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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 ***
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes:
+
+  Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
+    in the original text.
+  Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
+  Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
+  Deprecated spellings have been preserved.
+  Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
+
+
+
+
+
+       GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA
+    ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., DIRECTOR.
+
+                     OBSERVATIONS ON THE
+                 GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY
+                 OF HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY,
+                        MADE IN 1885.
+
+                              BY
+         ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C.
+
+                        [Illustration]
+
+            PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT.
+
+                          MONTREAL:
+                       DAWSON BROTHERS.
+                            1885.
+
+                                              OTTAWA, April, 1886.
+
+    TO ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
+    _Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada_.
+
+    SIR,—I beg to submit, herewith, my report as Geologist and
+    Naturalist on the Second Expedition to Hudson Strait and Bay,
+    sent out by the Government of Canada on board the steamship
+    “Alert” in 1885.
+
+                 I have the honour to be,
+                                   Sir,
+                              Your obedient servant,
+                                                  ROBERT BELL.
+
+
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON THE
+
+GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY, AND BOTANY
+
+OF HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY,
+
+
+MADE IN 1885.
+
+BY ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C.
+
+My preliminary report, of December, 1885, gave a general account of
+the field-work of the year, and a narrative of the Second Hudson’s
+Bay Expedition by the steamship “Alert,” as far as the geological and
+biological work are concerned. I purpose, therefore, in the following
+pages, to confine my remarks to a fuller description of the results
+in these departments. These were, unfortunately, very limited, owing
+to the fact that most of our time was spent either at sea or in the
+ice, or in relieving the stations, which I had already visited on
+the “Neptune” expedition of the previous year, and had done as much
+geological work as possible in their neighborhoods. A month in the
+middle of summer, was also consumed in our voyage from the Straits to
+St. John’s, Newfoundland, and back again, after the “Alert” had there
+undergone some necessary repairs.
+
+[Sidenote: Botanical collections.]
+
+[Sidenote: Entomological collections.]
+
+[Sidenote: Birds, mammals and fishes.]
+
+Botanical specimens were again collected at all places visited.
+Collections of plants had also been made by some of the observers at
+the stations before the arrival of the “Alert.” Although the number
+of specimens obtained is quite large, yet only five species can be
+added to the list of 1884. In the appendix to the present report
+will be found a catalogue, by Prof. Macoun, of the plants collected
+while we were in Newfoundland. I am indebted to Major H. H. Lyman, of
+Montreal, for having prepared the accompanying list of the Lepidoptera,
+and some other insects collected last year by myself and Messrs. H.
+M. Burwell and Arthur Laperrière. The Coleoptera have been kindly
+examined by Mr. W. H. Harrington. A number of specimens of birds,
+mammals and fishes were collected during the voyage, or obtained from
+some of the observers, especially Mr. Laperrière, who was in charge
+of the station at Cape Digges. I am indebted to Dr. Mathews, of York
+Factory, for additional specimens of birds, and to Mr. J. R. Spencer,
+of Churchill, for specimens of Back’s grayling, and other fishes.
+After the zoological specimens shall have been critically examined,
+complete lists of them, along with those obtained around Hudson’s
+Bay in previous years, will be published. I have much pleasure in
+acknowledging the kindness of the Right Revd. Charles Guay, of Cross
+Point, P.Q., in procuring canoes and endeavouring to hire Indians for
+the expedition. Mr. James MacNaughton, M.A., acted as my assistant
+during the season.
+
+[Sidenote: Report furnished the Department of Marine.]
+
+It was considered desirable that the Report of the “Alert” Expedition,
+to be published by the Department of Marine, should contain an
+account of the geology of Hudson’s Bay and the surrounding country;
+and accordingly, with the approval of the director, a report on this
+subject has been furnished. It embraces not only the general results of
+the geological observations of the “Neptune” and “Alert” expeditions
+of 1884 and ’85, but also of the previous expeditions around Hudson’s
+Bay, made principally on the east side, in 1875 and ’77, and on the
+west side in 1878, ’79 and ’80, and in the interior in 1870 and ’71.
+A chapter on the Economic Minerals of the Hudson’s Bay Territories
+generally, is also included in the above Report.
+
+As all matters concerning ice, ocean currents, soundings, tides,
+meteorological phenomena, etc., belong to Lieut. Gordon’s province, and
+will be fully reported on by him, I shall not allude to them except in
+their relation to geological questions.
+
+[Illustration: British American Bank Note Co. Montreal
+
+NORTH SIDE OF ENTRANCE TO NACHVAK INLET. LABRADOR.
+
+SHOWING THE STEEP AND UNGLACIATED CHARACTER OF THE MOUNTAINS.]
+
+[Sidenote: Voyage from Halifax to Hudson’s Strait]
+
+[Sidenote: Ice-bergs.]
+
+[Sidenote: Local ice.]
+
+[Sidenote: Foreign matter on field-ice.]
+
+[Sidenote: Decaying ice.]
+
+As stated in my preliminary report, we left Halifax on the 27th of May,
+and after passing through the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Straits of
+Belle Isle, steamed northward, near the edge of the ice-pack off the
+Labrador coast, to the entrance of Hudson’s Strait, which we entered
+on the 16th June. Beyond the Straits of Belle Isle numerous ice-bergs
+were passed every day, both in the open water, and among the field-ice.
+When in the latter position they were observed to be almost always
+more or less completely surrounded by a space of open water. On the
+voyage back from Newfoundland to the straits, between the 27th of
+July and the 3rd of August, ice-bergs were again equally numerous,
+especially as we approached the Labrador coast, but on neither occasion
+did we meet with any of remarkable size or height, the great majority
+of them being comparatively small. Towards the entrance of Hudson’s
+Strait it was noticed that the bergs furthest out to sea or to the
+eastward, carried stones, mud, or discolorations more frequently than
+those near the Labrador Coast. We entered Nachvak Inlet on the 1st of
+August, and were informed by Mr. Skynner, who had been in charge of the
+observatory station there since the previous year, that the fixed ice
+of the inlet had only disappeared on the 12th of July. We afterwards
+learned that it had also cleared from Ashe’s Inlet, (near North Bluff)
+in Hudson’s Strait on the same day. Mr. Skynner informed us that the
+fixed ice extended only as far out as “The Breaker,” a rock at the
+entrance of the inlet. Outside of this the ice was moving with the
+winds and currents all winter. In the months of June and July, wide
+lanes of open water were formed between the field-ice and the land.
+As far as could be observed, this ice was clear or free from dust and
+rock-debris, as if it had been formed away from the land. The clear ice
+continued till the end of June, when foreign matter began to appear
+upon the slowly moving floes. This, Mr. Skynner thought, was due to the
+fact that about that time the ice began to leave the adjoining shores,
+after having received upon its surface more or less rocky debris from
+the crumbling cliffs and slopes, or from having had earthy matter
+incorporated in it by freezing and by the action of high tides, such
+as those of Ungava Bay. During the winter, he found that the strong
+winds carried considerable quantities of dust and angular fragments of
+rock from the high cliffs and steep and loose taluses on either side of
+Nachvak Inlet, out upon the fixed ice, and when it broke up in July,
+this material was borne off to sea. Towards the end of July, all the
+field-ice of the northern parts of the Labrador coast was discolored or
+“foxy,” and had a decayed appearance. The dust or mud, with which it
+was covered, was mostly yellowish and greyish in color. Gravel, angular
+stones, patches of stoney mud, and an angular boulder were occasionally
+observed.
+
+[Sidenote: Non-glaciated mountains of Labrador.]
+
+[Sidenote: Elevated terraces and beaches.]
+
+Reference was made in my report of last year (p. 14 and 37 DD) to the
+steep, serrated and non-glaciated appearance of the mountains, along
+the northern part of the Labrador coast. Opportunities were afforded
+me in 1884, while passing up and down the coast in the “Neptune,” and
+when ashore at a few points, of studying, sketching and photographing
+these mountains; and again, last year, their features were well
+brought out under the varying quantities of snow upon them in the
+months of June, July, August and October. The accompanying view, from
+a photograph, looking northward, across the entrance of Nachvak Inlet,
+is characteristic of the scenery on this part of the coast. As stated
+in last year’s report, glacial grooves are to be seen in this inlet
+near the sea-level and parallel to the general course of the shores,
+but no trace of them could be observed on any of the higher levels
+which were examined. Terraces or banks of gravel and ancient shingle
+beaches were observed on either side of the inlet at various heights up
+to an estimated elevation of 2000 feet. The mountains everywhere in
+this vicinity give evidence of long-continued atmospheric decay. The
+annual precipitation at the present time is not great, otherwise small
+glaciers would probably form among these mountains, which lie between
+latitudes 58° and 60°, and which overlook a sea, bearing field-ice for
+half the year, and from which bergs are never absent. Patches of snow,
+however, remain throughout the summer in shaded parts of the slopes and
+on the highest summits, which range from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the
+ocean.
+
+[Sidenote: Cape Chudleigh.]
+
+Our stay at Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh, on the inward voyage, was
+for only one night, and while we were in this port, on our return,
+the weather was so boisterous as to prevent me from going to any
+considerable distance from the ship. Some additional facts of interest
+were, however, noted in regard to the glacial phenomena of the
+neighborhood.
+
+[Sidenote: Mica and graphite.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quality of mica.]
+
+[Sidenote: Coarse hornblende rock.]
+
+It was stated in my report of last year that when we were at Ashe’s
+Inlet, near North Bluff, the Eskimo gave us specimens of mica and
+graphite from the north shore of the Strait. During the winter and
+spring they brought to Mr. Ashe, the gentleman in charge of the
+observatory station at this place, numerous pieces of these minerals.
+From what they told Mr. Ashe, he concluded that both kinds were found
+at different localities all the way from Kimnirook, (see Report for
+1884), westward to the place which the natives call Akuliak, at or near
+which Captain Spicer’s trading station is situated. The mica appeared
+to be quite common. The specimens carried to Mr. Ashe, had apparently
+all been gathered on the surface; and, as the natives stated that it
+had been taken away in commercial quantities by the vessels visiting
+Capt. Spicer’s station, the inference is that it must be abundant
+somewhere not far off. The largest specimens which I saw were about a
+foot in diameter. All were of a light-brown colour, and transparent
+when in moderately thin plates. Some pieces which I tested stood the
+fire well. From the accounts of the Eskimo last year, we inferred that
+they had found red hematite, inland from Kimnirook, but Mr. Ashe did
+not receive any specimens of it. In addition to pieces of quartz and
+iron pyrites they brought him a crystal of black sphene, an inch in
+diameter, from the north side of the straits opposite the station.
+The finding of a loose piece of crystalline limestone, like a common
+variety in the Laurentian rocks further south, was mentioned last year.
+The occurrence of sphene and graphite constitute, perhaps, additional
+evidence of the existence of such limestone _in situ_ on the north side
+of Hudson’s Strait. While exploring Big (or Turenne) Island, Mr. Ashe
+had found in its southwestern part a great mass, _in situ_, of a very
+coarse, greenish-grey hornblende rock, composed of large, radiating
+crystals, similar to a loose mass which I had noted the previous year
+not far from the station. This is an additional fact indicating an
+eastward movement of the ancient glaciers.
+
+[Sidenote: Stratification of gneiss.]
+
+On the main north shore of the straits, just west of the channel
+between it and Big Island, the stratification of the gneiss is very
+conspicuous. The strike is parallel to the above, and the dip is
+northward for a considerable distance. While drifting up and down with
+the ice near to the coast in these parts, the peculiarities of the
+gneiss, and of veins cutting it, could be observed, but there is no
+chart of the shore or other means of identifying the localities.
+
+[Sidenote: Limestone fragments on ice-pans.]
+
+[Sidenote: Limestone north of Hudson’s Strait.]
+
+[Sidenote: Limestone of Melville Peninsula.]
+
+Many of the pans of field-ice off Big Island had gravel strewn upon
+them. This was found to consist of gneiss with a certain proportion
+of darkly-colored schists. But on ice-pans further up the coast, or
+to the north-westward, I found fragments of shaly marl and of grey
+limestone with fossils, among which _Receplaculites Oweni_ was easily
+distinguished. Shells and bryozons, belonging to moderately deep-water
+species, were found on the same pans. The limestone fragments, just
+mentioned, would point to the occurrence of Silurian rocks on or
+near the great bays in the western part of the north shore of the
+Straits, where the land is said to be low. Dr. Franz Boas of Berlin has
+recorded the existence of these rocks in the interior of Baffin Land,
+only about two degrees of latitude north of this region. He says:[1]
+“Through the occurrence of the Silurian rocks on the Nettilling (Lake)
+the discovery of the same formation at the upper end of Frobisher Bay
+increases in value. We must now suppose that the Silurian limestones,
+which appear at Prince Rupert’s Inlet, extend from there to Frobisher
+Bay, and overlie the granites and gneisses of Baffin’s Bay and Davis’
+Strait. We will not be far astray if we connect this extensive Silurian
+district with the limestones which occur to the south of Igluling, and
+which form the flat eastern half of Melville Peninsula. Southward from
+Nettilling, these rocks rise into low hill-ranges, which are indicated
+on the sketch by Padloaping.”
+
+[Footnote 1: Page 50 of Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus
+Perthes Geographischer Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha, November, 1885.]
+
+[Sidenote: White Bear Sound.]
+
+In a letter to me, referring to the geology of Baffin Land, Dr. Boas
+says: “The most interesting geological problem of the country is a
+study of the line of division between the Silurian plains and the
+eastern highlands. I suppose that Silurian rocks will be found, either
+in the remotest corner of White Bear Sound, or close to it. Probably
+the strata will be found lying horizontally, and then soundings in the
+Lakes Amakdjuak and Nettilling, will be of great importance. It must be
+important for the problems of glaciation to survey the _inner_ rim of
+the enormous basin formed by the chain of mountains of Davis’ Strait,
+the plateau of Nugumit, Kinguait, Sikosuilat, Southampton Islands and
+Melville Peninsula.”
