renewing his herd. This measure is essential to the + success of any plan for lessening the prevalence of this disease + or eradicating it. The expense of testing such animals is almost + too great to be borne by the individual, and, moreover, private + tests are often unsatisfactory and unreliable. + + + + + Transcriber’s Notes + + +Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been +silently corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences +within the text and consultation of external sources. Some hyphens +in words have been silently added when a predominant preference was +found in the original book. Except for those changes noted below, all +misspellings and inconsistent spellings have been retained. + +On the table on page 13, footnote b was changed to footnote d, and +footnote c was changed to footnote e. + +New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the +public domain. + +Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78261 *** |