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+Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Notes and Queries, Number 197, August 6, 1853
+       A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
+       Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: George Bell
+
+Release Date: October 29, 2007 [EBook #23235]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Library of Early
+Journals.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they
+are listed at the end of the text.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+{117}
+
+NOTES AND QUERIES:
+
+A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
+GENEALOGISTS, ETC.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+No. 197.]
+SATURDAY, AUGUST 6. 1853.
+[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+  NOTES:--                                                   Page
+  High Church and Low Church      117
+  Concluding Notes on several misunderstood Words, by
+  the Rev. W. R. Arrowsmith      120
+  Sneezing an Omen and a Deity, by T. J. Buckton      121
+  Abuses of Hackney Coaches      122
+  Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby,
+  Thomas Falconer, &c.      123
+
+  MINOR NOTES:--Falsified Gravestone in Stratford
+  Churchyard--Barnacles in the River Thames--Note
+  for London Topographers--The Aliases and Initials
+  of Authors--Pure--Darling's "Cyclopædia Bibliographica"      124
+
+  QUERIES:--
+  Delft Manufacture, by O. Morgan      125
+
+  MINOR QUERIES:--The Withered Hand and Motto
+  "Utinam"--History of York--"Hauling over the
+  coals"--Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury--Washington--Norman
+  of Winster--Sir Arthur Aston--"Jamieson
+  the Piper"--"Keiser Glomer"--Tieck's
+  "Comoedia Divina"--Fossil Trees between Cairo and
+  Suez: Stream like that in Bay of Argastoli--Presbyterian
+  Titles--Mayors and Sheriffs--The Beauty of
+  Buttermere--Sheer Hulk--The Lapwing or Peewitt
+  (Vanellus cristatus)--"Could we with ink," &c.--Launching
+  Query--Manliness      125
+
+  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Pues or Pews--"Jerningham"
+  and "Doveton"      127
+
+  REPLIES:--
+  Battle of Villers en Couché, by T. C. Smith, &c.      127
+  Snail-eating, by John Timbs, &c.      128
+  Inscription near Cirencester, by P. H. Fisher, &c.      129
+  Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead, by the
+  Rev. H. T. Ellacombe and R. W. Elliot      130
+  Who first thought of Table-turning? by John Macray      131
+  Scotchmen in Poland      131
+  Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by Eden Warwick      132
+
+  PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Glass Chambers
+  for Photography--Dr. Diamond's Replies--Trial of
+  Lenses--Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate
+  of Silver?      133
+
+  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Burke's Marriage--The
+  House of Falahill--Descendants of Judas Iscariot--Milton's
+  Widow--Whitaker's Ingenious Earl--Are
+  White Cats deaf?--Consecrated Roses--The Reformed
+  Faith--House-marks--Trash--Adamsoniana--Portrait
+  of Cromwell--Burke's "Mighty Boar of
+  the Forest"--"Amentium haud Amantium"--Talleyrand's
+  Maxim--English Bishops deprived by Queen
+  Elizabeth--Gloves at Fairs--St. Dominic--Names of
+  Plants--Specimens of Foreign English, &c.      134
+
+  MISCELLANEOUS:--
+  Notes on Books, &c.      138
+  Books and Odd Volumes wanted       138
+  Notices to Correspondents      138
+  Advertisements      139
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Notes.
+
+HIGH CHURCH AND LOW CHURCH.
+
+_A Universal History of Party; with the Origin of Party Names_[1] would
+form an acceptable addition to literary history: "N. & Q." has contributed
+towards such a work some disquisitions on our party names _Whig_ and
+_Tory_, and _The Good Old Cause_. Such names as _Puritan_, _Malignant_,
+_Evangelical_[2], can be traced up to their first commencement, but some
+obscurity hangs on the mintage-date of the names we are about to consider.
+
+As a matter of fact, the distinction of _High Church_ and _Low Church_
+always existed in the Reformed English Church, and the history of these
+parties would be her history. But the _names_ were not coined till the
+close of the seventeenth century, and were not stamped in full relief as
+party-names till the first year of Queen Anne's reign.
+
+In October, 1702, Anne's first Parliament and Convocation assembled:
+
+    "From the deputies in Convocation at this period, the appellations
+    _High Church_ and _Low Church_ originated, and they were afterwards
+    used to distinguish the clergy. It is singular that the bishops[3] were
+    ranked among {118} the Low Churchmen (see Burnet, v. 138.; Calamy, i.
+    643.; Tindal's _Cont._, iv. 591.)"--Lathbury's _Hist. of the
+    Convocation_, Lond. 1842, p. 319.
+
+Mr. Lathbury is a very respectable authority in matters of this kind, but
+if he use "originated" in its strict sense, I am inclined to think he is
+mistaken; as I am tolerably certain that I have met with the words several
+years before 1702. At the moment, however, I cannot lay my hands on a
+passage to support this assertion.
+
+The disputes in Convocation gave rise to a number of pamphlets, such as _A
+Caveat against High Church_, Lond. 1702, and _The Low Churchmen vindicated
+from the unjust Imputation of being No Churchmen, in Answer to a Pamphlet
+called "The Distinction of High and Low Church considered:_" Lond. 1706,
+8vo. Dr. Sacheverell's trial gave additional zest to the _dudgeon
+ecclesiastick_, and produced a shower of pamphlets. I give the title of one
+of them: _Pulpit War, or Dr. S----l, the High Church Trumpet, and Mr.
+H----ly, the Low Church Drum, engaged by way of Dialogue_, Lond. 1710, 8vo.
+
+To understand the cause of the exceeding bitterness and virulence which
+animated the parties denominated _High Church_ and _Low Church_, we must
+remember that until the time of William of Orange, the Church of England,
+_as a body_--her sovereigns and bishops, her clergy and laity--comes under
+the _former_ designation; while those who sympathised with the Dissenters
+were comparatively few and weak. As soon as William was head of the Church,
+he opened the floodgates of Puritanism, and admitted into the church what
+previously had been more or less external to it. This element, thus made
+part and parcel of the Anglican Church, was denominated _Low Church_.
+William supplanted the bishops and clergy who refused to take oaths of
+allegiance to him as king _de jure_; and by putting Puritans in their
+place, made the latter the dominant party. Add to this the feelings of
+exasperation produced by the murder of Charles I., and the expulsion of the
+Stuarts, and we have sufficient grounds, political and religious, for an
+irreconcilable feud. Add, again, the reaction resulting from the overthrow
+of the tyrannous hot-bed and forcing-system, where a sham conformity was
+maintained by coercion; and the _Church-Papist_, as well as the
+_Church-Puritans_, with ill-concealed hankering after the mass and the
+preaching-house, by penal statutes were forced to do what their souls
+abhorred, and play the painful farce of attending the services of "The
+Establishment."
+
+A writer in a _High Church_ periodical of 1717 (prefacing his article with
+the passage from Proverbs vi. 27.) proceeds:
+
+    "The old way of attacking the Church of England was by mobs and
+    bullies, and hard sounds; by calling _Whore_, and _Babylon_, upon our
+    worship and liturgy, and kicking out our clergy as _dumb dogs_: but now
+    they have other irons in the fire; a new engine is set up under the
+    cloak and disguise of _temper, unity, comprehension, and the Protestant
+    religion_. Their business now is not to storm the Church, but to _lull
+    it to sleep_: to make us relax our care, quit our defences, and neglect
+    our safety.... These are the politics of their Popish fathers: when
+    _they_ had tried all other artifices, they at last resolved to sow
+    schism and division in the Church: and from thence sprang up this very
+    generation, who by a fine stratagem endeavoured to set us one against
+    the other, and they gather up the stakes. _Hence the distinction of
+    High and Low Church._"--_The Scourge_, p. 251.
+
+In another periodical of the same date, in the Dedication "To the most
+famous University of Oxford," the writer says:
+
+    "These enemies of our religious and civil establishment have
+    represented you as instillers of _slavish doctrines and principles_ ...
+    if to give to God and Cæsar his due be such tow'ring, and _High Church_
+    principles, I am sure St. Peter and St. Paul will scarce escape being
+    censured for _Tories_ and _Highflyers_."--_The Entertainer_, Lond.
+    1717.
+
+    "If those who have kept their first love, and whose robes have not been
+    defiled, endeavour to stop these innovations and corruptions that their
+    enemies would introduce, they are blackened for _High Church Papists_,
+    favourers of I know not who, and fall under the public
+    resentment."--_Ib._ p. 301.
+
+I shall now give a few extracts from _Low Church_ writers (quoted in _The
+Scourge_), who thus designate their opponents:
+
+    "A pack or party of scandalous, wicked, and profane men, who
+    appropriate to themselves the name of _High Church_ (but may more
+    properly be said to be Jesuits or Papists in masquerade), do take
+    liberty to teach, preach, and print, publickly and privately, sedition,
+    contentions, and divisions among the Protestants of this
+    kingdom."--_Motives to Union_, p. 1.
+
+    "These men glory in their being members of the _High Church_ (Popish
+    appellation, and therefore they are the more fond of that); but these
+    pretended sons are become her persecutors, and they exercise their
+    spite and lies both on the living and the dead."--_The Snake in the
+    Grass brought to Light_, p. 8.
+
+    {119}
+
+    "Our common people of the _High Church_ are as ignorant in matters of
+    religion as the bigotted Papists, which gives great advantage to our
+    Jacobite and Tory priests to lead them where they please, or to mould
+    them into what shapes they please."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 39.
+
+    "The minds of the populace are too much debauched already from their
+    loyalty by seditious arts of the _High Church faction_."--_Convocation
+    Craft_, p. 34.
+
+    "We may see how closely our present _Highflyers_ pursue the steps of
+    their Popish predecessors, in reckoning those who dispute the usurped
+    power of the Church to be hereticks, schismaticks, or what else they
+    please."--_Ib._ p. 30.
+
+    "All the blood that has been spilt in the late unnatural rebellion, may
+    be very justly laid at the doors of the _High Church
+    clergy_."--_Christianity no Creature of the State_, p. 16.
+
+    "We see what the _Tory Priesthood_ were made of in Queen Elizabeth's
+    time, that they were ignorant, lewd, and seditious: and it must be said
+    of 'em that they are true to the stuff still."--_Toryism the Worst of
+    the Two_, p. 21.
+
+    "_The Tories_ and _High Church_, notwithstanding their pretences to
+    loyalty, will be found by their actions to be the greatest rebels in
+    nature."--_Reasons for an Union_, p. 20.
+
+Sir W. Scott, in his _Life of Dryden_, Lond. 1808, observes that--
+
+    "Towards the end of Charles the Second's reign, the _High-Church-men_
+    and the Catholics regarded themselves as on the same side in political
+    questions, and not greatly divided in their temporal interests. Both
+    were sufferers in the plot, both were enemies of the sectaries, both
+    were adherents of the Stuarts. Alternate conversion had been common
+    between them, so early as since Milton made a reproach to the English
+    Universities of the converts to the Roman faith daily made within their
+    colleges: of those sheep--
+
+     'Whom the _grim wolf_ with privy paw
+      Daily devours apace, and nothing said.'"
+                  _Life_, 3rd edit. 1834, p. 272.
+
+I quote this passage partly because it gives Sir Walter's interpretation of
+that obscure passage in _Lycidas_, respecting which I made a Query (Vol.
+ii., p. 246.), but chiefly as a preface to the remark that in James II.'s
+reign, and at the time these party names originated, the Roman Catholics
+were in league with the Puritans or _Low Church_ party against the High
+Churchmen, which increased the acrimony of both parties.
+
+In those days religion was politics, and politics religion, with most of
+the belligerents. Swift, however, as if he wished to be thought an
+exception to the general rule, chose one party for its politics and the
+other for its religion.
+
+    "Swift carried into the ranks of the Whigs the opinions and scruples of
+    a _High Church_ clergyman... Such a distinction between opinions in
+    Church and State has not frequently existed: the _High Churchmen_ being
+    usually _Tories_, and the _Low Church_ divines universally
+    _Whigs_."--Scott's _Life_, 2nd edit.: Edin. 1824, p. 76.
+
+See Swift's _Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions between the Nobles
+and Commons of Athens and Rome:_ Lond. 1701.
+
+In his quaint _Argument against abolishing Christianity_, Lond. 1708, the
+following passage occurs:
+
+    "There is one advantage, greater than any of the foregoing, proposed by
+    the abolishing of Christianity: that it will utterly extinguish parties
+    among us by removing those factious distinctions of _High_ and _Low
+    Church_, of _Whig_ and _Tory_, Presbyterian and Church of England."
+
+Scott says of the _Tale of a Tub:_
+
+    "The main purpose is to trace the gradual corruptions of the Church of
+    Rome, and to exalt the English Reformed Church at the expense both of
+    the Roman Catholic and Presbyterian establishments. It was written with
+    a view to the interests of the _High Church_ party."--_Life_, p. 84.
+
+Most men will concur with Jeffrey, who observes:
+
+    "It is plain, indeed, that Swift's _High Church_ principles were all
+    along but a part of his selfishness and ambition; and meant nothing
+    else, than a desire to raise the consequence of the order to which he
+    happened to belong. If he had been a layman, we have no doubt he would
+    have treated the pretensions of the priesthood as he treated the
+    persons of all priests who were opposed to him, with the most bitter
+    and irreverent disdain."--_Ed. Rev._, Sept. 1846.
+
+The following lines are from a squib of eight stanzas which occurs in the
+works of Jonathan Smedley, and are said to have been fixed on the door of
+St. Patrick's Cathedral on the day of Swift's instalment (see Scott, p.
+174.):
+
+ "For _High Churchmen_ and policy,
+  He swears he prays most hearty;
+  But would pray back again to be
+  A Dean of any party."
+
+This reminds us of the Vicar of Bray, of famous memory, who, if I recollect
+aright, commenced his career thus:
+
+ "In good King Charles's golden days,
+      When loyalty no harm meant,
+  A zealous _High Churchman_ I was,
+      And so I got preferment."
+
+How widely different are the men we see classed under the title _High
+Churchmen!_ Evelyn and Walton[4], the gentle, the Christian; the arrogant
+Swift, and the restless Atterbury.
+
+It is difficult to prevent my note running beyond the limits of "N. & Q.,"
+with the ample {120} materials I have to select from; but I cannot wind up
+without a _definition_; so here are two:
+
+    "Mr. Thelwall says that he told a pious old lady, who asked him the
+    difference between _High Church_ and _Low Church_, 'The High Church
+    place the Church alcove Christ, the Low Church place Christ above the
+    Church.' About a hundred years ago, that very same question was asked
+    of the famous South:--'Why,' said he, 'the High Church are those who
+    think highly of the Church, and lowly of themselves; the Low Church are
+    those who think highly of themselves, and lowly of the Church."--Rev.
+    H. Newland's _Lecture on Tractarianism_, Lond. 1852, p. 68.
+
+The most celebrated High Churchmen who lived in the last century, are Dr.
+South, Dr. Samuel Johnson, Rev. Wm. Jones of Nayland, Bp. Horne, Bp.
+Wilson, and Bp. Horsley. See a long passage on "High Churchmen" in a charge
+of the latter to the clergy of St. David's in the year 1799, pp. 34. 37.
+See also a charge of Bp. Atterbury (then Archdeacon of Totnes) to his
+clergy in 1703.
+
+JARLTZBERG.
+
+[Footnote 1: There is a book called _History of Party, from the Rise of the
+Whig and Tory Factions Chas. II. to the Passing of the Reform Bill_, by
+G. W. Cooke: Lond. 1836-37, 3 vols. 8vo.; but, as the title shows, it is
+limited in scope.]
