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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f57f44 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text +*.htm text +*.html text +*.png binary +*.jpg binary +*.svg text +*.pdf binary +*.bmp binary +*.zip binary +*.midi binary +*.mp3 binary diff --git a/78889-0.txt b/78889-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a5ce56 --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1224 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 *** + + + + +Transcriber’s Notes: + + Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ + in the original text. + Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. + Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. + Deprecated spellings have been preserved. + Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. + + + + + + GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA + ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., DIRECTOR. + + OBSERVATIONS ON THE + GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY + OF HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY, + MADE IN 1885. + + BY + ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C. + + [Illustration] + + PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. + + MONTREAL: + DAWSON BROTHERS. + 1885. + + OTTAWA, April, 1886. + + TO ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., + _Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada_. + + SIR,—I beg to submit, herewith, my report as Geologist and + Naturalist on the Second Expedition to Hudson Strait and Bay, + sent out by the Government of Canada on board the steamship + “Alert” in 1885. + + I have the honour to be, + Sir, + Your obedient servant, + ROBERT BELL. + + + + +OBSERVATIONS ON THE + +GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY, AND BOTANY + +OF HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY, + + +MADE IN 1885. + +BY ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C. + +My preliminary report, of December, 1885, gave a general account of +the field-work of the year, and a narrative of the Second Hudson’s +Bay Expedition by the steamship “Alert,” as far as the geological and +biological work are concerned. I purpose, therefore, in the following +pages, to confine my remarks to a fuller description of the results +in these departments. These were, unfortunately, very limited, owing +to the fact that most of our time was spent either at sea or in the +ice, or in relieving the stations, which I had already visited on +the “Neptune” expedition of the previous year, and had done as much +geological work as possible in their neighborhoods. A month in the +middle of summer, was also consumed in our voyage from the Straits to +St. John’s, Newfoundland, and back again, after the “Alert” had there +undergone some necessary repairs. + +[Sidenote: Botanical collections.] + +[Sidenote: Entomological collections.] + +[Sidenote: Birds, mammals and fishes.] + +Botanical specimens were again collected at all places visited. +Collections of plants had also been made by some of the observers at +the stations before the arrival of the “Alert.” Although the number +of specimens obtained is quite large, yet only five species can be +added to the list of 1884. In the appendix to the present report +will be found a catalogue, by Prof. Macoun, of the plants collected +while we were in Newfoundland. I am indebted to Major H. H. Lyman, of +Montreal, for having prepared the accompanying list of the Lepidoptera, +and some other insects collected last year by myself and Messrs. H. +M. Burwell and Arthur Laperrière. The Coleoptera have been kindly +examined by Mr. W. H. Harrington. A number of specimens of birds, +mammals and fishes were collected during the voyage, or obtained from +some of the observers, especially Mr. Laperrière, who was in charge +of the station at Cape Digges. I am indebted to Dr. Mathews, of York +Factory, for additional specimens of birds, and to Mr. J. R. Spencer, +of Churchill, for specimens of Back’s grayling, and other fishes. +After the zoological specimens shall have been critically examined, +complete lists of them, along with those obtained around Hudson’s +Bay in previous years, will be published. I have much pleasure in +acknowledging the kindness of the Right Revd. Charles Guay, of Cross +Point, P.Q., in procuring canoes and endeavouring to hire Indians for +the expedition. Mr. James MacNaughton, M.A., acted as my assistant +during the season. + +[Sidenote: Report furnished the Department of Marine.] + +It was considered desirable that the Report of the “Alert” Expedition, +to be published by the Department of Marine, should contain an +account of the geology of Hudson’s Bay and the surrounding country; +and accordingly, with the approval of the director, a report on this +subject has been furnished. It embraces not only the general results of +the geological observations of the “Neptune” and “Alert” expeditions +of 1884 and ’85, but also of the previous expeditions around Hudson’s +Bay, made principally on the east side, in 1875 and ’77, and on the +west side in 1878, ’79 and ’80, and in the interior in 1870 and ’71. +A chapter on the Economic Minerals of the Hudson’s Bay Territories +generally, is also included in the above Report. + +As all matters concerning ice, ocean currents, soundings, tides, +meteorological phenomena, etc., belong to Lieut. Gordon’s province, and +will be fully reported on by him, I shall not allude to them except in +their relation to geological questions. + +[Illustration: British American Bank Note Co. Montreal + +NORTH SIDE OF ENTRANCE TO NACHVAK INLET. LABRADOR. + +SHOWING THE STEEP AND UNGLACIATED CHARACTER OF THE MOUNTAINS.] + +[Sidenote: Voyage from Halifax to Hudson’s Strait] + +[Sidenote: Ice-bergs.] + +[Sidenote: Local ice.] + +[Sidenote: Foreign matter on field-ice.] + +[Sidenote: Decaying ice.] + +As stated in my preliminary report, we left Halifax on the 27th of May, +and after passing through the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Straits of +Belle Isle, steamed northward, near the edge of the ice-pack off the +Labrador coast, to the entrance of Hudson’s Strait, which we entered +on the 16th June. Beyond the Straits of Belle Isle numerous ice-bergs +were passed every day, both in the open water, and among the field-ice. +When in the latter position they were observed to be almost always +more or less completely surrounded by a space of open water. On the +voyage back from Newfoundland to the straits, between the 27th of +July and the 3rd of August, ice-bergs were again equally numerous, +especially as we approached the Labrador coast, but on neither occasion +did we meet with any of remarkable size or height, the great majority +of them being comparatively small. Towards the entrance of Hudson’s +Strait it was noticed that the bergs furthest out to sea or to the +eastward, carried stones, mud, or discolorations more frequently than +those near the Labrador Coast. We entered Nachvak Inlet on the 1st of +August, and were informed by Mr. Skynner, who had been in charge of the +observatory station there since the previous year, that the fixed ice +of the inlet had only disappeared on the 12th of July. We afterwards +learned that it had also cleared from Ashe’s Inlet, (near North Bluff) +in Hudson’s Strait on the same day. Mr. Skynner informed us that the +fixed ice extended only as far out as “The Breaker,” a rock at the +entrance of the inlet. Outside of this the ice was moving with the +winds and currents all winter. In the months of June and July, wide +lanes of open water were formed between the field-ice and the land. +As far as could be observed, this ice was clear or free from dust and +rock-debris, as if it had been formed away from the land. The clear ice +continued till the end of June, when foreign matter began to appear +upon the slowly moving floes. This, Mr. Skynner thought, was due to the +fact that about that time the ice began to leave the adjoining shores, +after having received upon its surface more or less rocky debris from +the crumbling cliffs and slopes, or from having had earthy matter +incorporated in it by freezing and by the action of high tides, such +as those of Ungava Bay. During the winter, he found that the strong +winds carried considerable quantities of dust and angular fragments of +rock from the high cliffs and steep and loose taluses on either side of +Nachvak Inlet, out upon the fixed ice, and when it broke up in July, +this material was borne off to sea. Towards the end of July, all the +field-ice of the northern parts of the Labrador coast was discolored or +“foxy,” and had a decayed appearance. The dust or mud, with which it +was covered, was mostly yellowish and greyish in color. Gravel, angular +stones, patches of stoney mud, and an angular boulder were occasionally +observed. + +[Sidenote: Non-glaciated mountains of Labrador.] + +[Sidenote: Elevated terraces and beaches.] + +Reference was made in my report of last year (p. 14 and 37 DD) to the +steep, serrated and non-glaciated appearance of the mountains, along +the northern part of the Labrador coast. Opportunities were afforded +me in 1884, while passing up and down the coast in the “Neptune,” and +when ashore at a few points, of studying, sketching and photographing +these mountains; and again, last year, their features were well +brought out under the varying quantities of snow upon them in the +months of June, July, August and October. The accompanying view, from +a photograph, looking northward, across the entrance of Nachvak Inlet, +is characteristic of the scenery on this part of the coast. As stated +in last year’s report, glacial grooves are to be seen in this inlet +near the sea-level and parallel to the general course of the shores, +but no trace of them could be observed on any of the higher levels +which were examined. Terraces or banks of gravel and ancient shingle +beaches were observed on either side of the inlet at various heights up +to an estimated elevation of 2000 feet. The mountains everywhere in +this vicinity give evidence of long-continued atmospheric decay. The +annual precipitation at the present time is not great, otherwise small +glaciers would probably form among these mountains, which lie between +latitudes 58° and 60°, and which overlook a sea, bearing field-ice for +half the year, and from which bergs are never absent. Patches of snow, +however, remain throughout the summer in shaded parts of the slopes and +on the highest summits, which range from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the +ocean. + +[Sidenote: Cape Chudleigh.] + +Our stay at Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh, on the inward voyage, was +for only one night, and while we were in this port, on our return, +the weather was so boisterous as to prevent me from going to any +considerable distance from the ship. Some additional facts of interest +were, however, noted in regard to the glacial phenomena of the +neighborhood. + +[Sidenote: Mica and graphite.] + +[Sidenote: Quality of mica.] + +[Sidenote: Coarse hornblende rock.] + +It was stated in my report of last year that when we were at Ashe’s +Inlet, near North Bluff, the Eskimo gave us specimens of mica and +graphite from the north shore of the Strait. During the winter and +spring they brought to Mr. Ashe, the gentleman in charge of the +observatory station at this place, numerous pieces of these minerals. +From what they told Mr. Ashe, he concluded that both kinds were found +at different localities all the way from Kimnirook, (see Report for +1884), westward to the place which the natives call Akuliak, at or near +which Captain Spicer’s trading station is situated. The mica appeared +to be quite common. The specimens carried to Mr. Ashe, had apparently +all been gathered on the surface; and, as the natives stated that it +had been taken away in commercial quantities by the vessels visiting +Capt. Spicer’s station, the inference is that it must be abundant +somewhere not far off. The largest specimens which I saw were about a +foot in diameter. All were of a light-brown colour, and transparent +when in moderately thin plates. Some pieces which I tested stood the +fire well. From the accounts of the Eskimo last year, we inferred that +they had found red hematite, inland from Kimnirook, but Mr. Ashe did +not receive any specimens of it. In addition to pieces of quartz and +iron pyrites they brought him a crystal of black sphene, an inch in +diameter, from the north side of the straits opposite the station. +The finding of a loose piece of crystalline limestone, like a common +variety in the Laurentian rocks further south, was mentioned last year. +The occurrence of sphene and graphite constitute, perhaps, additional +evidence of the existence of such limestone _in situ_ on the north side +of Hudson’s Strait. While exploring Big (or Turenne) Island, Mr. Ashe +had found in its southwestern part a great mass, _in situ_, of a very +coarse, greenish-grey hornblende rock, composed of large, radiating +crystals, similar to a loose mass which I had noted the previous year +not far from the station. This is an additional fact indicating an +eastward movement of the ancient glaciers. + +[Sidenote: Stratification of gneiss.] + +On the main north shore of the straits, just west of the channel +between it and Big Island, the stratification of the gneiss is very +conspicuous. The strike is parallel to the above, and the dip is +northward for a considerable distance. While drifting up and down with +the ice near to the coast in these parts, the peculiarities of the +gneiss, and of veins cutting it, could be observed, but there is no +chart of the shore or other means of identifying the localities. + +[Sidenote: Limestone fragments on ice-pans.] + +[Sidenote: Limestone north of Hudson’s Strait.] + +[Sidenote: Limestone of Melville Peninsula.] + +Many of the pans of field-ice off Big Island had gravel strewn upon +them. This was found to consist of gneiss with a certain proportion +of darkly-colored schists. But on ice-pans further up the coast, or +to the north-westward, I found fragments of shaly marl and of grey +limestone with fossils, among which _Receplaculites Oweni_ was easily +distinguished. Shells and bryozons, belonging to moderately deep-water +species, were found on the same pans. The limestone fragments, just +mentioned, would point to the occurrence of Silurian rocks on or +near the great bays in the western part of the north shore of the +Straits, where the land is said to be low. Dr. Franz Boas of Berlin has +recorded the existence of these rocks in the interior of Baffin Land, +only about two degrees of latitude north of this region. He says:[1] +“Through the occurrence of the Silurian rocks on the Nettilling (Lake) +the discovery of the same formation at the upper end of Frobisher Bay +increases in value. We must now suppose that the Silurian limestones, +which appear at Prince Rupert’s Inlet, extend from there to Frobisher +Bay, and overlie the granites and gneisses of Baffin’s Bay and Davis’ +Strait. We will not be far astray if we connect this extensive Silurian +district with the limestones which occur to the south of Igluling, and +which form the flat eastern half of Melville Peninsula. Southward from +Nettilling, these rocks rise into low hill-ranges, which are indicated +on the sketch by Padloaping.” + +[Footnote 1: Page 50 of Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus +Perthes Geographischer Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha, November, 1885.] + +[Sidenote: White Bear Sound.] + +In a letter to me, referring to the geology of Baffin Land, Dr. Boas +says: “The most interesting geological problem of the country is a +study of the line of division between the Silurian plains and the +eastern highlands. I suppose that Silurian rocks will be found, either +in the remotest corner of White Bear Sound, or close to it. Probably +the strata will be found lying horizontally, and then soundings in the +Lakes Amakdjuak and Nettilling, will be of great importance. It must be +important for the problems of glaciation to survey the _inner_ rim of +the enormous basin formed by the chain of mountains of Davis’ Strait, +the plateau of Nugumit, Kinguait, Sikosuilat, Southampton Islands and +Melville Peninsula.” + +[Sidenote: Ungava Bay.] + +In my report of last year, it was stated that fragments of grey, drab +and yellowish-fossiliferous limestone, apparently Silurian, were common +near Cape Chudleigh. If the supposition be correct that the glaciation +of Ungava Bay was from the southward out into Hudson’s Strait, and +thence round Cape Chudleigh into the bed of the ocean, these fragments +would indicate that the limestones from which they are derived exist +somewhere in the bay, either under the water or on Akpatok Island, +which is described as low and level. + +[Sidenote: Stupart’s Bay.] + +Having failed to enter Ashe’s Inlet on the inward voyage, we crossed +the straits to Stupart’s Bay, in Prince of Wales’ Sound. Our visit to +this station was too brief to allow me