+
+[Sidenote: Ungava Bay.]
+
+In my report of last year, it was stated that fragments of grey, drab
+and yellowish-fossiliferous limestone, apparently Silurian, were common
+near Cape Chudleigh. If the supposition be correct that the glaciation
+of Ungava Bay was from the southward out into Hudson’s Strait, and
+thence round Cape Chudleigh into the bed of the ocean, these fragments
+would indicate that the limestones from which they are derived exist
+somewhere in the bay, either under the water or on Akpatok Island,
+which is described as low and level.
+
+[Sidenote: Stupart’s Bay.]
+
+Having failed to enter Ashe’s Inlet on the inward voyage, we crossed
+the straits to Stupart’s Bay, in Prince of Wales’ Sound. Our visit to
+this station was too brief to allow me to make any fresh geological
+explorations in the neighborhood. The geology and scenery of this
+locality are described in my report of last year. The accompanying
+engraving, from a photograph, represents a view of the country from
+Eskimo Inlet, about two miles south of Stupart’s Bay, looking westward,
+and it may be taken as a characteristic specimen of the scenery on
+the south side of Hudson’s Straits. I found that Mr. Stupart and his
+associates had collected numerous geological specimens for me. They
+consisted of gneiss, soapstone, quartz, felspar, hornblende, mica-rock,
+epidote and iron pyrites, all apparently derived from ordinary
+Laurentian rocks, which prevail everywhere in this region.
+
+While at Port de Boucherville, on the south end of Nottingham Island,
+some further exploration was made in the vicinity, but nothing worthy
+of remark, was observed.
+
+[Sidenote: Niagara formation.]
+
+Last year Mansfield Island was found to consist of flat-lying, grey
+limestones. The fossils then collected, on its eastern side, although
+badly preserved and not numerous, indicate the age of our Niagara
+formation.
+
+[Sidenote: Southampton Island.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gneiss.]
+
+Similar limestones prevail on Southampton Island (proper) from Cape
+Southampton to within twenty-five or thirty miles of Cape Pembroke
+at its north-eastern extremity, the latter interval being occupied,
+according to Captain William Hawes, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, by
+rugged, dark-looking rocks, like those of Hudson’s Strait, which are
+Laurentian gneiss. The large island north of Southampton Island, of
+which Seahorse Point forms the eastern extremity, and which Lieutenant
+Gordon has called Bell’s Island, in the absence of any other name, is
+mountainous and appears to consist of gneiss.
+
+[Illustration: British American Bank Note Co. Montreal
+
+VIEW WESTWARD IN PRINCE OF WALES SOUND, HUDSON’S STRAIT.
+
+SHOWING OUTLINE OF MOUNTAINS IN THIS REGION. ESKIMO TENTS IN
+FOREGROUND.]
+
+[Sidenote: Track-survey of Outer Digges.]
+
+[Sidenote: Glaciation.]
+
+In the end of August, while the “Alert” was lying in Port Lapierrière,
+at Lieut. Gordon’s request, and with the assistance of Mr. James
+Tyrell, P.L.S., I made a track-survey of the Outer Digges Island. It
+was found to be about eight miles long and three miles wide, and to
+be separated from the Inner Digges by a straight channel, about one
+mile wide. It is formed entirely of Laurentian gneiss, which strikes
+with the longer axis of the island. This island has been thoroughly
+glaciated. Around its western end the groovings run north-eastward
+(true), but along the north side they set more nearly east, showing
+that the stream of ice was flowing out of the bed of Hudson’s Bay and
+eastward in the Strait. The outer points of this shore are all rounded
+and bald, with the glacial grooving and fluting strongly marked, as may
+be seen in the accompanying sketch of one of these small capes.
+
+[Illustration: CAPE ON NORTH SIDE OF OUTER DIGGES ISLAND.]
+
+[Sidenote: High bluffs of Cape Wolstenholme.]
+
+[Sidenote: Coast south of Cape Wolstenholme.]
+
+[Sidenote: Recession of the sea.]
+
+[Sidenote: Appearance of the country.]
+
+The south-eastern part of Inner Digges Island presents a high and
+nearly vertical cliff, facing the still higher bluffs of Cape
+Wolstenholme, of which an outline-sketch was given in my report for
+1880. From the cape these bluffs continue southward for some miles,
+diminishing in height and merging into the rounded hills of the coast
+further down. At about thirty miles south of the cape the country,
+forming the immediate coast, has become comparatively low, but ranges
+of partially-rounded hills rise higher and higher towards the interior.
+On our return from the west side of Hudson’s Bay in the month of
+September, I explored this part of the coast in a small boat, and
+found the rocks to consist of common forms of gneiss, with veins and
+patches of fine-grained red granite in some places. On the mainland,
+about twenty miles south of Port Lapierrière is a very ancient Eskimo
+camping ground, which is still inhabited. We could not ascertain from
+the natives what they called the place, and for the sake of convenience
+in having some name for it we called it Hyla. In this neighborhood the
+evidences of the rapid recession of the sea are visible on all sides,
+in the form of shoaling bays and lagoons, as well as in raised beaches
+and ridges of shingle. The latter sometimes form the isthmuses,
+separating bays or connecting islands with each other or with the main
+land. Ponds and small lakes, of a mile or two in length, are numerous
+between the ranges of hills, or small mountains in the rear. The clay
+and sand in the valleys between these ridges, up to an elevation of
+about 200 feet above the sea, are full of marine shells, of which the
+genera _Tellina_, _Saxicava_, _Cardium_, _Pecten_, _Mya_, _Mytilus_
+and _Astarte_ are the most common. Viewed from a distance, these
+hills and mountains have a naked appearance, but in walking over the
+country itself, the grasses and sedges, and a variety of Arctic plants
+which grow around the ponds and lakes, and in sheltered places among
+the hills, give the landscape a pleasantly green appearance in many
+places. No shrubs are to be seen except the creeping willows, but the
+Eskimo make mats for the floors of their summer tents by fastening
+together, in regular order, twigs of dwarf birch, (_Betula glandulosa_,
+Michx.) about three feet long, which we understood they obtained in the
+interior. The natives on this part of the coast live by hunting the
+reindeer among the hills, and the white whale, polar bear, walrus and
+seals on the coast. At certain seasons they also procure a good supply
+of waterfowl and brook trout.
+
+[Sidenote: Large quartz and felspar vein.]
+
+Close to the shore, behind an island, and about a mile south of the old
+Eskimo camps, above referred to, a very conspicuous vein is exposed
+along the face of a bluff of gneiss. It is about thirty feet wide in
+one part, and consists of white quartz next the walls, with coarsely
+crystalline red felspar in the centre. A few plates of darkly-coloured,
+uneven mica were also observed.
+
+[Sidenote: Elevated plateau.]
+
+The general outline of the land on this part of the coast, as seen
+from a distance out at sea to the westward, slopes gradually up to the
+westward, until the brink of the great precipices of Cape Wolstenholme
+are reached. The elevated plateau above the precipices has a tolerably
+even appearance, as if it had been smoothly and uniformly glaciated.
+The high and almost perpendicular precipices of Cape Wolstenholme
+and the east end of the Inner Digges Island, which faces each other,
+present a singular contrast to the planed surface of the Outer Digges,
+and the apparently glaciated plateau of the mainland above the cape. It
+is possible that part of the ancient glacier, in passing out of the bed
+of Hudson’s Bay, became jammed against the inside of the high angular
+barrier formed by the Digges Islands, on the one hand and the mainland
+on the other. The narrow channel which separates the Inner Digges from
+Cape Wolstenholme must be very deep, if we may judge from the quantity
+of water which flows through it with every tide, producing a strong
+current in the sea to the south of the Digges Islands.
+
+[Sidenote: The Ottawa Islands.]
+
+During our short visit to the harbour of Churchill a strong gale of
+wind with rain prevailed, so that no fresh geological work could be
+attempted beyond the limits which had been explored in this vicinity
+in 1879. On the return voyage from Churchill, we visited a large
+chain of islands in the north-eastern part of Hudson’s Bay, which
+run north-eastward between latitudes 59° and 60°, terminating in
+that direction, east of latitude 80°. On some sketch-charts, a group
+of islands in this part of the bay had been marked “Sleepers,” but
+as there are also two other groups called North Sleepers and South
+Sleepers, not far off, Lieutenant Gordon and I named these the Ottawa
+Islands, in order to distinguish them clearly and to prevent confusion.
+Lieutenant Gordon made a running survey of the northern part of the
+chain, and we named the individual islands in honor of the citizens of
+Ottawa who had generously aided in missionary enterprise in Hudson’s
+Bay. A copy of Lieutenant Gordon’s chart of the Ottawa Islands
+accompanies this report. The outermost of these shown on the chart,
+and called J. Gordon Island, consisted of thick, stratified masses,
+presenting a variety of external appearances, and probably of volcanic
+origin, all dipping westward at a moderate angle, as represented in the
+accompanying outline of the island.
+
+[Illustration: J. GORDON ISLAND FROM THE NORTH.]
+
+[Sidenote: Greenish-grey diorite.]
+
+[Sidenote: Copper pyrites and asbestus.]
+
+[Sidenote: Glacial striæ.]
+
+An opportunity was afforded me of landing upon a small island lying
+about two miles to the south-west of Gilmour Island (see chart) in
+latitude 59° 48′, longitude 80° 6′. It was found to consist entirely
+of a greenish-grey diorite, which, on fresh fracture, is mottled
+with darker and lighter shades. In a vertical section, found on the
+east side of the island, the diorite presents the “bouldery” or
+concretionary appearance shown in the annexed sketch, the larger
+divisions having a diameter of about two feet. The rock is cut by
+small veins of quartz, running in a northwesterly course (true) in
+which specks of copper pyrites were detected. It also contains thin,
+short and irregular veins of asbestus and green epidote. Old weathered
+surfaces of the diorite are very rough, but nearly the whole island
+bears the marks of glaciation. On the southern and central parts of
+the island the principal striæ run N. 60° to 80° E., magnetically, or
+N. 20° to 40° E., astronomically, the variation of the compass having
+been found to be about 40° W. Another set of grooves, near the centre
+of the island, was found to run S. 65° E. mag., or about N. 75° E.,
+true. On the east side of the island the grooves run N. 35° E. mag. or
+N. 5° W., true.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Sidenote: Northward course of drift.]
+
+[Sidenote: Belcher Islands.]
+
+The forms of the roches moutonné and other evidence afforded by the
+grooving and fluting of the rocks of this island themselves, go to
+show that the direction of the glaciating force was from the southward
+and south-westward and not from the contrary direction. Raised beaches
+are well marked up to the highest point of the island, about forty
+or fifty feet above the sea-level. Much of the shingle of the island
+consists of dolomite of the Manitounuck group, and this fact is a
+further evidence that the drift in this region came from the southward,
+since these rocks have, as yet, been found only on the islands and
+shore of the Eastmain coast between Cape Jones and Cape Dufferin. The
+islands further out to sea, opposite to this part of the coast are also
+believed to consist of rocks of the Manitounuck group. Specimens, said
+to have been broken from the fixed rocks of the Belchers, opposite
+Little Whale River, were obtained at my request, from the Eskimo and
+are found to consist of amygdaloid, white and grey dolomite, a soft
+grey schist and columnar calcspar, the last named apparently from a
+thin vein.
+
+[Sidenote: Appearance of the Ottawa Islands.]
+
+All the larger islands of the Ottawa group are bare, rugged and
+mountainous. The rocks of Perley, Pattee, Gilmour, Booth and Bronson
+Islands appeared to be all the same as those of the small island which
+has been described. The surface of the hills, which on Gilmour Island
+rise to a height estimated to be about 1,800 feet, is everywhere
+extremely rough and pitted in appearance.
+
+[Sidenote: Walruses and white whales.]
+
+We found the small island, on which we landed, inhabited by
+considerable numbers of walruses. Some white porpoises or small
+white whales (_Delphinopterus catodon_, Linn.) were also seen in the
+vicinity. The remains of a number of Eskimo camps and part of the
+skeleton of a large whale were observed on the island. A few pieces of
+driftwood had been cast upon it.
+
+
+THE LAURENTIAN SYSTEM AROUND HUDSON’S BAY.
+
+[Sidenote: Nucleus of the continent.]
+
+[Sidenote: Basin of Hudson’s Bay.]
+
+[Sidenote: Palæozoic strata.]
+
+[Sidenote: Fox Channel.]
+
+The vast Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of North America
+forms a very considerable proportion of the whole continent and,
+geologically speaking, it may be regarded as its nucleus. Greenland,
+on the other side of Baffins’ Bay and Davis’ Straits, consists, as far
+as known, almost altogether of the same rocks. Hudson’s Bay, which is
+nearly half as extensive as the Mediterranean Sea, lies in the middle
+of the continental portion of the great Laurentian area and the waters
+drain into it from all sides. The country slopes towards it from the
+Rocky Mountains, more than 1,300 miles to the westward, from the centre
+of Labrador, 500 miles to the eastward and from the immediate vicinity
+of Lake Superior in the south. Thus, the waters of this great interior
+sea occupy only the centre of what may be called the basin of Hudson’s
+Bay. This wide depression has existed from early geological times, as
+is shown by the Manitounuck rocks of the eastern shore and islands and
+by the Silurian limestones of Mansfield and Southampton Islands and
+of the southwestern shores of Hudson’s Bay and James’ Bay, as well as
+the Devonian rocks of the latter. These flat-lying palæozoic strata
+probably also extend over much of the bed of the bay, judging by its
+shallowness and the uniform depth of its waters, and also from the
+composition of the materials of the drift which have been carried out
+of it during the glacial period. None of the unaltered rocks around
+the Bay have undergone any marked disturbance, so far as known. The
+observations of Dr. Franz Boas and others around Fox Channel would lead
+us to suppose that from a geological standpoint this body of water is a
+repetition of Hudson’s Bay on a smaller scale (see above).