+
+[Footnote 2: See Haweis's _Sermons on Evangelical Principles and Practice_:
+Lond. 1763, 8vo.; _The _True_ Churchmen ascertained; or, An Apology for
+those of the _Regular_ Clergy of the Establishment, who are sometimes
+called _Evangelical_ Ministers: occasioned by the Publications of Drs.
+Paley, Hey, Croft; Messrs. Daubeny, Ludlam, Polwhele, Fellowes; the
+Reviewers, &c._: by John Overton, A. B., York, 1802, 8vo., 2nd edit. See
+also the various memoirs of Whitfield, Wesley, &c.; and Sir J. Stephens
+_Essays_ on "The Clapham Sect" _and_ "The Evangelical Succession."]
+
+[Footnote 3: It is not so very "singular," when we remember that the
+bishops were what Lord Campbell and Mr. Macauley call "_judiciously_
+chosen" by William. On this point a cotemporary remarks, "Some steps have
+been made, and large ones too, towards _a Scotch_ reformation, by
+suspending and ejecting the chief and most zealous of our bishops, and
+others of the higher clergy; and by advancing, upon all vacancies of sees
+and dignities, ecclesiastical _men of notoriously Presbyterian, or, which
+is worse, of Erastian principles_. These are the ministerial ways of
+undermining Episcopacy; and when to the _seven notorious_ ones shall be
+added more, upon the approaching deprivation, they will make a majority;
+and then we may expect the new model of a church to be perfected." (Somers'
+_Tracts_, vol. x. p. 368.) Until Atterbury, there were few High Church
+Bishops in Queen Anne's reign in 1710. Burnet singles out the Bishop of
+Chester: "for he seemed resolved to distinguish himself as a zealot for
+that which is called _High Church_."--_Hist. Own Time_, vol. iv. p. 260.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Of Izaak Walton his biographer, Sir John Hawkins, writing in
+1760, says, "he was a friend to a hierarchy, or, as we should now call such
+a one, a _High Churchman_."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONCLUDING NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD WORDS.
+
+(_Continued from_ Vol. vii., p. 568.)
+
+Not being minded to broach any fresh matter in "N. & Q.," I shall now only
+crave room to clear off an old score, lest I should leave myself open to
+the imputation of having cast that in the teeth of a numerous body of men
+which might, for aught they would know to the contrary, be as truly laid in
+my own dish. In No. 189., p. 567., I affirmed that the handling of a
+passage in _Cymbeline_, there quoted, had betrayed an amount of obtuseness
+in the commentators which would be discreditable in a third-form schoolboy.
+To substantiate that assertion, and rescue the disputed word "Britaine"
+henceforth for ever from the rash tampering of the meddlesome sciolist, I
+beg to advertise the ingenuous reader that the clause,--
+
+    "For being now a favourer to the Britaine,"
+
+is in apposition with _Death_, not with Posthumus Leonatus. In a note
+appended to this censure, referring to another passage from L. L. L., I
+averred that MR. COLLIER had corrupted it by chancing the singular verb
+_dies_ into the plural _die_ (this too done, under plea of editorial
+licence, without warning to the reader), and that such corruption had
+abstracted the true key to the right construction. To make good this last
+position, two things I must do first, cite the whole passage, without
+change of letter or tittle, as it stands in the Folios '23 and '32; next,
+show the trivial and vulgar use of "contents" as a singular noun. In Folio
+'23, thus:
+
+ "_Qu._ Nay my good Lord, let me ore-rule you now;
+  That sport best pleases that doth least know how.
+  Where Zeale striues to content, and the contents
+  Dies in the Zeale of that which it presents:
+  Their forme confounded, makes most forme in mirth
+  When great things labouring perish in their birth."
+                          Act IV. p. 141.
+
+With this the Folio '32 exactly corresponds, save that the speaker is
+_Prin._, not _Qu_.; _ore-rules_ is written as two words without the hyphen,
+and _strives_ for _striues_. I have been thus precise, because criticism is
+to me not "a game," nor admissive of cogging and falsification.
+
+I must now show the hackneyed use of _contents_ as a singular noun. An
+anonymous correspondent of "N. & Q." has already pointed out one in
+_Measure for Measure_, Act IV. Sc. 2.:
+
+    "_Duke_. The _contents_ of this is the returne of the Duke."
+
+Another:
+
+    "This is the _contents_ thereof."--Calvin's 82nd _Sermon upon Job_, p.
+    419., Golding's translation.
+
+Another:
+
+    "After this were articles of peace propounded, y^e _contents_ wherof
+    was, that he should departe out of Asia."--The 31st _Booke of Justine_,
+    fol. 139., Golding's translation of Justin's _Trogus Pompeius_.
+
+Another:
+
+    "Plinie writeth hereof an excellent letter, the _contents_ whereof is,
+    that this ladie, mistrusting her husband, was condemned to die,"
+    &c.--_Historicall Meditations_, lib. iii. chap. xi. p. 178. Written in
+    Latin by P. Camerarius, and done into English by John Molle, Esq.:
+    London, 1621.
+
+Another:
+
+    "The _contents_ whereof is this."--_Id._, lib. v. chap. vi. p. 342.
+
+Another:
+
+    "Therefore George, being led with an heroicall disdaine, and
+    nevertheless giuing the bridle beyond moderation to his anger,
+    vnderstanding that Albert was come to Newstad, resolued with himselfe
+    (without acquainting any bodie) to write a letter vnto him, the
+    _contents_ whereof was," &c.--_Id._, lib. v. chap. xii. p. 366.
+
+If the reader wants more examples, let him give himself the trouble to open
+the first book that comes to hand, and I dare say the perusal of a dozen
+pages will supply some; yet have we two editors of Shakspeare, Johnson and
+Collier, so unacquainted with the usage of their own tongue, and the
+universal logic of thought, as not to know that a word like _contents_,
+according as it is understood collectively or distributively, may be, and,
+as we have just seen, in fact is, treated as a singular or plural; that, I
+say, _contents_ taken severally, every _content_, or in gross, the whole
+mass, is respectively plural or singular. It was therefore optional with
+Shakspeare to employ the word either as a singular or plural, but not in
+the same sentence to do both: here, however, he was tied {121} to the
+singular, for, wanting a rhyme to _contents_, the nominative to _presents_
+must be singular, and that nominative was the pronoun of _contents_. Since,
+therefore, the plural _die_ and the singular _it_ could not both be
+referable to the same noun _contents_, by silently substituting _die_ for
+_dies_, MR. COLLIER has blinded his reader and wronged his author. The
+purport of the passage amounts to this: the _contents_, or structure (to
+wit, of the show to be exhibited), breaks down in the performer's zeal to
+the subject which it presents. Johnson very properly adduces a much happier
+expression of the same thought from _A Midsummer Night's Dreame_:
+
+ "_Hip._ I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharged;
+  And duty in his service perishing."
+
+The reader cannot fail to have observed the faultless punctuation of the
+Folios in the forecited passage, and I think concur with me, that like
+many, ay, most others, all it craves at the hands of editors and
+commentators is, to be left alone. The last two lines ask for no
+explanation even to the blankest mind. Words like _contents_ are by no
+means rare in English. We have _tidings_ and _news_, both singular and
+plural. MR. COLLIER himself rebukes Malone for his ignorance of such usage
+of the latter word. If it be said that these two examples have no singular
+form, whereas _contents_ has, there is _means_, at any rate precisely
+analogous. On the other hand, so capricious is language, in defiance of the
+logic of thought, we have, if I may so term it, a merely auricular plural,
+in the word _corpse_ referred to a single carcase.
+
+I should here close my account with "N. & Q." were it not that I have an
+act of justice to perform. When I first lighted upon the two examples of
+_chaumbre_ in Udall, I thought, as we say in this country, it was a good
+"fundlas," and regarded it as my own property. It now appears to be but a
+waif or stray; therefore, _suum cuique_, I cheerfully resign the credit of
+it to MR. SINGER, the rightful proprietary. Proffering them for the
+inspection of learned and unlearned, I of course foresaw that speedy
+sentence would be pronounced by that division, whose judgment, lying ebb
+and close to the surface, must needs first reach the light. I know no more
+appropriate mode of requiting the handsome manner in which MR. SINGER has
+been pleased to speak of my trifling contributions to "N. & Q.," than by
+asking him, with all the modesty of which I am master, to reconsider the
+passage in _Romeo and Juliet_; for though his substitution (_rumourers_
+vice _runawayes_) may, I think, clearly take the wall of any of its rivals,
+yet, believing that Juliet invokes a darkness to shroud her lover, under
+cover of which even the fugitive from justice might snatch a wink of sleep,
+I must for my own part, as usual, still adhere to the authentic text.
+
+W. R. ARROWSMITH.
+
+P. S.--In answer to a Bloomsbury Querist (Vol. viii., p. 44.), I crave
+leave to say that I never have met with the verb _perceyuer_ except in
+Hawes, _loc. cit._; and I gave the latest use that I could call to mind of
+the noun in my paper on that word. Unhappily I never make notes, but rely
+entirely on a somewhat retentive memory; therefore the instances that occur
+on the spur of the moment are not always the most apposite that might be
+selected for the purpose of illustration. If, however, he will take the
+trouble to refer to a little book, consisting of no more than 448 pages,
+published in 1576, and entitled _A Panoplie of Epistles, or a
+Looking-glasse for the Unlearned_, by Abraham Flemming, he will find no
+fewer than nine examples, namely, at pp. 25. 144. 178. 253. 277. 285.
+(twice in the same page) 333. 382. It excites surprise that the word never,
+as far as I am aware, occurs in any of the voluminous works of Sir Thomas
+More, nor in any of the theological productions of the Reformers.
+
+With respect to _speare_, the orthography varies, as _spere_, _sperr_,
+_sparr_, _unspar_; but in the Prologue to _Troilus and Cressida_, _sperre_
+is Theobald's correction of _stirre_, in Folios '23 and '32. Let me add,
+what I had forgotten at the time, that another instance of _budde_
+intransitive, to bend, occurs at p. 105. of _The Life of Faith in Death_,
+by Samuel Ward, preacher of Ipswich, London, 1622. Also another, and a very
+significant one, of the phrase to _have on the hip_, in Fuller's _Historie
+of the Holy Warre_, Cambridge, 1647:
+
+    "Arnulphus was as quiet as a lambe, and durst never challenge his
+    interest in Jerusalem from Godfrey's donation; as fearing to _wrestle_
+    with the king, who _had him on the hip_, and could out him at pleasure
+    for his bad manners."--Book ii. chap. viii. p. 55.
+
+In my note on the word _trash_, I said (somewhat too peremptorily) that
+_overtop_ was not even a hunting term (Vol. vii., p. 567.). At the moment I
+had forgotten the following passage:
+
+    "Therefore I would perswade all lovers of hunting to get two or three
+    couple of tryed hounds, and once or twice a week to follow after them a
+    train-scent; and when he is able to _top_ them on all sorts of earth,
+    and to endure heats and colds stoutly, then he may the better relie on
+    his speed and toughness."--_The Hunting-horse_, chap. vii. p. 71.,
+    Oxford, 1685.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNEEZING AN OMEN AND A DEITY.
+
+In the _Odyssey_, xvii. 541-7., we have, imitating the hexameters, the
+following passage:
+
+ "Thus Penelope spake. Then quickly Telemachus _sneez'd_ loud,
+  _Sounding around all the building_: his mother, with smiles at her son,
+      said,
+  Swiftly addressing her rapid and high-toned words to Eumæus,
+  {122}
+ 'Go then directly, Eumæus, and call to my presence the strange guest.
+  See'st thou not that my son, _ev'ry word I have spoken hath sneez'd
+      at_?[5]
+  Thus portentous, betok'ning the fate of my hateful suitors,
+  All whom death and destruction await by a doom irreversive.'"
+
+Dionysius Halicarnassus, on Homer's poetry (s. 24.), says, sneezing was
+considered by that poet as a good sign ([Greek: sumbolon agathon]); and
+from the Anthology (lib. ii.) the words [Greek: oude legei, Zeu sôson, ean
+ptarêi], show that it was proper to exclaim "God bless you!" when any one
+sneezed.
+
+Aristotle, in the Problems (xxxiii. 7.), inquires why sneezing is reckoned
+a God ([Greek: dia ti ton men ptarmon, theon hêgoumetha einai]); to which
+he suggests, that it may be because it comes from the head, the most divine
+part about us ([Greek: theiotatou tôn peri hêmas]). Persons having the
+inclination, but not the power to sneeze, should look at the sun, for
+reasons he assigns in Problems (xxxiii. 4.).
+
+Plutarch, on the Dæmon of Socrates (s. 11.), states the opinion which some
+persons had formed, that Socrates' dæmon was nothing else than the sneezing
+either of himself or others. Thus, if any one sneezed at his right hand,
+either before or behind him, he pursued any step he had begun; but sneezing
+at his left hand caused him to desist from his formed purpose. He adds
+something as to different kinds of sneezing. To sneeze twice was usual in
+Aristotle's time; but once, or more than twice, was uncommon (Prob. xxxiii.
+3.).
+
+Petronius (_Satyr_. c. 98.) notices the "blessing" in the following
+passage:
+
+    "Giton collectione spiritus plenus, _ter_ continuo ita sternutavit, ut
+    grabatum concuteret. Ad quem motum Eumolpus conversus, _salvere_ Gitona
+    _jubet_."
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+[Footnote 5: The practice of snuff-taking has made the _sneezing_ at
+anything a mark of contempt, in these degenerate days.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ABUSES OF HACKNEY COACHES.
+
+    [The following proclamation on this subject is of interest at the
+    present moment.]
+
+By the King.
+
+A Proclamation to restrain the Abuses of Hackney Coaches in the Cities of
+London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof.
+
+  Charles R.
+
+Whereas the excessive number of Hackney Coaches, and Coach Horses, in and
+about the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs thereof, are
+found to be a common nuisance to the Publique Damage of Our People by
+reason of their rude and disorderly standing and passing to and fro, in and
+about our said Cities and Suburbs, the Streets and Highways being thereby
+pestred and made impassable, the Pavements broken up, and the Common
+Passages obstructed and become dangerous, Our Peace violated, and sundry
+other mischiefs and evils occasioned:
+
+We, taking into Our Princely consideration these apparent Inconveniences,
+and resolving that a speedy remedy be applied to meet with, and redress
+them for the future, do, by and with the advice of our Privy Council,
+publish Our Royal Will and Pleasure to be, and we do by this Our
+Proclamation expressly charge and command, That no Person or Persons, of
+what Estate, Degree, or Quality whatsoever, keeping or using any Hackney
+Coaches, or Coach Horses, do, from and after the Sixth day of November
+next, permit or suffer the said Coaches and Horses, or any of them, to
+stand or remain in any the Streets or Passages in or about Our said Cities
+either of London or Westminster, or the Suburbs belonging to either of
+them, to be there hired; but that they and every of them keep their said
+Coaches and Horses within their respective Coach-houses, Stables, and Yards
+(whither such Persons as desire to hire the same may resort for that
+purpose), upon pain of Our high displeasure, and such Forfeitures, Pains,
+and Penalties as may be inflicted for the Contempt of Our Royal Commands in
+the Premises, whereof we shall expect a strict Accompt.
+
+And for the due execution of Our Pleasure herein, We do further charge and
+command the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Our City of London, That they in
+their several Wards, and Our Justices of Peace within Our said Cities of
+London and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs thereof, and all
+other Our Officers and Ministers of Justice, to whom it appertaineth, do
+take especial care in their respective Limits that this Our Command be duly
+observed, and that they from time to time return the names of all those who
+shall wilfully offend in the Premises, to Our Privy Council, and to the end
+they may be proceeded against by Indictments and Presentments for the
+Nuisance, and otherwise according to the severity of the Law and Demerits
+of the Offenders.