to make any fresh geological +explorations in the neighborhood. The geology and scenery of this +locality are described in my report of last year. The accompanying +engraving, from a photograph, represents a view of the country from +Eskimo Inlet, about two miles south of Stupart’s Bay, looking westward, +and it may be taken as a characteristic specimen of the scenery on +the south side of Hudson’s Straits. I found that Mr. Stupart and his +associates had collected numerous geological specimens for me. They +consisted of gneiss, soapstone, quartz, felspar, hornblende, mica-rock, +epidote and iron pyrites, all apparently derived from ordinary +Laurentian rocks, which prevail everywhere in this region. + +While at Port de Boucherville, on the south end of Nottingham Island, +some further exploration was made in the vicinity, but nothing worthy +of remark, was observed. + +[Sidenote: Niagara formation.] + +Last year Mansfield Island was found to consist of flat-lying, grey +limestones. The fossils then collected, on its eastern side, although +badly preserved and not numerous, indicate the age of our Niagara +formation. + +[Sidenote: Southampton Island.] + +[Sidenote: Gneiss.] + +Similar limestones prevail on Southampton Island (proper) from Cape +Southampton to within twenty-five or thirty miles of Cape Pembroke +at its north-eastern extremity, the latter interval being occupied, +according to Captain William Hawes, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, by +rugged, dark-looking rocks, like those of Hudson’s Strait, which are +Laurentian gneiss. The large island north of Southampton Island, of +which Seahorse Point forms the eastern extremity, and which Lieutenant +Gordon has called Bell’s Island, in the absence of any other name, is +mountainous and appears to consist of gneiss. + +[Illustration: British American Bank Note Co. Montreal + +VIEW WESTWARD IN PRINCE OF WALES SOUND, HUDSON’S STRAIT. + +SHOWING OUTLINE OF MOUNTAINS IN THIS REGION. ESKIMO TENTS IN +FOREGROUND.] + +[Sidenote: Track-survey of Outer Digges.] + +[Sidenote: Glaciation.] + +In the end of August, while the “Alert” was lying in Port Lapierrière, +at Lieut. Gordon’s request, and with the assistance of Mr. James +Tyrell, P.L.S., I made a track-survey of the Outer Digges Island. It +was found to be about eight miles long and three miles wide, and to +be separated from the Inner Digges by a straight channel, about one +mile wide. It is formed entirely of Laurentian gneiss, which strikes +with the longer axis of the island. This island has been thoroughly +glaciated. Around its western end the groovings run north-eastward +(true), but along the north side they set more nearly east, showing +that the stream of ice was flowing out of the bed of Hudson’s Bay and +eastward in the Strait. The outer points of this shore are all rounded +and bald, with the glacial grooving and fluting strongly marked, as may +be seen in the accompanying sketch of one of these small capes. + +[Illustration: CAPE ON NORTH SIDE OF OUTER DIGGES ISLAND.] + +[Sidenote: High bluffs of Cape Wolstenholme.] + +[Sidenote: Coast south of Cape Wolstenholme.] + +[Sidenote: Recession of the sea.] + +[Sidenote: Appearance of the country.] + +The south-eastern part of Inner Digges Island presents a high and +nearly vertical cliff, facing the still higher bluffs of Cape +Wolstenholme, of which an outline-sketch was given in my report for +1880. From the cape these bluffs continue southward for some miles, +diminishing in height and merging into the rounded hills of the coast +further down. At about thirty miles south of the cape the country, +forming the immediate coast, has become comparatively low, but ranges +of partially-rounded hills rise higher and higher towards the interior. +On our return from the west side of Hudson’s Bay in the month of +September, I explored this part of the coast in a small boat, and +found the rocks to consist of common forms of gneiss, with veins and +patches of fine-grained red granite in some places. On the mainland, +about twenty miles south of Port Lapierrière is a very ancient Eskimo +camping ground, which is still inhabited. We could not ascertain from +the natives what they called the place, and for the sake of convenience +in having some name for it we called it Hyla. In this neighborhood the +evidences of the rapid recession of the sea are visible on all sides, +in the form of shoaling bays and lagoons, as well as in raised beaches +and ridges of shingle. The latter sometimes form the isthmuses, +separating bays or connecting islands with each other or with the main +land. Ponds and small lakes, of a mile or two in length, are numerous +between the ranges of hills, or small mountains in the rear. The clay +and sand in the valleys between these ridges, up to an elevation of +about 200 feet above the sea, are full of marine shells, of which the +genera _Tellina_, _Saxicava_, _Cardium_, _Pecten_, _Mya_, _Mytilus_ +and _Astarte_ are the most common. Viewed from a distance, these +hills and mountains have a naked appearance, but in walking over the +country itself, the grasses and sedges, and a variety of Arctic plants +which grow around the ponds and lakes, and in sheltered places among +the hills, give the landscape a pleasantly green appearance in many +places. No shrubs are to be seen except the creeping willows, but the +Eskimo make mats for the floors of their summer tents by fastening +together, in regular order, twigs of dwarf birch, (_Betula glandulosa_, +Michx.) about three feet long, which we understood they obtained in the +interior. The natives on this part of the coast live by hunting the +reindeer among the hills, and the white whale, polar bear, walrus and +seals on the coast. At certain seasons they also procure a good supply +of waterfowl and brook trout. + +[Sidenote: Large quartz and felspar vein.] + +Close to the shore, behind an island, and about a mile south of the old +Eskimo camps, above referred to, a very conspicuous vein is exposed +along the face of a bluff of gneiss. It is about thirty feet wide in +one part, and consists of white quartz next the walls, with coarsely +crystalline red felspar in the centre. A few plates of darkly-coloured, +uneven mica were also observed. + +[Sidenote: Elevated plateau.] + +The general outline of the land on this part of the coast, as seen +from a distance out at sea to the westward, slopes gradually up to the +westward, until the brink of the great precipices of Cape Wolstenholme +are reached. The elevated plateau above the precipices has a tolerably +even appearance, as if it had been smoothly and uniformly glaciated. +The high and almost perpendicular precipices of Cape Wolstenholme +and the east end of the Inner Digges Island, which faces each other, +present a singular contrast to the planed surface of the Outer Digges, +and the apparently glaciated plateau of the mainland above the cape. It +is possible that part of the ancient glacier, in passing out of the bed +of Hudson’s Bay, became jammed against the inside of the high angular +barrier formed by the Digges Islands, on the one hand and the mainland +on the other. The narrow channel which separates the Inner Digges from +Cape Wolstenholme must be very deep, if we may judge from the quantity +of water which flows through it with every tide, producing a strong +current in the sea to the south of the Digges Islands. + +[Sidenote: The Ottawa Islands.] + +During our short visit to the harbour of Churchill a strong gale of +wind with rain prevailed, so that no fresh geological work could be +attempted beyond the limits which had been explored in this vicinity +in 1879. On the return voyage from Churchill, we visited a large +chain of islands in the north-eastern part of Hudson’s Bay, which +run north-eastward between latitudes 59° and 60°, terminating in +that direction, east of latitude 80°. On some sketch-charts, a group +of islands in this part of the bay had been marked “Sleepers,” but +as there are also two other groups called North Sleepers and South +Sleepers, not far off, Lieutenant Gordon and I named these the Ottawa +Islands, in order to distinguish them clearly and to prevent confusion. +Lieutenant Gordon made a running survey of the northern part of the +chain, and we named the individual islands in honor of the citizens of +Ottawa who had generously aided in missionary enterprise in Hudson’s +Bay. A copy of Lieutenant Gordon’s chart of the Ottawa Islands +accompanies this report. The outermost of these shown on the chart, +and called J. Gordon Island, consisted of thick, stratified masses, +presenting a variety of external appearances, and probably of volcanic +origin, all dipping westward at a moderate angle, as represented in the +accompanying outline of the island. + +[Illustration: J. GORDON ISLAND FROM THE NORTH.] + +[Sidenote: Greenish-grey diorite.] + +[Sidenote: Copper pyrites and asbestus.] + +[Sidenote: Glacial striæ.] + +An opportunity was afforded me of landing upon a small island lying +about two miles to the south-west of Gilmour Island (see chart) in +latitude 59° 48′, longitude 80° 6′. It was found to consist entirely +of a greenish-grey diorite, which, on fresh fracture, is mottled +with darker and lighter shades. In a vertical section, found on the +east side of the island, the diorite presents the “bouldery” or +concretionary appearance shown in the annexed sketch, the larger +divisions having a diameter of about two feet. The rock is cut by +small veins of quartz, running in a northwesterly course (true) in +which specks of copper pyrites were detected. It also contains thin, +short and irregular veins of asbestus and green epidote. Old weathered +surfaces of the diorite are very rough, but nearly the whole island +bears the marks of glaciation. On the southern and central parts of +the island the principal striæ run N. 60° to 80° E., magnetically, or +N. 20° to 40° E., astronomically, the variation of the compass having +been found to be about 40° W. Another set of grooves, near the centre +of the island, was found to run S. 65° E. mag., or about N. 75° E., +true. On the east side of the island the grooves run N. 35° E. mag. or +N. 5° W., true. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: Northward course of drift.] + +[Sidenote: Belcher Islands.] + +The forms of the roches moutonné and other evidence afforded by the +grooving and fluting of the rocks of this island themselves, go to +show that the direction of the glaciating force was from the southward +and south-westward and not from the contrary direction. Raised beaches +are well marked up to the highest point of the island, about forty +or fifty feet above the sea-level. Much of the shingle of the island +consists of dolomite of the Manitounuck group, and this fact is a +further evidence that the drift in this region came from the southward, +since these rocks have, as yet, been found only on the islands and +shore of the Eastmain coast between Cape Jones and Cape Dufferin. The +islands further out to sea, opposite to this part of the coast are also +believed to consist of rocks of the Manitounuck group. Specimens, said +to have been broken from the fixed rocks of the Belchers, opposite +Little Whale River, were obtained at my request, from the Eskimo and +are found to consist of amygdaloid, white and grey dolomite, a soft +grey schist and columnar calcspar, the last named apparently from a +thin vein. + +[Sidenote: Appearance of the Ottawa Islands.] + +All the larger islands of the Ottawa group are bare, rugged and +mountainous. The rocks of Perley, Pattee, Gilmour, Booth and Bronson +Islands appeared to be all the same as those of the small island which +has been described. The surface of the hills, which on Gilmour Island +rise to a height estimated to be about 1,800 feet, is everywhere +extremely rough and pitted in appearance. + +[Sidenote: Walruses and white whales.] + +We found the small island, on which we landed, inhabited by +considerable numbers of walruses. Some white porpoises or small +white whales (_Delphinopterus catodon_, Linn.) were also seen in the +vicinity. The remains of a number of Eskimo camps and part of the +skeleton of a large whale were observed on the island. A few pieces of +driftwood had been cast upon it. + + +THE LAURENTIAN SYSTEM AROUND HUDSON’S BAY. + +[Sidenote: Nucleus of the continent.] + +[Sidenote: Basin of Hudson’s Bay.] + +[Sidenote: Palæozoic strata.] + +[Sidenote: Fox Channel.] + +The vast Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of North America +forms a very considerable proportion of the whole continent and, +geologically speaking, it may be regarded as its nucleus. Greenland, +on the other side of Baffins’ Bay and Davis’ Straits, consists, as far +as known, almost altogether of the same rocks. Hudson’s Bay, which is +nearly half as extensive as the Mediterranean Sea, lies in the middle +of the continental portion of the great Laurentian area and the waters +drain into it from all sides. The country slopes towards it from the +Rocky Mountains, more than 1,300 miles to the westward, from the centre +of Labrador, 500 miles to the eastward and from the immediate vicinity +of Lake Superior in the south. Thus, the waters of this great interior +sea occupy only the centre of what may be called the basin of Hudson’s +Bay. This wide depression has existed from early geological times, as +is shown by the Manitounuck rocks of the eastern shore and islands and +by the Silurian limestones of Mansfield and Southampton Islands and +of the southwestern shores of Hudson’s Bay and James’ Bay, as well as +the Devonian rocks of the latter. These flat-lying palæozoic strata +probably also extend over much of the bed of the bay, judging by its +shallowness and the uniform depth of its waters, and also from the +composition of the materials of the drift which have been carried out +of it during the glacial period. None of the unaltered rocks around +the Bay have undergone any marked disturbance, so far as known. The +observations of Dr. Franz Boas and others around Fox Channel would lead +us to suppose that from a geological standpoint this body of water is a +repetition of Hudson’s Bay on a smaller scale (see above). + +[Sidenote: Source of volcanic rocks.] + +[Sidenote: Clearwater Lake.] + +The Manitounuck series is largely made up of rocks of volcanic origin +and I have obtained specimens of diorites and porphyry from the +north-western part of the bay. The probable site of the original source +from which these rocks have been derived has not yet been ascertained. +A set of immense dykes of trap along the Mattagami River running +northward towards James’ Bay, was described in my report for 1875; +and other dykes, having the same general course, were found along the +east side of James’ Bay in 1877. No irregularity has been found in +the bottom of Hudson’s Bay which might indicate a seat of volcanic +disturbance in former times. The unexplored district behind Cape +Henrietta Maria may yet throw some light on this subject. The volcanic +rocks of the Manitounuck group of the Eastmain coast and the islands +opposite to it may have been originally derived from the neighbourhood +of Clearwater Lake to the eastward of Richmond Gulf. Between Lake +Superior and Hudson’s Bay, I have observed that, other things being +equal, the water of lakes where igneous rocks prevail, is much clearer +than those surrounded by gneiss or schists. The Rev. Mr. Peck visited +the lake referred to in 1884, and he informs me that it merits its name +from the clearness of its waters. + +[Sidenote: Schistose bands.] + +[Sidenote: Labrador Peninsula.] + +Schistose bands and areas which have been classified as Huronian +are largely developed within the general limits of the Laurentian +country to the south and west of James’ Bay and apparently also on the +north-west side of Hudson’s Bay, but to the eastward few indications +of these rocks have yet been discovered. The Labrador peninsula +measures, as nearly as possible, 1,000 miles from the Straits of Belle +Isle due west to the Eastmain coast of James’ Bay, by 1,000 miles +from Cape Wolstenholme, on Hudson’s Straits, to Mingan on the Gulf +of St. Lawrence. The interior of this vast region has not yet been +explored geologically, except to a very limited extent, so that rocks +of the class called Huronian may exist in great force in some parts of +it. A non-fossiliferous, but unaltered limestone, like those of the +Manitounuck group is found around Lake Mistassini near the head of the +Rupert River in the southern part of the above region. + +[Sidenote: Rocks of Baffin Land.] + +The gneissic rocks of the east coast of Hudson’s Bay have been +described in my reports for 1875 and 1877, and those of Hudson’s +Straits in the report for 1884. Dr. Frans Boas, in the course of his +explorations has made some notes on the fundamental rocks of Baffin +Land, which stretches from Hudson’s Straits northward through twelve +degrees of latitude, or to Lancaster Sound. At page 57 of his report +(Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer +Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha. Nov. 1885), he says: “Let us, in conclusion, +cast a glance on the geological structure of the last mentioned +territory (the northern part of Baffin Land). The nucleus of the +mountain masses appears to be everywhere gneiss, which I found +especially at Kinguait and Panguirtung. In closest combination with +the gneiss, granite, also occurs, which, especially large-grained, +appears in the coast ranges and islands.