+
+[Sidenote: Source of volcanic rocks.]
+
+[Sidenote: Clearwater Lake.]
+
+The Manitounuck series is largely made up of rocks of volcanic origin
+and I have obtained specimens of diorites and porphyry from the
+north-western part of the bay. The probable site of the original source
+from which these rocks have been derived has not yet been ascertained.
+A set of immense dykes of trap along the Mattagami River running
+northward towards James’ Bay, was described in my report for 1875;
+and other dykes, having the same general course, were found along the
+east side of James’ Bay in 1877. No irregularity has been found in
+the bottom of Hudson’s Bay which might indicate a seat of volcanic
+disturbance in former times. The unexplored district behind Cape
+Henrietta Maria may yet throw some light on this subject. The volcanic
+rocks of the Manitounuck group of the Eastmain coast and the islands
+opposite to it may have been originally derived from the neighbourhood
+of Clearwater Lake to the eastward of Richmond Gulf. Between Lake
+Superior and Hudson’s Bay, I have observed that, other things being
+equal, the water of lakes where igneous rocks prevail, is much clearer
+than those surrounded by gneiss or schists. The Rev. Mr. Peck visited
+the lake referred to in 1884, and he informs me that it merits its name
+from the clearness of its waters.
+
+[Sidenote: Schistose bands.]
+
+[Sidenote: Labrador Peninsula.]
+
+Schistose bands and areas which have been classified as Huronian
+are largely developed within the general limits of the Laurentian
+country to the south and west of James’ Bay and apparently also on the
+north-west side of Hudson’s Bay, but to the eastward few indications
+of these rocks have yet been discovered. The Labrador peninsula
+measures, as nearly as possible, 1,000 miles from the Straits of Belle
+Isle due west to the Eastmain coast of James’ Bay, by 1,000 miles
+from Cape Wolstenholme, on Hudson’s Straits, to Mingan on the Gulf
+of St. Lawrence. The interior of this vast region has not yet been
+explored geologically, except to a very limited extent, so that rocks
+of the class called Huronian may exist in great force in some parts of
+it. A non-fossiliferous, but unaltered limestone, like those of the
+Manitounuck group is found around Lake Mistassini near the head of the
+Rupert River in the southern part of the above region.
+
+[Sidenote: Rocks of Baffin Land.]
+
+The gneissic rocks of the east coast of Hudson’s Bay have been
+described in my reports for 1875 and 1877, and those of Hudson’s
+Straits in the report for 1884. Dr. Frans Boas, in the course of his
+explorations has made some notes on the fundamental rocks of Baffin
+Land, which stretches from Hudson’s Straits northward through twelve
+degrees of latitude, or to Lancaster Sound. At page 57 of his report
+(Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer
+Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha. Nov. 1885), he says: “Let us, in conclusion,
+cast a glance on the geological structure of the last mentioned
+territory (the northern part of Baffin Land). The nucleus of the
+mountain masses appears to be everywhere gneiss, which I found
+especially at Kinguait and Panguirtung. In closest combination with
+the gneiss, granite, also occurs, which, especially large-grained,
+appears in the coast ranges and islands.—Anarmtung and Nuvakdjuak in
+Cumberland Sound; Padloping, Kexertaxdjuin, Nudlung, Tupirbikdjawitjung
+and Siorartijung on Davis Strait.”
+
+[Sidenote: Cumberland Sound.]
+
+“In Cumberland Sound, as well as in the Naguimiut plateau, which
+latter is mostly composed of fine-grained granites, there are found at
+isolated places, diorites and trap-granulites which have broken through
+the granite. The occurrence of these to the south on Blunt peninsula,
+has been confirmed. In Cumberland Sound I found them at Panguirtung
+and in a well-marked dyke in Akuliaxling eastward from Kexerten. The
+same diorite appears also in the mountain Kaliugujang to the east of
+Kinguait.”
+
+[Sidenote: Rocks of other northern localities.]
+
+“The Silurian limestones, overlying the old crystalline rocks, have
+been already mentioned. The same are found besides in Field Bay, and
+they compose nearly the whole northern coast of Baffin Land. Hall found
+sandstone at Lock’s Land, which perhaps belongs to the Carboniferous
+formation. It is said to resemble that found by Parry at Antridge Bay
+(Fury and Hecla Strait). Here may also be mentioned the samples of
+sandstone found by Bessils at Point Garry. From accounts by Captain
+Walker of the ship “Erik,” coal is found in loose boulders in a stream
+at Eclipse Sound and on Aggidjeu (Durban Island).”
+
+[Sidenote: Characters of gneisses.]
+
+[Sidenote: Useful minerals.]
+
+The gneissic rocks within the immense area which has been described,
+no doubt represent a great period of geological time, and comprise a
+vast thickness of strata, the amount of which it would be impossible
+to determine with any degree of accuracy. Certain areas of a massive
+granitoid character, are regarded as “primitive” gneiss, and there
+is little doubt they are more ancient than those Laurentian rocks
+which are regularly and distinctly stratified, and consist of bands
+of different lithological characters, such as prevail in the Ottawa
+valley. As a general rule, in the great region around Hudson’s Bay,
+the gneiss is of a very monotimous character, consisting of the
+commoner reddish and greyish varieties. It is mostly massive, highly
+crystalline and hard, except where it has been exposed for ages to
+atmospheric influences, as in the non-glaciated districts. The fresh
+rock will break almost as easily across the lines of stratification
+as parallel with them. The average direction of the lamination is
+sometimes pretty constant over a considerable extent of country, but
+it is as frequently, greatly contorted on the small scale, and so
+much disturbed on the large scale as to render it almost impossible
+to trace out and map its structure. The gneisses of this kind are not
+known to carry any useful minerals, except such as mica and felspar
+in coarse granite veins. On the other hand, in the more southern
+districts, where the gneisses are somewhat regular, and where their
+different divisions are capable of being mapped, we find phosphate of
+lime, graphite, limestone, barytes, serpentine, magnetite and hematite,
+pyrites, galena, copper ores, &c. These rocks appear to be newer than
+the massive gneisses which prevail in the north.
+
+[Sidenote: Evidences of relationship in age.]
+
+The continuity and the geographical compactness of the great
+metamorphic or Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of the
+continent are themselves evidences of the close relationship in age
+of the rocks comprised within it, whereas there is more room for
+uncertainty on this point in reference to widely separated areas of
+metamorphic rocks more or less surrounded by newer formations. The
+various bands of rock which in Canada have been recognized under the
+name Huronian all lie within the general geographical limits of the
+Laurentian country, and are either stratigraphically incorporated
+amongst the members of the Laurentian series, or present no want of
+conformity to them. A variety of altered rocks, bearing a strong
+resemblance to those of some of the Huronian bands are found elsewhere,
+as in the Eastern Townships and New Brunswick, but their relations to
+the Laurentian system cannot be so easily determined.
+
+[Sidenote: Quartzites of Lake Huron.]
+
+[Sidenote: Associated rocks.]
+
+[Sidenote: Useful minerals in Huronian rocks.]
+
+[Sidenote: Geographical distribution of Huronian rocks.]
+
+The series of rocks on the north side of Lake Huron, to which the name
+Huronian was first applied, is made up largely of quartzites, but to
+the north and west of this region these form only a minor portion, or
+are altogether wanting in the bands called Huronian, and which are
+composed principally of the other rocks, associated with the Lake
+Huron quartzites. They consist of more or less massive diorites,
+argillaceous and dioritic slate-conglomerates, granites and syenites,
+schistose and jaspery iron ores, limestones or dolomites, and imperfect
+gneisses, together with a great variety of schists, such as mica and
+hydro-mica, talcoid, chloritic, dioritic, argillaceous, silicious,
+epidotic, hornblendic, felsitic and dolomitic. Within the general
+limits of the Laurentian area, nearly all the metallic ores and other
+useful minerals, as yet known, have been found in these rocks, and,
+therefore, their discovery and correct delineation on the geological
+map are important. As far as our explorations have gone, rocks of these
+kinds, and which may for convenience be styled Huronian, are much
+more abundant in the region between the Great Lakes and Hudson’s Bay
+than anywhere in the Labrador peninsula or north of Hudson’s Strait.
+They have been found at three places on the east coast of James’ and
+Hudson’s Bay. (See Report of 1877.) Mr. John McLean mentions them south
+of Ungava Bay. Some of the rocks of Nachvak, on the Atlantic coast, may
+be classified with them; and they are believed to occur at Ramah and
+near the entrance of Hamilton Inlet, on the same coast.
+
+
+GEOLOGY OF THE WEST COAST OF HUDSON’S BAY.
+
+[Sidenote: Eskimo Point to Chesterfield Inlet.]
+
+[Sidenote: Marble Island.]
+
+[Sidenote: Prof. Tennant.]
+
+During the past season I have received from a friend a carefully
+labelled collection of rock-specimens from the north-west coast of
+Hudson’s Bay, between Eskimo Point and Chesterfield Inlet; and in
+connection with these a few remarks may be made on the geology of this
+region. Other specimens from this part of the coast were obtained in
+1884 and referred to in my report for that year (page 34 D D.) My own
+explorations on this coast, beyond Churchill, consist of a boat voyage
+to a point a short distance north of Button’s Bay, in 1879, and an
+examination of Marble Island in 1884. The general character of the
+land about Chesterfield Inlet could be plainly seen from the ship when
+we were in that vicinity in the latter year. I have, however, received
+from friends who have travelled in these parts many particulars in
+reference to this coast. Professor James Tennant, of London, has
+described some rock-specimens from the north-west side of Hudson’s Bay,
+and also from Repulse Bay, further north. From these various sources of
+information some light is thrown on the geology of the coast.
+
+[Sidenote: Coast from Seal River to Eskimo Point.]
+
+[Sidenote: Probable area of limestone.]
+
+Between Seal River and Eskimo Point, a distance of about 140 statute
+miles, the shore-line appears to be uniform with a low country behind
+it, broken only by an occasional hummock, probably of drift. The
+shingle of the beach is said to consist largely of limestone, and it
+is not improbable that behind this section of the coast, there is a
+considerable area of the flat-lying limestones, similar to those along
+the lower parts of the Churchill and Nelson Rivers. If this part of
+the coast were occupied by crystalline rocks, we should probably have
+a hilly country with a broken coast-line, like that further north,
+whereas the low appearance of the land and the even trend of the shore
+are analogous to the conditions which prevail where the Silurian rocks
+are met with further south on the Bay.
+
+[Sidenote: Varieties of rocks.]
+
+[Sidenote: Veinstones.]
+
+[Sidenote: Iron pyrites.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gold and silver.]
+
+[Sidenote: Pyrites from veins.]
+
+[Sidenote: Gold in quartz.]
+
+From Eskimo Point to the entrance of Chesterfield Inlet, the distance
+is about 180 statute miles, in a straight line. The rock-specimens from
+this section embrace fine-grained hornblende-schists, greenstones,
+quartz and epidote rock, light grey, coarse-grained sandstone, altered
+to quartzite, and holding fragments of indurated red shale, compact
+banded white quartz-rock, with crystals of iron pyrites in some of
+the layers, quartzite like that of Marble Island, grey felsites,
+crystalline hornblende rock, diorite consisting of compact white
+felspar with long crystals of dark hornblende, banded grey hornblende
+and quartz-rock, with some layers approaching chert, mica-schists of
+different kinds, mixed hornblende- and mica-schist, chocolate-colored
+porphyry with flesh-colored crystals of felspar and grains of clear
+quartz, granulite, red jasper with dull fracture, hard, brownish-red
+sandstone, grey felsitic quartzite with lenticular patches of dark
+mica-schist, chloritic schist, about fifty pounds of granular iron
+pyrites, several hundreds of cubes of iron pyrites, the largest
+measuring about one inch in diameter, taken from a dark, glossy
+schist, quartz veinstone with large scales of light-colored mica,
+with garnets, calcspar veinstone with embedded crystals of quartz
+and having grey steatitic rock adhering to it, also a veinstone of
+quartz, containing silky radiating aggregates of hornblende and a few
+specks of calcspar and iron pyrites; some soft greenish schist is
+attached to this specimen. There are eleven specimens of the granular
+iron pyrites, which were collected at different points in the above
+distance. Small pieces of soft dark-greenish schist adhere to some
+of them. Mr. Hoffmann has made an assay of one of the specimens of
+pyrites from a bay south of Cape Jones, which forms the southern horn
+of Rankin Inlet, and found it to contain no copper, but to show traces
+of gold and 0.175 of an ounce of silver to the ton of 2,000 pounds.
+A specimen of similar pyrites, obtained from a place on this coast
+which the Eskimo call Iñari, in 1879, had a small quantity of light
+bluish-grey magnesian limestone adhering to it. These specimens, which
+all resemble the pyrites from Tilt Cove in Newfoundland and Capelton in
+the Eastern Townships, except in the absence of copper, are evidently
+from good-sized veins. The mineral is in common use among the Eskimo
+for striking fire. The discovery of traces of gold and silver in the
+specimen last assayed by Mr. Hoffmann is interesting. Specks of gold
+are mentioned by Tennant in a specimen of quartz from Repulse Bay.
+
+[Sidenote: Huronian series on the N. W. side of Hudson’s Bay.]