+
+Given at Our Court at Whitehall the 18th day of October in the 12th year of
+Our Reign.
+
+GOD SAVE THE KING.
+
+London: Printed by John Bell and Christopher Barker, Printers to the King's
+most Excellent Majesty, 1660.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Pepys, in his _Diary_, vol. i. p. 152., under date 8th November, 1660,
+says:
+
+    "To Mr. Fox, who was very civil to me. Notwithstanding this was the
+    first day of the King's {123} proclamation against hackney coaches
+    coming into the streets to stand to be hired, yet I got one to carry me
+    home."
+
+T. D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Passage in "The Tempest," Act I. Sc. 2._--
+
+ "The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch,
+  But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek,
+  Dashes the fire out."
+
+"The manuscript corrector of the folio 1632," MR. COLLIER informs us, "has
+substituted _heat_ for 'cheek,' which is not an unlikely corruption, a
+person writing only by the ear."
+
+I should say very unlikely: but if _heat_ had been actually printed in the
+folios, without speculating as to the probability that the press-copy was
+written from dictation, I should have had no hesitation in altering it to
+_cheek_. To this I should have been directed by a parallel passage in
+_Richard II._, Act III. Sc. 3., which has been overlooked by MR. COLLIER:
+
+ "Methinks, King Richard and myself should meet
+  With no less terror _than the elements_
+  _Of fire and water, when their thundering shock_
+  _At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven_."
+
+Commentary here is almost useless. Every one who has any capacity for
+Shakspearian criticism must feel assured that Shakspeare wrote _cheek_, and
+not _heat_.
+
+The passage I have cited from _Richard II._ strongly reminds me of an old
+lady whom I met last autumn on a tour through the Lakes of Cumberland, &c.;
+and who, during a severe thunderstorm, expressed to me her surprise at the
+pertinacity of the lightning, adding, "I should think, Sir, that so much
+water in the heavens would have put all the fire out."
+
+C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+_The Case referred to by Shakspeare in Hamlet_ (Vol. vii., p. 550.).--
+
+ "If the water come to the man."--_Shakspeare._
+
+The argument Shakspeare referred to was that contained in Plowden's Report
+of the case of Hales _v._ Petit, heard in the Court of Common Pleas in the
+fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. It was held that though the
+wife of Sir James Hale, whose husband was _felo-de-se_, became by
+survivorship the holder of a joint term for years, yet, on office found, it
+should be forfeited on account of the act of the deceased husband. The
+learned serjeants who were counsel for the defendant, alleged that the
+forfeiture should have relation to the act done in the party's lifetime,
+which was the cause of his death. "And upon this," they said, "the parts of
+the act are to be considered." And Serjeant Walsh said:
+
+    "The act consists of three parts. The first is the imagination, which
+    is a reflection or meditation of the mind, whether or no it is
+    convenient for him to destroy himself, and what way it can be done. The
+    second is the resolution, which is the determination of the mind to
+    destroy himself, and to do it in this or that particular way. The third
+    is the perfection, which is the execution of what the mind has resolved
+    to do. And this perfection consists of two parts, viz. the beginning
+    and the end. The beginning is the doing of the act which causes the
+    death; and the end is the death, which is only the sequel to the act.
+    And of all the parts, the doing of the act is the greatest in the
+    judgment of our law, and it is, in effect, the whole and the only part
+    the law looks upon to be material. For the imagination of the mind to
+    do wrong, without an act done, is not punishable in our law; neither is
+    the resolution to do that wrong which he does not, punishable; but the
+    doing of the act is the only point the law regards, for until the act
+    is done it cannot be an offence to the world, and when the act is done
+    it is punishable. Then, here, the act done by Sir James Hale, which is
+    evil and the cause of his death, is the throwing of himself into the
+    water, and death is but a sequel thereof, and this evil act ought some
+    way to be punished. And if the forfeiture shall not have relation to
+    the doing of the act, then the act shall not be punished at all, for
+    inasmuch as the person who did the act is dead, his person cannot be
+    punished, and therefore there is no way else to punish him but by the
+    forfeiture of those things which were his own at the time of the act
+    done; and the act was done in his lifetime, and therefore the
+    forfeiture shall have relation to his lifetime, namely, to that time of
+    his life in which he did the act which took away his life."
+
+And the judges, viz. Weston, Anthony Brown, and Lord Dyer, said:
+
+    "That the forfeiture shall have relation to the time of the original
+    offence committed, which was the cause of the death, and that was, the
+    throwing himself into the water, which was done in his lifetime, and
+    this act was felony."----"So that the felony is attributed to the act,
+    which act is always done by a living man and in his lifetime," as Brown
+    said; for he said, "Sir James Hale was dead, and how came he to his
+    death? It may be answered, By drowning. And who drowned him? Sir James
+    Hale. And when did he drown him? In his lifetime. So that Sir James
+    Hale being alive, caused Sir James Hale to die; and the act of the
+    living man was the death of the dead man. And then for this offence it
+    is reasonable to punish the living man who committed the offence, and
+    not the dead man. But how can he be said to be punished alive when the
+    punishment comes after his death? Sir, this can be done no other way
+    but by devesting out of him, from the time of the act done in his life,
+    which was the cause of his death, the title and property of those
+    things which he had in his lifetime."
+
+The above extract is long, but the work from which it is taken can be
+accessible to but very few {124} of your readers. Let them not, however,
+while they smile at the arguments, infer that those who took part in them
+were not deservedly among the most learned and eminent of our ancient
+judges.
+
+THOMAS FALCONER.
+
+Temple.
+
+_Shakspeare Suggestion_.--
+
+ "These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours;
+  Most busy--less when I do it."
+                  _Tempest_, Act III. Sc. 1.
+
+I fear your readers will turn away from the very sight of the above. Be
+patient, kind friends, I will be brief. Has any one suggested--
+
+ "Most busy, least when I do"?
+
+The words in the folio are
+
+ "Most busy _lest_, when I do it."
+
+The "it" seems mere surplusage. The sense requires that the thoughts should
+be "most busy" whilst the hands "do least;" and in Shakspeare's time,
+"lest" was a common spelling for _least_.
+
+ICON.
+
+_Shakspeare Controversy._--I think the Shakspeare Notes contained in your
+volumes are not complete without the following quotation from _The Summer
+Night_ of Ludwig Tieck, as translated by Mary Maynard in the _Athen._ of
+June 25, 1853. Puck, in addressing the sleeping boy Shakspeare, says:
+
+ "After thy death, I'll raise dissension sharp,
+    Loud strife among the herd of little minds:
+  Envy shall seek to dim thy wondrous page,
+    But all the clearer will thy glory shine."
+
+CERIDWEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Notes.
+
+_Falsified Gravestone in Stratford Churchyard._--The following instance of
+a recent forgery having been extensively circulated, may lead to more
+careful examination by those who take notes of things extraordinary.
+
+The church at Stratford-upon-Avon was repaired about the year 1839; and
+some of the workmen having their attention directed to the fact, that many
+persons who had attained to the full age of man were buried in the
+churchyard; and, wishing "for the honour of the place," to improve the
+note-books of visitors, set about manufacturing an extraordinary instance
+of longevity. A gravestone was chosen in an out-of-the-way place, in which
+there happened to be a space before the age (72). A figure 1 was cut in
+this space, and the age at death then stood 172. The sexton was either
+deceived, or assented to the deception; as the late vicar, the Rev. J.
+Clayton, learned that it had become a practice with him (the sexton) to
+show strangers this gravestone, so falsified, as a proof of the
+extraordinary age to which people lived in the parish. The vicar had the
+fraudulent figure erased at once, and lectured the sexton for his
+dishonesty.
+
+These facts were related to me a few weeks since by a son of the late
+vicar. And as many strangers visiting the tomb of Shakspeare "made a note"
+of this falsified age, "N. & Q." may now correct the forgery.
+
+ROBERT RAWLINSON.
+
+_Barnacles in the River Thames._--In Porta's _Natural Magic_, Eng. trans.,
+Lond. 1658, occurs the following curious passage:
+
+    "Late writers report that not only in Scotland, but also in the river
+    of Thames by London, there is a kind of shell-fish in a two-leaved
+    shell, that hath a foot full of plaits and wrinkles: these fish are
+    little, round, and outwardly white, smooth and beetle-shelled like an
+    almond shell; inwardly they are great bellied, bred as it were of moss
+    and mud; they commonly stick in the keel of some old ship. Some say
+    they come of worms, some of the boughs of trees which fall into the
+    sea; if any of them be cast upon shore they die, but they which are
+    swallowed still into the sea, live and get out of their shells, and
+    grow to be ducks or such like birds(!)."
+
+It would be curious to know what could give rise to such an absurd belief.
+
+SPERIEND.
+
+_Note for London Topographers._--
+
+ "The account of Mr. Mathias Fletcher, of Greenwich,
+  for carving the Anchor Shield and King's Arms
+  for the Admiralty Office in York Buildings, delivered
+  Nov. 2, 1668, and undertaken by His Majesty's command
+  signified to me by the Hon. Samuel Pepys, Esq.,
+  Secretary for the Affairs of the Admiralty:
+
+                                                £ s. d.
+
+ "For a Shield for the middle of the
+  front of the said office towards the Thames,
+  containing the Anchor of Lord High Admiral
+  of England with the Imperial Crown
+  over it, and cyphers, being 8 foot deep and
+  6 foot broad, I having found the timber,
+  &c.                                           30 0 0
+
+ "For the King's Arms at large, with
+  ornaments thereto, designed for the pediment
+  of the said front, the same being in
+  the whole 15 foot long and 9 foot high, I
+  finding timber, &c.                           73 15 0
+
+                                              ---------
+                                              £103 15 0"
+
+Extracted from Rawlinson MS. A. 170, fol. 132.
+
+J. YEOWELL.
+
+_The Aliases and Initials of Authors._--It has often occurred to me that it
+would save much useless inquiry and research, if a tolerable list could be
+collected of the principal authors who have published their works under
+assumed names or initials: thus, "R. B. Robert Burton," _Nathaniel Crouch_,
+"R. F. Scoto-Britannicus," _Robert Fairley_, &c. The commencement of a new
+volume of {125} "N. & Q." affords an excellent opportunity for attempting
+this. If the correspondents of "N. & Q." would contribute their mites
+occasionally with this view, by the conclusion of the volume, I have little
+doubt but a very valuable list might be obtained. For the sake of
+reference, the whole contributions obtained could then be amalgamated, and
+alphabetically arranged.
+
+PERTHENSIS.
+
+_Pure._--In visiting an old blind woman the other day, I was struck with
+what to me was a peculiar use of the word _pure_. Having inquired after the
+dame's health, and been assured that she was much better, I begged her not
+to rise from the bed on which she was sitting, whereupon she said, "Thank
+you, Sir, I feel quite _pure_ this morning."
+
+OXONIENSIS.
+
+Oakridge, Gloucestershire.
+
+_Darling's "Cyclopædia Bibliographica._"--The utility of Mr. Darling's
+_Cyclopædia Bibliographica_ is exemplified by the solution conveyed under
+the title "Crellius," p. 813, of the following difficulty expressed by Dr.
+Hey, the Norrisian professor (_Lectures_, vol. iii. p. 40.):
+
+    "Paul Crellius and John Maclaurin seem to have been of the same way of
+    thinking with John Agricola. Nicholls, on this Article [Eighth of the
+    Thirty-nine Articles], refers to Paul Crellius's book _De Libertate
+    Christiana_, but I do not find it anywhere. A speech of his is in the
+    _Bodleian Dialogue_, but not this work."
+
+Similar information might have been received by your correspondent (Vol.
+vii., p. 381.), who inquired whether Huet's _Navigations of Solomon_ was
+ever published. In the Cyclopædia reference is made to two collections in
+which this treatise has been inserted, _Crit. Sac_., viii.; _Ugolinus_,
+vii. 277. With his usual accuracy, Mr. Darling states there are additions
+in the _Critici Sacri_ printed at Amsterdam, 1698-1732, as Huet's treatise
+above referred to is not in the first edition, London, 1660.
+
+BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Queries.
+
+DELFT MANUFACTURE.
+
+I am extremely desirous of obtaining some information respecting the Dutch
+manufactories of enamelled pottery, or Delft ware, as we call it.
+
+On a former occasion, by your connexion with the _Navorscher_, you were
+able to obtain for me some very valuable and interesting information in
+reply to some question put respecting the Dutch porcelain manufactories. I
+am therefore in hopes that some kind correspondent in Holland will be so
+obliging as to impart to me similar information on this subject also. I
+should wish to know--
+
+When, by whom, at what places, and under what circumstances, the
+manufacture of enamelled pottery was first introduced into Holland?
+
+Whether there were manufactories at other towns besides Delft?
+
+Whether they had any distinctive marks; and, if so, what were they?
+
+Whether there was more than one manufactory at Delft; and, if so, what were
+their marks, and what was the meaning of them?
+
+Whether any particular manufactories were confined to the making of any
+particular sort or quality of articles; and, if so, what were they?
+
+Whether any of the manufactories have ceased; and, if so, at what period?
+
+Also, any other particulars respecting the manufactories and their products
+that it may be possible to communicate through the medium of a paper like
+"N. & Q."
+
+OCTAVIUS MORGAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries.
+
+_The Withered Hand and Motto "Utinam."_--At Compton Park, near Salisbury,
+the seat of the Penruddocke family, there is a three-quarter length
+picture, in the Velasquez style, of a gentleman in a rich dress of black
+velvet, with broad lace frill and cuffs, and ear-rings, probably of the
+latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. His right hand, which he displays
+somewhat prominently, is _withered_. The left one is a-kimbo, and less
+seen. In the upper part of the painting is the single Latin word "UTINAM"
+(O that!). There is no tradition as to who this person was. Any suggestion
+on the subject would gratify
+
+J.
+
+_History of York._--Who is the author of a _History of York_, in 2 vols.,
+published at that city in 1788 by T. Wilson and R. Spence, High Ousegate? I
+have seen it in several shops, and heard it attributed to Drake; and
+obtained it the other day from an extensive library in Bristol, in the
+Catalogue of which it is styled Drake's _Eboracum_. Several allusions in
+the first volume to his work, however, render it impossible to be ascribed
+to him. It is dedicated to the Right Honourable Sir William Mordaunt
+Milner, of Nunappleton, Bart., who was mayor at the time.
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+_"Hauling over the coals."_--What is the origin and meaning of the phrase,
+"Hauling one over the coals;" and where does it first appear?
+
+FABER.
+
+_Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury._--Can any of your readers give me any
+information respecting the Mr. or Dr. Butler, of St. Edmund's Bury,
+referred to in the extracts from the _Post Boy_ and Gough's _Topography_,
+quoted by MR. BALLARD in Vol. vii., p. 617.?
+
+BURIENSIS.
+
+_Washington._--Anecdotes relative to General Washington, President of the
+United States, {126} intended for a forthcoming work on the "Homes of
+American Statesmen," will be gratefully received for the author by
+
+JOSEPH STANSBURY.
+
+26. Parliament Street.
+
+_Norman of Winster._--Can any of your correspondents afford information
+bearing on the family of Norman of Winster, county of Derby?
+
+"John Norman of Winster, county of Derby, married, in 1715 or 1716, to Jane
+(_maiden name_ particularly wanted). The said J. Norman married again in
+1723, to Mary" (maiden name wanted also).