—Anarmtung and Nuvakdjuak in +Cumberland Sound; Padloping, Kexertaxdjuin, Nudlung, Tupirbikdjawitjung +and Siorartijung on Davis Strait.” + +[Sidenote: Cumberland Sound.] + +“In Cumberland Sound, as well as in the Naguimiut plateau, which +latter is mostly composed of fine-grained granites, there are found at +isolated places, diorites and trap-granulites which have broken through +the granite. The occurrence of these to the south on Blunt peninsula, +has been confirmed. In Cumberland Sound I found them at Panguirtung +and in a well-marked dyke in Akuliaxling eastward from Kexerten. The +same diorite appears also in the mountain Kaliugujang to the east of +Kinguait.” + +[Sidenote: Rocks of other northern localities.] + +“The Silurian limestones, overlying the old crystalline rocks, have +been already mentioned. The same are found besides in Field Bay, and +they compose nearly the whole northern coast of Baffin Land. Hall found +sandstone at Lock’s Land, which perhaps belongs to the Carboniferous +formation. It is said to resemble that found by Parry at Antridge Bay +(Fury and Hecla Strait). Here may also be mentioned the samples of +sandstone found by Bessils at Point Garry. From accounts by Captain +Walker of the ship “Erik,” coal is found in loose boulders in a stream +at Eclipse Sound and on Aggidjeu (Durban Island).” + +[Sidenote: Characters of gneisses.] + +[Sidenote: Useful minerals.] + +The gneissic rocks within the immense area which has been described, +no doubt represent a great period of geological time, and comprise a +vast thickness of strata, the amount of which it would be impossible +to determine with any degree of accuracy. Certain areas of a massive +granitoid character, are regarded as “primitive” gneiss, and there +is little doubt they are more ancient than those Laurentian rocks +which are regularly and distinctly stratified, and consist of bands +of different lithological characters, such as prevail in the Ottawa +valley. As a general rule, in the great region around Hudson’s Bay, +the gneiss is of a very monotimous character, consisting of the +commoner reddish and greyish varieties. It is mostly massive, highly +crystalline and hard, except where it has been exposed for ages to +atmospheric influences, as in the non-glaciated districts. The fresh +rock will break almost as easily across the lines of stratification +as parallel with them. The average direction of the lamination is +sometimes pretty constant over a considerable extent of country, but +it is as frequently, greatly contorted on the small scale, and so +much disturbed on the large scale as to render it almost impossible +to trace out and map its structure. The gneisses of this kind are not +known to carry any useful minerals, except such as mica and felspar +in coarse granite veins. On the other hand, in the more southern +districts, where the gneisses are somewhat regular, and where their +different divisions are capable of being mapped, we find phosphate of +lime, graphite, limestone, barytes, serpentine, magnetite and hematite, +pyrites, galena, copper ores, &c. These rocks appear to be newer than +the massive gneisses which prevail in the north. + +[Sidenote: Evidences of relationship in age.] + +The continuity and the geographical compactness of the great +metamorphic or Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of the +continent are themselves evidences of the close relationship in age +of the rocks comprised within it, whereas there is more room for +uncertainty on this point in reference to widely separated areas of +metamorphic rocks more or less surrounded by newer formations. The +various bands of rock which in Canada have been recognized under the +name Huronian all lie within the general geographical limits of the +Laurentian country, and are either stratigraphically incorporated +amongst the members of the Laurentian series, or present no want of +conformity to them. A variety of altered rocks, bearing a strong +resemblance to those of some of the Huronian bands are found elsewhere, +as in the Eastern Townships and New Brunswick, but their relations to +the Laurentian system cannot be so easily determined. + +[Sidenote: Quartzites of Lake Huron.] + +[Sidenote: Associated rocks.] + +[Sidenote: Useful minerals in Huronian rocks.] + +[Sidenote: Geographical distribution of Huronian rocks.] + +The series of rocks on the north side of Lake Huron, to which the name +Huronian was first applied, is made up largely of quartzites, but to +the north and west of this region these form only a minor portion, or +are altogether wanting in the bands called Huronian, and which are +composed principally of the other rocks, associated with the Lake +Huron quartzites. They consist of more or less massive diorites, +argillaceous and dioritic slate-conglomerates, granites and syenites, +schistose and jaspery iron ores, limestones or dolomites, and imperfect +gneisses, together with a great variety of schists, such as mica and +hydro-mica, talcoid, chloritic, dioritic, argillaceous, silicious, +epidotic, hornblendic, felsitic and dolomitic. Within the general +limits of the Laurentian area, nearly all the metallic ores and other +useful minerals, as yet known, have been found in these rocks, and, +therefore, their discovery and correct delineation on the geological +map are important. As far as our explorations have gone, rocks of these +kinds, and which may for convenience be styled Huronian, are much +more abundant in the region between the Great Lakes and Hudson’s Bay +than anywhere in the Labrador peninsula or north of Hudson’s Strait. +They have been found at three places on the east coast of James’ and +Hudson’s Bay. (See Report of 1877.) Mr. John McLean mentions them south +of Ungava Bay. Some of the rocks of Nachvak, on the Atlantic coast, may +be classified with them; and they are believed to occur at Ramah and +near the entrance of Hamilton Inlet, on the same coast. + + +GEOLOGY OF THE WEST COAST OF HUDSON’S BAY. + +[Sidenote: Eskimo Point to Chesterfield Inlet.] + +[Sidenote: Marble Island.] + +[Sidenote: Prof. Tennant.] + +During the past season I have received from a friend a carefully +labelled collection of rock-specimens from the north-west coast of +Hudson’s Bay, between Eskimo Point and Chesterfield Inlet; and in +connection with these a few remarks may be made on the geology of this +region. Other specimens from this part of the coast were obtained in +1884 and referred to in my report for that year (page 34 D D.) My own +explorations on this coast, beyond Churchill, consist of a boat voyage +to a point a short distance north of Button’s Bay, in 1879, and an +examination of Marble Island in 1884. The general character of the +land about Chesterfield Inlet could be plainly seen from the ship when +we were in that vicinity in the latter year. I have, however, received +from friends who have travelled in these parts many particulars in +reference to this coast. Professor James Tennant, of London, has +described some rock-specimens from the north-west side of Hudson’s Bay, +and also from Repulse Bay, further north. From these various sources of +information some light is thrown on the geology of the coast. + +[Sidenote: Coast from Seal River to Eskimo Point.] + +[Sidenote: Probable area of limestone.] + +Between Seal River and Eskimo Point, a distance of about 140 statute +miles, the shore-line appears to be uniform with a low country behind +it, broken only by an occasional hummock, probably of drift. The +shingle of the beach is said to consist largely of limestone, and it +is not improbable that behind this section of the coast, there is a +considerable area of the flat-lying limestones, similar to those along +the lower parts of the Churchill and Nelson Rivers. If this part of +the coast were occupied by crystalline rocks, we should probably have +a hilly country with a broken coast-line, like that further north, +whereas the low appearance of the land and the even trend of the shore +are analogous to the conditions which prevail where the Silurian rocks +are met with further south on the Bay. + +[Sidenote: Varieties of rocks.] + +[Sidenote: Veinstones.] + +[Sidenote: Iron pyrites.] + +[Sidenote: Gold and silver.] + +[Sidenote: Pyrites from veins.] + +[Sidenote: Gold in quartz.] + +From Eskimo Point to the entrance of Chesterfield Inlet, the distance +is about 180 statute miles, in a straight line. The rock-specimens from +this section embrace fine-grained hornblende-schists, greenstones, +quartz and epidote rock, light grey, coarse-grained sandstone, altered +to quartzite, and holding fragments of indurated red shale, compact +banded white quartz-rock, with crystals of iron pyrites in some of +the layers, quartzite like that of Marble Island, grey felsites, +crystalline hornblende rock, diorite consisting of compact white +felspar with long crystals of dark hornblende, banded grey hornblende +and quartz-rock, with some layers approaching chert, mica-schists of +different kinds, mixed hornblende- and mica-schist, chocolate-colored +porphyry with flesh-colored crystals of felspar and grains of clear +quartz, granulite, red jasper with dull fracture, hard, brownish-red +sandstone, grey felsitic quartzite with lenticular patches of dark +mica-schist, chloritic schist, about fifty pounds of granular iron +pyrites, several hundreds of cubes of iron pyrites, the largest +measuring about one inch in diameter, taken from a dark, glossy +schist, quartz veinstone with large scales of light-colored mica, +with garnets, calcspar veinstone with embedded crystals of quartz +and having grey steatitic rock adhering to it, also a veinstone of +quartz, containing silky radiating aggregates of hornblende and a few +specks of calcspar and iron pyrites; some soft greenish schist is +attached to this specimen. There are eleven specimens of the granular +iron pyrites, which were collected at different points in the above +distance. Small pieces of soft dark-greenish schist adhere to some +of them. Mr. Hoffmann has made an assay of one of the specimens of +pyrites from a bay south of Cape Jones, which forms the southern horn +of Rankin Inlet, and found it to contain no copper, but to show traces +of gold and 0.175 of an ounce of silver to the ton of 2,000 pounds. +A specimen of similar pyrites, obtained from a place on this coast +which the Eskimo call Iñari, in 1879, had a small quantity of light +bluish-grey magnesian limestone adhering to it. These specimens, which +all resemble the pyrites from Tilt Cove in Newfoundland and Capelton in +the Eastern Townships, except in the absence of copper, are evidently +from good-sized veins. The mineral is in common use among the Eskimo +for striking fire. The discovery of traces of gold and silver in the +specimen last assayed by Mr. Hoffmann is interesting. Specks of gold +are mentioned by Tennant in a specimen of quartz from Repulse Bay. + +[Sidenote: Huronian series on the N. W. side of Hudson’s Bay.] + +The majority of the lithological specimens brought from the coast in +the whole interval between Eskimo Point and Repulse Bay, correspond +with the rocks of the Huronian series. Laurentian types are absent from +the collections. So far as we know, therefore, the probabilities are +that Huronian rocks prevail all along the north-west coast of Hudson’s +Bay, from Eskimo Point to Chesterfield Inlet, and again at Repulse Bay; +possibly also, in the interval between the last mentioned localities. + +[Sidenote: Quartzite of Marble Island.] + +[Sidenote: Quartzite on mainland.] + +[Sidenote: Quartzite in the interior.] + +Marble Island, as far as examined, consists mainly of light-colored, +fine grained quartzite, associated with glossy mica-schists. Among the +specimens obtained from the mainland, is one of similar quartzite of a +delicate pink or flesh-color, from a point on the south side of Nevil +Bay. On Marble Island the average strike is south-westward or in this +direction, so that the two localities may occupy the same geological +horizon. White quartzite is reported as occurring further south-west in +the interior, especially in the region to the north-east of Hatchet or +Wollaston Lake, and in my report for 1882, page 28 C C, it was stated +that boulders of this rock are abundant at the Long or Methy Portage, +still further south-west. + + + + +APPENDIX I. + + + LIST + BY PROFESSOR MACOUN + + OF + PLANTS COLLECTED IN NEWFOUNDLAND IN 1885, + BY + DR. ROBERT BELL. + + I, Brigus. II, Petty Harbour. III, St. John’s. IV, Topsail. + + ---+------------------------------------------------+---+---+----+--- + No.| | I.|II.|III.|IV. + ---+------------------------------------------------+---+---+----+--- + | I. RANUNCULACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 1 |Thalictrum Cornuti, Linn. | | | | ● + 2 |Ranunculus acris, Linn. | ● | | | + 3 | ” repens, Linn. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | II. NYMPHÆACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 4 |Nymphæa odorata, Ait. | | | ● | + 5 |Nuphar advena, Ait. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | III. SARRACENIACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 6 |Sarracenia purpurea, Linn. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | IV. VIOLACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 7 |Viola blanda, Willd. | ● | | | + 8 | ” cucullata, Ait. | | | | ● + | | | | | + | V. CARYOPHYLLACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 9 |Stellaria media, Smith | | | | ● + 10 | ” borealis, Bigel. | ● | | | + 11 |Cerastium viscosum, Linn. | ● | | | + 12 |Sagina procumbens, Linn. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | VI. SAPINDACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 13 |Acer spicatum, Lam. | | | | ● + | | | | | + | VII. LEGUMINOSÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 14 |Vicia Cracca, Linn. | | | | ● + | | | | | + | VIII. ROSACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 15 |Prunus, Pennsylvanica, Linn | | | | ● + 16 | ” Virginiana, Linn | | | | ● + 17 |Spiræa salicifolia, Linn | ● | | | ● + 18 |Poterium Canadense, Gray | | | | ● + 19 |Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn | | | | + 20 |Potentilla fruticosa, Linn | ● | | | + 21 | ” tridentata, Ait | ● | | | + 22 |Rubus strigosus, Michx | ● | ● | | + 23 | ” villosus, Ait | | ● | | ● + 24 | ” triflorus, Richards | | | | ● + 25 |Rosa nitida, Willd | | | | + 26 |Pirus arbutifolia, Linn | | ● | | + 27 |Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G., | | | | + | _var._ oligocarpa, Gray | | ● | | + | | | | | + | IX. ONAGRACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 28 |Epilobium angustifolium, Linn | | | | ● + 29 | ” coloratum, Muhl | | ● | | + | | | | | + | X. DROSERACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 30 |Drosera rotundifolia, Linn | ● | ● | | + | | | | | + | XI. CORNACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 31 |Cornus Canadensis, Linn | | | | ● + | | | | | + | XII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 32 |Linnæa borealis, Gronov | ● | | | ● + 33 |Viburnum nudum, Linn | | ● | | + 34 | ” pauciflorum, Pylaie | | | | ● + 35 |Lonicera cærulea, Linn | ● | | | + 36 |Diervilla trifida, Mœnch | | ● | | + | | | | | + | XIII. COMPOSITÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 37 |Aster radula, Ait | ● | | | + 38 | ” nemoralis, Ait | ● | ● | | + 39 |Eupatorium purpureum, Linn | | | | ● + 40 |Solidago uliginosa, Nutt | ● | | | + 41 |Achillæa Millefolium, Linn | | ● | | + 42 |Solidago Canadensis, Linn | | | | ● + 43 |Centaurea nigra, Linn | | ● | | ● + 44 |Nabalus serpentaria, Pursh | ● | ● | | ● + 45 |Leontodon autumnale, Linn | ● | ● | | ● + | | | | | + | XIV. CAMPANULACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 46 |Campanula rotundifolia, Linn | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XV. ERICACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 47 |Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linn. | ● | | | + 48 | ” Vitis-Idæa, Linn. | ● | | | + 49 | ” macrocarpon, Ait. | ● | | | + 50 | ” Pennsylvanicum, Linn. | ● | ● | | + 51 |Chiogenes hispidula, Torr, and Gray | ● | | | + 52 |Cassandra calyculata, Don. | ● | | | + 53 |Kalmia angustifolia, Linn. | ● | ● | ● | + 54 |Rhodora Canadensis, Linn. | | | | ● + 55 |Ledum latifolium, Ait. | ● | | | + 56 |Pyrola secunda, Linn. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XVI. SCROPHULARIACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 57 |Euphrasia officinalis, Linn. | | | | ● + 58 |Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn. | | | | ● + | | | | | + | XVII. LABIATÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 59 |Brunella vulgaris, Linn. | | | | ● + 60 |Scutellaria galericulata, Ait. | | | | ● + 61 |Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linn. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | XVIII. BORAGINACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 62 |Myosotis laxa, Gray | | ● | | ● + | | | | | + | XIX. GENTIANACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 63 |Halenia deflexa, Griesb. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | XX. POLYGONACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 64 |Rumex acetosella Linn. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXI. EMPETRACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 65 |Empetrum nigrum, Linn. | ● | ● | | + | | | | | + | XXII. MYRICACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 66 |Myrica Gale, Linn. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXIII. BETULACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 67 |Alnus viridis, D. C. | | | | ● + | | | | | + | XXIV. CONIFERÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 68 |Juniperus communis, Linn. | | ● | | + 69 | ” Sabina, _var._ procumbens, Pursh | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXV. ORCHIDACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 70 |Habenaria tridentata, Hook. | | | | ● + 71 | ” dilatata, Gray | ● | | | + 72 |Spiranthes Romanzoviana, Cham. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXVI. IRIDACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 73 |Iris versicolor, Linn. | | ● | | + 74 |Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Linn. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | XXVII. LILIACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 75 |Clintonia borealis, Raf. | ● | | | + 76 |Smilacina bifolia, Ker. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXVIII. JUNCACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 77 |Juncus bufonius, Linn. | ● | ● | | + 78 | ” Canadensis _var._ coarctatus, G. | ● | | | + 79 | ” effusus, Linn. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXIX. CYPERACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 80 |Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn. | ● | | | + 81 | ” Virginicum, Linn. | ● | | | + 82 |Carex sterilis, Willd. | | | | ● + 83 | ” crinita, Lam. | ● | | | + 84 | ” vulgaris, Fries | | ● | | + 85 | ” canescens, Linn. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXX. GRAMINEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 86 |Alopecurus aristulatus, Michx. | | ● | | + 87 |Agrostis vulgaris, With. | ● | | | + 88 |Agrostis canina, Linn. | ● | | | + 89 |Poa pratensis, Linn. | | ● | | + 90 |Festuca ovina, Linn. | | ● | | + 91 |Triticum repens, Linn. | | | | ● + 92 |Aira cæspitosa, Linn. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | XXXI. FILICES. | | | | + | | | | | + 93 |Asplenium Filix-foemina, Bernh. | | | | ● + 94 |Aspidium spinulosum, Swz. | | | | + | _var._ Boottii. Tuck. | ● | | | ● + 95 | ” ” dilatatum, Horn. | ● | ● | ● | + 96 |Onoclea sensibilis, Linn. | | | | ● + 97 |Osmunda cinnamomea, Linn. | ● | ● | ● | + 98 | ” regalis, Linn. | | ● | | ● + | | | | | + | XXXII. LYCOPODIACEÆ. | | | | + | | | | | + 99 |Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx. | ● | | | + 100 | ” clavatum, Linn. | ● | | | + 101 | ” annotinum, Linn. | ● | | | + 102 | ” alpinum, Linn. | ● | | | + | | | | | + | XXXIII. MUSCI. | | | | + | | | | | + 103 |Sphagnum fimbriatum, Wils. | ● | | | + 104 | ” acutifolium, Ehrh. | ● | | | + 105 |Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw. | ● | | | + 106 | ” formosum, Hedw. | | ● | | + | | | | | + | XXXIV. LICHENES. | | | | + | | | | | + 107 |Cladonia deformis | ● | | | + +ADDITIONAL PLANTS FROM LABRADOR AND HUDSON’S STRAIT. + +After a careful examination of all the collections made by Dr. Bell +in Labrador and on the shores of Hudson’s Strait and Bay in 1885, +Professor Macoun finds only the following five to add to the list of +flowering plants obtained by him in these regions in 1884:— + +1. Anemone parviflora, Linn, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh. + +2. Anemone Hepatica, Linn, Ashe’s Inlet, North Bluff. + +3. Draba incana, Linn, var. confusa, Poir, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh. + +4. Rhododendron Lapponicum, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador. + +5. Primula farinosa, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador. + + + + +APPENDIX II. + + +PARTIAL LIST OF INSECTS COLLECTED IN 1885, BY DR. ROBERT BELL, IN +CONNECTION WITH THE HUDSON’S BAY EXPEDITION. + + + LEPIDOPTERA, + DETERMINED BY H. H. LYMAN. + + _Papilio Brevicauda_, Saunders. 1♀. St. John’s, N.F. This + specimen is interesting from the absence of fulvous + from the upper side. + + _Papilio Turnus_, Linn. 1♂. Taken at Topsail, N.F. + + _Pieris Napi_, Esp. + Arctic form, _Bryoniæ_, Ochs. ♀, Summer form, + _Acadica_, Edw. ♀. Taken at St. John’s, N.F. The former + is the spring form, and the latter the summer one. The two + broods overlap, and specimens of both are thus taken flying + together. + + _Pyrameis Atalanta_, Linn. One specimen. St. John’s, N.F. + + _Colias Pelidne_, Boisd. Var. Orange ♂. Taken at Hyla on E. + side of Hudson’s Bay, 30 miles south of Cape Wolstenholme. + This is the most interesting specimen in the collection, + only one other Orange ♂ having previously been reported, as + described Mr. Moschler in Wien. Ent. Mar. IV, p. 354 (1860). + + _Colias Nastes_, Boisd. One specimen of rather small size. + Taken at Cape Chudleigh, Hudson’s Strait. + + _Argynnis Polaris_, Boisd. Three specimens (2♂, 1♀), Cape + Chudleigh. Three specimens, Cape Digges, Hudson’s Bay. + + _Laria Rosii_, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Digges. + + _Anarta Richardsoni_, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Chudleigh. + + Also several others not yet determined. + + + COLEOPTERA, + + DETERMINED BY DR. G. H. HORN. + (Per favor of W. H. Harrington.) + + STUPART’S BAY. + + _Amara hyperborea_, Dej. Over 100 specimens. + _Pterostichus hudsonicus_, Lee. + _Hydroporus longicornis_ (occurs in Europe). + ” _perplexus_, Shp. + _Agabus longulus_, Lee. (?) 50 specimens. + + CAPE CHUDLEIGH. + + _Nebria sahlbergi_, Fisch. + _Amara hyperborea_, Dej. + _Lepyrus colon_, Linn. + + CAPE DIGGES. + + _Amara hyperborea_, Dej. + _Agabus longulus_, Lee (?). + _Criocephalus agrestis_, Kirby. + + BLANC SABLON. + + _Nebria sahlbergi_, Fisch. + _Pterostichus luczottii_, Dej. + _Quedius sublimbatus_, Mäkl. + +[Illustration: _CHART OF THE OTTAWA ISLANDS HUDSON’S BAY_ + +_From an approximate Survey by Lieut. A. R. Gordon R. N. of + +H.M.S.S. ALERT 1885_] + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 *** diff --git a/78889-h/78889-h.htm b/78889-h/78889-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..73f56a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/78889-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2172 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" > + <title>Observations on the Geology, Zoology and Botany of Hudson Strait and Bay | Project Gutenberg</title> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" > + <style> +body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { text-align: center; clear: both; } + +p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em; margin-bottom: .49em; } +p.no-indent { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; margin-bottom: .49em;} +p.author { margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 5%; text-align: right;} +p.f80 { font-size: 80%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } +p.f90 { font-size: 90%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } +p.f110 { font-size: 110%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } +p.f120 { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } +p.f150 { font-size: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } + +.fs_80 { font-size: 80%; } +.fs_120 { font-size: 120%; } + +.spa1 { margin-top: 1em; } +.spa2 { margin-top: 2em; } +.spb1 { margin-bottom: 1em; } +.spb2 { margin-bottom: 2em; } + +hr { width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; clear: both; } +hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + @media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } +hr.r10 {width: 10%; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 45%; margin-right: 45%;} + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} +h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} + +ul.index { list-style-type: none; white-space: nowrap; } +li.isub1 {text-indent: 1em;} +li.isub3 {text-indent: 3em;} +li.isub5 {text-indent: 5em;} +li.isub8 {text-indent: 8em;} +li.isub10 {text-indent: 10em;} +li.isub11 {text-indent: 11em;} + +table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; white-space: nowrap; + border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; } + +th, td { padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; + padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; } + + +.tdc {text-align: center;} +.tdc_wsp {text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 0.5em;} +.tdl_wsp {text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 0.5em;} +.tdr_wsp {text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; padding-right: 0.5em;} + +.pagenum { position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; +} + +.blockquot { margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%; } + +.sidenote { + width: 20%; + padding-bottom: .5em; + padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; + margin-left: 1em; + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-top: 1em; + font-size: smaller; + color: black; + background: #eeeeee; + border: 1px dashed; +} + +.bb {border-bottom: solid thin;} +.bt {border-top: solid thin;} +.bl {border-left: solid thin;} +.bbox {border: solid medium;} + +.no-wrap {white-space: nowrap; } +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } + +.figcenter { margin: auto; text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; } + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:smaller; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + +.ws2 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 2em;} +.ws4 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} +.ws5 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 5em;} +.ws8 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 8em;} +.ws12 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 12em;} + </style> + </head> + +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 ***</div> + + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="f90 no-wrap"><b>GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA</b><br> +ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., <span class="smcap">Director</span>.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<h1><span class="fs_80">OBSERVATIONS ON THE<br>GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY<br> +AND BOTANY OF</span><br>HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY,</h1> + +<p class="f120">MADE IN 1885.</p> + +<hr class="r10"> + +<p class="f120"><span class="fs_80">BY</span><br>ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/illo.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="110" > +</div> + +<p class="center">PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT.</p> + +<p class="center spa1">MONTREAL:<br>DAWSON BROTHERS.<br>1885.</p> +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, April, 1886.</p> + +<p class="no-indent"><span class="smcap">To Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq.</span>, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.,</p> +<p><i>Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—I beg to submit, herewith, my report +as Geologist and Naturalist on the Second Expedition to Hudson Strait +and Bay, sent out by the Government of Canada on board the steamship +“Alert” in 1885.</p> + +<p class="author">I have the honour to be,<span class="ws8"> </span><br> +Sir,<span class="ws12"> </span><br> +Your obedient servant,<span class="ws5"> </span><br> +ROBERT BELL.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> + +<p class="f150"><b>OBSERVATIONS ON THE GEOLOGY,<br> +ZOOLOGY, AND BOTANY OF<br> +HUDSON’S STRAIT AND BAY,</b></p> + +<p class="center spa2 spb2">MADE IN 1885.<br> +BY ROBERT BELL, B.A.Sc., M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C.</p> +</div> + +<p>My preliminary report, of December, 1885, gave a general account of +the field-work of the year, and a narrative of the Second Hudson’s +Bay Expedition by the steamship “Alert,” as far as the geological and +biological work are concerned. I purpose, therefore, in the following +pages, to confine my remarks to a fuller description of the results +in these departments. These were, unfortunately, very limited, owing +to the fact that most of our time was spent either at sea or in the +ice, or in relieving the stations, which I had already visited on +the “Neptune” expedition of the previous year, and had done as much +geological work as possible in their neighborhoods. A month in the +middle of summer, was also consumed in our voyage from the Straits to +St. John’s, Newfoundland, and back again, after the “Alert” had there +undergone some necessary repairs.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Botanical<br> collections.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Entomological<br> collections.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Birds, mammals<br> and fishes.</div> + +<p>Botanical specimens were again collected at all places visited. +Collections of plants had also been made by some of the observers at +the stations before the arrival of the “Alert.” Although the number of +specimens obtained is quite large, yet only five species can be added +to the list of 1884. In the appendix to the present report will be +found a catalogue, by Prof. Macoun, of the plants collected while we +were in Newfoundland. I am indebted to Major H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, +for having prepared the accompanying list of the Lepidoptera, and some +other insects collected last year by myself and Messrs. H. M. Burwell +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> +and Arthur Laperrière. The Coleoptera have been kindly examined +by Mr. W. H. Harrington. A number of specimens of birds, mammals +and fishes were collected during the voyage, or obtained from some +of the observers, especially Mr. Laperrière, who was in charge of +the station at Cape Digges. I am indebted to Dr. Mathews, of York +Factory, for additional specimens of birds, and to Mr. J. R. Spencer, +of Churchill, for specimens of Back’s grayling, and other fishes. +After the zoological specimens shall have been critically examined, +complete lists of them, along with those obtained around Hudson’s +Bay in previous years, will be published. I have much pleasure in +acknowledging the kindness of the Right Revd. Charles Guay, of Cross +Point, P.Q., in procuring canoes and endeavouring to hire Indians for +the expedition. Mr. James MacNaughton, M.A., acted as my assistant +during the season.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Report<br> furnished the<br> Department of<br> Marine.</div> + +<p>It was considered desirable that the Report of the “Alert” Expedition, +to be published by the Department of Marine, should contain an +account of the geology of Hudson’s Bay and the surrounding country; +and accordingly, with the approval of the director, a report on this +subject has been furnished. It embraces not only the general results of +the geological observations of the “Neptune” and “Alert” expeditions +of 1884 and ’85, but also of the previous expeditions around Hudson’s +Bay, made principally on the east side, in 1875 and ’77, and on the +west side in 1878, ’79 and ’80, and in the interior in 1870 and ’71. +A chapter on the Economic Minerals of the Hudson’s Bay Territories +generally, is also included in the above Report.</p> + +<p>As all matters concerning ice, ocean currents, soundings, tides, +meteorological phenomena, etc., belong to Lieut. Gordon’s province, and +will be fully reported on by him, I shall not allude to them except in +their relation to geological questions.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/i_06.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" > + +<p class="author fs_80">British American Bank Note Co. Montreal</p> + +<p class="center">NORTH SIDE OF ENTRANCE TO NACHVAK INLET.<br> LABRADOR.</p> + +<p class="f80 spb2">SHOWING THE STEEP AND UNGLACIATED CHARACTER<br> OF THE MOUNTAINS.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Voyage from<br> Halifax to<br> Hudson’s Strait</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Ice-bergs.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Local ice.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Foreign matter<br> on field-ice.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Decaying ice.