+
+The majority of the lithological specimens brought from the coast in
+the whole interval between Eskimo Point and Repulse Bay, correspond
+with the rocks of the Huronian series. Laurentian types are absent from
+the collections. So far as we know, therefore, the probabilities are
+that Huronian rocks prevail all along the north-west coast of Hudson’s
+Bay, from Eskimo Point to Chesterfield Inlet, and again at Repulse Bay;
+possibly also, in the interval between the last mentioned localities.
+
+[Sidenote: Quartzite of Marble Island.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quartzite on mainland.]
+
+[Sidenote: Quartzite in the interior.]
+
+Marble Island, as far as examined, consists mainly of light-colored,
+fine grained quartzite, associated with glossy mica-schists. Among the
+specimens obtained from the mainland, is one of similar quartzite of a
+delicate pink or flesh-color, from a point on the south side of Nevil
+Bay. On Marble Island the average strike is south-westward or in this
+direction, so that the two localities may occupy the same geological
+horizon. White quartzite is reported as occurring further south-west in
+the interior, especially in the region to the north-east of Hatchet or
+Wollaston Lake, and in my report for 1882, page 28 C C, it was stated
+that boulders of this rock are abundant at the Long or Methy Portage,
+still further south-west.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+
+                                    LIST
+                            BY PROFESSOR MACOUN
+
+                                     OF
+                 PLANTS COLLECTED IN NEWFOUNDLAND IN 1885,
+                                     BY
+                              DR. ROBERT BELL.
+
+        I, Brigus. II, Petty Harbour. III, St. John’s. IV, Topsail.
+
+     ---+------------------------------------------------+---+---+----+---
+     No.|                                                | I.|II.|III.|IV.
+     ---+------------------------------------------------+---+---+----+---
+        |                    I. RANUNCULACEÆ.            |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+      1 |Thalictrum Cornuti, Linn.                       |   |   |    | ●
+      2 |Ranunculus acris, Linn.                         | ● |   |    |
+      3 |    ”      repens, Linn.                        | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                   II. NYMPHÆACEÆ.              |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+      4 |Nymphæa odorata, Ait.                           |   |   | ●  |
+      5 |Nuphar advena, Ait.                             |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  III. SARRACENIACEÆ.           |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+      6 |Sarracenia purpurea, Linn.                      |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                   IV. VIOLACEÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+      7 |Viola blanda, Willd.                            | ● |   |    |
+      8 |  ”   cucullata, Ait.                           |   |   |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                    V. CARYOPHYLLACEÆ.          |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+      9 |Stellaria media, Smith                          |   |   |    | ●
+     10 |    ”     borealis, Bigel.                      | ● |   |    |
+     11 |Cerastium viscosum, Linn.                       | ● |   |    |
+     12 |Sagina procumbens, Linn.                        |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                   VI. SAPINDACEÆ.              |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     13 |Acer spicatum, Lam.                             |   |   |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  VII. LEGUMINOSÆ.              |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     14 |Vicia Cracca, Linn.                             |   |   |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 VIII. ROSACEÆ.                 |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     15 |Prunus, Pennsylvanica, Linn                     |   |   |    | ●
+     16 |  ”     Virginiana, Linn                        |   |   |    | ●
+     17 |Spiræa salicifolia, Linn                        | ● |   |    | ●
+     18 |Poterium Canadense, Gray                        |   |   |    | ●
+     19 |Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn                       |   |   |    |
+     20 |Potentilla fruticosa, Linn                      | ● |   |    |
+     21 |    ”      tridentata, Ait                      | ● |   |    |
+     22 |Rubus strigosus, Michx                          | ● | ● |    |
+     23 |  ”   villosus, Ait                             |   | ● |    | ●
+     24 |  ”   triflorus, Richards                       |   |   |    | ●
+     25 |Rosa nitida, Willd                              |   |   |    |
+     26 |Pirus arbutifolia, Linn                         |   | ● |    |
+     27 |Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G.,                |   |   |    |
+        |            _var._ oligocarpa, Gray             |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                   IX. ONAGRACEÆ.               |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     28 |Epilobium angustifolium, Linn                   |   |   |    | ●
+     29 |    ”     coloratum, Muhl                       |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                    X. DROSERACEÆ.              |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     30 |Drosera rotundifolia, Linn                      | ● | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                   XI. CORNACEÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     31 |Cornus Canadensis, Linn                         |   |   |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  XII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.           |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     32 |Linnæa borealis, Gronov                         | ● |   |    | ●
+     33 |Viburnum nudum, Linn                            |   | ● |    |
+     34 |   ”     pauciflorum, Pylaie                    |   |   |    | ●
+     35 |Lonicera cærulea, Linn                          | ● |   |    |
+     36 |Diervilla trifida, Mœnch                        |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 XIII. COMPOSITÆ.               |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     37 |Aster radula, Ait                               | ● |   |    |
+     38 |  ”   nemoralis, Ait                            | ● | ● |    |
+     39 |Eupatorium purpureum, Linn                      |   |   |    | ●
+     40 |Solidago uliginosa, Nutt                        | ● |   |    |
+     41 |Achillæa Millefolium, Linn                      |   | ● |    |
+     42 |Solidago Canadensis, Linn                       |   |   |    | ●
+     43 |Centaurea nigra, Linn                           |   | ● |    | ●
+     44 |Nabalus serpentaria, Pursh                      | ● | ● |    | ●
+     45 |Leontodon autumnale, Linn                       | ● | ● |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  XIV. CAMPANULACEÆ.            |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     46 |Campanula rotundifolia, Linn                    | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                   XV. ERICACEÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     47 |Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linn.                      | ● |   |    |
+     48 |    ”     Vitis-Idæa, Linn.                     | ● |   |    |
+     49 |    ”     macrocarpon, Ait.                     | ● |   |    |
+     50 |    ”     Pennsylvanicum, Linn.                 | ● | ● |    |
+     51 |Chiogenes hispidula, Torr, and Gray             | ● |   |    |
+     52 |Cassandra calyculata, Don.                      | ● |   |    |
+     53 |Kalmia angustifolia, Linn.                      | ● | ● |  ● |
+     54 |Rhodora Canadensis, Linn.                       |   |   |    | ●
+     55 |Ledum latifolium, Ait.                          | ● |   |    |
+     56 |Pyrola secunda, Linn.                           | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  XVI. SCROPHULARIACEÆ.         |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     57 |Euphrasia officinalis, Linn.                    |   |   |    | ●
+     58 |Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn.                  |   |   |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 XVII. LABIATÆ.                 |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     59 |Brunella vulgaris, Linn.                        |   |   |    | ●
+     60 |Scutellaria galericulata, Ait.                  |   |   |    | ●
+     61 |Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linn.                       |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                XVIII. BORAGINACEÆ.             |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     62 |Myosotis laxa, Gray                             |   | ● |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  XIX. GENTIANACEÆ.             |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     63 |Halenia deflexa, Griesb.                        |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                   XX. POLYGONACEÆ.             |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     64 |Rumex acetosella Linn.                          | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  XXI. EMPETRACEÆ.              |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     65 |Empetrum nigrum, Linn.                          | ● | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 XXII. MYRICACEÆ.               |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     66 |Myrica Gale, Linn.                              | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                XXIII. BETULACEÆ.               |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     67 |Alnus viridis, D. C.                            |   |   |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 XXIV. CONIFERÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     68 |Juniperus communis, Linn.                       |   | ● |    |
+     69 |    ”     Sabina, _var._ procumbens, Pursh      | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  XXV. ORCHIDACEÆ.              |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     70 |Habenaria tridentata, Hook.                     |   |   |    | ●
+     71 |    ”     dilatata, Gray                        | ● |   |    |
+     72 |Spiranthes Romanzoviana, Cham.                  | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 XXVI. IRIDACEÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     73 |Iris versicolor, Linn.                          |   | ● |    |
+     74 |Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Linn.                  |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                XXVII. LILIACEÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     75 |Clintonia borealis, Raf.                        | ● |   |    |
+     76 |Smilacina bifolia, Ker.                         | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |               XXVIII. JUNCACEÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     77 |Juncus bufonius, Linn.                          | ● | ● |    |
+     78 |  ”    Canadensis _var._ coarctatus, G.         | ● |   |    |
+     79 |  ”    effusus, Linn.                           | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 XXIX. CYPERACEÆ.               |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     80 |Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn.                     | ● |   |    |
+     81 |    ”      Virginicum, Linn.                    | ● |   |    |
+     82 |Carex sterilis, Willd.                          |   |   |    | ●
+     83 |  ”   crinita, Lam.                             | ● |   |    |
+     84 |  ”   vulgaris, Fries                           |   | ● |    |
+     85 |  ”   canescens, Linn.                          | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                  XXX. GRAMINEÆ.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     86 |Alopecurus aristulatus, Michx.                  |   | ● |    |
+     87 |Agrostis vulgaris, With.                        | ● |   |    |
+     88 |Agrostis canina, Linn.                          | ● |   |    |
+     89 |Poa pratensis, Linn.                            |   | ● |    |
+     90 |Festuca ovina, Linn.                            |   | ● |    |
+     91 |Triticum repens, Linn.                          |   |   |    | ●
+     92 |Aira cæspitosa, Linn.                           |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                 XXXI. FILICES.                 |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     93 |Asplenium Filix-foemina, Bernh.                 |   |   |    | ●
+     94 |Aspidium spinulosum, Swz.                       |   |   |    |
+        |                    _var._ Boottii. Tuck.       | ● |   |    | ●
+     95 |   ”         ”       dilatatum, Horn.           | ● | ● |  ● |
+     96 |Onoclea sensibilis, Linn.                       |   |   |    | ●
+     97 |Osmunda cinnamomea, Linn.                       | ● | ● |  ● |
+     98 |   ”    regalis, Linn.                          |   | ● |    | ●
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                XXXII. LYCOPODIACEÆ.            |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+     99 |Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx.                  | ● |   |    |
+    100 |    ”      clavatum, Linn.                      | ● |   |    |
+    101 |    ”      annotinum, Linn.                     | ● |   |    |
+    102 |    ”      alpinum, Linn.                       | ● |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |               XXXIII. MUSCI.                   |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+    103 |Sphagnum fimbriatum, Wils.                      | ● |   |    |
+    104 |   ”     acutifolium, Ehrh.                     | ● |   |    |
+    105 |Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw.                  | ● |   |    |
+    106 |     ”      formosum, Hedw.                     |   | ● |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+        |                XXXIV. LICHENES.                |   |   |    |
+        |                                                |   |   |    |
+    107 |Cladonia deformis                               | ● |   |    |
+
+ADDITIONAL PLANTS FROM LABRADOR AND HUDSON’S STRAIT.
+
+After a careful examination of all the collections made by Dr. Bell
+in Labrador and on the shores of Hudson’s Strait and Bay in 1885,
+Professor Macoun finds only the following five to add to the list of
+flowering plants obtained by him in these regions in 1884:—
+
+1. Anemone parviflora, Linn, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh.
+
+2. Anemone Hepatica, Linn, Ashe’s Inlet, North Bluff.
+
+3. Draba incana, Linn, var. confusa, Poir, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh.
+
+4. Rhododendron Lapponicum, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador.
+
+5. Primula farinosa, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+
+PARTIAL LIST OF INSECTS COLLECTED IN 1885, BY DR. ROBERT BELL, IN
+CONNECTION WITH THE HUDSON’S BAY EXPEDITION.
+
+
+                           LEPIDOPTERA,
+                    DETERMINED BY H. H. LYMAN.
+
+    _Papilio Brevicauda_, Saunders. 1♀. St. John’s, N.F. This
+            specimen is interesting from the absence of fulvous
+            from the upper side.
+
+    _Papilio Turnus_, Linn. 1♂. Taken at Topsail, N.F.
+
+    _Pieris Napi_, Esp.
+            Arctic form, _Bryoniæ_, Ochs. ♀, Summer form,
+            _Acadica_, Edw. ♀. Taken at St. John’s, N.F. The former
+            is the spring form, and the latter the summer one. The two
+            broods overlap, and specimens of both are thus taken flying
+            together.
+
+    _Pyrameis Atalanta_, Linn. One specimen. St. John’s, N.F.
+
+    _Colias Pelidne_, Boisd. Var. Orange ♂. Taken at Hyla on E.
+            side of Hudson’s Bay, 30 miles south of Cape Wolstenholme.
+            This is the most interesting specimen in the collection,
+            only one other Orange ♂ having previously been reported, as
+            described Mr. Moschler in Wien. Ent. Mar. IV, p. 354 (1860).
+
+    _Colias Nastes_, Boisd. One specimen of rather small size.
+            Taken at Cape Chudleigh, Hudson’s Strait.
+
+    _Argynnis Polaris_, Boisd. Three specimens (2♂, 1♀), Cape
+            Chudleigh. Three specimens, Cape Digges, Hudson’s Bay.
+
+    _Laria Rosii_, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Digges.
+
+    _Anarta Richardsoni_, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Chudleigh.
+
+       Also several others not yet determined.
+
+
+                         COLEOPTERA,
+
+                  DETERMINED BY DR. G. H. HORN.
+                 (Per favor of W. H. Harrington.)
+
+    STUPART’S BAY.
+
+    _Amara hyperborea_, Dej. Over 100 specimens.
+    _Pterostichus hudsonicus_, Lee.
+    _Hydroporus longicornis_ (occurs in Europe).
+         ”      _perplexus_, Shp.
+    _Agabus longulus_, Lee. (?) 50 specimens.
+
+    CAPE CHUDLEIGH.
+
+    _Nebria sahlbergi_, Fisch.
+    _Amara hyperborea_, Dej.
+    _Lepyrus colon_, Linn.
+
+    CAPE DIGGES.
+
+    _Amara hyperborea_, Dej.