+
+I shall be particularly obliged to any one affording such information.
+
+W.
+
+_Sir Arthur Aston._--I shall be much obliged, should any of your very
+numerous correspondents be able to inform me in which part or parish, of
+the county of Berkshire, the celebrated cavalier Sir Arthur Aston resided
+_upon his return_ from the foreign wars in which he had been for so many
+years engaged; and _previously_ to the rupture between Charles I. and the
+Houses of Parliament.
+
+I believe one of his daughters, about the same period, married a gentleman
+residing in the same county: also that George Tattersall, Esq., of
+Finchampstead, a family of consideration in the same county of Berkshire,
+was a near relative.
+
+CHARTHAM.
+
+_"Jamieson the Piper."_--I am anxious to ascertain who was the author of
+the above ditty; it was very popular in Aberdeenshire about the beginning
+of this century. The scene, if I remember rightly, is laid in the parish of
+Forgue, in Aberdeenshire. Possibly some of the members of the Spalding Club
+may be able to enlighten me on the subject.
+
+BATHENSIS.
+
+_"Keiser Glomer."_--I have a Danish play entitled _Keiser Glomer, Frit
+oversatte af det Kyhlamske vech C. Bredahl_: Kiobenhavn, 1834. It is a
+mixture of tragedy and farce: the former occasionally good, the latter poor
+buffoonery. In the notes, readings of the old MS. are referred to with
+apparent seriousness; but _Gammel Gumba's Saga_ is quoted in a manner that
+seems burlesque. I cannot find the word "Kyhlam" in any dictionary. Can any
+of your readers tell me whether it signifies a real country, or is a mere
+fiction? The work does not read like a translation; and, if one, the number
+of modern allusions show that it is not, as it professes to be, from an
+ancient manuscript.
+
+M. M. E.
+
+_Tieck's Comoedia Divina._--I copied the following lines six years ago from
+a review in a Munich newspaper of Batornicki's _Ungöttliche Comödie_. They
+were cited as from Tieck's suppressed (zurückgezogen) satire, _La Comödie
+Divina_, from which Batornicki was accused of plundering freely, thinking
+that, from its variety, he would not be detected:
+
+ "Spitzt so hoch ihr könnt euer Ohr,
+  Gar wunderbare Dinge kommen hier vor.
+  Gott Vater identifieirt sich mit der Kreatur,
+  Denn er will anschauen die absolute Natur;
+  Aber zum Bewustseyn kann er nicht gedeihen,
+  Drum muss er sich mit sich selbst entzweien."
+
+I omitted to note the paper, but preserved the lines as remarkable. I have
+since tried to find some account of _La Divina Comedia_, but in vain. It is
+not noticed in any biography of Tieck. Can any of your readers tell me what
+it is, or who wrote it?
+
+M. M. E.
+
+_Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez_--_Stream like that in Bay of
+Argastoli._--Can any of your readers oblige me by stating where the best
+information may be met with concerning the very remarkable fossil trees on
+the way from Cairo to Suez? And, if there has yet been discovered any other
+stream or rivulet running from the ocean into the land similar to that in
+the Bay of Argastoli in the Island of Cephalonia?
+
+H. M.
+
+_Presbyterian Titles_ (Vol. v., p. 516.).--Where may be found a list of
+"the quaint and uncouth titles of the old Presbyterians?"
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_Mayors and Sheriffs._--Can you or any of your readers inform me which
+ought to be considered the principal officer, or which is the most
+important, and which ought to have precedence of the other, the mayor of a
+town or borough, or the sheriff of a town or borough? and is the mayor
+merely the representative of the town, and the sheriff of the Queen; and if
+so, ought not the representative of majesty to be considered more
+honourable than the representative of merely a borough; and can a sheriff
+of a borough claim to have a grant of arms, if he has not any previous?
+
+A SUBSCRIBER.
+
+Nottingham.
+
+_The Beauty of Buttermere._--In an article contributed by Coleridge to the
+_Morning Post_ (vid. _Essays on his own Times_, vol. ii. p. 591.), he says:
+
+    "It seems that there are some circumstances attending her birth and
+    true parentage, which would account for her striking superiority in
+    mind and manners, in a way extremely flattering to the prejudices of
+    rank and birth."
+
+What are the circumstances alluded to?
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+_Sheer Hulk._--Living in a maritime town, and hearing nautical terms
+frequently used, I had always supposed this term to mean an old vessel,
+{127} with sheers, or spars, erected upon it, for the purpose of masting
+and unmasting ships, and was led to attribute the use of it, by Sir W.
+Scott and other writers, for a vessel totally dismasted, to their ignorance
+of the technical terms. But of late it has been used in the latter sense by
+a writer in the _United Service Magazine_ professing to be a nautical man.
+I still suspect that this use of the word is wrong, and should be glad to
+hear on the subject from any of your naval readers.
+
+I believe that the word "buckle" is still used in the dockyards, and among
+seamen, to signify to "bend" (see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 375.), though
+rarely.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_The Lapwing or Peewitt_ (_Vanellus cristatus_).--Can any of your
+correspondents, learned in natural history, throw any light upon the
+meaning in the following line relative to this bird?--
+
+ "The blackbird far its hues shall know,
+    As _lapwing_ knows the vine."
+
+In the first line the allusion is to the berries of the hawthorn; but what
+the _lapwing_ has to do with the _vine_, I am at a loss to know. Having
+forgotten whence I copied the above lines, perhaps some one will favor me
+with the author's name.
+
+J. B. WHITBORNE.
+
+_"Could we with ink," &c._--Could you, or any of your numerous and able
+correspondents, inform me who is the _bonâ fide_ author of the following
+lines?--
+
+ "Could we with ink the ocean fill,
+    And were the heavens of parchment made,
+  Were every stalk on earth a quill,
+    And every man a scribe by trade;
+  To write the love of God above,
+    Would drain the ocean dry;
+  Nor could the scroll contain the whole,
+    Though stretched from sky to sky."
+
+NAPHTALI.
+
+_Launching Query._--With reference to the accident to H.M.S. Cæsar at
+Pembroke, I would ask, Is there any other instance of a ship, on being
+launched, stopping on the ways, and refusing to move in spite of all
+efforts to start her?
+
+A. B.
+
+_Manliness._--Query, What is the meaning of the word as used in "N. & Q.,"
+Vol. viii., p. 94., col. 2. l. 12.
+
+ANONYMOUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Minor Queries with Answers.
+
+_Pues or Pews._--Which is the _correct_ way of spelling this word? What is
+its derivation? Why has the form _pue_ been lately so much adopted?
+
+OMEGA.
+
+    [The abuses connected with the introduction of pues into churches have
+    led to an investigation of their history, as well as to the etymology
+    of the word. Hence the modern adoption of its original and more correct
+    orthography, that of _pue_; the Dutch _puye_, _puyd_, and the English
+    _pue_, being derived from the Latin _podium_. In Vol. iii., p. 56., we
+    quoted the following as the earliest notice of the word from the
+    _Vision of Piers Plouman_:
+
+     "Among wyves and wodewes ich am ywoned sute
+      Yparroked in _pues_. The person hit knoweth."
+
+    Again, in _Richard III._, Act IV. Sc. 4.: "And makes her _pue-fellow_
+    with others moan."--In Decker's _Westward Hoe_: "Being one day in
+    church, she made mone to her _pue-fellow_."--And in the _Northern Hoe_
+    of the same author: "He would make him a _pue-fellow_ with lords."--See
+    a paper on _The History of Pews_, read before the Cambridge Camden
+    Society, Nov. 22, 1841.]
+
+_"Jerningham" and "Doveton."_--Who was the author of _Jerningham_ and
+_Doveton_, two admirable works of fiction published some twelve or fifteen
+years ago? They are equal to anything written by Bulwer Lytton or by James.
+
+J. MT.
+
+    [The author of these works was Mr. Anstruther.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies.
+
+BATTLE OF VILLERS EN COUCHÉ.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 8.)
+
+I possess a singular work, consisting of a series of _Poetical Sketches_ of
+the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, written, as the title-page asserts, by an
+"officer of the Guards;" who appears to have been, from what he
+subsequently states, on the personal staff of His Royal Highness the late
+Duke of York. This work, I have been given to understand, was suppressed
+shortly after its publication; the ludicrous light thrown by its pages on
+the conduct of many of the chief parties engaged in the transactions it
+records, being no doubt unpalatable to those high in authority. From the
+notes, which are valuable as appearing to emanate from an eye-witness, and
+sometimes an actor in the scenes he describes, I send the following
+extracts for the information of your correspondent; premising that the
+letter to which they are appended is dated from the "Camp at Inchin, April
+26, 1794."
+
+    "As the enemy were known to have assembled in great force at the Camp
+    de Cæsar, near Cambray, Prince Cobourg requested the Duke of York would
+    make a _reconnoissance_ in that direction: accordingly, on the evening
+    of the 23rd, Major-General Mansel's brigade of heavy cavalry was
+    ordered about a league in front of their camp, where they lay that
+    night at a farm-house, forming _part_ of a detachment under General
+    Otto. Early the next morning, an attack was made on the French drawn up
+    in front of the village of Villers en Couchée (between Le Cateau and
+    Bouchain) by the 15th regiment of Light Dragoons, and two squadrons of
+    Austrian Hussars: they charged the enemy with such velocity and force,
+    that, darting through their cavalry, they dispersed a line of infantry
+    formed in their rear, forcing them also to retreat {128} precipitately
+    and in great confusion, under cover of the ramparts of Cambray; with a
+    loss of 1200 men, and three pieces of cannon. The only British officer
+    wounded was Captain Aylett: sixty privates fell, and about twenty were
+    wounded.
+
+    "Though the heavy brigade was formed at a distance under a brisk
+    cannonade, while the light dragoons had so glorious an opportunity of
+    distinguishing themselves, there are none who can attach with propriety
+    any blame on account of their unfortunate delay; for which General Otto
+    was surely, as having the command, alone accountable, and not General
+    Mansel, who acted at all times, there is no doubt, according to the
+    best of his judgment for the good of the service.
+
+    "The Duke of York had, on the morning of the 26th, observed the left
+    flank of the enemy to be unprotected; and, by ordering the cavalry to
+    wheel round and attack on that side, afforded them an opportunity of
+    gaining the highest credit by defeating the French army so much
+    superior to them in point of numbers.
+
+    "General Mansel rushing into the thickest of the enemy, devoted himself
+    to death; and animated by his example, that _very_ brigade performed
+    such prodigies of valour, as must have convinced the world that
+    Britons, once informed _how to act_, justify the highest opinion that
+    can possibly be entertained of their native courage. Could such men
+    have _ever_ been willingly _backward_? Certainly not.
+
+    "General Mansel's son, a captain in the 3rd Dragoon Guards, anxious to
+    save his father's life, had darted forwards, and was taken prisoner,
+    and carried into Cambray. Since his exchange, he has declared that
+    there was not, on the 26th, _a single French soldier_ left in the town,
+    as Chapuy had drawn out the whole garrison to augment the army destined
+    to attack the camp of Inchi. Had that circumstance been fortunately
+    known at the time, a detachment of the British army might easily have
+    marched along the Chaussée, and taken possession of the place ere the
+    Republicans could possibly have returned, as they had in their retreat
+    described a circuitous detour of some miles."
+
+MR. SIMPSON will perceive, from the above extracts, that the brilliant
+skirmish of Villers en Couché took place on April 24th; whereas the defeat
+of the French army under Chapuy did not occur until two days later. A large
+quantity of ammunition and thirty-five pieces of cannon were then captured;
+and although the writer does not mention the number who were killed on the
+part of the enemy, yet, as he states that Chapuy and near 400 of his men
+were made prisoners, their loss by death was no doubt proportionately
+large.
+
+The 15th Hussars have long borne on their colours the memorable words
+"Villers en Couché" to commemorate the daring valour they displayed on that
+occasion.
+
+T. C. SMITH.
+
+In Cruttwell's _Universal Gazetteer_ (1808), this village, which is five
+miles north-east of Cambray, is described as being "remarkable for an
+action between the French and the Allies on the 24th of April, 1794." The
+following officers of the 15th regiment of light dragoons are there named
+as having afterwards received crosses of the Order of Maria Theresa for
+their gallant behaviour, from the Emperor of Germany, viz.:
+
+    "Major W. Aylett, Capt. Robert Pocklington, Capt. Edw. Michael Ryan,
+    Lieut. Thos. Granby Calcraft, Lieut. Wm. Keir, Lieut. Chas. Burrel
+    Blount, Cornet Edward Gerald Butler, and Cornet Robert Thos. Wilson."
+
+D. S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNAIL-EATING.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 33.)
+
+The Surrey snails referred to by H. T. RILEY, are thus mentioned by Aubrey
+in his account of Box Hill:
+
+    "On the south downs of this county (Surrey), and in those of Sussex,
+    are the biggest snails that ever I saw, twice or three times as big as
+    our common snails, which are the Bavoli or Drivalle, which Mr. Elias
+    Ashmole tells me that the Lord Marshal brought from Italy, and
+    scattered them on the Downs hereabouts, and between Albury and Horsley,
+    where are the biggest of all."
+
+Again, Aubrey, in his _Natural History of Wiltshire_, says:
+
+    "The great snailes on the downes at Albury, in Surrey (twice as big as
+    ours) were brought from Italy by * * * Earle Marshal, about
+    1638."--Aubrey's _History_, p. 10., edited by John Britton, F.S.A.,
+    published by the Wiltshire Topographical Society, 1847.
+
+The first of these accounts, from Aubrey's _Surrey_, I have quoted in my
+_Promenade round Dorking_, 2nd edit. 1823, p. 274., and have added in a
+note:
+
+    "This was one of the Earls of Arundel. It is probably from this snail
+    account that the error, ascribing the planting of the box (on Box Hill)
+    to one of the Earls of Arundel, has arisen. The snails were brought
+    thither for the Countess of Arundel, who was accustomed to dress and
+    eat them for a consumptive complaint."
+
+When I lived at Dorking (1815-1821) a breed of large white snails was found
+on Box Hill.
+
+JOHN TIMBS.
+
+MR. H. T. RILEY is informed that the breed of white snails he refers to is
+to be plentifully found in the neighbourhood of Shere. I have found them
+frequently near the neighbouring village of Albury, on St. Martha's Hill,
+and I am told they are to be met with in the lanes as far as Dorking. I
+have always heard that they were imported for the use of a lady who was in
+a consumption; but who this was, or when it happened, I have never been
+able to ascertain.
+
+NEDLAM.
+
+The breed of large white snails is to be found all along the escarpment of
+the chalk range, and is {129} not confined to Surrey. It is said to have
+been introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, and was considered very
+nutritious and wholesome for consumptive patients. About the end of the
+last century I was in the habit of collecting a few of the common garden
+snails from the fruit-trees, and taking them every morning to a lady who
+was in a delicate state of health; she took them boiled or stewed, or
+cooked in some manner with milk, making a mucilaginous drink.
+
+E. H.
+
+I have somewhere read of the introduction of a foreign breed of snails into
+Cambridgeshire, I forget the exact locality, for the table of the monks who
+imported them; but unfortunately it was before I commenced making "notes"
+on the subject, and I have not been able to recollect where to find it.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+INSCRIPTION NEAR CIRENCESTER.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 76.)
+
+This inscription is not "in Earl Bathurst's park," as your correspondent A.