</div> + +<p>As stated in my preliminary report, we left Halifax on the 27th of May, +and after passing through the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Straits +of Belle Isle, steamed northward, near the edge of the ice-pack off +the Labrador coast, to the entrance of Hudson’s Strait, which we +entered on the 16th June. Beyond the Straits of Belle Isle numerous +ice-bergs were passed every day, both in the open water, and among the +field-ice. When in the latter position they were observed to be almost +always more or less completely surrounded by a space of open water. +On the voyage back from Newfoundland to the straits, between the 27th +of July and the 3rd of August, ice-bergs were again equally numerous, +especially as we approached the Labrador coast, but on neither occasion +did we meet with any of remarkable size or height, the great majority +of them being comparatively small. Towards the entrance of Hudson’s +Strait it was noticed that the bergs furthest out to sea or to the +eastward, carried stones, mud, or discolorations more frequently than +those near the Labrador Coast. We entered Nachvak Inlet on the 1st of +August, and were informed by Mr. Skynner, who had been in charge of the +observatory station there since the previous year, that the fixed ice +of the inlet had only disappeared on the 12th of July. We afterwards +learned that it had also cleared from Ashe’s Inlet, (near North Bluff) +in Hudson’s Strait on the same day. Mr. Skynner informed us that the +fixed ice extended only as far out as “The Breaker,” a rock at the +entrance of the inlet. Outside of this the ice was moving with the +winds and currents all winter. In the months of June and July, wide +lanes of open water were formed between the field-ice and the land. +As far as could be observed, this ice was clear or free from dust and +rock-debris, as if it had been formed away from the land. The clear ice +continued till the end of June, when foreign matter began to appear +upon the slowly moving floes. This, Mr. Skynner thought, was due to the +fact that about that time the ice began to leave the adjoining shores, +after having received upon its surface more or less rocky debris from +the crumbling cliffs and slopes, or from having had earthy matter +incorporated in it by freezing and by the action of high tides, such +as those of Ungava Bay. During the winter, he found that the strong +winds carried considerable quantities of dust and angular fragments of +rock from the high cliffs and steep and loose taluses on either side of +Nachvak Inlet, out upon the fixed ice, and when it broke up in July, +this material was borne off to sea. Towards the end of July, all the +field-ice of the northern parts of the Labrador coast was discolored or +“foxy,” and had a decayed appearance. The dust or mud, with which it +was covered, was mostly yellowish and greyish in color. Gravel, angular +stones, patches of stoney mud, and an angular boulder were occasionally +observed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Non-glaciated<br> mountains of<br> Labrador.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Elevated<br> terraces and<br> beaches.</div> + +<p>Reference was made in my report of last year (p. 14 and 37 DD) to the +steep, serrated and non-glaciated appearance of the mountains, along +the northern part of the Labrador coast. Opportunities were afforded +me in 1884, while passing up and down the coast in the “Neptune,” and +when ashore at a few points, of studying, sketching and photographing +these mountains; and again, last year, their features were well brought +out under the varying quantities of snow upon them in the months +of June, July, August and October. The accompanying view, from a +photograph, looking northward, across the entrance of Nachvak Inlet, is +characteristic of the scenery on this part of the coast. As stated in +last year’s report, glacial grooves are to be seen in this inlet near +the sea-level and parallel to the general course of the shores, but no +trace of them could be observed on any of the higher levels which were +examined. Terraces or banks of gravel and ancient shingle beaches were +observed on either side of the inlet at various heights up to an +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> +estimated elevation of 2000 feet. The mountains everywhere in this +vicinity give evidence of long-continued atmospheric decay. The annual +precipitation at the present time is not great, otherwise small +glaciers would probably form among these mountains, which lie between +latitudes 58° and 60°, and which overlook a sea, bearing field-ice for +half the year, and from which bergs are never absent. Patches of snow, +however, remain throughout the summer in shaded parts of the slopes and +on the highest summits, which range from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the +ocean.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cape Chudleigh.</div> + +<p>Our stay at Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh, on the inward voyage, was +for only one night, and while we were in this port, on our return, +the weather was so boisterous as to prevent me from going to any +considerable distance from the ship. Some additional facts of interest +were, however, noted in regard to the glacial phenomena of the +neighborhood.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mica and<br> graphite.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Quality of<br> mica.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Coarse hornblende<br> rock.</div> + +<p>It was stated in my report of last year that when we were at Ashe’s +Inlet, near North Bluff, the Eskimo gave us specimens of mica and +graphite from the north shore of the Strait. During the winter and +spring they brought to Mr. Ashe, the gentleman in charge of the +observatory station at this place, numerous pieces of these minerals. +From what they told Mr. Ashe, he concluded that both kinds were found +at different localities all the way from Kimnirook, (see Report for +1884), westward to the place which the natives call Akuliak, at or near +which Captain Spicer’s trading station is situated. The mica appeared +to be quite common. The specimens carried to Mr. Ashe, had apparently +all been gathered on the surface; and, as the natives stated that it +had been taken away in commercial quantities by the vessels visiting +Capt. Spicer’s station, the inference is that it must be abundant +somewhere not far off. The largest specimens which I saw were about a +foot in diameter. All were of a light-brown colour, and transparent +when in moderately thin plates. Some pieces which I tested stood the +fire well. From the accounts of the Eskimo last year, we inferred that +they had found red hematite, inland from Kimnirook, but Mr. Ashe did +not receive any specimens of it. In addition to pieces of quartz and +iron pyrites they brought him a crystal of black sphene, an inch in +diameter, from the north side of the straits opposite the station. +The finding of a loose piece of crystalline limestone, like a common +variety in the Laurentian rocks further south, was mentioned last year. +The occurrence of sphene and graphite constitute, perhaps, additional +evidence of the existence of such limestone <i>in situ</i> on the north +side of Hudson’s Strait. While exploring Big (or Turenne) Island, Mr. +Ashe had found in its southwestern part a great mass, <i>in situ</i>, +of a very coarse, greenish-grey hornblende rock, composed of large, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> +radiating crystals, similar to a loose mass which I had noted the +previous year not far from the station. This is an additional fact +indicating an eastward movement of the ancient glaciers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Stratification<br> of gneiss.</div> + +<p>On the main north shore of the straits, just west of the channel +between it and Big Island, the stratification of the gneiss is very +conspicuous. The strike is parallel to the above, and the dip is +northward for a considerable distance. While drifting up and down with +the ice near to the coast in these parts, the peculiarities of the +gneiss, and of veins cutting it, could be observed, but there is no +chart of the shore or other means of identifying the localities.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Limestone<br> fragments<br> on ice-pans.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Limestone<br> north of<br> Hudson’s Strait.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Limestone<br> of Melville<br> Peninsula.</div> + +<p>Many of the pans of field-ice off Big Island had gravel strewn upon +them. This was found to consist of gneiss with a certain proportion of +darkly-colored schists. But on ice-pans further up the coast, or to the +north-westward, I found fragments of shaly marl and of grey limestone +with fossils, among which <i>Receplaculites Oweni</i> was easily +distinguished. Shells and bryozons, belonging to moderately deep-water +species, were found on the same pans. The limestone fragments, just +mentioned, would point to the occurrence of Silurian rocks on or +near the great bays in the western part of the north shore of the +Straits, where the land is said to be low. Dr. Franz Boas of Berlin has +recorded the existence of these rocks in the interior of Baffin Land, +only about two degrees of latitude north of this region. He says:⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> +“Through the occurrence of the Silurian rocks on the Nettilling (Lake) +the discovery of the same formation at the upper end of Frobisher Bay +increases in value. We must now suppose that the Silurian limestones, +which appear at Prince Rupert’s Inlet, extend from there to Frobisher +Bay, and overlie the granites and gneisses of Baffin’s Bay and Davis’ +Strait. We will not be far astray if we connect this extensive Silurian +district with the limestones which occur to the south of Igluling, and +which form the flat eastern half of Melville Peninsula. Southward from +Nettilling, these rocks rise into low hill-ranges, which are indicated +on the sketch by Padloaping.”</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p> +<a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> +Page 50 of Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus +Perthes Geographischer Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha, November, 1885.</p></div> + +<div class="sidenote">White Bear<br> Sound.</div> + +<p>In a letter to me, referring to the geology of Baffin Land, Dr. Boas +says: “The most interesting geological problem of the country is a +study of the line of division between the Silurian plains and the +eastern highlands. I suppose that Silurian rocks will be found, either +in the remotest corner of White Bear Sound, or close to it. Probably +the strata will be found lying horizontally, and then soundings in the +Lakes Amakdjuak and Nettilling, will be of great importance. It must be +important for the problems of glaciation to survey the <i>inner</i> rim +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> +of the enormous basin formed by the chain of mountains of Davis’ +Strait, the plateau of Nugumit, Kinguait, Sikosuilat, Southampton +Islands and Melville Peninsula.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Ungava Bay.</div> + +<p>In my report of last year, it was stated that fragments of grey, drab +and yellowish-fossiliferous limestone, apparently Silurian, were common +near Cape Chudleigh. If the supposition be correct that the glaciation +of Ungava Bay was from the southward out into Hudson’s Strait, and +thence round Cape Chudleigh into the bed of the ocean, these fragments +would indicate that the limestones from which they are derived exist +somewhere in the bay, either under the water or on Akpatok Island, +which is described as low and level.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Stupart’s Bay.</div> + +<p>Having failed to enter Ashe’s Inlet on the inward voyage, we crossed +the straits to Stupart’s Bay, in Prince of Wales’ Sound. Our visit to +this station was too brief to allow me to make any fresh geological +explorations in the neighborhood. The geology and scenery of this +locality are described in my report of last year. The accompanying +engraving, from a photograph, represents a view of the country from +Eskimo Inlet, about two miles south of Stupart’s Bay, looking westward, +and it may be taken as a characteristic specimen of the scenery on +the south side of Hudson’s Straits. I found that Mr. Stupart and his +associates had collected numerous geological specimens for me. They +consisted of gneiss, soapstone, quartz, felspar, hornblende, mica-rock, +epidote and iron pyrites, all apparently derived from ordinary +Laurentian rocks, which prevail everywhere in this region.</p> + +<p>While at Port de Boucherville, on the south end of Nottingham Island, +some further exploration was made in the vicinity, but nothing worthy +of remark, was observed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Niagara<br> formation.</div> + +<p>Last year Mansfield Island was found to consist of flat-lying, grey +limestones. The fossils then collected, on its eastern side, although +badly preserved and not numerous, indicate the age of our Niagara +formation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Southampton<br> Island.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Gneiss.</div> + +<p>Similar limestones prevail on Southampton Island (proper) from Cape +Southampton to within twenty-five or thirty miles of Cape Pembroke +at its north-eastern extremity, the latter interval being occupied, +according to Captain William Hawes, of the Hudson’s Bay Company, by +rugged, dark-looking rocks, like those of Hudson’s Strait, which are +Laurentian gneiss. The large island north of Southampton Island, of +which Seahorse Point forms the eastern extremity, and which Lieutenant +Gordon has called Bell’s Island, in the absence of any other name, is +mountainous and appears to consist of gneiss.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/i_10.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" > + +<p class="author fs_80">British American Bank Note Co. Montreal</p> + +<p class="center">VIEW WESTWARD IN PRINCE OF WALES SOUND,<br> HUDSON’S STRAIT.</p> + +<p class="f80 spb2">SHOWING OUTLINE OF MOUNTAINS IN THIS REGION.<br> ESKIMO TENTS IN FOREGROUND.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Track-survey<br> of Outer<br> Digges.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Glaciation.</div> + +<p>In the end of August, while the “Alert” was lying in Port Lapierrière, +at Lieut. Gordon’s request, and with the assistance of Mr. James +Tyrell, P.L.S., I made a track-survey of the Outer Digges Island. It +was found to be about eight miles long and three miles wide, and to +be separated from the Inner Digges by a straight channel, about one +mile wide. It is formed entirely of Laurentian gneiss, which strikes +with the longer axis of the island. This island has been thoroughly +glaciated. Around its western end the groovings run north-eastward +(true), but along the north side they set more nearly east, showing +that the stream of ice was flowing out of the bed of Hudson’s Bay and +eastward in the Strait. The outer points of this shore are all rounded +and bald, with the glacial grooving and fluting strongly marked, as may +be seen in the accompanying sketch of one of these small capes.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/i_11.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="235" > +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cape on North Side of Outer Digges Island.</span></p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">High bluffs<br> of Cape<br> Wolstenholme.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Coast south<br> of Cape<br> Wolstenholme.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Recession of<br> the sea.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Appearance of<br> the country.