+    _Agabus longulus_, Lee (?).
+    _Criocephalus agrestis_, Kirby.
+
+    BLANC SABLON.
+
+    _Nebria sahlbergi_, Fisch.
+    _Pterostichus luczottii_, Dej.
+    _Quedius sublimbatus_, Mäkl.
+
+[Illustration: _CHART OF THE OTTAWA ISLANDS HUDSON’S BAY_
+
+_From an approximate Survey by Lieut. A. R. Gordon R. N. of
+
+H.M.S.S. ALERT 1885_]
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 ***
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 ***</div>
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="f90 no-wrap"><b>GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA</b><br>
+ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., <span class="smcap">Director</span>.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<h1><span class="fs_80">OBSERVATIONS ON THE<br>GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY<br>
+AND BOTANY OF</span><br>HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY,</h1>
+
+<p class="f120">MADE IN 1885.</p>
+
+<hr class="r10">
+
+<p class="f120"><span class="fs_80">BY</span><br>ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/illo.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="110" >
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT.</p>
+
+<p class="center spa1">MONTREAL:<br>DAWSON BROTHERS.<br>1885.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, April, 1886.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent"><span class="smcap">To Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq.</span>, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.,</p>
+<p><i>Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I beg to submit, herewith, my report
+as Geologist and Naturalist on the Second Expedition to Hudson Strait
+and Bay, sent out by the Government of Canada on board the steamship
+“Alert” in 1885.</p>
+
+<p class="author">I have the honour to be,<span class="ws8">&nbsp;</span><br>
+Sir,<span class="ws12">&nbsp;</span><br>
+Your obedient servant,<span class="ws5">&nbsp;</span><br>
+ROBERT BELL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p>
+
+<p class="f150"><b>OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY,<br>
+ZOOLOGY, AND BOTANY OF<br>
+HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY,</b></p>
+
+<p class="center spa2 spb2">MADE IN 1885.<br>
+BY ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>My preliminary report, of December, 1885, gave a general account of
+the field-work of the year, and a narrative of the Second Hudson’s
+Bay Expedition by the steamship “Alert,” as far as the geological and
+biological work are concerned. I purpose, therefore, in the following
+pages, to confine my remarks to a fuller description of the results
+in these departments. These were, unfortunately, very limited, owing
+to the fact that most of our time was spent either at sea or in the
+ice, or in relieving the stations, which I had already visited on
+the “Neptune” expedition of the previous year, and had done as much
+geological work as possible in their neighborhoods. A month in the
+middle of summer, was also consumed in our voyage from the Straits to
+St. John’s, Newfoundland, and back again, after the “Alert” had there
+undergone some necessary repairs.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Botanical<br> collections.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Entomological<br> collections.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Birds, mammals<br> and fishes.</div>
+
+<p>Botanical specimens were again collected at all places visited.
+Collections of plants had also been made by some of the observers at
+the stations before the arrival of the “Alert.” Although the number of
+specimens obtained is quite large, yet only five species can be added
+to the list of 1884. In the appendix to the present report will be
+found a catalogue, by Prof. Macoun, of the plants collected while we
+were in Newfoundland. I am indebted to Major H. H. Lyman, of Montreal,
+for having prepared the accompanying list of the Lepidoptera, and some
+other insects collected last year by myself and Messrs. H. M. Burwell
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>
+and Arthur Laperrière. The Coleoptera have been kindly examined
+by Mr. W. H. Harrington. A number of specimens of birds, mammals
+and fishes were collected during the voyage, or obtained from some
+of the observers, especially Mr. Laperrière, who was in charge of
+the station at Cape Digges. I am indebted to Dr. Mathews, of York
+Factory, for additional specimens of birds, and to Mr. J. R. Spencer,
+of Churchill, for specimens of Back’s grayling, and other fishes.
+After the zoological specimens shall have been critically examined,
+complete lists of them, along with those obtained around Hudson’s
+Bay in previous years, will be published. I have much pleasure in
+acknowledging the kindness of the Right Revd. Charles Guay, of Cross
+Point, P.Q., in procuring canoes and endeavouring to hire Indians for
+the expedition. Mr. James MacNaughton, M.A., acted as my assistant
+during the season.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Report<br> furnished the<br> Department of<br> Marine.</div>
+
+<p>It was considered desirable that the Report of the “Alert” Expedition,
+to be published by the Department of Marine, should contain an
+account of the geology of Hudson’s Bay and the surrounding country;
+and accordingly, with the approval of the director, a report on this
+subject has been furnished. It embraces not only the general results of
+the geological observations of the “Neptune” and “Alert” expeditions
+of 1884 and ’85, but also of the previous expeditions around Hudson’s
+Bay, made principally on the east side, in 1875 and ’77, and on the
+west side in 1878, ’79 and ’80, and in the interior in 1870 and ’71.
+A chapter on the Economic Minerals of the Hudson’s Bay Territories
+generally, is also included in the above Report.</p>
+
+<p>As all matters concerning ice, ocean currents, soundings, tides,
+meteorological phenomena, etc., belong to Lieut. Gordon’s province, and
+will be fully reported on by him, I shall not allude to them except in
+their relation to geological questions.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/i_06.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" >
+
+<p class="author fs_80">British American Bank Note Co. Montreal</p>
+
+<p class="center">NORTH SIDE OF ENTRANCE TO NACHVAK INLET.<br> LABRADOR.</p>
+
+<p class="f80 spb2">SHOWING THE STEEP AND UNGLACIATED CHARACTER<br> OF THE MOUNTAINS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Voyage from<br> Halifax to<br> Hudson’s Strait</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ice-bergs.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Local ice.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Foreign matter<br> on field-ice.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Decaying ice.</div>
+
+<p>As stated in my preliminary report, we left Halifax on the 27th of May,
+and after passing through the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Straits
+of Belle Isle, steamed northward, near the edge of the ice-pack off
+the Labrador coast, to the entrance of Hudson’s Strait, which we
+entered on the 16th June. Beyond the Straits of Belle Isle numerous
+ice-bergs were passed every day, both in the open water, and among the
+field-ice. When in the latter position they were observed to be almost
+always more or less completely surrounded by a space of open water.
+On the voyage back from Newfoundland to the straits, between the 27th
+of July and the 3rd of August, ice-bergs were again equally numerous,
+especially as we approached the Labrador coast, but on neither occasion
+did we meet with any of remarkable size or height, the great majority
+of them being comparatively small. Towards the entrance of Hudson’s
+Strait it was noticed that the bergs furthest out to sea or to the
+eastward, carried stones, mud, or discolorations more frequently than
+those near the Labrador Coast. We entered Nachvak Inlet on the 1st of
+August, and were informed by Mr. Skynner, who had been in charge of the
+observatory station there since the previous year, that the fixed ice
+of the inlet had only disappeared on the 12th of July. We afterwards
+learned that it had also cleared from Ashe’s Inlet, (near North Bluff)
+in Hudson’s Strait on the same day. Mr. Skynner informed us that the
+fixed ice extended only as far out as “The Breaker,” a rock at the
+entrance of the inlet. Outside of this the ice was moving with the
+winds and currents all winter. In the months of June and July, wide
+lanes of open water were formed between the field-ice and the land.
+As far as could be observed, this ice was clear or free from dust and
+rock-debris, as if it had been formed away from the land. The clear ice
+continued till the end of June, when foreign matter began to appear
+upon the slowly moving floes. This, Mr. Skynner thought, was due to the
+fact that about that time the ice began to leave the adjoining shores,
+after having received upon its surface more or less rocky debris from
+the crumbling cliffs and slopes, or from having had earthy matter
+incorporated in it by freezing and by the action of high tides, such
+as those of Ungava Bay. During the winter, he found that the strong
+winds carried considerable quantities of dust and angular fragments of
+rock from the high cliffs and steep and loose taluses on either side of
+Nachvak Inlet, out upon the fixed ice, and when it broke up in July,
+this material was borne off to sea. Towards the end of July, all the
+field-ice of the northern parts of the Labrador coast was discolored or
+“foxy,” and had a decayed appearance. The dust or mud, with which it
+was covered, was mostly yellowish and greyish in color. Gravel, angular
+stones, patches of stoney mud, and an angular boulder were occasionally
+observed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Non-glaciated<br> mountains of<br> Labrador.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elevated<br> terraces and<br> beaches.</div>
+
+<p>Reference was made in my report of last year (p. 14 and 37 DD) to the
+steep, serrated and non-glaciated appearance of the mountains, along
+the northern part of the Labrador coast. Opportunities were afforded
+me in 1884, while passing up and down the coast in the “Neptune,” and
+when ashore at a few points, of studying, sketching and photographing
+these mountains; and again, last year, their features were well brought
+out under the varying quantities of snow upon them in the months
+of June, July, August and October. The accompanying view, from a
+photograph, looking northward, across the entrance of Nachvak Inlet, is
+characteristic of the scenery on this part of the coast. As stated in
+last year’s report, glacial grooves are to be seen in this inlet near
+the sea-level and parallel to the general course of the shores, but no
+trace of them could be observed on any of the higher levels which were
+examined. Terraces or banks of gravel and ancient shingle beaches were
+observed on either side of the inlet at various heights up to an
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>
+estimated elevation of 2000 feet. The mountains everywhere in this
+vicinity give evidence of long-continued atmospheric decay. The annual
+precipitation at the present time is not great, otherwise small
+glaciers would probably form among these mountains, which lie between
+latitudes 58° and 60°, and which overlook a sea, bearing field-ice for
+half the year, and from which bergs are never absent. Patches of snow,
+however, remain throughout the summer in shaded parts of the slopes and
+on the highest summits, which range from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the
+ocean.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cape Chudleigh.</div>
+
+<p>Our stay at Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh, on the inward voyage, was
+for only one night, and while we were in this port, on our return,
+the weather was so boisterous as to prevent me from going to any
+considerable distance from the ship. Some additional facts of interest
+were, however, noted in regard to the glacial phenomena of the
+neighborhood.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mica and<br> graphite.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Quality of<br> mica.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Coarse hornblende<br> rock.</div>
+
+<p>It was stated in my report of last year that when we were at Ashe’s
+Inlet, near North Bluff, the Eskimo gave us specimens of mica and
+graphite from the north shore of the Strait. During the winter and
+spring they brought to Mr. Ashe, the gentleman in charge of the
+observatory station at this place, numerous pieces of these minerals.
+From what they told Mr. Ashe, he concluded that both kinds were found
+at different localities all the way from Kimnirook, (see Report for
+1884), westward to the place which the natives call Akuliak, at or near
+which Captain Spicer’s trading station is situated. The mica appeared
+to be quite common. The specimens carried to Mr. Ashe, had apparently
+all been gathered on the surface; and, as the natives stated that it
+had been taken away in commercial quantities by the vessels visiting
+Capt. Spicer’s station, the inference is that it must be abundant
+somewhere not far off. The largest specimens which I saw were about a
+foot in diameter. All were of a light-brown colour, and transparent
+when in moderately thin plates. Some pieces which I tested stood the
+fire well. From the accounts of the Eskimo last year, we inferred that
+they had found red hematite, inland from Kimnirook, but Mr. Ashe did
+not receive any specimens of it. In addition to pieces of quartz and
+iron pyrites they brought him a crystal of black sphene, an inch in
+diameter, from the north side of the straits opposite the station.
+The finding of a loose piece of crystalline limestone, like a common
+variety in the Laurentian rocks further south, was mentioned last year.
+The occurrence of sphene and graphite constitute, perhaps, additional
+evidence of the existence of such limestone <i>in situ</i> on the north
+side of Hudson’s Strait. While exploring Big (or Turenne) Island, Mr.