+SMITH says, but is in Oakley Woods, situated at some three or four miles'
+distance from Cirencester, and being separated and quite distinct from the
+park; nor is the inscription correctly copied. Rudder, in his new _History
+of Gloucestershire_, 1779, says:
+
+    "Concealed as it were in the wood stands Alfred's Hall, a building that
+    has the semblance of great antiquity. Over the door opposite to the
+    south entrance, on the inside, is the following inscription in the
+    Saxon character and language [of which there follows a copy]. Over the
+    south door is the following Latin translation:
+
+    "'Foedus quod Ælfredus & Gythrunus reges, omnes _Anglia sapientes, &
+    quicunq_; Angliam in_c_olebant orientalem, ferierunt; & non solum de
+    seipsis, verum etiam de nat_i_s suis, ac nondum in lucem editis,
+    quotquot misericordiæ divinæ aut regiæ vel_i_nt esse participes
+    jurejurando sanxerunt.
+
+    "'Primò ditionis nostræ fines ad T_h_amesin evehunt_u_r, inde ad Leam
+    usq; ad fontem ejus; t_u_m recta ad Bedfordiam, ac deniq; per Usam ad
+    viam Vetelin_g_ianam.'"
+
+I copy from Rudder, with the stops and contracted "et's," as they stand in
+his work; though I think the original has points between each word, as
+marked by A. SMITH.
+
+The omissions and mistakes of your correspondent (which you will perceive
+are important) are marked in Italics above.
+
+Rudder adds,--
+
+    "Behind this building is a ruin with a stone on the chimney-piece, on
+    which, in ancient characters relieved on the stone, is this
+    inscription:
+
+     'IN . MEM . ALFREDI . REG . RESTAVR . ANO . DO . 1085.'
+
+    "It would have been inexcusable in the topographer to have passed by so
+    curious a place without notice; but the historian would have been
+    equally culpable who should not have informed the reader that this
+    building is an excellent imitation of antiquity. The name, the
+    inscription, and the writing over the doors, of the convention between
+    the good king and his pagan enemies, were probably all suggested by the
+    similarity of _Achelie_, the ancient name of this place, to _Æcglea_,
+    where King Alfred rested with his army the night before he attacked the
+    Danish camp at Ethandun, and at length forced their leader Godrum, or
+    Guthrum, or Gormund, to make such convention."
+
+It is many years since I saw the inscription, and then I made no note of
+it; but I have no doubt that Rudder has given it correctly, because when I
+was a young man I was intimately acquainted with him, who was then an aged
+person; and a curious circumstance that occurred between us, and is still
+full in my memory, impressed me with the idea of his great precision and
+exactness.
+
+I would remark on the explanation given by Rudder, that the _Iglea_ of
+Asser is supposed by Camden, Gibson, Gough, and Sir Richard Colt Hoare to
+be _Clayhill_, eastward of Warminster; and _Ethandun_ to be _Edington_,
+about three miles eastward of Westbury, both in Wilts.
+
+Asser says that, "in the same year," the year of the battle, "the army of
+the pagans, departing from Chippenham, as had been promised, went to
+_Cirencester_, where they remained one year."
+
+On the signal defeat of Guthrum, he gave hostages to Alfred; and it is
+probable that, if any treaty was made between them, it was made immediately
+after the battle; and not that Alfred came from his fortress of
+_Æthelingay_ to meet Guthrum at Cirencester, where his army lay after
+leaving Chippenham.
+
+If the treaty was made soon after the battle, it might have been at
+Alfred's Hall near Cirencester, especially if _Hampton_ (Minchinhampton in
+Gloucestershire), which is only six miles from Oakley Wood, be the real
+site of the great and important battle, as was, a few years since, very
+plausibly argued by Mr. John Marks Moffatt, in a paper inserted, with the
+signature "J. M. M.," in Brayley's _Graphic and Historical Illustrator_, p.
+106. _et seq._, 1834.
+
+The mention of Rudder's History brings to my mind an inscription over the
+door of Westbury Court, which I noticed when a boy at school, in the
+village of Westbury in this county. This mansion was taken down during the
+minority of Maynard Colchester, Esq., the present owner of the estate.
+Rudder, in his account of that parish, has preserved the inscription--
+
+           "D.
+          O. M.
+  N. M. M. H. E. P. N. C."
+
+He reads the first three letters "Deo Optimo Maximo," and says the
+subsequent line contains the initials of the following hexameter:
+
+ "Nunc mea, mox hujus, et postea nescio cujus,"
+
+{130} alluding to the successive descent of property from one generation to
+another.
+
+Perhaps one of your readers may be enabled to tell me whether the above
+line be original, or copied, and from whom.
+
+P. H. FISHER.
+
+Stroud.
+
+The agreement referred to is no other than the famous treaty of peace
+between Alfred and Guthrun, whose name, by the substitution of an initial
+"L." for a "G.," among various other inaccuracies for which your
+correspondent is perhaps not responsible, has been disguised under the form
+of "Lvthrvnvs." The inscription itself forms the commencement of the
+treaty, which is stated, in Turner's _Anglo-Saxons_, book iv. ch. v., to be
+still extant. It is translated as follows, in Lambard's [Greek:
+Archaionomia], p. 36.:--
+
+    "Foedus quod Aluredus & Gythrunus reges ex sapientum Anglorum, atque
+    eorum omnium qui orientalem incolebant Angliam consulto ferierunt, in
+    quod præterea singuli non solum de se ipsis, verum etiam de natis suis,
+    ac nondum in lucem editis (quotquot saltem misericordiæ divinæ aut
+    regiæ velint esse participes), jurarunt.
+
+    "Primo igitur ditionis nostræ fines ad Thamesim fluvium evehuntor: Inde
+    ad Leam flumen profecti, ad fontem ejus deferuntor: tum rectà ad
+    Bedfordiam porriguntor, ac denique per Usam fluvium porrecti ad viam
+    Vetelingianam desinunto."
+
+Another translation will be found in Wilkins's _Leges Anglo-Saxonicæ_, p.
+47., and the Saxon original in both. As to the boundaries here defined, see
+note in Spelman's _Alfred_, p. 36.
+
+At Cirencester Guthrun remained for twelve months after his baptism,
+according to his treaty with Alfred. (See _Sim. Dunelm. de gestis Regum
+Anglorum_, sub anno 879.)
+
+J. F. M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOUS CUSTOM OF RINGING BELLS FOR THE DEAD.
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 55.)
+
+W. W., alluding to such a custom at Marshfield, Massachusets, asks "if this
+custom ever did, or does now exist in the mother country?" The curiosity is
+that your worthy Querist has never heard of it! Dating from _Malta_, it may
+be he has never been in our _ringing island_: for it must be known to every
+Englishman, that the custom, varying no doubt in different localities,
+exists in every parish in England.
+
+The _passing bell_ is of older date than the canon of our church, which
+directs "that when any is passing out of this life, a bell shall be tolled,
+and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty. And after the party's
+death, if it so fall out, then shall be rung no more than one short peal."
+
+It is interesting to learn that our colonists keep up this custom of their
+mother country.
+
+In this parish, the custom has been to ring as quickly after death as the
+sexton can be found; and the like prevails elsewhere. I have known persons,
+sensible of their approaching death, direct the bell at once to be tolled.
+
+Durand, in his _Rituals of the Roman Church_, says: "For expiring persons
+bells must be tolled, that people may put up their prayers: this must be
+done twice for a woman, and thrice for a man." And such is still the
+general custom: either before or after the _knell_ is rung, to toll three
+times _three_, or three times _two_, at intervals, to mark the sex.[6]
+
+"Defunctos plorare" is probably as old as any use of a bell; but there is
+every reason to believe that--
+
+    "the ringing of bells at the departure of the soul (to quote from
+    Brewster's _Ency._) originated in the darkest ages, but with a
+    different view from that in which they are now employed. It was to
+    avert the influence of Demons. But if the superstition of our ancestors
+    did not originate in this imaginary virtue, while they preserved the
+    practice, it is certain they believed the mere noise had the same
+    effect; and as, according to their ideas, evil spirits were always
+    hovering around to make a prey of departing souls, the tolling of bells
+    struck them with terror. We may trace the practice of tolling bells
+    during funerals to the like source. This has been practised from times
+    of great antiquity: the bells being muffled, for the sake of greater
+    solemnity, in the same way as drums are muffled at military funerals."
+
+H. T. ELLACOMBE.
+
+Rectory, Clyst St. George.
+
+At St. James' Church, Hull, on the occurrence of a death in the parish, a
+bell is tolled quickly for about the space of ten minutes; and before
+ceasing, nine knells given if the deceased be a man, six if a woman, and
+three if a child. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the custom is
+now almost peculiar to the north of England; but in ancient times it must
+have been very general according to Durandus, who has the following in his
+_Rationale_, lib. i. cap. 4. 13.:
+
+    "Verum aliquo moriente, campanæ debent pulsari; ut populus hoc audiens,
+    oret pro illo. Pro muliere quidem bis, pro eo quod invenit
+    asperitatem.... Pro viro vero ter pulsator.... Si autem clericus sit,
+    tot vicibus simpulsatur, quot ordines habuit ipse. Ad ultimum vero
+    compulsari debet cum omnibus campanis, ut ita sciat populus pro quo sit
+    orandum."--Mr. Strutt's _Man. and Cust._, iii. 176.
+
+{131} Also a passage is quoted from an old English Homily, ending with:
+
+    "At the deth of a manne three bellis shulde be ronge, as his knyll, in
+    worscheppe of the Trinetee; and for a womanne, who was the secunde
+    persone of the Trinetee, two bellis should be rungen."
+
+In addition to the intention of the "passing-bell," afforded by Durandus
+above, it has been thought that it was rung to drive away the evil spirits,
+supposed to stand at the foot of the bed ready to seize the soul, that it
+might "gain start." Wynkyn de Worde, in his _Golden Legend_, speaks of the
+dislike of spirits to bells. In alluding to this subject, Wheatly, in his
+work on the Book of Common Prayer, chap. xi. sec. viii. 3., says:
+
+    "Our Church, in imitation of the Saints of former ages, calls in the
+    minister, and others who are at hand, to assist their brother in his
+    last extremity."
+
+The 67th canon enjoins that, "when any one is passing out of this life, a
+bell shall be tolled, and the minister shall not then slack to do his duty.
+And after the party's death, if it so fall out, there shall be rung _no
+more than one short peal_."
+
+Several other quotations might be adduced (vid. Brand's _Antiq._, vol. ii.
+pp. 203, 204. from which much of the above has been derived) to show that
+"one short peal" was ordered only to be rung after the Reformation: the
+custom of signifying the sex of the deceased by a certain number of knells
+must be a relic, therefore, of very ancient usage, and unauthorised by the
+Church.
+
+R. W. ELLIOT.
+
+Clifton.
+
+[Footnote 6: This custom of three tolls for a man, and two for a woman, is
+thus explained in an ancient Homily on Trinity Sunday:--"At the deth of a
+manne, three bells should be ronge as his knyll in worship of the Trinitie.
+And for a woman, who was the second person of the Trinitie, two bells
+should be ronge."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHO FIRST THOUGHT OF TABLE-TURNING?
+
+(Vol. viii., p. 57.)
+
+Respecting the origin of this curious phenomenon in America, I am not able
+to give your correspondent, J. G. T. of Hagley, any information; but it may
+interest him and others among the readers of "N. & Q." to have some account
+of what appears to be the first recorded experiment, made in Europe, of
+table-moving. These experiments are related in the supplement (now lying
+before me) to the _Allgemeine Zeitung_ of April 4, by Dr. K. Andrée, who
+writes from Bremen on the subject. His letter is dated March 30, and begins
+by stating that the whole town had been for eight days preceding in a state
+of most peculiar excitement, owing to a phenomenon which entirely absorbed
+the attention of all, and about which no one had ever thought before the
+arrival of the American steam-ship "Washington" from New York. Dr. Andrée
+proceeds to relate that the information respecting table-moving was
+communicated in a letter, brought through that ship, from a native of
+Bremen, residing in New York, to his sister, who was living in Bremen, and
+who, in her correspondence with her brother, had been rallying him about
+the American spirit-rappings, and other Yankee humbug, as she styled it, so
+rampant in the United States. Her brother instanced this table-moving,
+performed in America, as no delusion, but as a fact, which might be
+verified by any one; and then gave some directions for making the
+experiment, which was forthwith attempted at the lady's house in Bremen,
+and with perfect success, in the presence of a large company. In a few days
+the marvellous feat, the accounts of which flew like wildfire all over the
+country, was executed by hundreds of experimenters in Bremen. The subject
+was one precisely adapted to excite the attention and curiosity of the
+imaginative and wonder-loving Germans; and, accordingly, in a few days
+after, a notice of the strange phenomenon appeared in _The Times_, in a
+letter from Vienna, and, through the medium of the leading journal, the
+facts and experiments became rapidly diffused over the world, and have been
+repeated and commented upon ten thousand fold. As the experiment and its
+results are now brought within the domain of practical science, we may hope
+to see them soon freed from the obscurity and uncertainty which still
+envelope them, and assigned to their proper place in the wondrous system of
+"Him, in whom we live, and move, and have our being."
+
+JOHN MACRAY.
+
+Oxford.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND.
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 475. 600.)
+
+    "Religious freedom was at that time [the middle of the sixteenth
+    century] enjoyed in Poland to a degree unknown in any other part of
+    Europe, where generally the Protestants were persecuted by the
+    Romanists, or the Romanists by the Protestants. This freedom, united to
+    commercial advantages, and a wide field for the exercise of various
+    talents, attracted to Poland crowds of foreigners, who fled their
+    native land on account of religious persecution; and many of whom
+    became, by their industry and talents, very useful citizens of their
+    adopted country. There were at Cracow, Vilna, Posen, &c., Italian and
+    French Protestant congregations. A great number of Scotch settled in
+    different parts of Poland; and there were Scotch Protestant
+    congregations not only in the above-mentioned towns, but also in other
+    places, and a particularly numerous one at Kieydany, a little town of
+    Lithuania, belonging to the Princes Radziwill. Amongst the Scotch
+    families settled in Poland, the principal were the Bonars, who arrived
+    in that country before the Reformation, but became its most zealous
+    adherents. This family rose, by its wealth, and the great merit of
+    several of its members, to the highest dignities of the state, but
+    became extinct during the seventeenth century. There are even now in
+    Poland many families of Scotch descent belonging to the class of
+    nobles; as, for instance, {132} the Haliburtons, Wilsons, Ferguses,
+    Stuarts, Haslers, Watsons, &c. Two Protestant clergymen of Scotch
+    origin, Forsyth and Inglis, have composed some sacred poetry. But the
+    most conspicuous of all the Polish Scotchmen is undoubtedly Dr. John
+    Johnstone [born in Poland 1603, died 1675], perhaps the most remarkable
+    writer of the seventeenth century on natural history. It seems, indeed,
+    that there is a mysterious link connecting the two distant countries;
+    because, if many Scotsmen had in bygone days sought and found a second
+    fatherland in Poland, a strong and active sympathy for the sufferings
+    of the last-named country, and her exiled children, has been evinced in
+    our own times by the natives of Scotland in general, and by some of the
+    most distinguished amongst them in particular. Thus it was an eminent
+    bard of Caledonia, the gifted author of _The Pleasures of Hope_, who,
+    when
+
+     'Sarmatia fell, unwept, without a crime,'
+
+    has thrown, by his immortal strains, over the fall of her liberty, a
+    halo of glory which will remain unfaded as long as the English language
+    lasts. The name of Thomas Campbell is venerated throughout all Poland;
+    but there is also another Scotch name [Lord Dudley Stuart] which is
+    enshrined in the heart of every true Pole."--From Count Valerian
+    Krasinski's _Sketch of the Religious History of the Sclavonic Nations_,
+    p. 167.: Edinburgh, Johnstone and Hunter, 1851.