</div> + +<p>The south-eastern part of Inner Digges Island presents a high and +nearly vertical cliff, facing the still higher bluffs of Cape +Wolstenholme, of which an outline-sketch was given in my report for +1880. From the cape these bluffs continue southward for some miles, +diminishing in height and merging into the rounded hills of the coast +further down. At about thirty miles south of the cape the country, +forming the immediate coast, has become comparatively low, but ranges +of partially-rounded hills rise higher and higher towards the interior. +On our return from the west side of Hudson’s Bay in the month of +September, I explored this part of the coast in a small boat, and +found the rocks to consist of common forms of gneiss, with veins and +patches of fine-grained red granite in some places. On the mainland, +about twenty miles south of Port Lapierrière is a very ancient Eskimo +camping ground, which is still inhabited. We could not ascertain from +the natives what they called the place, and for the sake of convenience +in having some name for it we called it Hyla. In this neighborhood the +evidences of the rapid recession of the sea are visible on all sides, +in the form of shoaling bays and lagoons, as well as in raised beaches +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> +and ridges of shingle. The latter sometimes form the isthmuses, +separating bays or connecting islands with each other or with the main +land. Ponds and small lakes, of a mile or two in length, are numerous +between the ranges of hills, or small mountains in the rear. The clay +and sand in the valleys between these ridges, up to an elevation of +about 200 feet above the sea, are full of marine shells, of which the +genera <i>Tellina</i>, <i>Saxicava</i>, <i>Cardium</i>, <i>Pecten</i>, +<i>Mya</i>, <i>Mytilus</i> and <i>Astarte</i> are the most common. +Viewed from a distance, these hills and mountains have a naked +appearance, but in walking over the country itself, the grasses and +sedges, and a variety of Arctic plants which grow around the ponds and +lakes, and in sheltered places among the hills, give the landscape a +pleasantly green appearance in many places. No shrubs are to be seen +except the creeping willows, but the Eskimo make mats for the floors of +their summer tents by fastening together, in regular order, twigs of +dwarf birch, (<i>Betula glandulosa</i>, Michx.) about three feet long, +which we understood they obtained in the interior. The natives on this +part of the coast live by hunting the reindeer among the hills, and +the white whale, polar bear, walrus and seals on the coast. At certain +seasons they also procure a good supply of waterfowl and brook trout.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Large quartz<br> and felspar<br> vein.</div> + +<p>Close to the shore, behind an island, and about a mile south of the old +Eskimo camps, above referred to, a very conspicuous vein is exposed +along the face of a bluff of gneiss. It is about thirty feet wide in +one part, and consists of white quartz next the walls, with coarsely +crystalline red felspar in the centre. A few plates of darkly-coloured, +uneven mica were also observed.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Elevated<br> plateau.</div> + +<p>The general outline of the land on this part of the coast, as seen +from a distance out at sea to the westward, slopes gradually up to the +westward, until the brink of the great precipices of Cape Wolstenholme +are reached. The elevated plateau above the precipices has a tolerably +even appearance, as if it had been smoothly and uniformly glaciated. +The high and almost perpendicular precipices of Cape Wolstenholme +and the east end of the Inner Digges Island, which faces each other, +present a singular contrast to the planed surface of the Outer Digges, +and the apparently glaciated plateau of the mainland above the cape. It +is possible that part of the ancient glacier, in passing out of the bed +of Hudson’s Bay, became jammed against the inside of the high angular +barrier formed by the Digges Islands, on the one hand and the mainland +on the other. The narrow channel which separates the Inner Digges from +Cape Wolstenholme must be very deep, if we may judge from the quantity +of water which flows through it with every tide, producing a strong +current in the sea to the south of the Digges Islands.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Ottawa<br> Islands.</div> + +<p>During our short visit to the harbour of Churchill a strong gale of +wind with rain prevailed, so that no fresh geological work could be +attempted beyond the limits which had been explored in this vicinity +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> +in 1879. On the return voyage from Churchill, we visited a large +chain of islands in the north-eastern part of Hudson’s Bay, which +run north-eastward between latitudes 59° and 60°, terminating in +that direction, east of latitude 80°. On some sketch-charts, a group +of islands in this part of the bay had been marked “Sleepers,” but +as there are also two other groups called North Sleepers and South +Sleepers, not far off, Lieutenant Gordon and I named these the Ottawa +Islands, in order to distinguish them clearly and to prevent confusion. +Lieutenant Gordon made a running survey of the northern part of the +chain, and we named the individual islands in honor of the citizens of +Ottawa who had generously aided in missionary enterprise in Hudson’s +Bay. A copy of Lieutenant Gordon’s chart of the Ottawa Islands +accompanies this report. The outermost of these shown on the chart, +and called J. Gordon Island, consisted of thick, stratified masses, +presenting a variety of external appearances, and probably of volcanic +origin, all dipping westward at a moderate angle, as represented in the +accompanying outline of the island.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/i_13.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="226" > +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">J. Gordon Island from the North.</span></p> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Greenish-grey<br> diorite.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Copper pyrites<br> and asbestus.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Glacial striæ.</div> + +<p>An opportunity was afforded me of landing upon a small island lying +about two miles to the south-west of Gilmour Island (<a href="#CHART">see chart</a>) +in latitude 59° 48′, longitude 80° 6′. It was found to consist entirely +of a greenish-grey diorite, which, on fresh fracture, is mottled +with darker and lighter shades. In a vertical section, found on the +east side of the island, the diorite presents the “bouldery” or +concretionary appearance shown in the annexed sketch, the larger +divisions having a diameter of about two feet. The rock is cut by +small veins of quartz, running in a northwesterly course (true) in +which specks of copper pyrites were detected. It also contains thin, +short and irregular veins of asbestus and green epidote. Old weathered +surfaces of the diorite are very rough, but nearly the whole island +bears the marks of glaciation. On the southern and central parts of the +island the principal striæ run N. 60° to 80° E., magnetically, or N. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> +20° to 40° E., astronomically, the variation of the compass having been +found to be about 40° W. Another set of grooves, near the centre of the +island, was found to run S. 65° E. mag., or about N. 75° E., true. On the +east side of the island the grooves run N. 35° E. mag. or N. 5° W., true.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/i_14.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="306" > +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Northward<br> course of drift.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Belcher Islands.</div> + +<p>The forms of the roches moutonné and other evidence afforded by the +grooving and fluting of the rocks of this island themselves, go to +show that the direction of the glaciating force was from the southward +and south-westward and not from the contrary direction. Raised beaches +are well marked up to the highest point of the island, about forty +or fifty feet above the sea-level. Much of the shingle of the island +consists of dolomite of the Manitounuck group, and this fact is a +further evidence that the drift in this region came from the southward, +since these rocks have, as yet, been found only on the islands and +shore of the Eastmain coast between Cape Jones and Cape Dufferin. The +islands further out to sea, opposite to this part of the coast are also +believed to consist of rocks of the Manitounuck group. Specimens, said +to have been broken from the fixed rocks of the Belchers, opposite +Little Whale River, were obtained at my request, from the Eskimo and +are found to consist of amygdaloid, white and grey dolomite, a soft +grey schist and columnar calcspar, the last named apparently from a +thin vein.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Appearance<br> of the Ottawa<br> Islands.</div> + +<p>All the larger islands of the Ottawa group are bare, rugged and +mountainous. The rocks of Perley, Pattee, Gilmour, Booth and Bronson +Islands appeared to be all the same as those of the small island which +has been described. The surface of the hills, which on Gilmour Island +rise to a height estimated to be about 1,800 feet, is everywhere +extremely rough and pitted in appearance.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Walruses and<br> white whales.</div> + +<p>We found the small island, on which we landed, inhabited by +considerable numbers of walruses. Some white porpoises or small white +whales (<i>Delphinopterus catodon</i>, Linn.) were also seen in the +vicinity. The remains of a number of Eskimo camps and part of the +skeleton of a large whale were observed on the island. A few pieces of +driftwood had been cast upon it. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">The Laurentian System<br> Around Hudson’s Bay.</span></h2> + +<div class="sidenote">Nucleus of the<br> continent.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Basin of<br> Hudson’s Bay.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Palæozoic<br> strata.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Fox Channel.</div> + +<p>The vast Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of North America +forms a very considerable proportion of the whole continent and, +geologically speaking, it may be regarded as its nucleus. Greenland, +on the other side of Baffins’ Bay and Davis’ Straits, consists, as far +as known, almost altogether of the same rocks. Hudson’s Bay, which is +nearly half as extensive as the Mediterranean Sea, lies in the middle +of the continental portion of the great Laurentian area and the waters +drain into it from all sides. The country slopes towards it from the +Rocky Mountains, more than 1,300 miles to the westward, from the centre +of Labrador, 500 miles to the eastward and from the immediate vicinity +of Lake Superior in the south. Thus, the waters of this great interior +sea occupy only the centre of what may be called the basin of Hudson’s +Bay. This wide depression has existed from early geological times, as +is shown by the Manitounuck rocks of the eastern shore and islands and +by the Silurian limestones of Mansfield and Southampton Islands and +of the southwestern shores of Hudson’s Bay and James’ Bay, as well as +the Devonian rocks of the latter. These flat-lying palæozoic strata +probably also extend over much of the bed of the bay, judging by its +shallowness and the uniform depth of its waters, and also from the +composition of the materials of the drift which have been carried out +of it during the glacial period. None of the unaltered rocks around +the Bay have undergone any marked disturbance, so far as known. The +observations of Dr. Franz Boas and others around Fox Channel would lead +us to suppose that from a geological standpoint this body of water is a +repetition of Hudson’s Bay on a smaller scale (see above).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Source of<br> volcanic rocks.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Clearwater<br> Lake.</div> + +<p>The Manitounuck series is largely made up of rocks of volcanic origin +and I have obtained specimens of diorites and porphyry from the +north-western part of the bay. The probable site of the original +source from which these rocks have been derived has not yet been +ascertained. A set of immense dykes of trap along the Mattagami River +running northward towards James’ Bay, was described in my report for +1875; and other dykes, having the same general course, were found along +the east side of James’ Bay in 1877. No irregularity has been found +in the bottom of Hudson’s Bay which might indicate a seat of volcanic +disturbance in former times. The unexplored district behind Cape +Henrietta Maria may yet throw some light on this subject. The volcanic +rocks of the Manitounuck group of the Eastmain coast and the islands +opposite to it may have been originally derived from the neighbourhood +of Clearwater Lake to the eastward of Richmond Gulf. Between Lake +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> +Superior and Hudson’s Bay, I have observed that, other things being +equal, the water of lakes where igneous rocks prevail, is much clearer +than those surrounded by gneiss or schists. The Rev. Mr. Peck visited +the lake referred to in 1884, and he informs me that it merits its name +from the clearness of its waters.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Schistose bands.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Labrador<br> Peninsula.</div> + +<p>Schistose bands and areas which have been classified as Huronian +are largely developed within the general limits of the Laurentian +country to the south and west of James’ Bay and apparently also on the +north-west side of Hudson’s Bay, but to the eastward few indications of +these rocks have yet been discovered. The Labrador peninsula measures, +as nearly as possible, 1,000 miles from the Straits of Belle Isle +due west to the Eastmain coast of James’ Bay, by 1,000 miles from +Cape Wolstenholme, on Hudson’s Straits, to Mingan on the Gulf of St. +Lawrence. The interior of this vast region has not yet been explored +geologically, except to a very limited extent, so that rocks of the +class called Huronian may exist in great force in some parts of it. +A non-fossiliferous, but unaltered limestone, like those of the +Manitounuck group is found around Lake Mistassini near the head of the +Rupert River in the southern part of the above region.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Rocks of<br> Baffin Land.</div> + +<p>The gneissic rocks of the east coast of Hudson’s Bay have been +described in my reports for 1875 and 1877, and those of Hudson’s +Straits in the report for 1884. Dr. Frans Boas, in the course of his +explorations has made some notes on the fundamental rocks of Baffin +Land, which stretches from Hudson’s Straits northward through twelve +degrees of latitude, or to Lancaster Sound. At page 57 of his report +(Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes Geographischer +Anstalt, Nr. 80. Gotha. Nov. 1885), he says: “Let us, in conclusion, +cast a glance on the geological structure of the last mentioned +territory (the northern part of Baffin Land). The nucleus of the +mountain masses appears to be everywhere gneiss, which I found +especially at Kinguait and Panguirtung. In closest combination with +the gneiss, granite, also occurs, which, especially large-grained, +appears in the coast ranges and islands.—Anarmtung and Nuvakdjuak in +Cumberland Sound; Padloping, Kexertaxdjuin, Nudlung, Tupirbikdjawitjung +and Siorartijung on Davis Strait.”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cumberland<br> Sound.</div> + +<p>“In Cumberland Sound, as well as in the Naguimiut plateau, which +latter is mostly composed of fine-grained granites, there are found at +isolated places, diorites and trap-granulites which have broken through +the granite. The occurrence of these to the south on Blunt peninsula, +has been confirmed. In Cumberland Sound I found them at Panguirtung +and in a well-marked dyke in Akuliaxling eastward from Kexerten. The same +diorite appears also in the mountain Kaliugujang to the east of Kinguait.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Rocks of other<br> northern<br> localities.</div> + +<p>“The Silurian limestones, overlying the old crystalline rocks, have +been already mentioned. The same are found besides in Field Bay, and +they compose nearly the whole northern coast of Baffin Land. Hall found +sandstone at Lock’s Land, which perhaps belongs to the Carboniferous +formation. It is said to resemble that found by Parry at Antridge Bay +(Fury and Hecla Strait). Here may also be mentioned the samples of +sandstone found by Bessils at Point Garry. From accounts by Captain +Walker of the ship “Erik,” coal is found in loose boulders in a stream +at Eclipse Sound and on Aggidjeu (Durban Island).”</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Characters of<br> gneisses.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Useful<br> minerals.</div> + +<p>The gneissic rocks within the immense area which has been described, +no doubt represent a great period of geological time, and comprise a +vast thickness of strata, the amount of which it would be impossible +to determine with any degree of accuracy. Certain areas of a massive +granitoid character, are regarded as “primitive” gneiss, and there +is little doubt they are more ancient than those Laurentian rocks +which are regularly and distinctly stratified, and consist of bands +of different lithological characters, such as prevail in the Ottawa +valley. As a general rule, in the great region around Hudson’s Bay, +the gneiss is of a very monotimous character, consisting of the +commoner reddish and greyish varieties. It is mostly massive, highly +crystalline and hard, except where it has been exposed for ages to +atmospheric influences, as in the non-glaciated districts. The fresh +rock will break almost as easily across the lines of stratification +as parallel with them. The average direction of the lamination is +sometimes pretty constant over a considerable extent of country, but +it is as frequently, greatly contorted on the small scale, and so much +disturbed on the large scale as to render it almost impossible to trace +out and map its structure. The gneisses of this kind are not known to +carry any useful minerals, except such as mica and felspar in coarse +granite veins. On the other hand, in the more southern districts, where +the gneisses are somewhat regular, and where their different divisions +are capable of being mapped, we find phosphate of lime, graphite, +limestone, barytes, serpentine, magnetite and hematite, pyrites, +galena, copper ores, &c. These rocks appear to be newer than the +massive gneisses which prevail in the north.