+Ashe had found in its southwestern part a great mass, <i>in situ</i>,
+of a very coarse, greenish-grey hornblende rock, composed of large,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>
+radiating crystals, similar to a loose mass which I had noted the
+previous year not far from the station. This is an additional fact
+indicating an eastward movement of the ancient glaciers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stratification<br> of gneiss.</div>
+
+<p>On the main north shore of the straits, just west of the channel
+between it and Big Island, the stratification of the gneiss is very
+conspicuous. The strike is parallel to the above, and the dip is
+northward for a considerable distance. While drifting up and down with
+the ice near to the coast in these parts, the peculiarities of the
+gneiss, and of veins cutting it, could be observed, but there is no
+chart of the shore or other means of identifying the localities.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Limestone<br> fragments<br> on ice-pans.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Limestone<br> north of<br> Hudson’s Strait.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Limestone<br> of Melville<br> Peninsula.</div>
+
+<p>Many of the pans of field-ice off Big Island had gravel strewn upon
+them. This was found to consist of gneiss with a certain proportion of
+darkly-colored schists. But on ice-pans further up the coast, or to the
+north-westward, I found fragments of shaly marl and of grey limestone
+with fossils, among which <i>Receplaculites Oweni</i> was easily
+distinguished. Shells and bryozons, belonging to moderately deep-water
+species, were found on the same pans. The limestone fragments, just
+mentioned, would point to the occurrence of Silurian rocks on or
+near the great bays in the western part of the north shore of the
+Straits, where the land is said to be low. Dr. Franz Boas of Berlin has
+recorded the existence of these rocks in the interior of Baffin Land,
+only about two degrees of latitude north of this region. He says:&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+“Through the occurrence of the Silurian rocks on the Nettilling (Lake)
+the discovery of the same formation at the upper end of Frobisher Bay
+increases in value. We must now suppose that the Silurian limestones,
+which appear at Prince Rupert’s Inlet, extend from there to Frobisher
+Bay, and overlie the granites and gneisses of Baffin’s Bay and Davis’
+Strait. We will not be far astray if we connect this extensive Silurian
+district with the limestones which occur to the south of Igluling, and
+which form the flat eastern half of Melville Peninsula. Southward from
+Nettilling, these rocks rise into low hill-ranges, which are indicated
+on the sketch by Padloaping.”</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p>
+<a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a>
+Page 50 of Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus
+Perthes Geographischer Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha, November, 1885.</p></div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">White Bear<br> Sound.</div>
+
+<p>In a letter to me, referring to the geology of Baffin Land, Dr. Boas
+says: “The most interesting geological problem of the country is a
+study of the line of division between the Silurian plains and the
+eastern highlands. I suppose that Silurian rocks will be found, either
+in the remotest corner of White Bear Sound, or close to it. Probably
+the strata will be found lying horizontally, and then soundings in the
+Lakes Amakdjuak and Nettilling, will be of great importance. It must be
+important for the problems of glaciation to survey the <i>inner</i> rim
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>
+of the enormous basin formed by the chain of mountains of Davis’
+Strait, the plateau of Nugumit, Kinguait, Sikosuilat, Southampton
+Islands and Melville Peninsula.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Ungava Bay.</div>
+
+<p>In my report of last year, it was stated that fragments of grey, drab
+and yellowish-fossiliferous limestone, apparently Silurian, were common
+near Cape Chudleigh. If the supposition be correct that the glaciation
+of Ungava Bay was from the southward out into Hudson’s Strait, and
+thence round Cape Chudleigh into the bed of the ocean, these fragments
+would indicate that the limestones from which they are derived exist
+somewhere in the bay, either under the water or on Akpatok Island,
+which is described as low and level.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Stupart’s Bay.</div>
+
+<p>Having failed to enter Ashe’s Inlet on the inward voyage, we crossed
+the straits to Stupart’s Bay, in Prince of Wales’ Sound. Our visit to
+this station was too brief to allow me to make any fresh geological
+explorations in the neighborhood. The geology and scenery of this
+locality are described in my report of last year. The accompanying
+engraving, from a photograph, represents a view of the country from
+Eskimo Inlet, about two miles south of Stupart’s Bay, looking westward,
+and it may be taken as a characteristic specimen of the scenery on
+the south side of Hudson’s Straits. I found that Mr. Stupart and his
+associates had collected numerous geological specimens for me. They
+consisted of gneiss, soapstone, quartz, felspar, hornblende, mica-rock,
+epidote and iron pyrites, all apparently derived from ordinary
+Laurentian rocks, which prevail everywhere in this region.</p>
+
+<p>While at Port de Boucherville, on the south end of Nottingham Island,
+some further exploration was made in the vicinity, but nothing worthy
+of remark, was observed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Niagara<br> formation.</div>
+
+<p>Last year Mansfield Island was found to consist of flat-lying, grey
+limestones. The fossils then collected, on its eastern side, although
+badly preserved and not numerous, indicate the age of our Niagara
+formation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Southampton<br> Island.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Gneiss.</div>
+
+<p>Similar limestones prevail on Southampton Island (proper) from Cape
+Southampton to within twenty-five or thirty miles of Cape Pembroke
+at its north-eastern extremity, the latter interval being occupied,
+according to Captain William Hawes, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, by
+rugged, dark-looking rocks, like those of Hudson’s Strait, which are
+Laurentian gneiss. The large island north of Southampton Island, of
+which Seahorse Point forms the eastern extremity, and which Lieutenant
+Gordon has called Bell’s Island, in the absence of any other name, is
+mountainous and appears to consist of gneiss.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/i_10.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" >
+
+<p class="author fs_80">British American Bank Note Co. Montreal</p>
+
+<p class="center">VIEW WESTWARD IN PRINCE OF WALES SOUND,<br> HUDSON’S STRAIT.</p>
+
+<p class="f80 spb2">SHOWING OUTLINE OF MOUNTAINS IN THIS REGION.<br> ESKIMO TENTS IN FOREGROUND.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Track-survey<br> of Outer<br> Digges.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Glaciation.</div>
+
+<p>In the end of August, while the “Alert” was lying in Port Lapierrière,
+at Lieut. Gordon’s request, and with the assistance of Mr. James
+Tyrell, P.L.S., I made a track-survey of the Outer Digges Island. It
+was found to be about eight miles long and three miles wide, and to
+be separated from the Inner Digges by a straight channel, about one
+mile wide. It is formed entirely of Laurentian gneiss, which strikes
+with the longer axis of the island. This island has been thoroughly
+glaciated. Around its western end the groovings run north-eastward
+(true), but along the north side they set more nearly east, showing
+that the stream of ice was flowing out of the bed of Hudson’s Bay and
+eastward in the Strait. The outer points of this shore are all rounded
+and bald, with the glacial grooving and fluting strongly marked, as may
+be seen in the accompanying sketch of one of these small capes.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/i_11.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="235" >
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cape on North Side of Outer Digges Island.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">High bluffs<br> of Cape<br> Wolstenholme.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Coast south<br> of Cape<br> Wolstenholme.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Recession of<br> the sea.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Appearance of<br> the country.</div>
+
+<p>The south-eastern part of Inner Digges Island presents a high and
+nearly vertical cliff, facing the still higher bluffs of Cape
+Wolstenholme, of which an outline-sketch was given in my report for
+1880. From the cape these bluffs continue southward for some miles,
+diminishing in height and merging into the rounded hills of the coast
+further down. At about thirty miles south of the cape the country,
+forming the immediate coast, has become comparatively low, but ranges
+of partially-rounded hills rise higher and higher towards the interior.
+On our return from the west side of Hudson’s Bay in the month of
+September, I explored this part of the coast in a small boat, and
+found the rocks to consist of common forms of gneiss, with veins and
+patches of fine-grained red granite in some places. On the mainland,
+about twenty miles south of Port Lapierrière is a very ancient Eskimo
+camping ground, which is still inhabited. We could not ascertain from
+the natives what they called the place, and for the sake of convenience
+in having some name for it we called it Hyla. In this neighborhood the
+evidences of the rapid recession of the sea are visible on all sides,
+in the form of shoaling bays and lagoons, as well as in raised beaches
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>
+and ridges of shingle. The latter sometimes form the isthmuses,
+separating bays or connecting islands with each other or with the main
+land. Ponds and small lakes, of a mile or two in length, are numerous
+between the ranges of hills, or small mountains in the rear. The clay
+and sand in the valleys between these ridges, up to an elevation of
+about 200 feet above the sea, are full of marine shells, of which the
+genera <i>Tellina</i>, <i>Saxicava</i>, <i>Cardium</i>, <i>Pecten</i>,
+<i>Mya</i>, <i>Mytilus</i> and <i>Astarte</i> are the most common.
+Viewed from a distance, these hills and mountains have a naked
+appearance, but in walking over the country itself, the grasses and
+sedges, and a variety of Arctic plants which grow around the ponds and
+lakes, and in sheltered places among the hills, give the landscape a
+pleasantly green appearance in many places. No shrubs are to be seen
+except the creeping willows, but the Eskimo make mats for the floors of
+their summer tents by fastening together, in regular order, twigs of
+dwarf birch, (<i>Betula glandulosa</i>, Michx.) about three feet long,
+which we understood they obtained in the interior. The natives on this
+part of the coast live by hunting the reindeer among the hills, and
+the white whale, polar bear, walrus and seals on the coast. At certain
+seasons they also procure a good supply of waterfowl and brook trout.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Large quartz<br> and felspar<br> vein.</div>
+
+<p>Close to the shore, behind an island, and about a mile south of the old
+Eskimo camps, above referred to, a very conspicuous vein is exposed
+along the face of a bluff of gneiss. It is about thirty feet wide in
+one part, and consists of white quartz next the walls, with coarsely
+crystalline red felspar in the centre. A few plates of darkly-coloured,
+uneven mica were also observed.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Elevated<br> plateau.</div>
+
+<p>The general outline of the land on this part of the coast, as seen
+from a distance out at sea to the westward, slopes gradually up to the
+westward, until the brink of the great precipices of Cape Wolstenholme
+are reached. The elevated plateau above the precipices has a tolerably
+even appearance, as if it had been smoothly and uniformly glaciated.
+The high and almost perpendicular precipices of Cape Wolstenholme
+and the east end of the Inner Digges Island, which faces each other,
+present a singular contrast to the planed surface of the Outer Digges,
+and the apparently glaciated plateau of the mainland above the cape. It
+is possible that part of the ancient glacier, in passing out of the bed
+of Hudson’s Bay, became jammed against the inside of the high angular
+barrier formed by the Digges Islands, on the one hand and the mainland
+on the other. The narrow channel which separates the Inner Digges from
+Cape Wolstenholme must be very deep, if we may judge from the quantity
+of water which flows through it with every tide, producing a strong
+current in the sea to the south of the Digges Islands.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Ottawa<br> Islands.</div>
+
+<p>During our short visit to the harbour of Churchill a strong gale of
+wind with rain prevailed, so that no fresh geological work could be
+attempted beyond the limits which had been explored in this vicinity
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>
+in 1879. On the return voyage from Churchill, we visited a large
+chain of islands in the north-eastern part of Hudson’s Bay, which
+run north-eastward between latitudes 59° and 60°, terminating in
+that direction, east of latitude 80°. On some sketch-charts, a group
+of islands in this part of the bay had been marked “Sleepers,” but
+as there are also two other groups called North Sleepers and South
+Sleepers, not far off, Lieutenant Gordon and I named these the Ottawa
+Islands, in order to distinguish them clearly and to prevent confusion.
+Lieutenant Gordon made a running survey of the northern part of the
+chain, and we named the individual islands in honor of the citizens of
+Ottawa who had generously aided in missionary enterprise in Hudson’s
+Bay. A copy of Lieutenant Gordon’s chart of the Ottawa Islands
+accompanies this report. The outermost of these shown on the chart,
+and called J. Gordon Island, consisted of thick, stratified masses,
+presenting a variety of external appearances, and probably of volcanic
+origin, all dipping westward at a moderate angle, as represented in the
+accompanying outline of the island.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/i_13.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="226" >
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">J. Gordon Island from the North.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Greenish-grey<br> diorite.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Copper pyrites<br> and asbestus.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Glacial striæ.</div>
+
+<p>An opportunity was afforded me of landing upon a small island lying
+about two miles to the south-west of Gilmour Island (<a href="#CHART">see chart</a>)
+in latitude 59° 48′, longitude 80° 6′. It was found to consist entirely
+of a greenish-grey diorite, which, on fresh fracture, is mottled
+with darker and lighter shades. In a vertical section, found on the
+east side of the island, the diorite presents the “bouldery” or
+concretionary appearance shown in the annexed sketch, the larger
+divisions having a diameter of about two feet. The rock is cut by
+small veins of quartz, running in a northwesterly course (true) in
+which specks of copper pyrites were detected. It also contains thin,
+short and irregular veins of asbestus and green epidote. Old weathered
+surfaces of the diorite are very rough, but nearly the whole island
+bears the marks of glaciation. On the southern and central parts of the
+island the principal striæ run N. 60° to 80° E., magnetically, or N.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>
+20° to 40° E., astronomically, the variation of the compass having been
+found to be about 40° W. Another set of grooves, near the centre of the
+island, was found to run S. 65° E. mag., or about N. 75° E., true. On the
+east side of the island the grooves run N. 35° E. mag. or N. 5° W., true.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/i_14.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="306" >
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Northward<br> course of drift.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Belcher Islands.</div>
+
+<p>The forms of the roches moutonné and other evidence afforded by the
+grooving and fluting of the rocks of this island themselves, go to
+show that the direction of the glaciating force was from the southward
+and south-westward and not from the contrary direction. Raised beaches
+are well marked up to the highest point of the island, about forty
+or fifty feet above the sea-level. Much of the shingle of the island
+consists of dolomite of the Manitounuck group, and this fact is a
+further evidence that the drift in this region came from the southward,
+since these rocks have, as yet, been found only on the islands and
+shore of the Eastmain coast between Cape Jones and Cape Dufferin. The
+islands further out to sea, opposite to this part of the coast are also
+believed to consist of rocks of the Manitounuck group. Specimens, said
+to have been broken from the fixed rocks of the Belchers, opposite
+Little Whale River, were obtained at my request, from the Eskimo and
+are found to consist of amygdaloid, white and grey dolomite, a soft
+grey schist and columnar calcspar, the last named apparently from a
+thin vein.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Appearance<br> of the Ottawa<br> Islands.</div>
+
+<p>All the larger islands of the Ottawa group are bare, rugged and
+mountainous. The rocks of Perley, Pattee, Gilmour, Booth and Bronson
+Islands appeared to be all the same as those of the small island which
+has been described. The surface of the hills, which on Gilmour Island
+rise to a height estimated to be about 1,800 feet, is everywhere
+extremely rough and pitted in appearance.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Walruses and<br> white whales.</div>
+
+<p>We found the small island, on which we landed, inhabited by
+considerable numbers of walruses. Some white porpoises or small white
+whales (<i>Delphinopterus catodon</i>, Linn.) were also seen in the
+vicinity. The remains of a number of Eskimo camps and part of the
+skeleton of a large whale were observed on the island. A few pieces of
+driftwood had been cast upon it.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">The Laurentian System<br> Around Hudson’s Bay.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Nucleus of the<br> continent.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Basin of<br> Hudson’s Bay.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Palæozoic<br> strata.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Fox Channel.</div>
+
+<p>The vast Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of North America
+forms a very considerable proportion of the whole continent and,
+geologically speaking, it may be regarded as its nucleus. Greenland,
+on the other side of Baffins’ Bay and Davis’ Straits, consists, as far
+as known, almost altogether of the same rocks. Hudson’s Bay, which is
+nearly half as extensive as the Mediterranean Sea, lies in the middle
+of the continental portion of the great Laurentian area and the waters
+drain into it from all sides. The country slopes towards it from the
+Rocky Mountains, more than 1,300 miles to the westward, from the centre
+of Labrador, 500 miles to the eastward and from the immediate vicinity
+of Lake Superior in the south. Thus, the waters of this great interior
+sea occupy only the centre of what may be called the basin of Hudson’s
+Bay. This wide depression has existed from early geological times, as
+is shown by the Manitounuck rocks of the eastern shore and islands and
+by the Silurian limestones of Mansfield and Southampton Islands and
+of the southwestern shores of Hudson’s Bay and James’ Bay, as well as
+the Devonian rocks of the latter. These flat-lying palæozoic strata
+probably also extend over much of the bed of the bay, judging by its
+shallowness and the uniform depth of its waters, and also from the
+composition of the materials of the drift which have been carried out
+of it during the glacial period. None of the unaltered rocks around
+the Bay have undergone any marked disturbance, so far as known. The
+observations of Dr. Franz Boas and others around Fox Channel would lead
+us to suppose that from a geological standpoint this body of water is a
+repetition of Hudson’s Bay on a smaller scale (see above).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Source of<br> volcanic rocks.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Clearwater<br> Lake.</div>
+
+<p>The Manitounuck series is largely made up of rocks of volcanic origin
+and I have obtained specimens of diorites and porphyry from the
+north-western part of the bay. The probable site of the original
+source from which these rocks have been derived has not yet been
+ascertained. A set of immense dykes of trap along the Mattagami River
+running northward towards James’ Bay, was described in my report for
+1875; and other dykes, having the same general course, were found along
+the east side of James’ Bay in 1877. No irregularity has been found
+in the bottom of Hudson’s Bay which might indicate a seat of volcanic
+disturbance in former times. The unexplored district behind Cape
+Henrietta Maria may yet throw some light on this subject. The volcanic
+rocks of the Manitounuck group of the Eastmain coast and the islands
+opposite to it may have been originally derived from the neighbourhood
+of Clearwater Lake to the eastward of Richmond Gulf. Between Lake
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>
+Superior and Hudson’s Bay, I have observed that, other things being
+equal, the water of lakes where igneous rocks prevail, is much clearer
+than those surrounded by gneiss or schists. The Rev. Mr. Peck visited
+the lake referred to in 1884, and he informs me that it merits its name
+from the clearness of its waters.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Schistose bands.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Labrador<br> Peninsula.</div>
+
+<p>Schistose bands and areas which have been classified as Huronian
+are largely developed within the general limits of the Laurentian
+country to the south and west of James’ Bay and apparently also on the
+north-west side of Hudson’s Bay, but to the eastward few indications of
+these rocks have yet been discovered. The Labrador peninsula measures,
+as nearly as possible, 1,000 miles from the Straits of Belle Isle
+due west to the Eastmain coast of James’ Bay, by 1,000 miles from
+Cape Wolstenholme, on Hudson’s Straits, to Mingan on the Gulf of St.