+
+J. K.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.
+
+(Vol. vii., pp. 548. 629.)
+
+I think THE WRITER OF "COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE UNSEEN WORLD" would have
+some difficulty in referring to the works on which he based the statement
+that "it was a tradition in Mexico that when that form (the cross) should
+be victorious, the old religion should disappear, and that a similar
+tradition attached to it at Alexandria." He doubtless made the statement
+from memory, and unintentionally confounded two distinct facts, viz. that
+the Mexicans worshipped the cross, and had prophetic intimations of the
+downfall of their nation and religion by the oppression of bearded
+strangers from the East. The quotation by MR. PEACOCK at p. 549., quoted
+also in Purchas' _Pilgrims_, vol. v., proves, as do other authorities, that
+the cross was worshipped in Mexico prior to the Spanish invasion, and
+therefore it was impossible that the belief mentioned by THE WRITER, &c.
+could have prevailed.
+
+On the first discovery of Yucatan,--
+
+    "Grijaha was astonished at the sight of large crosses, evidently
+    objects of worship."--Prescott's _Mexico_, vol. i. p. 203.
+
+Mr. Stephens, in his _Central America_, vol. ii., gives a representation of
+one of these crosses. The cross on the Temple of Serapis, mentioned in
+Socrates' _Ecc. Hist._, was undoubtedly the well-known _Crux ansata_, the
+symbol of life. It was as the latter that the heathens appealed to it, and
+the Christians explained it to them as fulfilled in the Death of Christ.
+
+MR. PEACOCK asks for other instances: I subjoin some.
+
+In _India_.--The great pagoda at Benares is built in the form of a cross.
+(Maurice's _Ind. Ant._, vol. iii. p. 31., City, Tavernier.)
+
+On a Buddhist temple of cyclopean structure at Mundore (Tod's _Rajasthan_,
+vol. i. p. 727.), the cross appears as a sacred figure, together with the
+double triangle, another emblem of very wide distribution, occurring on
+ancient British coins (Camden's _Britannica_), Central American buildings
+(Norman's _Travels in Yucatan_), among the Jews as the Shield of David
+(Brucker's _History of Philosophy_), and a well-known masonic symbol
+frequently introduced into Gothic ecclesiastical edifices.
+
+In _Palestine_.--
+
+    "According to R. Solomon Jarchi, the Talmud, and Maimonides, when the
+    priest sprinkled the blood of the victim on the consecrated cakes and
+    hallowed utensils, he was always careful to do it in the form of a
+    _cross_. The same symbol was used when the kings and high priests were
+    anointed."--Faber's _Horæ Mosaicæ_, vol. ii. p. 188.
+
+See farther hereon, Deane on _Serpent Worship_.
+
+In _Persia_.--The trefoil on which the sacrifices were placed was probably
+held sacred from its cruciform character. The cross ([+]) occurs on Persian
+buildings among other sacred symbols. (R. K. Porter's _Travels_, vol. ii.)
+
+In _Britain_.--The cross was formed by baring a tree to a stump, and
+inserting another crosswise on the top; on the three arms thus formed were
+inscribed the names of the three principal, or triad of gods, _Hesus_,
+_Belenus_, and _Taranis_. The stone avenues of the temple at Classerniss
+are arranged in the form of a cross. (Borlase's _Antiquities of Cornwall_.)
+
+In _Scandinavia_.--The hammer of Thor was in the form of the cross; see in
+Herbert's _Select Icelandic Poetry_, p. 11., and Laing's _Kings of Norway_,
+vol. i. pp. 224. 330., a curious anecdote of King Hacon, who, having been
+converted to Christianity, made the sign of the cross when he drank, but
+persuaded his irritated Pagan followers that it was the sign of Thor's
+hammer.
+
+The figure of Thor's hammer was held in the utmost reverence by his
+followers, who were called the children of Thor, who in the last day would
+save themselves by his mighty hammer. The fiery cross, so well known by
+Scott's vivid description, was originally the hammer of Thor, which in
+early Pagan, as in later Christian times, was used as a summons to convene
+the people either to council or to war. (Herbert's _Select Icelandic
+Poetry_, p. 11.)
+
+EDEN WARWICK.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+{133}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+_Glass Chambers for Photography._--I am desirous to construct a small glass
+chamber for taking portraits in, and shall be much obliged if you can
+assist me by giving me instructions how it should be constructed, or by
+directing me where I shall find clear and sufficient directions, as to
+dimensions, materials, and arrangements. Is it essential that it should be
+all of violet-coloured glass, ground at one side, as that would add a good
+deal to the expense? or will white glass, with thin blue gauze curtains or
+blinds, answer?
+
+Probably a full answer to this inquiry, accompanied with such woodcut
+illustrations as would be necessary to render the description complete, and
+such as an artificer could work by, would confer a boon on many amateur
+photographers, as well as your obliged servant,
+
+C. E. F.
+
+    [In the construction of a photographic house, we beg to inform our
+    correspondent that it is by no means needful to use entirely
+    violet-coloured glass, but the roof thereof exposed to the rays of the
+    sun should be so protected; for although the light is much subdued, and
+    the glare so painful to the eyes of the sitter is taken away, yet but
+    few of the actinic rays are obstructed. It has been proposed to coat
+    the interior with smalt mixed with starch, and afterwards varnished;
+    but this does not appear to have answered. Calico, both white and
+    coloured, has also been used, but it is certainly not so effectual or
+    pleasant. Upon the whole, we think that the main things to attend to
+    are, firmness in its construction, so as to avoid vibration; ample
+    size, so as to allow not only of room for the operator, but also for
+    the arrangements of background, &c., and the sides to open so as to
+    allow a free circulation of air; blinds to be _applied at such spots
+    only_ as shall be found requisite. Adjoining, or in one corner, a small
+    closet should be provided, admitting only yellow light, which may be
+    effectually accomplished by means of yellow calico. A free supply of
+    water is indispensable, which may be conveyed both to and from by means
+    of the gutta percha tubing now in such general use. We apprehend,
+    however, that the old proverb, "You must cut your coat according to
+    your cloth," is most especially applicable to our querist, for not only
+    must the house be constructed according to the advantages afforded by
+    the locality, but the amount of expense will be very differently
+    thought of by different persons: one will be content with any moderate
+    arrangement which will answer the purpose, where another will be
+    scarcely satisfied unless everything is quite of an _orné_ character.]
+
+_Dr. Diamond's Replies._--I am sorry I have not before replied to the
+Queries of your correspondent W. F. E., contained in Vol. viii., p. 41.;
+but absence from home, together with a pressure of public duties here, has
+prevented me from so doing.
+
+1st. No doubt a _small_ portion of nitrate of potash is formed when the
+iodized collodion is immersed in the bath of nitrate of silver, by mutual
+decomposition; but it is in so small a quantity as not to deteriorate the
+bath.
+
+2nd. I believe collodion will keep good much longer than is generally
+supposed; at the beginning of last month I obtained a tolerably good
+portrait of Mr. Pollock from some remains in a small bottle brought to me
+by Mr. Archer in September 1850; and I especially notice this fact, as it
+is connected with the first introduction of the use of collodion in
+England. Generally speaking, I do not find that it deteriorates in two or
+three months; the addition of a few drops of the iodizing solution will
+generally restore it, unless it has become rotten: this, I think, is the
+case when the gun cotton has not been perfectly freed from the acid. The
+redness which collodion assumes by age, may also be discharged by the
+addition of a few drops of liquor ammoniæ, but I do not think it in any way
+accelerates its activity of action.
+
+3rd. "Washed ether," or, as it is sometimes called, "inhaling ether," has
+been deprived of the alcohol which the common ether contains, and it will
+not dissolve the gun cotton unless the alcohol is restored to it. I would
+here observe that an excess of alcohol (spirits of wine) thickens the
+collodion, and gives it a mucilaginous appearance, rendering it much more
+difficult to use by its slowness in flowing over the glass plate, as well
+as producing a less even surface than when nearly all ether is used. A
+collodion, however, with thirty-five per cent. of spirits of wine, is very
+quick, allowing from its less tenacious quality a more rapid action of the
+nitrate of silver bath.
+
+4th. Cyanide of potassium has been used to re-dissolve the iodide of
+silver, but the results are by no means so satisfactory; the cost of pure
+iodide of potassium bought at a _proper market_ is certainly very
+inconsiderable compared to the disappointment resulting from a false
+economy.
+
+H. W. DIAMOND.
+
+Surrey County Asylum.
+
+_Trial of Lenses._--When you want to try a lens, first be sure that the
+slides of your camera are correctly constructed, which is easily done.
+Place at any distance you please a sheet of paper printed in small type;
+focus this on your ground glass with the assistance of a magnifying-glass;
+now take the slide which carries your plate of glass, and if you have not a
+piece of ground glass at hand, insert a plate which you would otherwise
+excite in the bath after the application of collodion, but now _dull_ it by
+touching it with putty. Observe whether you get an equally clear and
+well-focussed picture on this; if you do, you may conclude there is no
+fault in the construction of your camera.
+
+Having ascertained this, take a chess-board, and place the pieces on the
+row of squares which run {134} from corner to corner; focus the middle one,
+whether it be king, queen, or knight, and take a picture; you will soon see
+whether the one best in the visual focus is the best on the picture, or
+whether the piece one or more squares in advance or behind it is clearer
+than the one you had previously in focus. The chess-board must be set
+square with the camera, so that each piece is farther off by one square. To
+vary the experiment, you may if you please stick a piece of printed paper
+on each piece, which a little gum or common bees'-wax will effect for you.
+
+In taking portraits, if you are not an adept in obtaining a focus, cut a
+slip of newspaper about four inches long, and one and a half wide, and turn
+up one end so as it may be held between the lips, taking care that the rest
+be presented quite flat to the camera; with the help of a magnifying-glass
+set a correct focus to this, and afterwards draw in the tube carrying the
+lenses about one-sixteenth of a turn of the screw of the rackwork. This
+will give a medium focus to the head: observe, as the length of focus in
+different lenses varies, the distance the tube is moved must be learned by
+practice.
+
+W. M. F.
+
+_Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of Silver?_--Some time ago I
+made a few ounces of a solution of ammonio-nitrate of silver for printing
+positives; this I have kept in a yellow coloured glass bottle with a ground
+stopper.
+
+I have, however, been much alarmed, and refrained from using it or taking
+out the stopper, lest danger should arise, in consequence of reading in Mr.
+Delamotte's _Practice of Photography_, p. 95. (vide "Ammonia Solution"):
+
+    "If any of the ammonio-nitrate dries round the stopper of the bottle in
+    which it is kept, the least friction will cause it to explode
+    violently; it is therefore better to keep none prepared."
+
+As in pouring this solution out and back into the bottle, of course the
+solution will dry around the stopper, and, if this account is correct, may
+momentarily lead to danger and accident, I will feel obliged by being
+informed by some of your learned correspondents whether any such danger
+exists.
+
+HUGH HENDERSON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Replies to Minor Queries.
+
+_Burke's Marriage_ (Vol. vii., p. 382.).--Burke married, in 1756, the
+daughter of Dr. Nugent of Bath. (See _Nat. Cycl., s.v._ "Burke.")
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_The House of Falahill_ (Vol. vi., p. 533.).--As I have not observed any
+notice taken of the very interesting Query of ABERDONIENSIS, regarding this
+ancient baronial residence, I may state that there is a Falahill, or
+Falahall, in the parish of Heriot, in the county of Edinburgh. Whether it
+be the Falahill referred to by Nisbet as having been so profusely
+illuminated with armorial bearings, I cannot tell. Possibly either Messrs.
+Laing, Wilson, or Cosmo Innes might be able to give some information about
+this topographical and historical mystery.
+
+STORNOWAY.
+
+_Descendants of Judas Iscariot_ (Vol. viii., p. 56.).--There is a
+collection of traditions as to this person in extracts I have among my
+notes, which perhaps you may think fit to give as a reply to MR. CREED'S
+Query. It runs as follows:
+
+    "On dit dans l'Anjou et dans le Maine que Judas Iscariot est né à
+    Sablé; là-dessus on a fait ce vers:
+
+     'Perfidus Judæus Sabloliensis erat.'
+
+    "Les Bretons disent de même qu'il est né au Normandie entre Caen et
+    Rouen, et à ce propos ils recitent ces vers.
+
+             'Judas étoit Normand,
+                  Tout le monde le dit--
+              Entre Caen et Rouen,
+                  Ce malheureux naquit.
+      Il vendit son Seigneur pour trente mares contants.
+      Au diable soient tous les Normands.'
+
+    "On dit de même sans raison que Judas avoit demeuré à Corfou, et qu'il
+    y est né. Pietro della Valle rapporte dans ses _Voyages_ qu'étant à
+    Corfou on lui montra par rareté un homme que ceux du pays assuroient
+    être de la race du traître Judas--quoiqu'il le niât. C'est un bruit qui
+    court depuis long tems en cette contrée, sans qu'on en sache la cause
+    ni l'origine. Le peuple de la ville de Ptolemaïs (autrement de l'Acre)
+    disoit de même sans raison que dans une tour de cette ville on avoit
+    fabriqué les trente deniers pour lesquelles Judas avoit vendu nôtre
+    Seigneur, et pour cela ils appelloient cette tour la _Tour Maudite_."
+
+This is taken from the second volume of _Menagiana_, p. 232.
+
+J. H. P. LERESCHE.
+
+Manchester.
+
+_Milton's Widow_ (Vol. viii., p. 12.).--The information once promised by
+your correspondent CRANMORE still seems very desirable, because the
+statements of your correspondent MR. HUGHES are not reconcilable with two
+letters given in Mr. Hunter's very interesting historical tract on Milton,
+pages 37-8., to which tract I beg to refer MR. HUGHES, who may not have
+seen it. These letters clearly show that Richard Minshull, the writer of
+them, had only _two aunts_, neither of whom could have been Mrs. Milton, as
+she must have been if she was the daughter of the writer's grandfather,
+Randall Minshull. Probably this Elizabeth died in infancy, which the
+Wistaston parish register may show, and which register would perhaps also
+show (supposing Milton took his wife from Wistaston) the wanting marriage;
+or if Mrs. Milton was of the Stoke-Minshull family, that parish register
+would most likely {135} disclose his third marriage, which certainly did
+not take place sooner than 1662.
+
+GARLICHITHE.
+
+_Whitaker's Ingenious Earl_ (Vol. viii., p. 9.).--It was a frequent saying
+of Lord Stanhope's, that he had taught law to the Lord Chancellor, and
+divinity to the Bishops; and this saying gave rise to a caricature, where
+his lordship is seated acting the schoolmaster with a rod in his hand.
+
+E. H.
+
+_Are White Cats deaf?_ (Vol. vii., p. 331.).--In looking up your Numbers
+for April, I observe a Minor Query signed SHIRLEY HIBBERD, in which your
+querist states that in all white cats stupidity seemed to accompany the
+deafness, and inquires whether any instance can be given of a white cat
+possessing the function of hearing in anything like perfection.
+
+I am myself possessed of a white cat which, at the advanced age of upwards
+of seventeen years, still retains its hearing to great perfection, and is
+remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than cats are usually given
+credit for. Its affection for persons is, indeed, more like that of a dog
+than of a cat. It is a half-bred Persian cat, and its eyes are perfectly
+blue, with round pupils, not elongated as those of cats usually are. It
+occasionally suffers from irritation in the ears, but this has not at all
+resulted in deafness.