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Evidences of<br> relationship<br> in age.</div> + +<p>The continuity and the geographical compactness of the great +metamorphic or Laurentian area of the north-eastern part of the +continent are themselves evidences of the close relationship in age +of the rocks comprised within it, whereas there is more room for +uncertainty on this point in reference to widely separated areas of +metamorphic rocks more or less surrounded by newer formations. The +various bands of rock which in Canada have been recognized under the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> +name Huronian all lie within the general geographical limits of the +Laurentian country, and are either stratigraphically incorporated +amongst the members of the Laurentian series, or present no want of +conformity to them. A variety of altered rocks, bearing a strong +resemblance to those of some of the Huronian bands are found elsewhere, +as in the Eastern Townships and New Brunswick, but their relations to +the Laurentian system cannot be so easily determined.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Quartzites of<br> Lake Huron.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Associated<br> rocks.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Useful<br> minerals in<br> Huronian rocks.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Geographical<br> distribution<br> of Huronian<br> rocks.</div> + +<p>The series of rocks on the north side of Lake Huron, to which the name +Huronian was first applied, is made up largely of quartzites, but to +the north and west of this region these form only a minor portion, or +are altogether wanting in the bands called Huronian, and which are +composed principally of the other rocks, associated with the Lake Huron +quartzites. They consist of more or less massive diorites, argillaceous +and dioritic slate-conglomerates, granites and syenites, schistose +and jaspery iron ores, limestones or dolomites, and imperfect +gneisses, together with a great variety of schists, such as mica and +hydro-mica, talcoid, chloritic, dioritic, argillaceous, silicious, +epidotic, hornblendic, felsitic and dolomitic. Within the general +limits of the Laurentian area, nearly all the metallic ores and other +useful minerals, as yet known, have been found in these rocks, and, +therefore, their discovery and correct delineation on the geological +map are important. As far as our explorations have gone, rocks of these +kinds, and which may for convenience be styled Huronian, are much +more abundant in the region between the Great Lakes and Hudson’s Bay +than anywhere in the Labrador peninsula or north of Hudson’s Strait. +They have been found at three places on the east coast of James’ and +Hudson’s Bay. (See Report of 1877.) Mr. John McLean mentions them south +of Ungava Bay. Some of the rocks of Nachvak, on the Atlantic coast, may +be classified with them; and they are believed to occur at Ramah and +near the entrance of Hamilton Inlet, on the same coast.</p> + +<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap">Geology of the West Coast<br> of Hudson’s Bay.</span></h2> + +<div class="sidenote">Eskimo Point<br> to Chesterfield<br> Inlet.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Marble Island.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Prof. Tennant.</div> + +<p>During the past season I have received from a friend a carefully +labelled collection of rock-specimens from the north-west coast of +Hudson’s Bay, between Eskimo Point and Chesterfield Inlet; and in +connection with these a few remarks may be made on the geology of this +region. Other specimens from this part of the coast were obtained in +1884 and referred to in my report for that year (page 34 D D.) My own +explorations on this coast, beyond Churchill, consist of a boat voyage +to a point a short distance north of Button’s Bay, in 1879, and an +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> +examination of Marble Island in 1884. The general character of the land +about Chesterfield Inlet could be plainly seen from the ship when we +were in that vicinity in the latter year. I have, however, received +from friends who have travelled in these parts many particulars in +reference to this coast. Professor James Tennant, of London, has +described some rock-specimens from the north-west side of Hudson’s Bay, +and also from Repulse Bay, further north. From these various sources of +information some light is thrown on the geology of the coast.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Coast from<br> Seal River to<br> Eskimo Point.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Probable area<br> of limestone.</div> + +<p>Between Seal River and Eskimo Point, a distance of about 140 statute +miles, the shore-line appears to be uniform with a low country behind +it, broken only by an occasional hummock, probably of drift. The +shingle of the beach is said to consist largely of limestone, and it +is not improbable that behind this section of the coast, there is a +considerable area of the flat-lying limestones, similar to those along +the lower parts of the Churchill and Nelson Rivers. If this part of +the coast were occupied by crystalline rocks, we should probably have +a hilly country with a broken coast-line, like that further north, +whereas the low appearance of the land and the even trend of the shore +are analogous to the conditions which prevail where the Silurian rocks +are met with further south on the Bay.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Varieties<br> of rocks.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Veinstones.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Iron pyrites.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Gold and silver.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Pyrites from<br> veins.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Gold in quartz.</div> + +<p>From Eskimo Point to the entrance of Chesterfield Inlet, the distance +is about 180 statute miles, in a straight line. The rock-specimens from +this section embrace fine-grained hornblende-schists, greenstones, +quartz and epidote rock, light grey, coarse-grained sandstone, altered +to quartzite, and holding fragments of indurated red shale, compact +banded white quartz-rock, with crystals of iron pyrites in some of +the layers, quartzite like that of Marble Island, grey felsites, +crystalline hornblende rock, diorite consisting of compact white +felspar with long crystals of dark hornblende, banded grey hornblende +and quartz-rock, with some layers approaching chert, mica-schists of +different kinds, mixed hornblende- and mica-schist, chocolate-colored +porphyry with flesh-colored crystals of felspar and grains of clear +quartz, granulite, red jasper with dull fracture, hard, brownish-red +sandstone, grey felsitic quartzite with lenticular patches of dark +mica-schist, chloritic schist, about fifty pounds of granular iron +pyrites, several hundreds of cubes of iron pyrites, the largest +measuring about one inch in diameter, taken from a dark, glossy schist, +quartz veinstone with large scales of light-colored mica, with garnets, +calcspar veinstone with embedded crystals of quartz and having grey +steatitic rock adhering to it, also a veinstone of quartz, containing +silky radiating aggregates of hornblende and a few specks of calcspar +and iron pyrites; some soft greenish schist is attached to this +specimen. There are eleven specimens of the granular iron pyrites, which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> +were collected at different points in the above distance. Small pieces +of soft dark-greenish schist adhere to some of them. Mr. Hoffmann has +made an assay of one of the specimens of pyrites from a bay south of +Cape Jones, which forms the southern horn of Rankin Inlet, and found it +to contain no copper, but to show traces of gold and 0.175 of an ounce +of silver to the ton of 2,000 pounds. A specimen of similar pyrites, +obtained from a place on this coast which the Eskimo call Iñari, in +1879, had a small quantity of light bluish-grey magnesian limestone +adhering to it. These specimens, which all resemble the pyrites from +Tilt Cove in Newfoundland and Capelton in the Eastern Townships, +except in the absence of copper, are evidently from good-sized veins. +The mineral is in common use among the Eskimo for striking fire. The +discovery of traces of gold and silver in the specimen last assayed by +Mr. Hoffmann is interesting. Specks of gold are mentioned by Tennant in +a specimen of quartz from Repulse Bay.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Huronian<br> series on the<br> N. W. side of<br> Hudson’s Bay.</div> + +<p>The majority of the lithological specimens brought from the coast in +the whole interval between Eskimo Point and Repulse Bay, correspond +with the rocks of the Huronian series. Laurentian types are absent from +the collections. So far as we know, therefore, the probabilities are +that Huronian rocks prevail all along the north-west coast of Hudson’s +Bay, from Eskimo Point to Chesterfield Inlet, and again at Repulse Bay; +possibly also, in the interval between the last mentioned localities.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Quartzite of<br> Marble Island.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Quartzite on<br> mainland.</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Quartzite in<br> the interior.</div> + +<p>Marble Island, as far as examined, consists mainly of light-colored, +fine grained quartzite, associated with glossy mica-schists. Among the +specimens obtained from the mainland, is one of similar quartzite of a +delicate pink or flesh-color, from a point on the south side of Nevil +Bay. On Marble Island the average strike is south-westward or in this +direction, so that the two localities may occupy the same geological +horizon. White quartzite is reported as occurring further south-west in +the interior, especially in the region to the north-east of Hatchet or +Wollaston Lake, and in my report for 1882, page 28 C C, it was stated +that boulders of this rock are abundant at the Long or Methy Portage, +still further south-west.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX I.</h2> +</div> +<hr class="r10"> + +<p class="f150 spa2"><b>LIST</b></p> +<p class="f120"><b>BY PROFESSOR MACOUN</b></p> + +<p class="center">OF<br>PLANTS COLLECTED IN NEWFOUNDLAND IN 1885, +<br>BY<br>DR. ROBERT BELL.</p> + +<p class="f120"><b>I</b>, Brigus. <b>II</b>, Petty Harbour. <b>III</b>, +St. John’s. <b>IV</b>, Topsail.</p> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <thead><tr class="bt bb fs_120"> + <th class="tdr_wsp">No.</th> + <th class="tdl_wsp bl"> </th> + <th class="tdc_wsp bl"> I. </th> + <th class="tdc_wsp bl">II.</th> + <th class="tdc_wsp bl">III.</th> + <th class="tdc_wsp bl">IV.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">I. <span class="smcap">Ranunculaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Thalictrum Cornuti, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ranunculus acris, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">repens,</span> Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">II. <span class="smcap">Nymphæaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nymphæa odorata, Ait.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nuphar advena, Ait.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">III. <span class="smcap">Sarraceniaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sarracenia purpurea, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">IV. <span class="smcap">Violaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Viola blanda, Willd.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">  ” cucullata, Ait</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">V. <span class="smcap">Caryophyllaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Stellaria media, Smith</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span> borealis, Bigel.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cerastium viscosum, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sagina procumbens, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">VI. <span class="smcap">Sapindaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Acer spicatum, Lam.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">● + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">VII. <span class="smcap">Leguminosæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vicia Cracca, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">VIII. <span class="smcap">Rosaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Prunus, Pennsylvanica, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">  ”  Virginiana, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Spiræa salicifolia, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">18</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Poterium Canadense, Gray</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Potentilla fruticosa, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">tridentata, Ait</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rubus strigosus, Michx</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> ”  villosus, Ait</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> ”  triflorus, Richards</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rosa nitida, Willd</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pirus arbutifolia, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G., <i>var.</i> oligocarpa, Gray </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">IX. <span class="smcap">Onagraceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Epilobium angustifolium, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">coloratum, Muhl</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">X. <span class="smcap">Droseraceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Drosera rotundifolia, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XI. <span class="smcap">Cornaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">31</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cornus Canadensis, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XII. <span class="smcap">Caprifoliaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">32</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Linnæa borealis, Gronov</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">33</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Viburnum nudum, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">34</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">pauciflorum, Pylaie</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lonicera cærulea, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Diervilla trifida, Mœnch</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XIII. <span class="smcap">Compositæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">37</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aster radula, Ait</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">38</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> ” nemoralis, Ait</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">39</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Eupatorium purpureum, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">40</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Solidago uliginosa, Nutt</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">41</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Achillæa Millefolium, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Solidago Canadensis, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">43</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Centaurea nigra, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">44</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nabalus serpentaria, Pursh</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">45</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Leontodon autumnale, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XIV. <span class="smcap">Campanulaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">46</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Campanula rotundifolia, Linn</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XV. <span class="smcap">Ericaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">47</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">48</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Vitis-Idæa, Linn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">49</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">macrocarpon, Ait.