+Lawrence. The interior of this vast region has not yet been explored
+geologically, except to a very limited extent, so that rocks of the
+class called Huronian may exist in great force in some parts of it.
+A non-fossiliferous, but unaltered limestone, like those of the
+Manitounuck group is found around Lake Mistassini near the head of the
+Rupert River in the southern part of the above region.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rocks of<br> Baffin Land.</div>
+
+<p>The gneissic rocks of the east coast of Hudson’s Bay have been
+described in my reports for 1875 and 1877, and those of Hudson’s
+Straits in the report for 1884. Dr. Frans Boas, in the course of his
+explorations has made some notes on the fundamental rocks of Baffin
+Land, which stretches from Hudson’s Straits northward through twelve
+degrees of latitude, or to Lancaster Sound. At page 57 of his report
+(Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer
+Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha. Nov. 1885), he says: “Let us, in conclusion,
+cast a glance on the geological structure of the last mentioned
+territory (the northern part of Baffin Land). The nucleus of the
+mountain masses appears to be everywhere gneiss, which I found
+especially at Kinguait and Panguirtung. In closest combination with
+the gneiss, granite, also occurs, which, especially large-grained,
+appears in the coast ranges and islands.—Anarmtung and Nuvakdjuak in
+Cumberland Sound; Padloping, Kexertaxdjuin, Nudlung, Tupirbikdjawitjung
+and Siorartijung on Davis Strait.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cumberland<br> Sound.</div>
+
+<p>“In Cumberland Sound, as well as in the Naguimiut plateau, which
+latter is mostly composed of fine-grained granites, there are found at
+isolated places, diorites and trap-granulites which have broken through
+the granite. The occurrence of these to the south on Blunt peninsula,
+has been confirmed. In Cumberland Sound I found them at Panguirtung
+and in a well-marked dyke in Akuliaxling eastward from Kexerten. The same
+diorite appears also in the mountain Kaliugujang to the east of Kinguait.”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Rocks of other<br> northern<br> localities.</div>
+
+<p>“The Silurian limestones, overlying the old crystalline rocks, have
+been already mentioned. The same are found besides in Field Bay, and
+they compose nearly the whole northern coast of Baffin Land. Hall found
+sandstone at Lock’s Land, which perhaps belongs to the Carboniferous
+formation. It is said to resemble that found by Parry at Antridge Bay
+(Fury and Hecla Strait). Here may also be mentioned the samples of
+sandstone found by Bessils at Point Garry. From accounts by Captain
+Walker of the ship “Erik,” coal is found in loose boulders in a stream
+at Eclipse Sound and on Aggidjeu (Durban Island).”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Characters of<br> gneisses.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Useful<br> minerals.</div>
+
+<p>The gneissic rocks within the immense area which has been described,
+no doubt represent a great period of geological time, and comprise a
+vast thickness of strata, the amount of which it would be impossible
+to determine with any degree of accuracy. Certain areas of a massive
+granitoid character, are regarded as “primitive” gneiss, and there
+is little doubt they are more ancient than those Laurentian rocks
+which are regularly and distinctly stratified, and consist of bands
+of different lithological characters, such as prevail in the Ottawa
+valley. As a general rule, in the great region around Hudson’s Bay,
+the gneiss is of a very monotimous character, consisting of the
+commoner reddish and greyish varieties. It is mostly massive, highly
+crystalline and hard, except where it has been exposed for ages to
+atmospheric influences, as in the non-glaciated districts. The fresh
+rock will break almost as easily across the lines of stratification
+as parallel with them. The average direction of the lamination is
+sometimes pretty constant over a considerable extent of country, but
+it is as frequently, greatly contorted on the small scale, and so much
+disturbed on the large scale as to render it almost impossible to trace
+out and map its structure. The gneisses of this kind are not known to
+carry any useful minerals, except such as mica and felspar in coarse
+granite veins. On the other hand, in the more southern districts, where
+the gneisses are somewhat regular, and where their different divisions
+are capable of being mapped, we find phosphate of lime, graphite,
+limestone, barytes, serpentine, magnetite and hematite, pyrites,
+galena, copper ores, &amp;c. These rocks appear to be newer than the
+massive gneisses which prevail in the north.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Evidences of<br> relationship<br> in age.</div>
+
+<p>The continuity and the geographical compactness of the great
+metamorphic or Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of the
+continent are themselves evidences of the close relationship in age
+of the rocks comprised within it, whereas there is more room for
+uncertainty on this point in reference to widely separated areas of
+metamorphic rocks more or less surrounded by newer formations. The
+various bands of rock which in Canada have been recognized under the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>
+name Huronian all lie within the general geographical limits of the
+Laurentian country, and are either stratigraphically incorporated
+amongst the members of the Laurentian series, or present no want of
+conformity to them. A variety of altered rocks, bearing a strong
+resemblance to those of some of the Huronian bands are found elsewhere,
+as in the Eastern Townships and New Brunswick, but their relations to
+the Laurentian system cannot be so easily determined.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Quartzites of<br> Lake Huron.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Associated<br> rocks.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Useful<br> minerals in<br> Huronian rocks.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Geographical<br> distribution<br> of Huronian<br> rocks.</div>
+
+<p>The series of rocks on the north side of Lake Huron, to which the name
+Huronian was first applied, is made up largely of quartzites, but to
+the north and west of this region these form only a minor portion, or
+are altogether wanting in the bands called Huronian, and which are
+composed principally of the other rocks, associated with the Lake Huron
+quartzites. They consist of more or less massive diorites, argillaceous
+and dioritic slate-conglomerates, granites and syenites, schistose
+and jaspery iron ores, limestones or dolomites, and imperfect
+gneisses, together with a great variety of schists, such as mica and
+hydro-mica, talcoid, chloritic, dioritic, argillaceous, silicious,
+epidotic, hornblendic, felsitic and dolomitic. Within the general
+limits of the Laurentian area, nearly all the metallic ores and other
+useful minerals, as yet known, have been found in these rocks, and,
+therefore, their discovery and correct delineation on the geological
+map are important. As far as our explorations have gone, rocks of these
+kinds, and which may for convenience be styled Huronian, are much
+more abundant in the region between the Great Lakes and Hudson’s Bay
+than anywhere in the Labrador peninsula or north of Hudson’s Strait.
+They have been found at three places on the east coast of James’ and
+Hudson’s Bay. (See Report of 1877.) Mr. John McLean mentions them south
+of Ungava Bay. Some of the rocks of Nachvak, on the Atlantic coast, may
+be classified with them; and they are believed to occur at Ramah and
+near the entrance of Hamilton Inlet, on the same coast.</p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Geology of the West Coast<br> of Hudson’s Bay.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Eskimo Point<br> to Chesterfield<br> Inlet.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Marble Island.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Prof. Tennant.</div>
+
+<p>During the past season I have received from a friend a carefully
+labelled collection of rock-specimens from the north-west coast of
+Hudson’s Bay, between Eskimo Point and Chesterfield Inlet; and in
+connection with these a few remarks may be made on the geology of this
+region. Other specimens from this part of the coast were obtained in
+1884 and referred to in my report for that year (page 34 D D.) My own
+explorations on this coast, beyond Churchill, consist of a boat voyage
+to a point a short distance north of Button’s Bay, in 1879, and an
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>
+examination of Marble Island in 1884. The general character of the land
+about Chesterfield Inlet could be plainly seen from the ship when we
+were in that vicinity in the latter year. I have, however, received
+from friends who have travelled in these parts many particulars in
+reference to this coast. Professor James Tennant, of London, has
+described some rock-specimens from the north-west side of Hudson’s Bay,
+and also from Repulse Bay, further north. From these various sources of
+information some light is thrown on the geology of the coast.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Coast from<br> Seal River to<br> Eskimo Point.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Probable area<br> of limestone.</div>
+
+<p>Between Seal River and Eskimo Point, a distance of about 140 statute
+miles, the shore-line appears to be uniform with a low country behind
+it, broken only by an occasional hummock, probably of drift. The
+shingle of the beach is said to consist largely of limestone, and it
+is not improbable that behind this section of the coast, there is a
+considerable area of the flat-lying limestones, similar to those along
+the lower parts of the Churchill and Nelson Rivers. If this part of
+the coast were occupied by crystalline rocks, we should probably have
+a hilly country with a broken coast-line, like that further north,
+whereas the low appearance of the land and the even trend of the shore
+are analogous to the conditions which prevail where the Silurian rocks
+are met with further south on the Bay.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Varieties<br> of rocks.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Veinstones.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Iron pyrites.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Gold and silver.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Pyrites from<br> veins.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Gold in quartz.</div>
+
+<p>From Eskimo Point to the entrance of Chesterfield Inlet, the distance
+is about 180 statute miles, in a straight line. The rock-specimens from
+this section embrace fine-grained hornblende-schists, greenstones,
+quartz and epidote rock, light grey, coarse-grained sandstone, altered
+to quartzite, and holding fragments of indurated red shale, compact
+banded white quartz-rock, with crystals of iron pyrites in some of
+the layers, quartzite like that of Marble Island, grey felsites,
+crystalline hornblende rock, diorite consisting of compact white
+felspar with long crystals of dark hornblende, banded grey hornblende
+and quartz-rock, with some layers approaching chert, mica-schists of
+different kinds, mixed hornblende- and mica-schist, chocolate-colored
+porphyry with flesh-colored crystals of felspar and grains of clear
+quartz, granulite, red jasper with dull fracture, hard, brownish-red
+sandstone, grey felsitic quartzite with lenticular patches of dark
+mica-schist, chloritic schist, about fifty pounds of granular iron
+pyrites, several hundreds of cubes of iron pyrites, the largest
+measuring about one inch in diameter, taken from a dark, glossy schist,
+quartz veinstone with large scales of light-colored mica, with garnets,
+calcspar veinstone with embedded crystals of quartz and having grey
+steatitic rock adhering to it, also a veinstone of quartz, containing
+silky radiating aggregates of hornblende and a few specks of calcspar
+and iron pyrites; some soft greenish schist is attached to this
+specimen. There are eleven specimens of the granular iron pyrites, which
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span>
+were collected at different points in the above distance. Small pieces
+of soft dark-greenish schist adhere to some of them. Mr. Hoffmann has
+made an assay of one of the specimens of pyrites from a bay south of
+Cape Jones, which forms the southern horn of Rankin Inlet, and found it
+to contain no copper, but to show traces of gold and 0.175 of an ounce
+of silver to the ton of 2,000 pounds. A specimen of similar pyrites,
+obtained from a place on this coast which the Eskimo call Iñari, in
+1879, had a small quantity of light bluish-grey magnesian limestone
+adhering to it. These specimens, which all resemble the pyrites from
+Tilt Cove in Newfoundland and Capelton in the Eastern Townships,
+except in the absence of copper, are evidently from good-sized veins.