+
+H.
+
+_Consecrated Roses_ (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.; Vol. viii., p. 38.).--From
+the communication of P. P. P. it seems that the origin of the consecration
+of the rose dates so far back as 1049, and was "en reconnaissance" of a
+singular privilege granted to the abbey of St. Croix. Can your
+correspondent refer to any account of the origin of the consecration or
+blessing of the sword, cap, or keys?
+
+G.
+
+_The Reformed Faith_ (Vol. vii., p. 359.).--I must protest against this
+term being applied to the system which Henry VIII. set up on his rejecting
+the papal supremacy, which on almost every point but that one was pure
+Popery, and for refusing to conform to which he burned Protestants and
+Roman Catholics at the same pile. It suited Cobbett (in his _History of the
+Reformation_), and those controversialists who use him as their text-book,
+to confound this system with the doctrine of the existing Church of
+England, but it is to be regretted that any inadvertence should have caused
+the use of similar language in your pages.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_House-marks_ (Vol. vii., p. 594.).--It appears to me that the
+_house-marks_ he alluded to may be traced in what are called _merchants'
+marks_, still employed in marking bales of wool, cotton, &c., and which are
+found on tombstones in our old churches, _incised_ in the slab during the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and which till lately puzzled the
+heralds. They were borne by merchants who had no arms.
+
+E. G. BALLARD.
+
+_Trash_ (Vol. vii., p. 566.).--The late Mr. Scatchard, of Morley, near
+Leeds, speaking in Hone's _Table Book_ of the Yorkshire custom of
+_trashing_, or throwing an old shoe for luck over a wedding party, says:
+
+    "Although it is true that an old shoe is to this day called 'a trash,'
+    yet it did not, certainly, give the name to the nuisance. To 'trash'
+    originally signified to clog, encumber, or impede the progress of any
+    one (see Todd's _Johnson_); and, agreeably to this explanation, we find
+    the rope tied by sportsmen round the necks of fleet pointers to tire
+    them well, and check their speed, is hereabouts universally called
+    'trash cord,' or 'dog trash.' A few miles distant from Morley, west of
+    Leeds, the 'Boggart' or 'Barguest,' the Yorkshire Brownie is called by
+    the people the _Gui-trash_, or _Ghei-trash_, the usual description of
+    which is invariably that of a shaggy dog or other animal, _encumbered_
+    with a chain round its neck, which is heard to rattle in its movements.
+    I have heard the common people in Yorkshire say, that they 'have been
+    _trashing_ about all day;' using it in the sense of having had a tiring
+    walk or day's work.
+
+    "East of Leeds the 'Boggart' is called the _Padfoot_."
+
+G. P.
+
+_Adamsoniana_ (Vol. vii., p. 500.).--Michel Ada_n_son (not Ada_m_son), who
+has left his name to the gigantic Baobab tree of Senegal (_Adansonia
+digitata_), and his memory to all who appreciate the advantages of a
+natural classification of plants--for which Jussieu was indebted to
+him--was the son of a gentleman, who after firmly attaching himself to the
+Stuarts, left Scotland and entered the service of the Archbishop of Aix.
+The _Encyclopædia Britannica_, and, I imagine, almost all biographical
+dictionaries and similar works, contain notices of him. His devoted life
+has deserved a more lengthened chronicle.
+
+SELEUCUS.
+
+Your correspondent E. H. A., who inquires respecting the family of Michel
+Adamson, or Michael Adamson, is informed that in France, the country of his
+birth, the name is invariably written "Ada_n_son;" while the author of
+_Fanny of Caernarvon, or the War of the Roses_, is described as "John
+Ada_m_son." Both names are pronounced alike in French; but the difference
+of spelling would seem adverse to the supposition that the family of the
+botanist was of Scottish extraction.
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+_Portrait of Cromwell_ (Vol. viii., p. 55.).--The portrait inquired after
+by MR. RIX is at the British Museum. Being placed over the cases in the
+long gallery of natural history, it is extremely difficult to be seen.
+
+JOHN BRUCE.
+
+{136}
+
+_Burke's "Mighty Boar of the Forest"_ (Vol. iii., p. 493.; Vol. iv., p.
+391.).--It is not, I hope, too late to notice that Burke's description of
+Junius is an allusion neither to the _Iliad_, xiii. 471., nor to Psalm
+lxxx. 8-13., but to the _Iliad_, xvii. 280-284. I cannot resist quoting the
+lines containing the simile, at once for their applicability and their own
+innate beauty:
+
+ "[Greek: Ithusen de dia promachôn, sui eikelos alkên]
+  [Greek: Kapriôi, host' en oressi kunas thalerous t' aizêous]
+  [Greek: Rhêidiôs ekedassen, elixamenos dia bêssas.]
+  [Greek: Ôs huios Telamônos]."
+
+W. FRASER.
+
+Tor-Mohun.
+
+"_Amentium haud Amantium_" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--The following English
+translation may be considered a tolerably close approximation to the
+alliteration of the original: "Of dotards not of the doting." It is found
+in the Dublin edition of _Terence_, published by J. A. Phillips, 1845.
+
+C. T. R.
+
+Mr. Phillips, in his edition, proposes as a translation of this passage,
+"Of _dotards_, not of the _doting_." Whatever may be its merits in other
+respects, it is at all events a more perfect alliteration than the other
+attempts which have been recorded in "N. & Q."
+
+ERICA.
+
+Warwick.
+
+When I was at school I used to translate the phrase "Amentium haud
+amantium" (Ter. _Andr_., i. 3. 13.) "_Lunatics, not lovers_." Perhaps that
+may satisfy FIDUS INTERPRES.
+
+[Pi]. [Beta].
+
+A friend of mine once rendered this "_Lubbers, not lovers_."
+
+P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.
+
+_Talleyrand's Maxim_ (Vol. vi., p. 575.; Vol. vii., p. 487.).--Young's
+lines, to which Z. E. R. refers, are:
+
+ "Where Nature's end of language is declined,
+  And men talk only to conceal their mind."
+
+With less piquancy, but not without the germ of the same idea, Dean Moss
+(ob. 1729), in his sermon _Of the Nature and Properties of Christian
+Humility_, says:
+
+    "Gesture is an artificial thing: men may stoop and cringe, and bow
+    popularly low, and yet have ambitious designs in their heads. And
+    _speech is not always the just interpreter of the mind_: men may use a
+    condescending style, and yet swell inwardly with big thoughts of
+    themselves."--_Sermons_, &c., 1737, vol. vii. p. 402.
+
+COWGILL.
+
+_English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth_ (Vol. vii., pp. 260. 344.
+509.).--The following particulars concerning one of the Marian Bishops are
+at A. S. A.'s service. Cuthbert Scot, D.D., sometime student, and, in 1553,
+Master of Christ's Church College, Cambridge, was made Vice-Chancellor of
+that University in 1554-5; and had the temporalities of the See of Chester
+handed to him by Queen Mary in 1556. He was one of Cardinal Pole's
+delegates to the University of Cambridge, and was concerned in most of the
+political movements of the day. He, and four other bishops, with as many
+divines, undertook to defend the principles and practices of the Romish
+Church against an equal number of Reformed divines. On the 4th of April he
+was confined, either in the Fleet Prison or the Tower, for abusive language
+towards Queen Elizabeth; but having by some means or other escaped from
+_durance_, he retired to Louvain, where he died, according to Rymer's
+_Foedera_, about 1560.
+
+T. HUGHES.
+
+Chester.
+
+_Gloves at Fairs_ (Vol. vii., _passim._).--To the list of markets at which
+a glove was, or is, hung out, may be added Newport, in the Isle of Wight.
+But a Query naturally springs out of such a note, and I would ask, Why did
+a glove indicate that parties frequenting the market were exempt from
+arrest? What was the glove an emblem of?
+
+W. D--N.
+
+As the following extract from Gorr's _Liverpool Directory_ appears to bear
+upon the point, and as it does not seem to have yet attracted the attention
+of any of your correspondents, I beg to forward it:--
+
+    "Its (_i.e._ Liverpool's) fair-days are 25th July and 11th Nov. Ten
+    days before and ten days after each fair-day, a hand is exhibited in
+    front of the Town-hall, which denotes protection; during which time no
+    person coming to or going from the town on business connected with the
+    fair can be arrested for debt within its liberty."
+
+I have myself frequently observed the "hand," although I could not discover
+any appearance of a fair being held.
+
+R.
+
+_St. Dominic_ (Vol. vii., p. 356.).--Your correspondent BOOKWORM will find
+in any chronology a very satisfactory reason why Machiavelli could not
+reply to the summons of Benedict XIV., unless, indeed, the Pope had made
+use of "the power of the keys," to call him up for a brief space to satisfy
+his curiosity.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+_Names of Plants_ (Vol. viii., p. 37.).--Ale-hoof means useful in, or to,
+ale; Ground-ivy having been used in brewing before the introduction of
+hops. "The women of our northern parts" (says John Gerard), "especially
+about Wales or Cheshire, do tunne the herbe Ale-hoof into their ale ...
+being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the head from rhumaticke
+humours flowing from the brain." From the aforesaid tunning, it was also
+called Tun-hoof (_World of Words_); and in Gerard, Tune-hoof. {137}
+
+Considering what was meant by Lady in the names of plants, we should
+refrain from supposing that _Neottia spiralis_ was called the Lady-traces
+"sensu obsc.," even if those who are more skilled in such matters than I am
+can detect such a sense. I cannot learn what a lady's _traces_ are; but I
+suspect plaitings of her hair to be meant. "Upon the spiral sort," says
+Gerard, "are placed certaine small white flowers, _trace_ fashion," while
+other sorts grow, he says, "spike fashion," or "not _trace_ fashion."
+Whence I infer, that in his day _trace_ conveyed the idea of spiral.
+
+A. N.
+
+_Specimens of Foreign English_ (Vol. iii. _passim._).--I have copied the
+following from the label on a bottle of _liqueur_, manufactured at
+Marseilles by "L. Noilly fils et C^{ie}." The English will be best
+understood by being placed in juxtaposition with the original French:
+
+     "Le Vermouth
+
+    est un vin blanc légèrement amer, parfumé avec des plantes aromatiques
+    bienfaisantes.
+
+    "Cette boisson est tonique, stimulante, fébrifuge et astringente: prise
+    avec de l'eau elle est apéritive et raffraichissante: elle est aussi un
+    puissant préservatif contre les fièvres et la dyssenterie, maladies si
+    fréquentes dans les pays chauds, pour lesquels elle a été
+    particulièrement composée."
+
+     "The Wermouth
+
+    is a brightly bitter and perfumed with aromatical and good vegetables
+    white wine.
+
+    "This is tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and costive drinking; mixed with
+    water it is aperitive, refreshing, and also a powerful preservative of
+    fivers and bloody-flux; those latters are very usual in warmth
+    countries, and of course that liquor has just been particularly made up
+    for that occasion."
+
+HENRY H. BREEN.
+
+St. Lucia.
+
+_Blanco White_ (Vol. vii., pp. 404. 486.).--Your correspondent H. C. K. is
+right in his impression that the sonnet commencing
+
+    "Mysterious Night! when our first parents knew," &c.
+
+was written by Blanco White. See his _Life_ (3 vols., Chapman, 1845), vol.
+iii. p. 48.
+
+J. K. R. W.
+
+_Pistols_ (Vol. viii., p. 7.).--In Strype's Life of Sir Thomas Smith,
+_Works_, Oxon. 1821, mention is made of a statute or proclamation by the
+Queen in the year 1575, which refers to that of 33 Hen. VIII. c. 6.,
+alluded to by your correspondent J. F. M., and in which the words _pistol_
+and _pistolet_ are introduced:
+
+    "The Queen calling to mind how unseemly a thing it was, in so quiet and
+    peaceable a realm, to have men so armed; ... did charge and command all
+    her subjects, of what estate or degree soever they were, that in no
+    wise, in their journeying, going, or riding, they carried about them
+    privily or openly any dag, or pistol, or any other harquebuse, gun, or
+    such weapon for fire, under the length expressed by the statute made by
+    the Queen's most noble father.... [Excepting however] noblemen and such
+    known gentlemen, which were without spot or doubt of evil behaviour, if
+    they carried dags or pistolets about them in their journeys, openly, at
+    their saddle bows," &c.
+
+Here the _dag_ or _pistolet_ seems to answer to our "revolvers," and the
+_pistol_ to our larger horse-pistol.
+
+H. C. K.
+
+---- Rectory, Hereford.
+
+_Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions_ (Vol. viii., p. 44.).--If L.,
+or any of your readers, will take the trouble to compare the passage
+quoted, and the one referred to by him, in the following translation of
+Smith, with Sir A. Alison's supposititious quotation[7] (Vol. vii., p.
+594.), they will find that my inquiry is still unanswered. The passage
+quoted by L. in Greek is, according to Smith:
+
+    "Prudent consideration, to be specious cowardice; modesty, the disguise
+    of effeminacy; and being wise in everything, to be good for nothing."
+
+The passage not quoted, but referred to by L., is:
+
+    "He who succeeded in a roguish scheme was wise; and he who suspected
+    such practices in others was still a more able genius."--Vol. i. book
+    iii. p. 281. 4to.: London, 1753.
+
+In this "counterfeit presentment of two brothers," L. may discern a family
+likeness; but my inquiry was for the identical passage, "sword and poniard"
+included.
+
+If L. desires to find Greek authority for the general sentiment only, I
+would refer him to passages, equally to Sir A. Alison's purpose, in
+_Thucydides_, iii. 83., viii. 89.; _Herodotus_, iii. 81.; Plato's
+_Republic_, viii. 11., and Aristotle's _Politics_, v. 6. 9. I beg to thank
+L. for his attempt, although unsuccessful.
+
+T. J. BUCKTON.
+
+Birmingham.
+
+[Footnote 7: _Europe_, vol. ix. p. 397., 12mo.]
+
+_The earliest Mention of the Word "Party"_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--In a
+choice volume, printed by "Ihon Day, dwelling over Aldersgate, beneath St.
+Martines," 1568, I find the word occurring thus:
+
+    "The _party_ must in any place see to himselfe, and seeke to wipe theyr
+    noses by a shorte aunswere."--_A Discovery and playne Declaration of
+    the Holy Inquisition of Spayne_, fol. 10.
+
+Permit me to attach a Query to this. Am I right in considering the
+above-mentioned book as rare? I do so on the assumption that "Ihon Day" is
+_the_ Day of black-letter rarity.
+
+R. C. WARDE.
+
+Kidderminster.
+
+{138}
+
+_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381.).--It is curious to observe how differently
+this word is applied by different nations. The English apply it to white
+children born in the West Indies; the French, I believe, exclusively to the
+mixed races; and the Spanish and Portuguese to the blacks born in their
+colonies, never to whites. The latter, I think, is the true and original
+meaning, as its primary signification is a _home-bred_ slave (from "criar,"
+to bring up, to nurse), as distinguished from an imported or purchased one.
+
+J. S. WARDEN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Miscellaneous.