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Pennsylvanicum, Linn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">51</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Chiogenes hispidula, Torr, and Gray</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">52</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cassandra calyculata, Don.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">53</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kalmia angustifolia, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">54</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhodora Canadensis, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">55</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ledum latifolium, Ait.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">56</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pyrola secunda, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XVI. <span class="smcap">Scrophulariaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">57</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Euphrasia officinalis, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">58</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XVII. <span class="smcap">Labiatæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">59</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Brunella vulgaris, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">60</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Scutellaria galericulata, Ait.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">61</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XVIII. <span class="smcap">Boraginaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">62</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Myosotis laxa, Gray</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XIX. <span class="smcap">Gentianaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">63</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Halenia deflexa, Griesb.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XX. <span class="smcap">Polygonaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">64</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rumex acetosella Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXI. <span class="smcap">Empetraceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">65</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Empetrum nigrum, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXII. <span class="smcap">Myricaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">66</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Myrica Gale, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXIII. <span class="smcap">Betulaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">67</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alnus viridis, D. C.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXIV. <span class="smcap">Coniferæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">68</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Juniperus communis, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">69</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Sabina, <i>var.</i> procumbens, Pursh</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXV. <span class="smcap">Orchidaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">70</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Habenaria tridentata, Hook.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">71</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">dilatata, Gray</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">72</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Spiranthes Romanzoviana, Cham.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXVI. <span class="smcap">Iridaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">73</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iris versicolor, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">74</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXVII. <span class="smcap">Liliaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">75</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Clintonia borealis, Raf.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">76</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Smilacina bifolia, Ker.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXVIII. <span class="smcap">Juncaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">77</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Juncus bufonius, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">78</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">  ”  Canadensis <i>var.</i> coarctatus, G.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">79</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">  ”  effusus, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXIX. <span class="smcap">Cyperaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">80</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">81</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> Virginicum, Linn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">82</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Carex sterilis, Willd.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">83</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">  ” crinita, Lam.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">84</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">  ” vulgaris, Fries</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">85</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">  ” canescens, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXX. <span class="smcap">Gramineæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">86</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alopecurus aristulatus, Michx.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">87</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Agrostis vulgaris, With.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">88</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Agrostis canina, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">89</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Poa pratensis, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">90</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Festuca ovina, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">91</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Triticum repens, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">92</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aira cæspitosa, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXXI. <span class="smcap">Filices.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">93</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Asplenium Filix-foemina, Bernh.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">94</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aspidium spinulosum, Swz. <i>var.</i> Boottii. Tuck.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">95</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws4">”</span> + <span class="ws2">dilatatum, Horn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">96</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Onoclea sensibilis, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">97</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Osmunda cinnamomea, Linn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">98</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">regalis, Linn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXXII. <span class="smcap">Lycopodiaceæ.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">99</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">100</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2"> ”</span> <span class="ws2">clavatum, Linn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">101</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2"> ”</span> <span class="ws2">annotinum, Linn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">102</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2"> ”</span> <span class="ws2">alpinum, Linn.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXXIII. <span class="smcap">Musci.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">103</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sphagnum fimbriatum, Wils.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">104</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2"> ”</span><span class="ws2">acutifolium, Ehrh.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">105</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">106</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"><span class="ws2"> ”</span> <span class="ws2">formosum, Hedw.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bt"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">XXXIV. <span class="smcap">Lichenes.</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">107</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Cladonia deformis</td> + <td class="tdc bl">●</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p> + +<p class="f110"><b><span class="smcap">Additional Plants from Labrador<br> and Hudson’s Strait.</span></b></p> + +<p class="blockquot">After a careful examination of all the +collections made by Dr. Bell in Labrador and on the shores of Hudson’s +Strait and Bay in 1885, Professor Macoun finds only the following five +to add to the list of flowering plants obtained by him in these regions +in 1884:—</p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1">1. Anemone parviflora, Linn, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh.</li> +<li class="isub1">2. Anemone Hepatica, Linn, Ashe’s Inlet, North Bluff.</li> +<li class="isub1">3. Draba incana, Linn, var. confusa, Poir, Port Burwell, Cape Chudleigh.</li> +<li class="isub1">4. Rhododendron Lapponicum, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador.</li> +<li class="isub1">5. Primula farinosa, Linn, Nachvak, Labrador.</li> +</ul> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX II.</h2> +</div> +<hr class="r10"> + +<p class="f110"><b>PARTIAL LIST OF INSECTS COLLECTED IN 1885,<br> +BY DR. ROBERT BELL, IN CONNECTION<br> +WITH THE HUDSON’S BAY EXPEDITION.</b></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub11 fs_120"><b>LEPIDOPTERA,</b></li> +<li class="isub10">DETERMINED BY H. H. LYMAN.</li> +<li class="isub1"> </li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Papilio Brevicauda</i>, Saunders. 1♀. St. John’s, N.F. This</li> +<li class="isub5">specimen is interesting from the absence of fulvous from</li> +<li class="isub5">the upper side.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Papilio Turnus</i>, Linn. 1♂. Taken at Topsail, N.F.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Pieris Napi</i>, Esp.</li> +<li class="isub5">Arctic form, <i>Bryoniæ</i>, Ochs. ♀, Summer form,</li> +<li class="isub5"><i>Acadica</i>, Edw. ♀. Taken at St. John’s, N.F. The former</li> +<li class="isub5">is the spring form, and the latter the summer one. The two</li> +<li class="isub5">broods overlap, and specimens of both are thus taken flying</li> +<li class="isub5">together.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Pyrameis Atalanta</i>, Linn. One specimen. St. John’s, N.F.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Colias Pelidne</i>, Boisd. Var. Orange ♂. Taken at Hyla on E.</li> +<li class="isub5">side of Hudson’s Bay, 30 miles south of Cape Wolstenholme.</li> +<li class="isub5">This is the most interesting specimen in the collection,</li> +<li class="isub5">only one other Orange ♂ having previously been reported, as</li> +<li class="isub5">described Mr. Moschler in Wien. Ent. Mar. IV, p. 354 (1860).</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Colias Nastes</i>, Boisd. One specimen of rather small size.</li> +<li class="isub5">Taken at Cape Chudleigh, Hudson’s Strait.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Argynnis Polaris</i>, Boisd. Three specimens (2♂, 1♀), Cape</li> +<li class="isub5">Chudleigh. Three specimens, Cape Digges, Hudson’s Bay.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Laria Rosii</i>, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Digges.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Anarta Richardsoni</i>, Curt. Two specimens. Cape Chudleigh.</li> +<li class="isub1"> </li> +<li class="isub5">Also several others not yet determined.</li> + +<li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></li> +<li class="isub1"> </li> +<li class="isub11 fs_120"><b>COLEOPTERA,</b></li> +<li class="isub10">DETERMINED BY DR. G. H. HORN.</li> +<li class="isub11">(Per favor of W. H. Harrington.)</li> +<li class="isub1"> </li> + +<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Stupart’s Bay.</span></li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Amara hyperborea</i>, Dej. Over 100 specimens.</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Pterostichus hudsonicus</i>, Lee.</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Hydroporus longicornis</i> (occurs in Europe).</li> +<li class="isub3"> ”<span class="ws2"><i>perplexus</i>, Shp.</span></li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Agabus longulus</i>, Lee. (?) 50 specimens.</li> +<li class="isub1"> </li> +<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Cape Chudleigh.</span></li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Nebria sahlbergi</i>, Fisch.</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Amara hyperborea</i>, Dej.</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Lepyrus colon</i>, Linn.</li> +<li class="isub1"> </li> +<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Cape Digges.</span></li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Amara hyperborea</i>, Dej.</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Agabus longulus</i>, Lee (?).</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Criocephalus agrestis</i>, Kirby.</li> +<li class="isub1"> </li> +<li class="isub8"><span class="smcap">Blanc Sablon.</span></li> + +<li class="isub1"><i>Nebria sahlbergi</i>, Fisch.</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Pterostichus luczottii</i>, Dej.</li> +<li class="isub1"><i>Quedius sublimbatus</i>, Mäkl.</li> +</ul> + +<div id="CHART" class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/i_29.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="500" > +<p class="center"><b><i>CHART OF THE OTTAWA ISLANDS HUDSON’S BAY</i></b></p> +<p class="center"><i>From an approximate Survey by Lieut. A. R. Gordon R. N.<br> +of H.M.S.S. ALERT 1885</i></p> +</div> + +<div class="chapter"> +<div class="transnote bbox spa2"> +<p class="f120 spa1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> +<hr class="r10"> +<p>Deprecated spellings or archaeic words were not corrected.</p> +<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up + paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> +<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> +</div></div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78889 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78889-h/images/cover.jpg b/78889-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b1c150 --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78889-h/images/i_06.jpg b/78889-h/images/i_06.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff4c657 --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/i_06.jpg diff --git a/78889-h/images/i_10.jpg b/78889-h/images/i_10.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a49e577 --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/i_10.jpg diff --git a/78889-h/images/i_11.jpg b/78889-h/images/i_11.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0f8c5c --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/i_11.jpg diff --git a/78889-h/images/i_13.jpg b/78889-h/images/i_13.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..36b5ff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/i_13.jpg diff --git a/78889-h/images/i_14.jpg b/78889-h/images/i_14.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..52820cf --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/i_14.jpg diff --git a/78889-h/images/i_29.jpg b/78889-h/images/i_29.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9dac9fc --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/i_29.jpg diff --git a/78889-h/images/illo.jpg b/78889-h/images/illo.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c71ebb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/78889-h/images/illo.jpg diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c72794 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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