+The mineral is in common use among the Eskimo for striking fire. The
+discovery of traces of gold and silver in the specimen last assayed by
+Mr. Hoffmann is interesting. Specks of gold are mentioned by Tennant in
+a specimen of quartz from Repulse Bay.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Huronian<br> series on the<br> N. W. side of<br> Hudson’s Bay.</div>
+
+<p>The majority of the lithological specimens brought from the coast in
+the whole interval between Eskimo Point and Repulse Bay, correspond
+with the rocks of the Huronian series. Laurentian types are absent from
+the collections. So far as we know, therefore, the probabilities are
+that Huronian rocks prevail all along the north-west coast of Hudson’s
+Bay, from Eskimo Point to Chesterfield Inlet, and again at Repulse Bay;
+possibly also, in the interval between the last mentioned localities.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Quartzite of<br> Marble Island.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Quartzite on<br> mainland.</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Quartzite in<br> the interior.</div>
+
+<p>Marble Island, as far as examined, consists mainly of light-colored,
+fine grained quartzite, associated with glossy mica-schists. Among the
+specimens obtained from the mainland, is one of similar quartzite of a
+delicate pink or flesh-color, from a point on the south side of Nevil
+Bay. On Marble Island the average strike is south-westward or in this
+direction, so that the two localities may occupy the same geological
+horizon. White quartzite is reported as occurring further south-west in
+the interior, especially in the region to the north-east of Hatchet or
+Wollaston Lake, and in my report for 1882, page 28 C C, it was stated
+that boulders of this rock are abundant at the Long or Methy Portage,
+still further south-west.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX I.</h2>
+</div>
+<hr class="r10">
+
+<p class="f150 spa2"><b>LIST</b></p>
+<p class="f120"><b>BY PROFESSOR MACOUN</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">OF<br>PLANTS COLLECTED IN NEWFOUNDLAND IN 1885,
+<br>BY<br>DR. ROBERT BELL.</p>
+
+<p class="f120"><b>I</b>, Brigus.&emsp;<b>II</b>, Petty Harbour.&emsp;<b>III</b>,
+St. John’s.&emsp;<b>IV</b>, Topsail.</p>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+   <thead><tr class="bt bb fs_120">
+      <th class="tdr_wsp">No.</th>
+      <th class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</th>
+      <th class="tdc_wsp bl">&nbsp;I.&nbsp;</th>
+      <th class="tdc_wsp bl">II.</th>
+      <th class="tdc_wsp bl">III.</th>
+      <th class="tdc_wsp bl">IV.</th>
+   </tr></thead>
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">I. <span class="smcap">Ranunculaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Thalictrum Cornuti, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ranunculus acris, &nbsp;Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">repens,</span> Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">II. <span class="smcap">Nymphæaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nymphæa odorata, Ait.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nuphar advena, Ait.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">III. <span class="smcap">Sarraceniaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sarracenia purpurea, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">IV. <span class="smcap">Violaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Viola blanda, Willd.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;&emsp;”&emsp;cucullata, Ait</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">V. <span class="smcap">Caryophyllaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Stellaria media, Smith</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span>&emsp;borealis, Bigel.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cerastium viscosum, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sagina procumbens, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">VI. <span class="smcap">Sapindaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Acer spicatum, Lam.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●
+                  <span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">VII. <span class="smcap">Leguminosæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vicia Cracca, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">VIII. <span class="smcap">Rosaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Prunus, Pennsylvanica, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;&emsp;” &nbsp;&emsp;Virginiana, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Spiræa salicifolia, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">18</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Poterium Canadense, Gray</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Potentilla fruticosa, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">tridentata, Ait</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rubus strigosus, Michx</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&emsp;”&emsp; villosus, Ait</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&emsp;”&emsp; triflorus, Richards</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rosa nitida, Willd</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pirus arbutifolia, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amelanchier Canadensis, T. &amp; G., <i>var.</i> oligocarpa, Gray &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">IX. <span class="smcap">Onagraceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Epilobium angustifolium, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">coloratum, Muhl</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">X. <span class="smcap">Droseraceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Drosera rotundifolia, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XI. <span class="smcap">Cornaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">31</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cornus Canadensis, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XII. <span class="smcap">Caprifoliaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">32</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Linnæa borealis, Gronov</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">33</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Viburnum nudum, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">34</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">pauciflorum, Pylaie</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lonicera cærulea, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Diervilla trifida, Mœnch</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XIII. <span class="smcap">Compositæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">37</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aster radula, Ait</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">38</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&emsp;”&emsp;nemoralis, Ait</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">39</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Eupatorium purpureum, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">40</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Solidago uliginosa, Nutt</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">41</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Achillæa Millefolium, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Solidago Canadensis, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">43</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Centaurea nigra, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">44</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nabalus serpentaria, Pursh</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">45</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Leontodon autumnale, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XIV. <span class="smcap">Campanulaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">46</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Campanula rotundifolia, Linn</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XV. <span class="smcap">Ericaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">47</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">48</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Vitis-Idæa, Linn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">49</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">macrocarpon, Ait.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">50</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Pennsylvanicum, Linn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">51</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Chiogenes hispidula, Torr, and Gray</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">52</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cassandra calyculata, Don.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">53</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kalmia angustifolia, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">54</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhodora Canadensis, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">55</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ledum latifolium, Ait.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">56</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pyrola secunda, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XVI. <span class="smcap">Scrophulariaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">57</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Euphrasia officinalis, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">58</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XVII. <span class="smcap">Labiatæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">59</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Brunella vulgaris, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">60</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Scutellaria galericulata, Ait.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">61</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XVIII. <span class="smcap">Boraginaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">62</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Myosotis laxa, Gray</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XIX. <span class="smcap">Gentianaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">63</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Halenia deflexa, Griesb.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XX. <span class="smcap">Polygonaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">64</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rumex acetosella Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXI. <span class="smcap">Empetraceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">65</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Empetrum nigrum, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXII. <span class="smcap">Myricaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">66</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Myrica Gale, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXIII. <span class="smcap">Betulaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">67</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alnus viridis, D. C.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXIV. <span class="smcap">Coniferæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">68</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Juniperus communis, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">69</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Sabina, <i>var.</i> procumbens, Pursh</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXV. <span class="smcap">Orchidaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">70</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Habenaria tridentata, Hook.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">71</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">dilatata, Gray</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">72</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Spiranthes Romanzoviana, Cham.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXVI. <span class="smcap">Iridaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">73</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iris versicolor, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">74</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXVII. <span class="smcap">Liliaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">75</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Clintonia borealis, Raf.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">76</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Smilacina bifolia, Ker.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXVIII. <span class="smcap">Juncaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">77</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Juncus bufonius, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">78</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;&emsp;”&nbsp;&emsp;Canadensis <i>var.</i> coarctatus, G.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">79</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;&emsp;”&nbsp;&emsp;effusus, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXIX. <span class="smcap">Cyperaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">80</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">81</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">&nbsp; Virginicum, Linn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">82</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Carex sterilis, Willd.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">83</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;&emsp;”&emsp;crinita, Lam.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">84</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;&emsp;”&emsp;vulgaris, Fries</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">85</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;&emsp;”&emsp;canescens, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXX. <span class="smcap">Gramineæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">86</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alopecurus aristulatus, Michx.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">87</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Agrostis vulgaris, With.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">88</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Agrostis canina, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">89</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Poa pratensis, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">90</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Festuca ovina, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">91</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Triticum repens, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">92</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aira cæspitosa, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXXI. <span class="smcap">Filices.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">93</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Asplenium Filix-foemina, Bernh.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">94</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aspidium spinulosum, Swz. <i>var.</i> Boottii. Tuck.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">95</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws4">”</span>
+                     <span class="ws2">dilatatum, Horn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">96</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Onoclea sensibilis, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">97</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Osmunda &nbsp;cinnamomea, Linn.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">98</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">regalis, Linn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXXII. <span class="smcap">Lycopodiaceæ.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">99</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;”</span> &nbsp;<span class="ws2">clavatum, Linn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">101</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;”</span> &nbsp;<span class="ws2">annotinum, Linn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">102</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;”</span> &nbsp;<span class="ws2">alpinum, Linn.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXXIII. <span class="smcap">Musci.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">103</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sphagnum fimbriatum, Wils.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">104</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;”</span><span class="ws2">acutifolium, Ehrh.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">105</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">106</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;”</span>&nbsp; <span class="ws2">formosum, Hedw.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bt">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">XXXIV. <span class="smcap">Lichenes.</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bb">
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">107</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cladonia deformis</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">●</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p>
+
+<p class="f110"><b><span class="smcap">Additional Plants from Labrador<br> and Hudson’s Strait.</span></b></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">After a careful examination of all the
+collections made by Dr. Bell in Labrador and on the shores of Hudson’s
+Strait and Bay in 1885, Professor Macoun finds only the following five
+to add to the list of flowering plants obtained by him in these regions
+in 1884:—</p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1">1. Anemone parviflora, Linn, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh.</li>
+<li class="isub1">2. Anemone Hepatica, Linn, Ashe’s Inlet, North Bluff.</li>
+<li class="isub1">3. Draba incana, Linn, var. confusa, Poir, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh.</li>
+<li class="isub1">4. Rhododendron Lapponicum, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador.</li>
+<li class="isub1">5. Primula farinosa, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX II.</h2>
+</div>
+<hr class="r10">
+
+<p class="f110"><b>PARTIAL LIST OF INSECTS COLLECTED IN 1885,<br>
+BY DR. ROBERT BELL, IN CONNECTION<br>
+WITH THE HUDSON’S BAY EXPEDITION.</b></p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub11 fs_120"><b>LEPIDOPTERA,</b></li>
+<li class="isub10">DETERMINED BY H. H. LYMAN.</li>
+<li class="isub1">&nbsp;</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Papilio Brevicauda</i>, Saunders. 1♀. St. John’s, N.F. This</li>
+<li class="isub5">specimen is interesting from the absence of fulvous from</li>
+<li class="isub5">the upper side.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Papilio Turnus</i>, Linn. 1♂. Taken at Topsail, N.F.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Pieris Napi</i>, Esp.</li>
+<li class="isub5">Arctic form, <i>Bryoniæ</i>, Ochs. ♀, Summer form,</li>
+<li class="isub5"><i>Acadica</i>, Edw. ♀. Taken at St. John’s, N.F. The former</li>
+<li class="isub5">is the spring form, and the latter the summer one. The two</li>
+<li class="isub5">broods overlap, and specimens of both are thus taken flying</li>
+<li class="isub5">together.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Pyrameis Atalanta</i>, Linn. One specimen. St. John’s, N.F.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Colias Pelidne</i>, Boisd. Var. Orange ♂. Taken at Hyla on E.</li>
+<li class="isub5">side of Hudson’s Bay, 30 miles south of Cape Wolstenholme.</li>
+<li class="isub5">This is the most interesting specimen in the collection,</li>
+<li class="isub5">only one other Orange ♂ having previously been reported, as</li>
+<li class="isub5">described Mr. Moschler in Wien. Ent. Mar. IV, p. 354 (1860).</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Colias Nastes</i>, Boisd. One specimen of rather small size.</li>
+<li class="isub5">Taken at Cape Chudleigh, Hudson’s Strait.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Argynnis Polaris</i>, Boisd. Three specimens (2♂, 1♀), Cape</li>
+<li class="isub5">Chudleigh. Three specimens, Cape Digges, Hudson’s Bay.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Laria Rosii</i>, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Digges.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Anarta Richardsoni</i>, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Chudleigh.</li>
+<li class="isub1">&nbsp;</li>
+<li class="isub5">Also several others not yet determined.</li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></li>
+<li class="isub1">&nbsp;</li>
+<li class="isub11 fs_120"><b>COLEOPTERA,</b></li>
+<li class="isub10">DETERMINED BY DR. G. H. HORN.</li>
+<li class="isub11">(Per favor of W. H. Harrington.)</li>
+<li class="isub1">&nbsp;</li>
+
+<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Stupart’s Bay.</span></li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Amara hyperborea</i>, Dej. Over 100 specimens.</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Pterostichus hudsonicus</i>, Lee.</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Hydroporus longicornis</i> (occurs in Europe).</li>
+<li class="isub3">&nbsp; ”<span class="ws2"><i>perplexus</i>, Shp.</span></li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Agabus longulus</i>, Lee. (?) 50 specimens.</li>
+<li class="isub1">&nbsp;</li>
+<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Cape Chudleigh.</span></li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Nebria sahlbergi</i>, Fisch.</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Amara hyperborea</i>, Dej.</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Lepyrus colon</i>, Linn.</li>
+<li class="isub1">&nbsp;</li>
+<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Cape Digges.</span></li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Amara hyperborea</i>, Dej.</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Agabus longulus</i>, Lee (?).</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Criocephalus agrestis</i>, Kirby.</li>
+<li class="isub1">&nbsp;</li>
+<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Blanc Sablon.</span></li>
+
+<li class="isub1"><i>Nebria sahlbergi</i>, Fisch.</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Pterostichus luczottii</i>, Dej.</li>
+<li class="isub1"><i>Quedius sublimbatus</i>, Mäkl.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div id="CHART" class="figcenter">
+    <img src="images/i_29.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="500" >
+<p class="center"><b><i>CHART OF THE OTTAWA ISLANDS HUDSON’S BAY</i></b></p>
+<p class="center"><i>From an approximate Survey by Lieut. A. R. Gordon R. N.<br>
+of H.M.S.S. ALERT 1885</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<div class="transnote bbox spa2">
+<p class="f120 spa1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
+<hr class="r10">
+<p>Deprecated spellings or archaeic words were not corrected.</p>
+<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+      paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p>
+<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
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+
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+
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+[Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook [#78889](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78889)