+
+NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
+
+We have before us a little volume by Mr. Willich, the able Actuary of the
+University Life Assurance Society, entitled _Popular Tables arranged in a
+new Form, giving Information at Sight for ascertaining, according to the
+Carlisle Table of Mortality, the Value of Lifehold, Leasehold, and Church
+Property, Renewal Fines, &c., the Public Funds, Annual Average Price and
+Interest on Consols from 1731 to 1851; also various interesting and useful
+Tables, equally adapted to the Office and the Library Table_. Ample as is
+this title-page, it really gives but an imperfect notion of the varied
+contents of this useful library and writing-desk companion. For instance,
+Table VIII. of the Miscellaneous Tables gives the average price of Consols,
+with the average rate of interest, from 1731 to 1851; but this not only
+shows when Consols were highest and when lowest, but also what
+Administration was then in power, and the chief events of each year. We
+give this as one instance of the vast amount of curious information here
+combined; and we would point out to historical and geographical students
+the notices of Chinese Chronology in the preface, and the Tables of Ancient
+and Modern Itinerary Measures, as parts of the work especially deserving of
+their attention. In short, Mr. Willich's _Popular Tables_ form one of those
+useful volumes in which masses of scattered information are concentrated in
+such a way as to render the book indispensable to all who have once tested
+its utility.
+
+_Mormonism, its History, Doctrines, and Practices_, by the Rev. W. Sparrow
+Simpson, is a small pamphlet containing the substance of two lectures on
+this pestilent heresy, delivered by the author before the Kennington Branch
+of the Church of England Young Men's Society, and is worth the attention of
+those who wish to know something of this now wide-spread mania.
+
+_On the Custom of Borough-English in the County of Sussex_, by George R.
+Corner, Esq. This well-considered paper on a very curious custom owes its
+origin, we believe, to a Query in our columns. We wish all questions
+agitated in "N. & Q." were as well illustrated as this has been by the
+learning and ingenuity of Mr. Corner.
+
+_A Narrative of Practical Experiments proving to Demonstration the
+Discovery of Water, Coals, and Minerals in the Earth by means of the
+Dowsing Fork or Divining Rod, &c., collected, reported, and edited_ by
+Francis Phippen. A curious little pamphlet on a _fact_ in Natural
+Philosophy, which we believe no philosopher can either understand or
+account for.
+
+SERIALS RECEIVED.--_Murray's Railway Reading: History as a Condition of
+Social Progress_, by Samuel Lucas. An able lecture on an interesting
+subject.--_The Traveller's Library_, No. 46.: _Twenty Years in the
+Philippines_, by De la Gironière. One of the best numbers of this valuable
+series.--_Cyclopædia Bibliographica_, Part XI., August. This eleventh Part
+of Mr. Darling's useful Catalogue extends from James Ibbetson to Bernard
+Lamy.--_Archæologia Cambrensis, New Series, No. XV._: containing, among
+other papers of interest to the inhabitants of the principality, one on the
+arms of Owen Glendwr, by the accomplished antiquary to whom our readers
+were indebted for a paper on the same subject in our own columns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.
+
+  SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY, with or without Supplementary Volumes.
+  DUGDALE'S ENGLAND AND WALES, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis.
+  LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Second Edition, 1823, 9th and following
+      Volumes, in Boards.
+  LONG'S HISTORY OF JAMAICA.
+  LIFE OF THE REV. ISAAC MILLES. 1721.
+  SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S THRENODIA CAROLINA: or, Last Days of Charles I. Old
+      Edition, and that of 1813 by Nicol.
+  SIR THOMAS HERBERT'S TRAVELS IN ASIA AND AFRICA. Folio.
+  LETTERS OF THE HERBERT FAMILY.
+  BISHOP MOSLEY'S VINDICATION. 4to. 1683.
+  LIFE OF ADMIRAL BLAKE, written by a Gentleman bred in his Family. London.
+      12mo. With Portrait by Fourdrinier.
+  OSWALDI CROLLII OPERA. Genevæ, 1635. 12mo.
+  UNHEARD-OF CURIOSITIES, translated by Chilmead. London, 1650. 12mo.
+  BEAUMONT'S PSYCHE. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol.
+  MEMOIRS OF THE ROSE, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. 1824.
+  LITERARY GAZETTE, 1834 to 1845.
+  ATHENÆUM, commencement to 1835.
+  A NARRATIVE OF THE HOLY LIFE AND HAPPY DEATH OF MR. JOHN ANGIER. London,
+      1685.
+  MOORE'S MELODIES. 15th Edition.
+  WOOD'S ATHENÆ OXONIENSES (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
+  THE COMPLAYNTS OF SCOTLAND. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
+  SHAKSPEARE'S PLAYS. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition, in 15
+      vols. 8vo. 1739.
+
+*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send
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+
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+Notices to Correspondents.
+
+MR. G. FURRIAN_'s offer is declined with thanks_.
+
+E. W., _who inquires respecting the letters_ N _and_ M _in the Book of
+Common Prayer, is referred to_ Vol. i., p. 415.; Vol. ii., p. 61.; Vol.
+iii., pp. 323. 437.
+
+T. _and other Correspondents who have written on the subject of Collodion
+are informed that we shall next week publish a farther communication from_
+DR. DIAMOND _upon this point_.
+
+ADDENDUM.--Vol. viii., p. 104., add to end of Query on Fragments in
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+
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+
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+their Subscribers on the Saturday_.
+
+{139}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
+
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+    Sum    |   Time   |   Sum added to     |   Sum
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+           |          +--------------------+ at Death.
+           |          | In 1841. In 1848.  |
+  ---------+----------+---------+----------+----------
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+     5000  | 14 years | 683 6 8 | 787 10 0 | 6470 16 8
+   * 1000  |  7 years |  -  -   | 157 10 0 | 1157 10 0
+      500  |  1 year  |  -  -   |  11  5 0 |  511  5 0
+
+* EXAMPLE.--At the commencement of the year 1841, a person aged thirty took
+out a Policy for 1000l., the annual payment for which is 24l. 1s. 8d.; in
+1847 he had paid in premiums 168l. 11s. 8d.; but the profits being 2¼ per
+cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 22l. 10s. per annum for each
+1000l.) he had 157l. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the
+premiums paid.
+
+The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only
+one-half need be paid for the first five years, when the Insurance is for
+Life. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident
+Director.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous
+Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.
+
+Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest
+Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.
+
+Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
+beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.
+
+OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every
+other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of
+Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability,
+and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits.
+
+Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, &c.
+may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road,
+Islington.
+
+New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WANTED, for the Ladies' Institute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant, LADIES of
+taste for fancy work,--by paying 21s. will be received as members, and
+taught the new style of velvet wool work, which is acquired in a few easy
+lessons. Each lady will be guaranteed constant employment and ready cash
+payment for her work. Apply personally to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught
+by letter at any distance from London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S
+HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.
+
+THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
+remedy (without medicine, purging, inconvenience, or expense, as it saves
+fifty times its cost in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, intestinal,
+liver and bilious complaints, however deeply rooted, dyspepsia
+(indigestion), habitual constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn,
+flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption of the skin,
+rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at sea,
+and under all other circumstances, debility in the aged as well as infants,
+fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.
+
+_A few out of 50,000 Cures_:--
+
+Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart de
+Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefit from your Revalenta Arabica
+Food, and consider it due to yourselves and the public to authorise the
+publication of these lines.--STUART DE DECIES."
+
+Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia,
+nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness at
+the stomach, and vomitings have been removed by Du Barry's excellent
+food.--MARIA JOLLY, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."
+
+Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, indigestion,
+and debility, from which I had suffered great misery, and which no medicine
+could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in
+a very short time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."
+
+Cure, No. 4,208:--"Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility, with
+cramps, spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the advice
+of many, have been effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious food in a
+very short time. I shall be happy to answer any inquiries.--REV. JOHN W.
+FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk."
+
+_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._
+
+"Bonn, July 19. 1852.
+
+"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent, nourishing,
+and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all kinds of
+medicines. It is particularly useful in confined habit of body, as also
+diarrhoea, bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and bladder, such as
+stone or gravel; inflammatory irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
+the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemorrhoids. This really
+invaluable remedy is employed with the most satisfactory result, not only
+in bronchial and pulmonary complaints, where irritation and pain are to be
+removed, but also in pulmonary and bronchial consumption, in which it
+counteracts effectually the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with
+perfect truth to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica
+is adapted to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and consumption.
+
+     "DR. RUD WURZER.
+ "Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."
+
+London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co., 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her
+Majesty the Queen; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street; and through all
+respectable grocers, chemists, and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
+packed for all climates, and with full instructions, 1lb. 2s. 9d.; 2lb. 4s.
+6d.; 5lb. 11s.; 12lb. 22s.; super-refined, 5lb. 22s.; 10lb. 33s. The 10lb.
+and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry &
+Co., 77. Regent Street, London.
+
+IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by spurious
+imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta, Arabaca, and
+others, the public will do well to see that each canister bears the name
+BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full, without which
+none is genuine. {140}
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.
+
+THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,
+
+(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY,)
+
+Of Saturday, July 30, contains Articles on
+
+  Agriculture, history of Scottish
+  Agricultural College examination papers
+  Annuals, new
+  Azaleas, to propagate
+  Books noticed
+  Brick burning, a nuisance
+  Cabbages, club in
+  Calendar, horticultural
+  ---- agricultural
+  Carrot rot, by Dr. Reissek
+  Carts _v._ waggons
+  Cedar, gigantic
+  Cockroaches, to kill
+  Cycas revoluta, by Mr. Ruppen
+  Drainage bill, London
+  Forests, royal
+  Fruits, wearing out of
+  ---- disease in stone, by M. Ysabeau
+  Fumigator, Geach's, by Mr. Forsyth
+  Guano, new source of
+  Honey, thin
+  Horticultural Society
+  Horticultural Society's garden
+  Machine tools
+  Manures, concentrated
+  ---- liquid, by Mr. Bardwell
+  Marvel of Peru
+  Mechi's (Mr.) gathering
+  Mirabilis Jalapa
+  New Forest
+  Plant, hybrid
+  Potatoes, Bahama
+  Potato disease
+  ---- origin of
+  Poultry, metropolitan show of
+  Races, degeneracy of
+  Roses, Tea
+  ---- from cuttings
+  Soil and its uses, by Mr. Morton
+  Strawberry, Nimrod, by Mr. Spencer
+  Truffles, Irish
+  Vegetables, lists of
+  Violet, Neapolitan
+  Waggons and carts
+  Wax insects (with engraving)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to
+the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices,
+with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool and Seed
+Markets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the
+transactions of the week_.
+
+ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington
+Street, Covent Garden, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by
+Special Permission to
+
+THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
+
+PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the
+Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged for
+Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for the
+Services, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING,
+by J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat,
+in morocco cloth, price 25_s_. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell
+Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post-office Order for
+that amount: and, by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music
+Warehouses.
+
+    "A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our
+    Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._
+
+    "A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
+    country."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+    "One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
+    merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears."--_Musical
+    World._
+
+    "A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting
+    of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
+    appeared."--_John Bull._
+
+London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
+
+Also, lately published,
+
+J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel
+Royal St. James, price 2s.
+
+C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALPHABETS.
+
+SHAW'S HANDBOOK OF MEDIÆVAL ALPHABETS AND DEVICES. 1853, 4to., 36 fine
+Plates printed in Colours (published at 16s.), cloth, 12s.
+
+SILVESTRE, ALPHABET-ALBUM, folio, Paris, 1843, 60 large beautiful Plates
+(published at 100 francs), half morocco, 20s.
+
+ALPHABETS OF ALL THE ORIENTAL AND OCCIDENTAL LANGUAGES, Leipsig, 1852,
+royal 8vo., 2s.
+
+Also an extensive Collection of Works on Diplomatics, Mediæval Charters,
+&c., by Astle, Montfaucon, Mabillon, and Rodriguez, on sale by
+
+BERNARD QUARITCH, Second-hand Foreign Bookseller, 16. Castle Street,
+Leicester Square.
+
+*** B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are sent Gratis for a Year on prepayment of
+a Shilling in Postage Stamps.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW FOR AUGUST, contains the
+following articles:--1. State Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. 2. Madame
+de Longueville. 3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter of Major P.
+Ferguson during the American War. 5. Wanderings of an Antiquary: Bramber
+Castle and the Sussex Churches, by Thomas Wright, F.S.A. (with Engravings).
+6. St. Hilary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving). 7. Benjamin Robert
+Haydon. 8. The Northern Topographers--Whitaker, Surtees, and Raine. 9.
+Passage of the Pruth in the year 1739. 10. Early History of the
+Post-Office. 11. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: A Peep at the Library of
+Chichester Cathedral--Christ's Church at Norwich--Rev. Wm. Smith of
+Melsonby--Godmanham and Londesborough. With Reviews of New Publications, a
+Report of the Meeting of the Archæological Institute at Chichester and of
+other Antiquarian Societies, Historical Chronicle, and OBITUARY. Price 2s.
+6d.
+
+NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 28s. cloth) of
+
+THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.
+
+  Volume Three, 1272-1377.
+  Volume Four, 1377-1485.
+
+Lately published, price 28s. cloth,
+
+  Volume One, 1066-1199.
+  Volume Two, 1199-1272.
+
+    "A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore
+    take its stand in the permanent literature of our country."--_Gent.
+    Mag._
+
+London: LONGMAN & CO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GILBERT J. FRENCH,
+
+BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,
+
+RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that he
+replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information
+respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN,
+&c., &c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with Sketches,
+Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c., &c.
+
+Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct communications
+by Post, as the most economical and satisfactory arrangement. PARCELS
+delivered Free by Railway.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published, price 6d.
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON SOME OF THE MANUSCRIPT EMENDATIONS OF THE TEXT OF
+SHAKSPEARE. By J. O. HALLIWELL, Esq., F.R.S.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile from an early MS. at
+Dulwich College, price 1s.
+
+CURIOSITIES OF MODERN SHAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By J. O. HALLIWELL, ESQ.,
+F.R.S.
+
+JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London./
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, price 4s. 6d. per dozen, or nicely bound in cloth, 1s.
+each.
+
+MORMONISM: its HISTORY, DOCTRINES, and PRACTICES. By the REV. W. SPARROW
+SIMPSON, B.A. (Late Scholar and Librarian of Queens' College, Cambridge;
+Curate of St. Mark's, Kennington.)
+
+A. M. PIGOTT, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster Row; and 39. Kennington Gate,
+London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5s. in cloth.
+
+SYMPATHIES of the CONTINENT, or PROPOSALS for a NEW REFORMATION. By JOHN
+BAPTIST VON HIRSCHER, D.D., Dean of the Metropolitan Church of Freiburg,
+Breisgau, and Professor of Theology in the Roman Catholic University of
+that City. Translated and edited with Notes and Introduction by the Rev.
+ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXE, M.A., Rector of St. John's Church, Hartford,
+Connecticut, U. S.
+
+    "The following work will be found a noble apology for the position
+    assumed by the Church of England in the sixteenth century, and for the
+    practical reforms she then introduced into her theology and worship. If
+    the author is right, then the changes he so eloquently urges upon the
+    present attention of his brethren ought to have been made _three
+    hundred years ago_; and the obstinate refusal of the Council of Trent
+    to make such reforms in conformity with Scripture and Antiquity, throws
+    the whole burthen of the sin of schism upon Rome, and not upon our
+    Reformers. The value of such admissions must, of course, depend in a
+    great measure upon the learning, the character, the position, and the
+    influence of the author from whom they proceed. The writer believes,
+    that questions as to these particulars can be most satisfactorily
+    answered."--_Introduction by Arthur Cleveland Coxe._
+
+JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X.,
+in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates,
+may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made
+Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
+guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.
+Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
+Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket
+Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully
+examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and
+4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.
+
+BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
+Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
+
+65. CHEAPSIDE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish
+of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St.
+Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186.
+Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of
+London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, August 6,
+1853.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Corrections made to printed original.
+
+page 131, "obscurity and uncertainty": 'uncertainly' in original.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 197, August
+6, 1853, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES ***
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